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Usage At Petroleum
Refineries
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Steam
42%
Cooling Water
53%
The Water Used Is:
Contained in Consumed
Sludges 5%
5%
Evaporated equates to
Vented as energy lost
Steam
11%
Evaporated
38%
Discharged
41%
Cost Drivers
9
6
$/1000 Gal.
4
$$$
0
S.W. LA Industrial Typical Industrial Midwest Public EBMUD Los Angeles Area Los Angeles Area
W t
Water W ll Water
Well W t W t
Water (
(current)
t) (
(projected)
j t d)
Other Drivers
• Some refineries have had to cut rates due
to limited water supply.
– Direct costs of water may be low
low.
– Cost of lost production is very high.
Water Conservation
O
Opportunities
ii
• Matching Water Quality with Process
Requirements.
• Treated Municipal Wastewater Reuse
Projects.
• “Zero
“Z Discharge”
Di h ”CConcepts.
t
Match Water Quality with
P
Process R
Requirements
i
• Many facilities utilize water from more than
one source.
• All facilities generate reusable wastewater
streams.
• Better
B tt quality lit water
t sources should
h ld b
be
supplied to processes that can benefit
f
from them.
th
Cooling Tower Example
Cooling Towers
Evaporation
Raw Water
Process
T Heat
Exchangers
Savings--638
gpm
2000
Y-4801
Y-6
1500
Y-5
GPM
M
Y-4
Y-3
1000
Y-2
Y-1
500
0
Current
WaterMake-up
SourceRate
#1 SabineWater
River Water as Make-up
Source #2
Publically Owned
Softening
S
Wastewater High
Hi hQQuality
lit
Zeolite
Reverse Osmosis
Treatment System Water Supply
System
Reject to Disposal or
Discharge
Benefits
• Proven technologies
technologies.
• Recovers up to 70% of municipal
wastewater.
wastewater
• Provides a very high quality water
supply—supports
l t low
l usage.
Concerns
• So far
far, economically feasible only with
subsidies (California and the U.K.).
• Produces waste stream with high
dissolved solids—disposal issues.
Zero Discharge
g Concepts
p
• The “zero discharge” concept has been
around for many years.years
• Serious planning to achieve zero
di h
discharge iis jjustt now starting
t ti tto ttake
k
place.
• Existing infrastructure, coupled with new
technologies can bring facilities close to
the zero discharge goal.
Zero Discharge Challenges
• Salts and impurities must be removed
from the system.
• Make up is still required to replace large
evaporation rates.
Zero Discharge Process
Evaporation
Summary
• Petroleum refining is a water intensive
industry.
• Increasingg water costs,, availability,
y, and
conservation initiatives are driving the
need to re-evaluate usage g and supplypp y
alternatives.
• Improved water use strategies, old
technologies, and newer technologies are
providing opportunities.