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Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (7) (2018) 3145~3151

www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x(Print)/1976-3824(Online)
DOI 10.1007/s12206-018-0617-7

Pre-strain effect of on fracture performance of high-strength steel welds†


Gyubaek An1, Jeong-Ung Park2,*, Mituru Ohata3 and Fumiyoshi Minami4
1
Dept. of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Chosun University, Korea
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Chosun University, Korea
3
Department of Engineering Materials and Manufacturing Science, Osaka University, Japan
4
Joining & Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, Japan

(Manuscript Received October 31, 2017; Revised January 29, 2018; Accepted March 29, 2018)

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Abstract

Fracture toughness of pre-strain effect was determined as a function of the temperature in structural steels of the 600 to 780 MPa class.
Cyclic loading during earthquakes produces pre-strain in the component, which is enhanced at the region of strain concentration. During
the Kobe Great Earthquake in 1995 in Japan, 10 to 15 % pre-strain was recorded at the beam-to-column connection. The relationship
between critical CTOD and CGHAZ length was sampled by fatigue pre-crack for pre-strained HAZ, which is a significant decrease
compared to that of the base metal. Furthermore, the effect of pre-strain is discussed in terms of the CTOD and Charpy impact energy of
the local brittle zone.
Keywords: Pre-strain; Fracture toughness; High-strength steel; CTOD (crack tip opening displacement); Great earthquake; Brittle fracture
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high-strength TMCP steel welds [10]. Based on the lesson


1. Introduction
learned from the Kobe Great Earthquake, a method has been
Recently, high-strength structural steels in the 600 to published for assessing brittle fracture in steel-framed struc-
780 MPa class have been developed by a thermo mechanical tures subjected to large cyclic and dynamic strain [11]. The
controlled process (TMCP) in steel mill manufacturing. These effects of cyclic and dynamic strain are implemented in terms
steels provide a good weldability with a high load-carrying of a temperature shift of the crack tip opening displacement
capacity, but may induce heat affected zone (HAZ) softening (CTOD) fracture toughness. This enables fracture perform-
in the welds owing to their low carbon content. For the safe ance assessment under the seismic condition from the fracture
application of these steels to steel-framed structures, it must be toughness in the virgin condition. However, neither the high-
ensured that the structural integrity is not reduced by the HAZ strength steel of the 780 MPa class nor its welds is covered by
softening, particularly under seismic conditions. WES 2808. Also, in joint specimens, fatigue strength and
As a complement to the classical crack-initiation fracture crack propagation speed do not depend on steel strength, be-
toughness, crack-arrest fracture toughness has become an cause fatigue strength depend on bead shape which sow the
important mechanical property with which to address material stress concentration section [12].
fracture and failure mechanics [1-6]. Cyclic loading during The purposes of this study are as follows: (i) To determine
earthquakes produces pre-strain in the component, which is the applicability of WES 2808 to high-strength steels of the
enhanced at the region of strain concentration. During the 600 to 780 MPa class weld joints and to evaluate the relation-
Kobe Great Earthquake in 1995 in Japan, 10 to 15 % pre- ship between the critical CTOD and coarse grain heat affected
strain was recorded at the beam-to-column connection [7, 8]. zone (CGHAZ) length sampled by fatigue pre-crack for pre-
A large amount of pre-strain accumulates in welds if they strain HAZ; and (ii) to examine the effect of pre-strain on the
contain a softened region. It is well known that the pre-strain ductile-to-brittle transition temperature with CTOD and
increases the tensile strength of a material, but decreases frac- Charpy impact energy. This can provide a quantitative guide
ture toughness [9]. The HAZ exhibits potentially a low tough- for the critical CTOD to avoid the unexpected abrupt failure
ness due to the weld thermal cycle; thus, the change in the during large-scale dam-age phenomena such as great earth-
HAZ toughness due to pre-straining is an important issue for quakes.
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +82 62 230 7099, Fax.: +82 62 230 7135
E-mail address: jupark@chosun.ac.kr 2. Manufacturing of TMCP high-strength steel welds

Recommended by Associate Editor Hak-Sung Kim
© KSME & Springer 2018 The chemical composition of commercial 25-mm thick
3146 G. An et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (7) (2018) 3145~3151

Table 1. Mechanical properties of HSB600 steel plate used.

