Reduction-Division

Genetic Recombination

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• The production of gametes—
sex cells, or sperm and eggs.

•It is a division process that

takes us from a diploid cell—
one with two sets of
chromosomes—to haploid
cells—ones with a single set
of chromosomes:
DIPLOID (2n) HAPLOID (n)

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• Meiosis occurs in Gonads: Testes
(male) / Ovaries (female)

• Meiosis is SEXUAL reproduction:

the haploid cells made in meiosis
are sperm (testes) and eggs )
ovaries

• TWO divisions (MEIOSIS I and

MEIOSIS II)

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•Germ cells are the embryonic precursors
of the gametes; all gametes arise from
primordial germ cells (in the earliest
stage of development.)

•It is any biological cell that gives rise

to the gametes of an organism that
reproduces sexually.

•They undergo meiosis, followed by

cellular differentiation into mature
gametes, either eggs or sperm.
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 SPERMATOGENESIS

 Theproduction of sperm from the

primordial germ cells.

 The process by which haploid

spermatozoa develop from germ
cells in the seminiferous tubules
of the testis.

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SPERMATOGENESIS
 OOGENESIS

 The creation of a female gamete

(also known as an ovum or
oocyte) from a primordial germ
cell

 Theprocess of forming the

female gamete the ovum or egg
 Haploid
n=23 (1n)
human egg
sex cell
n=23

2n=46 Polar
Bodies
(die)
diploid (2n) n=23

Meiosis I Meiosis II
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 Occurs only in GONADS (testes or
ovaries)
 Similar to mitosis interphase.
 CHROMOSOMES (DNA) replicate in the S phase
 Each duplicated chromosome consist of two
identical SISTER CHROMATIDS attached at
their CENTROMERES.
 CENTRIOLE pairs also replicate.

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Nucleus and nucleolus visible.
Nucleus
chromatin

cell
membrane
nucleolus

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Cell division that reduces the
chromosome number by one-
half.
Four phases:
a. Prophase I
b. Metaphase I
c. Anaphase I Prophase I

d. Telophase I
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Longest and most complex
phase (90%).
Chromosomes condense.
Synapsis occurs - Homologous
chromosomes come together
to form a tetrad.
(Synapsis is the pairing of two
homologous chromosomes that
occurs during meiosis.)

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Tetrad is two chromosomes
or four chromatids (sister and
non-sister chromatids).

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•Homologs contain DNA
that codes for the same
genes , but different
versions of those genes

•Genes occur at the same

loci

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 Homologous chromosomes

sister chromatids sister chromatids

Tetrad
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 Pair of chromosomes (maternal and
paternal) that are similar in shape and size.
 Homologous pairs (tetrads) carry GENES
controlling the SAME inherited traits.
 Each locus (position of a gene) is in the
same position on homologues. LOCI

 Humans have 23 pairs of homologous

chromosomes:
a. First 22 pairs of autosomes
b. Last pair of sex chromosomes

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eye color eye color
locus locus

hair color hair color

locus locus

Paternal Maternal
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 Crossing over may occur between non-
sister chromatids at sites called
chiasmata.
 Crossing over: segments of nonsister
chromatids break and reattach to the
other chromatid.

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 Chiasmata (chiasma) are where
chromosomes touch each other and
exchange genes (crossing over.)
 Causes Genetic Recombination

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nonsister chromatids Tetrad

chiasmata: site variation

of crossing over 25
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XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male

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Meiosis I
Homologs
separate

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• Nucleus & Nucleolus disappear
• Spindle forms
• Chromosomes coil & Synapsis (pairing) occurs
• Tetrads form & Crossing over Occurs
spindle fiber
centrioles
aster
fibers

TETRAD 29
 Shortest phase
 Tetrads align on the equator.
 Independent assortment occurs – chromosomes
separate randomly causing GENETIC
RECOMBINATION

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 OR

Homologs line up at equator or metaphase

plate
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 Homologous chromosomes separate
and move towards the poles.
 Sister chromatids remain
attached at their centromeres.

