Machines and Mechanisms:

Applied Kinematic Analysis,

4/e
Chapter 10
• Pressure Angle (f)

Base Circle
Pitch Circle Pressure Line

Pressure Angle, f
Pitch Line

Pitch Circle

Base Circle
Line of Centers

Standard values: f = 14½0, 200, 250

 Mating gears must have same
pressure angle and diamtral pitch.
• Others Features
Face Width (F) Pitch Diameter (d) Tooth Thickness

Tip Radius

Face Fillet Radius

Addendum (a) Flank Addendum Circle

Circular Pitch (p)
Dedendum (b) Pitch Circle

Dedendum Circle

• Circular Pitch p = pd/N

• Base circle db=d cos f

These features are standardized for interchangeability:

• Addendum a=1/Pd
• Dedendum b=1.25/Pd
• Face Width F=12/Pd
• Center Distance (c)
Pitch circle

Line of Centers

Pitch circle
cexternal

cexternal gears=r1 + r2

cinternal gears=r2 – r1

Example:
Two mating external 4-pitch, spur gears have 14 and 42
teeth. Determine the center distance.
• Interference
✓ Gears with too few teeth.
✓ Top of one gear digs into base of the other.
✓ Use table 10.4 to check.
0 0 0
f = 14½ f = 20 f=25
Number Maximum Number of Maximum Number of Maximum
of pinion number of gear pinion teeth number of gear pinion number of
teeth teeth teeth teech gear teeth
<23 Interference <13 Interference <9 Interference
23 26 13 16 9 13
24 32 14 26 10 32
25 40 15 45 11 249
26 51 16 101 12 
27 67 17 1309
28 92 18 
29 133
30 219
31 496
32 

Example:
Two mating 200, 4-pitch, spur gears have 12 and 42 teeth. Will they interfere?
Gear Kinematics:
• Velocity Ratio (VR)
Gear Ratio

1
VR =
1 2
2
+ same direction
- opposite direction

3:1 or “three to one” means VR = 3

1 d 2 N 2
Commonly written: VR = = =
 2 d1 N 1
Example:
A 5-in gear, rotating at 1725 rpm, cw, meshes with a gear having
a pitch diameter of 20 in. Determine the velocity of the driven
gear.

An 8-pitch, 18 tooth gear rotates at 1200 rpm, ccw. It meshes

with a gear with a pitch diameter of 6 in. Determine the velocity
of the driven gear.

A 10-pitch, 16 tooth gear mates with a gear having a pitch

diameter of 6 in. The driven gear rotates at 300 rpm, cw.
Determine the velocity of the driver gear.
•Gear Selection
Need to decide:
Pressure Angle
Suitable diametral pitch
Number of teeth on each gear
 32 Diametral Pitch

Number of Teeth for 12 16 20 28 36 48 64 80 112

14 18 24 32 40 56 72 96 128
Commercially 24 Diametral Pitch

Available, Stock Gears 12 18 24 30 42 54 72 96 144

15 21 27 36 48 60 84 120

20 Diametral Pitch

12 16 24 35 50 80 100 160

14 18 25 40 60 84 120 180

15 20 30 45 70 90 140 200

16 Diametral Pitch

12 16 24 32 48 64 96 160

14 18 28 36 56 72 128 192

15 20 30 40 60 80 144

12 Diametral Pitch

12 15 20 28 42 60 84 120 168

13 16 21 30 48 66 96 132 192

14 18 24 36 54 72 108 144 216

10 Diametral Pitch

12 16 24 30 45 55 80 120 200

14 18 25 35 48 60 90 140

15 20 28 40 50 70 100 160

8 Diametral Pitch

12 16 22 32 44 60 80 112

14 18 24 36 48 64 88 120

15 20 28 40 56 72 96 128

6 Diametral Pitch

12 16 24 33 48 66 96

14 18 27 36 54 72 108

15 21 30 42 60 84 120

5 Diametral Pitch

12 16 24 30 45 70 110 160

14 18 25 35 50 80 120 180

15 20 28 40 60 100 140
Example:
A set of gears must be selected that transmit power
from a 5 hp motor at 1200 rpm to a grinding wheel
at 310 (10) rpm. Select a set of appropriate gears.

Example:
A set of gears must be selected that transmit power
from a 20 hp engine at 2000 rpm to an air
compressor at 660 ( 10) rpm. These gears must fit
into a housing with a center distance of 6.00 in.
Select a set of appropriate gears.
Gear Trains:
Several gear pairs are placed in series.

Why?

•Train Value (TV)

 in
TV =
 out
TV = (VR)1 (VR)2 (VR)3 …
Example 1 2
The gear train shown is
used with an input 3 4
speed of 1200 rpm, cw.
5 6
Given the following
properties:
4
in 2 6

3 5
1
out
N1=24, N2= 48 & Pd = 16
N3=24, N4= 48 & Pd=12
N5=15, N6= 35 & Pd = 10

Determine the output velocity and center distance of the gear train.
Example 1
in 1
6
The gear train
shown is used
with an input 2 3 out
speed of 1200 3
6
rpm, cw. Given 2
the following
properties:
5 5
4 4

N1=24 N2= 36 & Pd = 12

D3=2.0 in. & Pd=10 N4= 40

N5=16 & Pd=8 D6= 6.0 in

Determine the output velocity and center distance of the gear train.
• Gear Train Design
✓ Select the appropriate ratios for each gear
pair.
✓ Factor the TV into suitable ratios.

Example:
Design a gear train with a train value of
+400:1. From interference criteria, no gear
should have fewer than 15 teeth and due to
size restrictions, no gear should have more
than 75 teeth.