E YS TS
Number Direction Y/T
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
BM-1 L-T 204600 620 679 0.91
BM-2 L-T 207800 613 693 0.88
BM-3 L-T 205000 632 691 0.91
BM-4 L-T 206700 576 684 0.84
BM-5 L-T 205100 593 680 0.87
BM-6 L-T 208300 589 688 0.86
Average L-T 206250 604 686 0.88
E: Young’s modulus, YS: 0.2 % proof stress, TS: Tensile strength, Y/T:
Yield-to-tensile ratio = YS/TS
Fig. 2. Charpy impact test results for HSB600 steel.

extracted from positions of t /4 and 3t /4 (t: Plate thickness) in


thickness direction. The Charpy impact tests were conducted
in the temperature range of –120 °C to 0 °C.
Fig. 2 shows the Charpy test results of base material. No
significant difference was observed between t/4 and 3t/4 test
(a) Groove geometry (b) Macro section (25 mm)
results. The energy transition temperature vTE, defined as a
Fig. 1. Groove geometry of welded joint and cross-section of HSB600 temperature at which the absorbed energy vE(T) presents a
steel welds. half value of the upper-shelf energy vEShelf, was –65 °C. The
solid line in Fig. 2 indicates the energy transition curve fitted
high-strength steel (called HSB600-high-performance steel for with Eq. (1).
bridge structures for bridge structural steel grade) was 0.10 C, vEshelf
0.55 Si, 1.80 Mn, 0.020 P, 0.006 S, and balance Fe in wt.%. vE (T ) = . (1)
exp{- k (T - vTE )} + 1
TMCP high strength steel, HSB600, with plate thickness of 25
mm was used. The mechanical properties of the steel obtained The region of the potentially embrittled area in HSB600
by round-bar tension test are shown in Table 1. The base steel welds was investigated using a Charpy impact test. The
metal (BM) provides the yield strength of 604 MPa, tensile standard specimens with V-notches in the center of the weld
strength of 686 MPa, elongation of 20 %, and Charpy impact metal (WM), along the fusion line (FL) and in the HAZ were
energy of 47 J at -5 °C. The two BM plates (each 1000-mm extracted from the welds at t/4 (finishing side) and 3t/4 (root
long×500-mm wide×25-mm thick) have been joined using a side). For the HAZ notched specimen, two kinds of specimens
7-pass submerged arc welding (SAW) technique, as shown in with a notch located 1.0 mm (FL+1 mm) and 2.0 mm (FL+2
Fig. 1. The joint experienced a high heat input of 50 kJ/cm mm) from the fusion line. The Charpy impact tests were con-
from the application of a 700-A 34-V electrode in the rolling ducted in the temperature range of –100 °C to 0 °C.
direction of the plate at a constant speed of 29 cm/min, respec- Fig. 3 shows the Charpy test results of weld joints. The WM
tively. The groove was prepared with a single bevel with a exhibits a higher Charpy toughness (absorbed energy) than
groove angle of 17° as shown in Fig. 1. The backing plate of other regions in the weld. The HAZ exhibits substantial scatter
the same steel was employed on the root side of welding. The in Charpy toughness at temperatures of –20 °C and 0 °C. At
welding direction was vertical to the rolling direction of the temperatures below the ductile-to-brittle transition tempera-
plate. Fig. 1(b) shows the cross-section of the SAW welds of ture, the HAZ regions (FL, FL+1 mm and FL+2 mm) exhibit
HSB600 steel. Note that the angle of the single V-type groove an apparently lower toughness than the WM. This is due to a
was 17°. The chemical composition of the welding consum- large heat input of 50 kJ/cm during welding. No significant
able was 0.08 C, 0.32 Si, 1.67 Mn, 0.01 P, and balance Fe in difference was observed between the results for FL, FL+1 mm
wt.%. The backing plate of the same steel was employed on and FL+2 mm. The toughness levels of the HAZ and WM
the root side of the welding, and the welding direction was were considerably lower than that of the base steel. Based on
vertical to the rolling direction of the plate. these Charpy test results, the HAZ region 1 mm from the fu-
sion (FL+1 mm) was selected as the target area for the CTOD
3. Fracture toughness of HSB600 steel toughness test.
3.1 Charpy impact test
3.2 Fracture toughness test
The Charpy impact toughness of HSB600 steel (base mate-
rial) was measured. The standard V-notch specimens were 3-point bend (3PB) tests were conducted to measure the
G. An et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (7) (2018) 3145~3151 3147

