Chapter 5 Soil Improvement

Saint Mary’s University
School of Engineering, Architecture, and Information

Technology
Chapter V
Ground Improvement
Techniques
CE 504 Foundation Engineering
Engr. Andres P. Gualon Jr., MSCE

Faculty of Civil Engineering – SEAIT
Introduction & Objective

 Rapid development of infrastructures with scarcity of useful land forced
engineers to improve the properties of soil to bear the load transferred by
the infrastructures.
 a.k.a. soil improvement, ground stabilization,
 The purpose of these techniques to
o increase bearing capacity
o Increase strength and lateral stability
o Reduce future settlement
o Reduce the effect of contaminated soils
o reduce liquefaction hazards by avoiding large increase in pore water
pressure during earthquake shacking
 There are different methods like Physically, Mechanically and Chemically
modifications
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SMU-SEAIT Soil Improvements
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Methods/ Techniques
PHYSICAL
1. Removal and replacement
2. Pre-compression/ Pre-loading
3. Vertical drains
MECHANICAL
4. Dynamic Compaction
5. Vibro-Compaction
6. Stone Columns
7. Reinforcement
8. Soil Nailing
CHEMICAL
9. Grouting
10. Stabilization using admixtures
11. Deep Soil Mixing
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1. Removal & Replacement

• Removal of unsuitable/ unstable
soil (variable depth) within
localized areas and replace with
good quality material
• Method is usually practical only
above the groundwater table
• Simple but can be expensive.
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2. Pre-Compression/ Pre-loading
• Simply place a surcharge fill on top of the soil that requires
consolidation
• Once sufficient consolidation has taken place, the fill can be
removed and construction takes place
• Surcharge fills are typically 3-8m thick and generally
produces settlement of 0.30 to 1 m.
• Most effective in clay soil
• Advantages
o Requires only conventional earthmoving equipment
o Any grading contractor can perform the work
• Disadvantages
o Surcharge fill must extend horizontally at least 10 m beyond the
perimeter of the planned construction, which may not be
possible at confined sites
o Transport of large quantities of soil required
o Surcharge must remain in place for months or years, thus
delaying construction
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3. Vertical Drains
• Vertical drains are installed under a surcharge
load to accelerate the drainage of impervious
soils and thus speed up consolidation
• These drains provide a shorter path for the water
to flow through to get away from the soil
• Time to drain clay layers can be reduced from
years to a couple of months
5mm thk
100mm
Band V.D.
Sandwick V.D.
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3. Vertical Drains
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3. Vertical Drains
• Typically used for consolidating saturated clays, but can also be used to release pore water
pressure build-up of liquefiable soils
• Soil liquefaction occurs when a saturated or partially saturated soil (fine sands) substantially loses
strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress such as shaking during an earthquake or
other sudden change in stress condition, in which material that is ordinarily a solid behaves like a
liquid.
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• Densifies soils and fill materials by using a
drop weight, typically steel.
• The process involves of dropping a heavy
weight repeatedly on the ground at regularly
spaced intervals.
• The weight that is used, depends on the
degree of compaction desired and is
between 8 tonne to 36 tonne. The height
varies from 1m to 30m.
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• increase in-situ density and bearing
capacity of up to 250kpa can be used
with foundation settlements of the
order of 10 to 20 mm.
• Most soil types can be improved,
including silts and some clays. The most
commonly treated soils are old fills and
granular soils.
• However, careful control has to be used
to allow dissipation of excess pore
pressures created during the weight
dropping.
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5. Vibro-Compaction
• Also known as Vibroflotation
• A loose soil or non-homogeneous
granular fill can be compacted to depth
by the penetration of vibrating probes or
vibroflots. The main purpose of Vibro-
compaction is to increase the density of
the in-situ soils by vibration.
• The maintained vibrations and the
addition of water via jets along the probe
lead to localized liquefaction of the soil,
allowing the grains to rearrange in to a
denser arrangement.
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5. Vibro-Compaction
Advantages
o Effective treatment at depths 2m to >20m.
o Optimized and localized treatment offering flexible
Applications
o Improvement of hydraulic fills and dredged fills for
platforms, embankments, & foundation
o Anti-liquefaction treatment of soils
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5. Vibro-Compaction
Relative Disadvantage
Ground Type
Effectiveness
Sands Excellent
Silty Sands Marginal to Good
Silts Poor
Clays Not applicable
Mine Spoils Good (if granular)

