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morality , good , bad ,right ,wrong ,human conduct, behavior. Meanwhile the
Philosophy means love of wisdom. It comes from the Greek words Philo (love or
based on legal ground and the violation of it will be considered immoral while the
and the virtues for evaluating ethical behaviour. Meta ethics is beyond ethics and
Subjectivism. The Ethics of Religion condemns the atheist and they recognize
and Ethics are complementary. Lastly is the Philosophical Inquiry is about to find
the truth and become the starting point of learning also it was mentioned that a
person who ask question are more likely to have the opportunity to learn. I
and it maybe legal and lawful. The act of self-defense may have double effects ;
first is saving one’s life and second is slaying the aggressor. According to St.
Thomas intention of saving one’s life the act considered not unlawful however
he argues that the permissibility of self- defense not unconditional. The act of
any necessary violence. Moral Dilemma are cases where individuals are
effect. There are important elements in moral decisions and these are number
one the evil effect must not precede good effect , secondly is there must be a
reason of sufficient grave calling for the act in its good effect ,third is the intention
of the agents must be honest and lastly the act itself must be morally good or at
least indifferent. There are several steps given to address Moral Dilemma; first
consequences of the acts, third identify the intention of the acts, and fourth
decide in accordance to divine and natural laws which govern moral life. I
realized that before making any decisions weigh out the possible decisions that
could make and assess the possible results and do not be an impulsive decision
maker.
“Summary on Culture”
Culture is a system of codes that gives the world meaning and shapes the
better individual not only good but the best. To be considered as culture it must
and all culture are equal to be respected. The strengths of relativism are, it helps
cultures , it promotes unity and harmony among cultures. While the problem of
relativism, one we could no longer say that the customs of other societies are
morally inferior to or own. Two we could no longer criticize the code of our
society and three is the idea of moral progress is called into doubt. I realized the
Family is the basic unit of the society and the primary source of morality.
Parents are our first teachers of right and wrong .According to Charles Darwin
recognized that what make us most unique and our most important characteristic
personhood, every person by nature is moral and the morality of person is rooted
here. Western are more advanced and liberal culture while Developing and
learned and acquired, social phenomenon, gratifies human needs, dynamic and
integrated. Cultural views are divided into two views, first is the ethnocentrism
refers to the tendency to perceive and judge others according to one’s cultural
standards and the second view is Xenocentrism which refer to the tendency of
valuing other cultures more highly than one’s own. Ethical standards are explicit
code of conduct required by the organization for all those within it to follow. The
culture.
pleasure and pain then, is a condition at the deepest root of human experience
Values are those things considered important to life also it is a culture’s standard
for discerning what is good or bad, right and wrong, beautiful and ugly, desirable
and undesirable, and what ought to perform and not to perform. Values become
our basis on how to make moral decision and most importantly values can
provide peace, order, and cohesion in society. There are four essential
and these are Closeness of the family, Debt of Gratitude which value is
associated with reciprocity and utang na loob, Social acceptance, Social mobility
wherein Filipino works hard for wealth and material comfort for their families, and
lastly is the Self-esteem which is the highest type of value among Filipinos. I
realized that values and feelings has deeper connection with regards on the way
Moral Values if violated will result into morality also the word modality is
synonymous with feelings. Under the Theory of Value there are moral values of
good and evil which are solely related to persons not objects, the variety of
objective and unchanging. Max Ferdinand Scheler believed that love is the
Modality wherein the feeling-states incorporated here are the lowest level of
value. These values range from agreeable to disagreeable. While the second
one is Vital Value-Modality which includes all modes of feelings in life are
included in these level. These values are higher than the values of pleasure also
aging etc. and third is Spiritual Value-Modality the feeling states relative to this
and hatred, beautiful and ugly, just and unjust ,joy and sorrow, delight and
dislike, and reverence and contempt. Respect over integrity, Integrity over
immorality, and honesty over dishonesty. And the last one is Value of Holiness
Modality which is the highest type of values that appear only on objects given
realized that everything in this world has a reason for its existence and as a
person what is most important is the proper attitude than the wisdom. Also I
realized that there are times that we were not able to understand our own reason
The term Moral Character is simply to do something good and avoid what
aretai’ which is translated as moral virtue or moral excellence. Moral virtue the
qualities that make an individual the sort of ethically admirable person that he is.