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Homologs separate
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 Each pole now has haploid (1n) set
of chromosomes.
 Cytokinesis occurs and two haploid
daughter cells are formed.

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cytokinesis

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 Sister
Meiosis II Chromatids
Separate

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 No Interphase II or very short
 No DNA Replication

 Remember: Meiosis II is similar

to mitosis

 Meiosis II begins without any

further replication of the
chromosomes.

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 Meiosis II begins without any
further replication of the
chromosomes.
 In prophase II, the nuclear
envelope breaks down and the
spindle apparatus forms.

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Same as Prophase in mitosis
 Nucleus & nucleolus disappear
 Chromosomes condense

 Spindle forms

 In prophase II, the nuclear

envelope breaks down and the

spindle apparatus forms.

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While chromosome


duplication took place

prior to meiosis I, no
new chromosome
replication occurs
before meiosis II.

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 The centrioles duplicate. This
occurs by separation of the
two members of the pair, and
then the formation of a
daughter centriole
perpendicular to each original
centriole. The two pairs of
centrioles separate into two
centrosomes.

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The nuclear envelope


breaks down, and the

spindle apparatus
forms.

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The chromosomes become
arranged on the metaphase
plate, much as the
chromosomes do in mitosis,
and are attached to the now
fully formed spindle.

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Each of the daughter cells
completes the formation of
a spindle apparatus.

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Single chromosomes align on
the metaphase plate, much as
chromosomes do in mitosis.
This is in contrast to
metaphase I, in which
homologous pairs of
chromosomes align on the
metaphase plate.
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For each chromosome, the
kinetochores of the sister
chromatids face the
opposite poles, and each is
attached to a kinetochore
microtubule coming from
that pole.
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The centromeres separate
and the sister chromatids—
now individual chromosomes—
move toward the opposite
poles of the cell.

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The centromeres separate,
and the two chromatids of
each chromosome move to
opposite poles on the spindle.
The separated chromatids are
now called chromosomes in
their own right.

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Anuclear envelope forms around
each set of chromosomes and
cytokinesis occurs, producing four
daughter cells, each with a haploid
set of chromosomes.

Anuclear envelope forms around

each set of chromosomes.

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 Cytokinesistakes place, producing
four daughter cells (gametes, in
animals), each with a haploid set
of chromosomes.

 Because of crossing-over, some

chromosomes are seen to have
recombined segments of the
original parental chromosomes.

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 Same as Telophase in mitosis.
 Nuclei and Nucleoli reform, spindle
disappears
 CYTOKINESIS occurs.
 Remember: FOUR HAPLOID
DAUGHTER cells are produced.
 Called GAMETES (eggs and sperm)

1n Sperm cell
fertilizes 1n egg
to form 2n zygote

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 Also known as GENETIC
RECOMBINATION
 Important to population as the raw
material for NATURAL SELECTION.
 All organisms are NOT alike

 Strongest “most fit” survive to

reproduce & pass on traits

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 Ifnondisjunction occurs during
anaphase II of meiosis II, it
means that at least one pair of
sister chromatids did not separate.
In this scenario, two cells will have
the normal haploid number of
chromosomes

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 Nondisjunctionis the failure of
homologous chromosomes or sister
chromatids to separate properly during
cell division

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A cell containing 20 chromosomes
(diploid) at the beginning of
meiosis would, at its completion,
produce cells containing how many
chromosomes?

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10 chromosomes (haploid or
1n)

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 An organized
picture of the
chromosomes of a
human arranged in
pairs by size from
largest to smallest.
 Pairs 1-22 called
AUTOSOMES
 Last pair are SEX
CHROMOSOMES
Male - XY

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Female - XX
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Down Syndrome – Trisomy 21 Female - XX
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 The fusion of a sperm and egg to
form a zygote.
 A zygote is a FERTILIZED EGG

sperm
n=23 n=23
egg
2n=46
zygote

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A cell containing 40 chromatids at
the beginning of meiosis would, at
its completion, produce cells
containing how many chromosomes?

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10 chromosomes

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