(a) t/4 (finishing side) Fig. 4. Temperature dependence of critical CTOD of HSB600 steel.

(b) 3t/4 (root side)

Fig. 3. Charpy impact test results for weld metal, fusion line and HAZ Fig. 5. Temperature dependence of critical CTOD of heat affected zone
in HSB600 steel welds. (FL+1 mm) of multi-pass SAW joints of HSB600 steel.

CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) fracture toughness of measured by a 3-point bend (3PB) test. The notch tip was
HSB600 steel. The 3PB specimen had a deep through- finished with a fatigue pre-crack at a maximum load of 14.4
thickness crack; a/W = 0.5, where a and W are the crack depth kN, and located in the HAZ (FL+1 mm) nearly 1.0 mm from
and the specimen width, respectively. The thickness of the the fusion line. The thickness of the 3PB specimen, B, was 21
3PB specimen, B, was the same as the plate thickness of mm, which is slightly less than the plate thickness of 25 mm,
25 mm. The notch tip was finished with a fatigue pre-crack at where surface finishing was applied to the welds with a slight
a maximum load of 14.4 kN. angular distortion. The 3PB fracture toughness tests of weld
The 3PB fracture toughness tests were conducted in the joints were conducted at temperatures of –60 °C, –40 °C and –
temperature range of –80 °C to –20 °C. The specimen was 20 °C in accordance with BS7448 Part 2 [13]. The specimen
cooled with liquid nitrogen at the test temperature for 25 min- was cooled with liquid nitrogen in a cooling bath. The yield
utes in the cooling bath. The critical CTOD at fracture was stress of HSB600 steel was used for the calculation of the
calculated in accordance with BS7448 Part 1 [13]. Fig. 4 elastic component of the CTOD. Fig. 5 shows the temperature
shows the temperature dependence of the critical CTOD, dc, dependence of the critical CTOD of the HAZ. The transition
of HSB600 steel. A transition curve of the critical CTOD was curve of the critical CTOD was evaluated with Eq. (2), in the
evaluated in the form of Eq. (2). A specific temperature de- same manner as the CTOD test of the base steel. The specific
fined as a temperature at which the averageδc presented 0.1 temperature at which the critical CTOD presents 0.1 mm was
mm was about –50°C for HSB600 steel used. about –35 °C. It is well known that the CTOD test results for
HAZ of multi-pass welded joints is influenced by the notching
d cr, Shelf position and the amount of local brittle zone along the crack
d cr,3P (T ) = . (2)
exp{- k (T - Td )} + 1 front. Therefore, the sectioning technique is needed to identify
the microstructure responsible for fracture initiation and to
The CTOD fracture toughness of the HAZ close to the fu- quantify the total length of the local brittle zone along the
sion line, where potential embrittlement is anticipated, was crack front.
3148 G. An et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (7) (2018) 3145~3151

Fig. 6. Comparison between toughness transition curves obtained by Fig. 7. Comparison between toughness transition curves obtained by
Charpy impact test and 3PB CTOD test for HSB600 steel. Charpy impact test and 3PB CTOD test for HAZ (FL+1 mm) in SAW
joints of HSB600 steel.