In making a moral choice always choose the right and renounce the evil. Aristotle
mean relative to us being determined by reason and in the way in which man of
wisdom would determine it. According to Fr. Dionisio Miranda the three basic
needs and values and these are , Individuality or personal identity ,personal
childhood and adolescence is learning right from wrong or good from bad and
that explain the process of moral development are the following, first is Social-
learning theory under this approach children learn moral behaviour through
theory refers on how children arrive at judgements about what is right and wrong,
theory. Everyone goes through the stages sequentially without skipping any
morality contains Stages 5 and 6. I realized that no matter how great you are still
at the end of the day character is what really matters and also when it comes to a
child’s holistic development will rely on how their parents will mold them from the
day they were born until they reach the age of adulthood.
the use of reason. The three substantial elements of human acts are; Knowledge
is the awareness of reason, you must have the knowledge of the act that you will
perform, how to perform it; the means, and you must be aware of the
consequences, In freedom the doer acts by his or her own initiative and choice
more courses of actions without being forced . Without knowledge you cannot
practice freedom, Voluntariness is wilfully done when doer consents to the acts,
accepting it as his own, and assumes accountability for its consequences. The
three determinants of morality are Object, End and Circumstances. Acts of man
are opposed to human acts, are those actions done instinctively without reflection
and free will. The two classifications of human acts are External acts which
refer to those affected by bodily powers while the Mixed acts refer to actions that
include the use of bodily and mental powers. Conscience and Law are the two
norms of human acts. The seven classifications of laws are the following divine
laws, human laws, eternal laws, natural laws, positive laws, negative laws and
person capable of such. And lastly there are four kinds of ignorance namely
moral qualities. The concept of character can imply a variety of attributes including the
existence or lack of virtues such as empathy, courage, fortitude, honesty, and loyalty, or
person and affects and shapes his whole being , his thoughts ,his whole life,
God or against God which is necessary for our salvation. The Fundamental
Option theory asserts that it is only our fundamental choice for God or against
God which is decisive to remain in the state of grace and the only one thing can
our life, made up by all other concrete thoughts, decisions and actions I line with
our fundamental stance. The Basic Choice are the following Conscious and non-
that includes particular choices ,predominant but not total, a rare thing, only a
moral adult can make and it has a religious and Christian aspect. Fundamental or
Basic Stance is a state not a process, one’s fundamental stance is caused only
by a basic choice and it is more important than the basic choice. I realized that
direction or orientation in life. Also I believe that every person give a freedom of
choice not because to abuse it but for making wise decisions that will lead to
happier life.
Courage is from the latin word cor which means heart. It also indicates “ to
speak one’s mind by telling all one’s heart” It is usually said to be a heroic dead
but heroes are not the only ones who have courage. According to St. Thomas
to things that inspire confidence or fear. Courage is Virtue, virtue requires as the
right desire and the right reason. A virtue is disposition of good. Human virtues
are firm attitudes, stables, dispositions , habitual perfections of intellect and will
that govern our actions , order our passions and guide our conduct according to
reason and faith. The virtue of fortitude enables one to conquer fear, even fear of
death, and to face trials and persecutions. The theological virtues are strong
foundation of moral courage. They are excellent guide to help a man to discern
qhat is moral and immoral. Faith is trust in God while Hope is keeps man from
situation. Moral courage is the result of a morally developed will. It is the capacity
to innate and sustain your resolve whenever you are certain of doing the good. It
is a kind of virtue that enables one to be ethical not just in thought but more
moment of action while Immoral courage refers to a person who fights back for
Therefore the essence of courage is challenge a man to do good and avoid evil.
“Summary on Impartiality”
Impartiality means freedom from any bias or favoritism. It requires one not
everyone is treated in accord with what is fair and just, according to what each
Morality is at the very last least, the effort to guide one’s conduct by reason and
to do what are the best reasons for doing while giving equal weight to the interest
situation is. We must way facts before concluding something as well as we must
always think the betterment of everybody. We must uphold what is fair and just
“Summary on Aristotle”
and ethics. The two moral perspectives are the question of action and question
of character. Ethics is matter of living well through the habitual practice of virtue
Good is that at which all things aim. Character is the most essential component
of ethics. Virtue is a state of character which makes a person good and capable
that aids one in being happy. Human can have two kinds of virtue and these are
purposively attempts to choose the mean between two extremes in the realm of
Good habits makes good character. I realized that the virtue of honesty is
“Summary on Aquinas”
Thomas Aquinas was born around 1225 to a noble family in the small
Order. Natural law refers that is more or less the same for everyone everywhere.
