Derivatives &

their Applications
Mathematics Presentations
 What is derivative?
• The derivative of a function of a real variable measures
the sensitivity to change of a quantity (a function or
dependent variable) which is determined by another
quantity (the independent variable).

• For example, the derivative of the position of a moving

object with respect to time is the object's velocity: this
measures how quickly the position of the object changes
when time is advanced.
 What is differentiation?
• The process of finding a derivative is
called differentiation.
• The reverse process is called antidifferentiation.
• The fundamental theorem of calculus states that
antidifferentiation is the same as integration.
• Differentiation is also known as the process to find rate
of change
• Derivative tells us slope of function at any point.
 As it is also rate of change
• The rate of change of a function is expressed as a ratio
between a change in one variable relative to a
corresponding change in another.
• Rate of change is also given by limit value.
 Average rate of change
• The Average Rate of Change is defined as
the ratio of the difference in the function f(x)
as it changes from 'a' to 'b' to the difference
between 'a' and 'b'. The average rate of
change is denoted as A(x).
• And is given as the formula
𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓(𝑎)
• A(x) =
𝑏−𝑎
• The Average Rate of Change Formula
calculates the slope of a line or a curve on a
given range.
 Average rate of change-Ex

Calculate the average rate of change of a function, f(x) = 3x + 5

as x changes from a to b ?
Solution:
Given,
f(x) = 3x + 5 a=3 ,b=6
Putting the values
f(3) = 3(3) + 5 :f(6) = 3(6) + 5
f(3)=14 : f(6)=23
The average rate of change is,
𝒇 𝒃 −𝒇 𝒂
A(x) =
𝒃−𝒂
𝟐𝟑−𝟏𝟒 𝟗
A(x) = =
𝟑 𝟑
A(x) = 3
Notations for derivatives
Leibniz's notation.
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒇
𝒅𝒙
, 𝒅𝒙
x
Lagrange's notation.
f’ f”
Euler's notation.
𝑫𝒙𝒀 𝑶𝒓 𝑫𝒙𝑭(𝒙)
 Derivative Notation
Derivative Notation

A Function Newton Form Leibniz Form

f(x) f ’(x) d
(f(x)) or df
dx dx

y y’ d
(y) df
dx or
dx
X2 + 1 (X2 + 1)’ d (X2 + 1)
dx
 Notation
There are lots of ways to denote the derivative of a function
y = f(x).

f’(x) the derivative of f

df the derivative of f with
y’ y prime dx respect to x.

the derivative of y the derivative of f at x

dy d
with respect to x. f (x)
dx dx
Rules for derivatives
Rules for derivatives
Rules for derivatives
Rules for derivatives
Rules for derivatives
Product Rule Example
 Examples

Product rule:

• This is used when differentiating a product of

two functions.

Differentiate x(x² + 1)

• let u = x and v = x² + 1
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
• =1 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Examples

Product rule:

𝒅 𝒖𝒗 𝒗𝒅𝒖 𝒖𝒅𝒗
= +
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Putting the values.

=(x² + 1) + x(2x)
= x² + 1 + 2x²
= 3x² + 1 .
Quotient Rule Example
 Examples
Power Rule:

"what is the derivative of 𝒙𝟔 ?"

• We can use the Power Rule, where n=6:
• 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
• So,
• 𝑥 6 = 6𝑥 6−1
= 6𝑥 5
 Chain rule
A special rule, the chain rule, exists for
differentiating a function of another function.
In order to differentiate a function of a function,
y = f(g(x)),
𝑑𝑦
That is to find , we need to do two things:
𝑑𝑥

1. Substitute u = g(x). This gives us y = f(u)

Next we need to use a formula that is known as the
Chain Rule.
2. Chain Rule
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
= ×
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙
 Chain Rule Example

Chain rule:
If 𝑦 = 3 2𝑥 − 1 2 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑦
• Find
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑦 = 3 2𝑥 − 1 2 , 𝑦=3 𝑢 2
• Taking derivative to both side
𝒅𝒚
= 6𝑢 -------(i
𝒅𝒖
𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1
• Taking derivative to both side
𝒅𝒖
=2
𝒅𝒙
 Chain Rule Example

Chain rule:
• Using chain rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
• = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
• = 6𝑢. 2
𝑑𝑥
• = 12u
∴ 𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1
=12(2x-1)
=24x-12
Chain Rule Example
 Higher derivatives. 1st ,2nd 3rd

• Any derivative beyond the first derivative can be referred

to as a higher order derivative.
• The derivative of the function f(x) may be denoted by
f’(x)
• Its double (or "second") derivative is denoted by f ’’(x).
• This is read as "f double prime of x," or "The second
derivative of f(x)."
 Higher derivatives. Notations:
Let f(x) be a function in terms of x. The following are
notations for higher order derivatives.
2nd Derivative Ex.
Higher Order Derivative Ex.
 Partial derivatives

Partial derivatives are defined as derivatives of a function

of multiple variables when all but the variable of interest are
held fixed during the differentiation
 Partial derivatives:

 The partial derivative of f is with respect to its

variable.

 Here ∂ is a rounded d called the partial

derivative symbol. To distinguish it from the
letter d, ∂ is sometimes pronounced "der", "del",
or "partial" instead of "dee"
Example
 Applications of partial derivatives:

• Derivatives are constantly used in everyday life

to help measure how much something is
changing. They're used by the government in
population censuses, various types of sciences,
and even in economics..
 Applications of partial derivatives:

• Derivatives in physics.
You can use derivatives a lot in Newton law of motion
where the velocity is defined as the derivative of the
position over time and the acceleration, the derivative of
the velocity over time.

• Derivatives in chemistry.
One use of derivatives in chemistry is when you want to
find the concentration of an element in a product.
 Concave Up
• The derivative of a function gives the slope
• When the slope continually increases, the function is
concave upward.
• Taking the second derivative actually tells us if the slope
continually increases or decreases.
• When the second derivative is positive, the function is
concave upward.
• f ''(x) > 0 for x > 0;
Concave Up:
 Concave down:

• When the slope continually decreases, the

function is concave downward.

• When the second derivative is negative, the

function is concave downward.

• f ''(x) < 0 for x < 0.

Concave down:
Derivatives of polynomials
Derivatives of polynomials
Derivative of Trigonometric
functions
Derivative of Trigonometric
functions
Derivatives of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
Derivatives of Exponential and
Logarithmic Functions
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• Any Question?