Depends upon nature
Dumped Fill
of fill
Garbage Not Applicable
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6. Stone Columns
• Vibro-Replacement extends the range of soils that can be
improved by vibratory techniques to include cohesive soils.
Reinforcement of the soil with compacted granular columns
or "stone columns" is accomplished by the top-feed method.
Top Feed Bottom Feed

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6. Stone Columns
• The purpose of the stone columns is to reduce
the potential for liquefaction of the subsurface
soils during an earthquake.
• Vibroreplacement stone columns improve the
resistance of cohesionless soils to liquefaction
by several mechanisms.
• The primary mechanism of treatment is the
densification of the native soil.
• Secondary benefits may also come from the
o reinforcing effects of the stone columns (e.g.,. they
are usually stiffer than the surrounding soil),
o an increase in the in-situ horizontal stress (e.g., due
to the packing of stone in the column), and
o the drainage of earthquake-induced pore water
pressures through the stone columns..
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6. Stone Columns
• Vibro Stone Columns are designed to improve the load bearing capacity of
insitu soils and fills and to reduce differential settlements of non-
homogeneous and compressible soils, allowing the use of shallow footings
and thinner base slabs.
• Advantages
o Increased bearing capacity
o Reduced total and differential settlements
o Expedites consolidation settlement
o Mitigates the risk of liquefaction
o Be used as micro piles
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7. Reinforcement
• Soil is stronger in compression than in tension.
To improve strength in tension, geosynthetics
placed in soil for soil reinforcement
• Types of Geosynthetics
o Geotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when
used in association with soil, have the ability to
separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain.
o A Geomembrane is very low permeability synthetic Geotextiles Geomembranes
membrane liner or barrier used with any
geotechnical engineering related material so as to
control fluid (or gas) migration in a human-made
project, structure, or system.
o A Geogrid is geosynthetic material used to reinforce
soils and similar materials (retaining walls, sub-
bases, and soils in tension)
o Geocomposites are multi-layered combinations of
geosynthetics
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7. Reinforcement
• Soil reinforcement is performed by placing tensile elements in the soil to
enhance its natural stability and strength. This is achieved by bringing
reinforcement elements in contact with surfaces in the aggregate and sub-
base of soil mass. When pressure on the soil mass causes a strain on the
reinforcements, it creates a tensile load which can resist soil movement
and provide additional support for increased strength. This way, a soil-
reinforcement system is created which provides greater shear strength
than the soil mass alone.
• Applications
o Embankments on Weaker Foundations
o Steeping Slopes
o Retaining Walls
o Subgrade Stabilizing
o Reinforcing the Base Course
o Closing a Soft Site
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7. Reinforcement
• Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE or reinforced
soil) is soil constructed with artificial reinforcing. It
can be used for retaining walls, bridge abutments,
seawalls, and dikes.
• The reinforcing elements used can vary but include
steel and geosynthetics.
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8. Soil Nailing
• Soil Nailing is an in situ technique for
reinforcing, stabilizing and retaining
excavations and deep cuts through the
introduction of relatively small, closely spaced
inclusions (usually steel bars) into a soil mass,
the face of which is then locally stabilized. A
zone of reinforced ground results that
functions as a soil retention system.
• Applications
o Temporary and permanent excavation
support/retaining walls
o Stabilization of tunnel portals
o Stabilization of slopes
o Repair of retaining walls
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8. Soil Nailing
Types of Nails
o Driven nail
o Grouted nail
o Jet grouted nail
Geotechnical Parameters and Design