The two key features is first we focus on God as the giver of natural soul and
principle of morality is: Good should be done , and evil avoided. Those goods
God’s eternal law. Virtue means to perfect human activity. Virtue is a habit that
helps us live righteously. Aquinas three main categories of virtue are; intellectual
virtues, Moral virtues and theological virtues. The ultimate end is the happiness
in God. Happiness is the possession of good that satisfies man’s desire while
Enjoyment pertains to worldly goods and physical pleasures but these tend to be
short-lived. I realized that only God could give is the eternal happiness and
peace that we want. The perfect happiness could be only feel in the beatific
vision of God in heaven. While the Imperfect happiness are only earthly
ethics that focuses rightness and wrongness of actions. In any act there is an
situation. Sacrifice your own motive for the common good. According to Kant’s
consequences but on whether they fulfil our duty. I realized any form of lying will
“Summary on Utilitarianism”
consequentialism and these are first, Hedonism which argues that pleasure and
happiness are the aim of human life and the highest of all intrinsic goods
pleasure minus pain. A hedonist contends that pleasure is the highest good.
While Utilitarianism refers to the ethical theory that one tells to choose that which
will give the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people. It
means to say that people should maximize human welfare or well-being. Always
think what is pleasurable to the community. Jeremy Bentham was an English
philosopher, political radical and legal and social reformer of the early Modern
English philosopher, political economist and Member of Parliament. For Mill the
happiness is pleasure and the absence of pain while unhappiness is pain or the
absence of pleasure. I realized that actions are in right in proportion as they tend
to promote happiness also with utilitarianism they promote a moral way of life
that considers the welfare of others and not just one’s own. Happiness is a
necessity for every person. Lastly our conscience serve as the ultimate sanction
“Summary on Justice”
Justice is derived from the Latin word jus which means right. It means
that giving a person what he or she deserves or giving each person his or her
due. The three characteristics of justice are, Justice is a social norm that is a
directive for guiding men in their action towards one another, Justice is
approvative in the sense that judging an action to be just manifest approval of the
entails that a person in the like situation ought to do the same thing. Theories or
justice are positive law, social good and natural right theory. According to Rawls
the justice as fairness around specific interpretations of the ideas that citizen are
free and equal and that society should be fair. The two main principles of justice
as fairness are liberty and equality principle. The two parts of Equality principle
are fair equality opportunity and difference principle. I realized justice is what we
what is right and just for an individual. I believe that If justice is above everything
“Summary on Taxation”
Taxation is the most pervasive and the strongest of all the powers of the
Also it includes all types of involuntary levies such as income, capital gains and
estate taxes. The main purpose of taxation is to accumulate funds for the
serve the people depends upon the taxes that are collected. The first known
system of taxation was in the First Dynasty of the Ancient Egypt. Augustus
Caesar introduced the inheritance tax to provide retirement funds for the military.
The four main purposes of tax are revenue, redistribution, repricing and
representation while common kinds of taxes are income tax, social security
taxes. Tax as a moral obligation is a fair system assist us in building good, strong
societies, in which everyone benefits from the common good. This is logic of
government will be paralyzed and couldn’t make their duty to the citizen of the
country. Also we must think taxes we will pay is for the common good.
“SUMMARY ON FAITH”
Faith is an entirely free gift that God makes to man. Man can lose this
Religion what bond the humans and gods. Faith makes man taste in advance
the light of the beatic vision, to see God face to face. Religion may be defined as
a cultural system of behaviors and practices that relate man to the super natural,
sacred and spiritual. Durkheim’s element of religion are belief, practice, moral
community, sects, and cults. Church describes religions that are all-embracing of
religious bodies that have a hierarchy of religious bodies that have a hierarchy of
religion in the world are first Judaism they are monotheistic , believing in one true
trinity of father, son and holy spirit as one God., third is the Islam , the center of
islam is the belief that Allah is the only true God that Muhammad is God’s
messenger or the prophet and lastly is the Buddhism it refers to the teachings of
Guatama Buddha. I realized faith is the most wonderful gift that a man could
receive. Also it struck to me the quote “ walk by faith and not by sight” which is
true in every waking day of our life we must trust and surrender it to God no
Suicide contradicts the natural inclination of the human being preserve and
unmarried man and an unmarried woman. It is gravely sinful to engage with it,
which applies to people who are attracted to and interested in relationship with
people of the same sex. Men with homosexual orientation are referred to as a
Bisexual refers to people who are both attracted to men and women and
Transgender people are those who believe they were born with the body of the
life to danger and scandal, fifth is the Drug addiction, is a growing problem in
our contry, most of the drug users are young people.. The virtue of temperance is
to avoid every kind of excess, sixth is the abuse and misuse of technology it
climate change. The R ule of Nonmalefiecence is the duty not to do harm to any
entity in the natural environment that has good on its own. I realized that ethical
challenges arise from certain causes but I believe that this certain cause will not
arise or it can be mitigated by proper guidance, discipline and unity of each every
person living in this world. We started it that why we need to end it. Above all we