3.3 Correlation between Charpy impact toughness and


CTOD fracture toughness welded joint. The target pre-strains were 1.5 % and 3.0 % in
the HAZ. The CTOD fracture toughness of the pre-strained
Fig. 6 shows the toughness transition curves obtained by the HAZ close to the fusion line was measured by a 3-point bend
Charpy impact test and 3PB CTOD test for HSB600 steel. (3PB) test. Similar to the CTOD test of the HAZ without pre-
Generally, the Charpy toughness transition curve is located on strain, the 3PB specimen had a deep through-thickness crack
the lower temperature side of the CTOD toughness transition of a/W = 0.5. The notch tip was finished with a fatigue pre-
curve. This trend is found for the HSB600 steel used in the crack at a load of 14.4 kN, and located in the HAZ (FL+1
experiment. However, different results were obtained for the mm) nearly 1.0 mm from the fusion line. The thickness of the
HAZ (FL+1 mm) in the SAW joints of HSB600 steel, as 3PB specimen, B, was 22 mm, which is slightly less than the
shown in Fig. 7, where the Charpy toughness transition curve plate thickness of 25 mm, where surface finishing was applied
is close to the CTOD toughness transition curve. Further dis- in the welds with a slight angular distortion. Testing were
cussion is necessary to confirm the toughness properties of the conducted at temperatures of –60 °C, –40 °C, –20 °C and 0 °C.
HAZ for HSB600 steel welds. According to WES 2808 [11], The specimen was cooled with liquid nitrogen in a cooling
Eq. (3) is proposed for the evaluation of the temperature shift bath. For the calculation of the elastic component of CTOD,
between Charpy toughness transition and CTOD toughness the yield stress of HSB600 steel at the test temperature was
transition: used.
After the fracture tests, the samples were sectioned to iden-
Charpy
DT = vT25J - T0.13PBmm = 123 - 0.19s Y0 - 6 t (°C) (3) tify the fatigue pre-crack location in the HAZ and determine
the microstructure-controlling fracture initiation. In this study,
where the temperatures at which the Charpy absorbed energy the CGHAZ was defined as the HAZ region where the peak
of vE = 25 J and the critical CTOD of dcr = 0.1 mm, respec- temperature of the weld thermal cycle exceeded 1200 °C. The
tively, are obtained; sY0 is the yield stress of the material at multi-pass HAZ microstructures were classified according to
room temperature; and t is the thickness of the 3PB specimen temperature, CGHAZ (melting point ~1200 °C), FGHAZ
that is equal to the plate thickness. Eq. (1) is applicable to (1200-900 °C) and ICHAZ (900-700 °C) [14, 15]. The peak
structural steels up to the 590 MPa strength class and their temperature (Tp) was calculated with Eq. (4), derived from the
welds. For the HSB600 steel used, the temperature shift DT conventional two-dimensional heat conduction analysis [16-
estimated using Eq. (3), where sY0 = 604 MPa and t = 25 mm, 19]:
is –22 °C. However, the experimental results provided a DT of
nearly –50 °C. Thus, Eq. (3) is very conservative for HSB600
d 850 - T0 Tmp - T0 - T p - T0
steel. In contrast, DT for the HAZ in the SAW joints estimated = g (4)
using Eq. (3) was –20 °C (sY0 = 604 MPa and t = 21 mm), d HAZ T p - T0 Tmp - T0 - 850 - T0
which closely approximates the experimental result (DT is
nearly –15 °C), as shown in Fig. 7.
where d is the vertical distance from the fusion line; dHAZ is
the width of Nital-etched HAZ; and Tmp and T0 are the melt-
4. Effect of pre-strain of fracture toughness of
ing temperature (1500 °C) of the base metal and the initial
HSB600 steel welds
temperature of the plate, respectively, that correspond to the
To address the effect of plastic pre-strain on the CTOD frac- inter-pass temperature (in this experiment, T0 = 150 °C). The
ture toughness of the HAZ of multi-pass welds, a tensile pre- maximum temperature of the etched HAZ boundary was as-
strain perpendicular to the welding line was applied to the sumed to be 900 °C (AC3 transformation temperature). The
G. An et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (7) (2018) 3145~3151 3149

Fig. 8. Effect of pre-strain on critical CTOD of HAZ. Fig. 10. Method for measuring total CGHAZ length sampled by fa-
tigue pre-crack.