Considerations for Soil Nailing
• Mechanical Properties of Soil
o Soil type(s) and density
o Moisture content
o Soil stratification
• Groundwater condition, seasonal changes
and hydrology
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8. Soil Nailing
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9. Grouting
• Defined as the injection of a
special liquid or slurry material
called grout into the ground for
the purpose of improving the
soil or rock
• Types of grouts
o Cementitious grouts
o Chemical grouts
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9. Grouting (Methods)
Intrusion/ Hydrofracture Grouting Permeation grouting

• Consists of filling joints or fractures with grout • Injection of thin grouts into the soil
• Primary benefit is reduction in hydraulic • Once the soil cures, becomes a solid mass
conductivity
• Done using chemical grouts
• Used to prepare foundation and abutments for
dams • Used for creating groundwater barriers or
• Usually done using cementitious grouts preparing ground before tunneling
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Compaction Grouting
This series of schematics illustrates the general procedures in the bottom-up technique of compaction grouting.
1. install grout pipes using 2. The mortar-like grout, injected 3. Injection in "stages" continues
drilling or driving through the pipes, displaces the until the target layer has been
techniques. surrounding soil. The grout pipe is then treated.
lifted some distance (0.3 to 1.5 m), and
the injection process is repeated.
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Jet Grouting
• Uses a special pipe with horizontal jets that inject grout into the ground at high pressures
• Jet grouting is an erosion/replacement system that creates an engineered, in situ soil/cement product known
as Soilcretesm. Effective across the widest range of soil types, and capable of being performed around
subsurface obstructions and in confined spaces, jet grouting is a versatile and valuable tool for soft soil
stabilization, underpinning, excavation support and groundwater control.
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Jet Grouting
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10. Stabilization using Admixtures

• Most common admixture is Portland Cement
• When mixed with soil, forms soil-cement which is comparable to a weak
concrete
• Other admixtures include lime, fly ash, asphalt, etc.
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• Objective is to provide artificial cementation,
thus increasing strength and reducing both
compressibility and hydraulic conductivity
• Used to reduce expansion potential of clays
• Used in surface mixing applications
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LIME TREATMENT
• Hydrated lime reacts with the clay minerals in the soil, reducing its
potential for swelling and expansion upon wetting. A pad or layer of lime-
treated soil will be constructed over the entire building footprint prior to
construction of the slab foundation.
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MASS STABILIZATION
• Mass stabilization is a shallow to deep stabilization method in which the entire volume of soft
soil can be stabilized to a prescribed depth. The technique is relatively new and is highly
suited for the stabilization of high moisture content such as clay, silty, organic soils and
contaminated sediments.
• The blending of the soil mass may be achieved by either use of excavator mounted mixing
tool with unique shuttles pneumatically delivering the binder to the head of the mixing tool
and into the mix zone
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11. Deep Soil Mixing (DSM)

• The purpose of "in-situ fixation" is to bind the subsurface contaminants within
a soil cement matrix. The fixation must be sufficiently strong to prevent the
contaminants from being leached out of the cement matrix under future
possible combinations of groundwater chemistry and hydraulic gradients.
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11. Deep Soil Mixing (DSM)

Mixing Methods
o Wet DSM – soil is mixed with a slurry including binder
o Dry DSM – soil is mixed with a dry binder
Advantages
o stimulating concept of improving natural soils or brownfield ground to match
adopted design requirements
o eliminating problematic excavation and replacement or more expensive deep
foundation methods
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Chapter 5 Soil Improvement

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Chapter 5 Soil Improvement

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Saint Mary’s University

School of Engineering, Architecture, and Information

Engr. Andres P. Gualon Jr., MSCE

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

Introduction & Objective

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

1. Removal & Replacement

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

Silty Sands Marginal to Good

Clays Not applicable

Mine Spoils Good (if granular)

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

Top Feed Bottom Feed

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

Geotechnical Parameters and Design

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

Intrusion/ Hydrofracture Grouting Permeation grouting

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

10. Stabilization using Admixtures

10. Stabilization using Admixtures

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

10. Stabilization using Admixtures

10. Stabilization using Admixtures

CE 504 Foundation Engineering

11. Deep Soil Mixing (DSM)

11. Deep Soil Mixing (DSM)

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