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www.springerlink.com/content/1738-494x(Print)/1976-3824(Online)
DOI 10.1007/s12206-018-0617-7
(Manuscript Received October 31, 2017; Revised January 29, 2018; Accepted March 29, 2018)
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Abstract
Fracture toughness of pre-strain effect was determined as a function of the temperature in structural steels of the 600 to 780 MPa class.
Cyclic loading during earthquakes produces pre-strain in the component, which is enhanced at the region of strain concentration. During
the Kobe Great Earthquake in 1995 in Japan, 10 to 15 % pre-strain was recorded at the beam-to-column connection. The relationship
between critical CTOD and CGHAZ length was sampled by fatigue pre-crack for pre-strained HAZ, which is a significant decrease
compared to that of the base metal. Furthermore, the effect of pre-strain is discussed in terms of the CTOD and Charpy impact energy of
the local brittle zone.
Keywords: Pre-strain; Fracture toughness; High-strength steel; CTOD (crack tip opening displacement); Great earthquake; Brittle fracture
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E YS TS
Number Direction Y/T
(MPa) (MPa) (MPa)
BM-1 L-T 204600 620 679 0.91
BM-2 L-T 207800 613 693 0.88
BM-3 L-T 205000 632 691 0.91
BM-4 L-T 206700 576 684 0.84
BM-5 L-T 205100 593 680 0.87
BM-6 L-T 208300 589 688 0.86
Average L-T 206250 604 686 0.88
E: Young’s modulus, YS: 0.2 % proof stress, TS: Tensile strength, Y/T:
Yield-to-tensile ratio = YS/TS
Fig. 2. Charpy impact test results for HSB600 steel.
(a) t/4 (finishing side) Fig. 4. Temperature dependence of critical CTOD of HSB600 steel.
Fig. 3. Charpy impact test results for weld metal, fusion line and HAZ Fig. 5. Temperature dependence of critical CTOD of heat affected zone
in HSB600 steel welds. (FL+1 mm) of multi-pass SAW joints of HSB600 steel.
CTOD (crack tip opening displacement) fracture toughness of measured by a 3-point bend (3PB) test. The notch tip was
HSB600 steel. The 3PB specimen had a deep through- finished with a fatigue pre-crack at a maximum load of 14.4
thickness crack; a/W = 0.5, where a and W are the crack depth kN, and located in the HAZ (FL+1 mm) nearly 1.0 mm from
and the specimen width, respectively. The thickness of the the fusion line. The thickness of the 3PB specimen, B, was 21
3PB specimen, B, was the same as the plate thickness of mm, which is slightly less than the plate thickness of 25 mm,
25 mm. The notch tip was finished with a fatigue pre-crack at where surface finishing was applied to the welds with a slight
a maximum load of 14.4 kN. angular distortion. The 3PB fracture toughness tests of weld
The 3PB fracture toughness tests were conducted in the joints were conducted at temperatures of –60 °C, –40 °C and –
temperature range of –80 °C to –20 °C. The specimen was 20 °C in accordance with BS7448 Part 2 [13]. The specimen
cooled with liquid nitrogen at the test temperature for 25 min- was cooled with liquid nitrogen in a cooling bath. The yield
utes in the cooling bath. The critical CTOD at fracture was stress of HSB600 steel was used for the calculation of the
calculated in accordance with BS7448 Part 1 [13]. Fig. 4 elastic component of the CTOD. Fig. 5 shows the temperature
shows the temperature dependence of the critical CTOD, dc, dependence of the critical CTOD of the HAZ. The transition
of HSB600 steel. A transition curve of the critical CTOD was curve of the critical CTOD was evaluated with Eq. (2), in the
evaluated in the form of Eq. (2). A specific temperature de- same manner as the CTOD test of the base steel. The specific
fined as a temperature at which the averageδc presented 0.1 temperature at which the critical CTOD presents 0.1 mm was
mm was about –50°C for HSB600 steel used. about –35 °C. It is well known that the CTOD test results for
HAZ of multi-pass welded joints is influenced by the notching
d cr, Shelf position and the amount of local brittle zone along the crack
d cr,3P (T ) = . (2)
exp{- k (T - Td )} + 1 front. Therefore, the sectioning technique is needed to identify
the microstructure responsible for fracture initiation and to
The CTOD fracture toughness of the HAZ close to the fu- quantify the total length of the local brittle zone along the
sion line, where potential embrittlement is anticipated, was crack front.
3148 G. An et al. / Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 32 (7) (2018) 3145~3151
Fig. 6. Comparison between toughness transition curves obtained by Fig. 7. Comparison between toughness transition curves obtained by
Charpy impact test and 3PB CTOD test for HSB600 steel. Charpy impact test and 3PB CTOD test for HAZ (FL+1 mm) in SAW
joints of HSB600 steel.
Fig. 8. Effect of pre-strain on critical CTOD of HAZ. Fig. 10. Method for measuring total CGHAZ length sampled by fa-
tigue pre-crack.
altered CGHAZ regions, which retain the coarse-grained (a) 1.5 % pre-strained HAZ
structure, are defined as (a) inter-critically reheated CGHAZ
(ICCGHAZ) and (b) sub-critically reheated CGHAZ
(SCCGHAZ). These are generally responsible for the low
fracture toughness and are called local brittle zones. The unal-
tered CGHAZ (UACGHAZ) that is reheated above 1200 °C
or below 450 °C also has a coarse-grained structure and low
fracture toughness. These HAZ-microstructures, including the
UACGHAZ, ICCGHAZ and SCCGHAZ, are referred to as
CGHAZ in this study.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by Chosun University of Korea
(2017).
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