Fig. 9. Example of identification of HAZ-micro-structures.

altered CGHAZ regions, which retain the coarse-grained (a) 1.5 % pre-strained HAZ
structure, are defined as (a) inter-critically reheated CGHAZ
(ICCGHAZ) and (b) sub-critically reheated CGHAZ
(SCCGHAZ). These are generally responsible for the low
fracture toughness and are called local brittle zones. The unal-
tered CGHAZ (UACGHAZ) that is reheated above 1200 °C
or below 450 °C also has a coarse-grained structure and low
fracture toughness. These HAZ-microstructures, including the
UACGHAZ, ICCGHAZ and SCCGHAZ, are referred to as
CGHAZ in this study.

5. Results and discussion


The 3-point bend CTOD tests were conducted for HAZ-
notched specimens with 1.5 % and 3.0 % pre-strain. Fig. 8 (b) 3.5 % pre-strained HAZ
compares the critical CTODs of the pre-strained HAZ with Fig. 11. Relationship between critical CTOD and CGHAZ length sam-
those of the original HAZ without pre-strain. The critical pled by fatigue pre-crack for pre-strained HAZ.
CTOD of the pre-strained HAZ are lower than that of the
original HAZ, and larger pre-strain provides a lower critical
CTOD. The microstructures sampled by the fatigue-pre-crack, length LCGHAZ. The LCGHAZ for the HAZ-notched speci-
as well as a region where fracture occurred, were identified by mens were in the range of 10 to 15 mm, and no significant
sectioning of the HAZ notched specimen. Fig. 9 presents an effect of the LCGHAZ on the critical CTOD was observed.
example of HAZ microstructures sampled by the fatigue pre- All the specimens exhibited cleavage fracture initiation from
crack. The CGHAZ length LCGHAZ along the crack-front the CGHAZ. Fig. 12 shows an example of the location of
was measured on the sectioned plane, as shown in Fig. 10. fracture initiation. Fig. 13 summarizes the number of speci-
Fig. 11 summarizes the critical CTOD of the 1.5 % and mens in which fracture occurred from the CGHAZ regions
3.0 % pre-strained HAZ as a function of the total CGHAZ designated as A, B, C and D, as shown in Fig. 12. It was found
3150 G. An et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (7) (2018) 3145~3151

Fig. 14. Effect of pre-strain on ductile-to-brittle transition temperature.

25 mm high strength steel base plates and welds with focused


on the significance of HAZ softening on the structural integ-
rity after pre-straining. The critical CTOD of pre-strain weld
joints provide a function of applied temperature. The specific
temperature at which the critical CTOD reaches 0.1 mm tends
Fig. 12. Identification of HAZ-microstructure where cleavage fracture
occurred. to increase with increasing pre-strain. The 3.0 % pre-strain
shifted the specific transition temperature by approximately
40 °C. These results indicate that the deterioration of fracture
toughness due to pre-strain should be taken into account in the
safety assessment regarding fracture from the weld HAZ in
the pre-strained condition. Interplay between the HAZ in weld
joint and toughness, e.g., LBZ, low toughness and low Charpy
impact energy, can cause the low fracture toughness in pre-
stress conditions.

Acknowledgments
This study was funded by Chosun University of Korea
(2017).

Fig. 13. Classification of CGHAZ regions in terms of the location of Nomenclature------------------------------------------------------------------------


fracture initiation.
vE(T) : Absorbed energy
vEshelf : Upper-shelf energy
that the CGHAZ regions, with the exception of region D close dc : Critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD)
to the specimen surface, were responsible for cleavage frac- △T : Temperature shift
ture initiation. The temperature dependence curves of the a : Crack length temperature
mean critical CTOD for the HAZ-notched specimens with and W : Width of CTOD specimen
without pre-strain are graphed in Fig. 14. The specific tem- K : Constant
perature at which the critical CTOD reaches 0.1 mm tends to
in-crease with increasing pre-strain. The 3.0 % pre-strain
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