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Lateral Behavior of Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil Subjected to Both Vertical

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European Journal of Scientific Research
ISSN 1450-216X Vol.29 No.2 (2009), pp.194-205
© EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2009
http://www.eurojournals.com/ejsr.htm

Lateral Behavior of Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil Subjected to

Both Vertical and Horizontal Loads

Zamri H. Chik
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
E-mail: irzamri@vlsi.eng.ukm.my
Tel: +60389216228

Jasim M. Abbas
Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
E-mail: jasimalshsmary@yahoo.com
Tel: +60176384641

Mohd Raihan Taha

Department of Civil and Structural Engineering
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
E-mail: drmrt@vlsi.eng.ukm.my
Tel: +60122356942

Qassun S. Mohammed Shafiqu

Civil Engineering Department/ Nahrain University
Al Zadrea, Baghdad, Iraq
E-mail: qassun@yahoo.com
Tel: +9647705333805

Abstract

A numerical investigation based on 3D finite element analysis of the behavior of

single pile under pure lateral and combined loadings is presented in this paper with
different water table elevations. The linear elastic model is used for modeling of the pile
material while the Mohr-Coulomb model is used to simulate the surrounding soil. The pile
- soil interaction composed of 16-node interface elements. Assessments are made on the
lateral soil pressures with respect to pile width and depth. The results have shown that the
lateral pile response influenced by the water table elevation is to significantly increase the
capacity in dry soil condition and marginally decrease the capacity in fully saturated soil. It
was found that the axial load intensity affects on the lateral pile response; the great lateral
pile displacement occurred at vertical load increment 12 and 16 which means that the
lateral response is sensitive under the influence of large amount of vertical load.

Keywords: Single pile, Lateral response, Water table elevation, Combined load, 3D finite
element method
Lateral Behavior of Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil Subjected to Both
Vertical and Horizontal Loads 195

1. Introduction
In general, the water table elevation changes during different times of the year which influences the
behavior of pile foundations. In addition, there is also a need to assess the behavior of piles under
simultaneous vertical and horizontal loadings because piles are commonly designed to carry combined
horizontal-vertical loads. The ground water table invariably fluctuates depending on the environmental
condition and also affected piled foundations which are always used to transfer vertical (axial) forces
which are result from the weight of superstructure. For long buildings such as bridges abutments,
offshore structure, transmission towers, etc., the piles not only carry axial load but also lateral
(horizontal) forces. In the design of pile subjected to lateral load, the ultimate lateral resistance of pile
is required to satisfy two criteria (Poulos & Davis, 1980, and Patra & Pise, 2001), (i) pile should be
safe against failure; and (ii) normal deflection at working loads should be within the permissible limit.
The finite element method is most widely used to perform the analysis of piles under different
type of loading. The first attempt to study the lateral behavior of piles included two-dimensional finite
element model in horizontal plane (Poulos & Davis, 1980). Anagnostopoulos & Georgiadis (1993)
attempted to explained the influence of vertical load on the lateral response through an experimental
model supported by two-dimensional (2D) finite-element analysis.
A two-dimensional analysis could only provide a very rough approximation because the
problem of piles is truly three-dimensional and should be analyzed as such. Certainly, a 3D finite
element is powerful method to simulate laterally loaded piles (Tahghighi & Konagai, 2007). Therefore
many investigations have been made to study the behavior of pile under pure lateral load through 3D
finite element analysis (Yang et al. 2005, Johnson et al, 2006). Other 3D finite element studies
included the effect of various load combinations on the lateral response of piles (Trochanis et al., 1991,
and Karthigeyan et al., 2006 & 2007).
In this paper an analysis of pile under different water table elevation and combined loads is
carried out to evaluate the lateral soil resistance with respect to pile width as well as pile depth. Other
consideration includes the load intensity and its distance from the surface.

2. Numerical Model and Constitutive Relationship

Finite element analyses were performed using the software PLAXIS 3D FOUNDATION version 1.1.
In the finite element method a continuum is divided into a number of (volume) elements. Each element
consists of a number of nodes. Each node has a number of degrees of freedom that correspond to
discrete values of the unknowns in the boundary value problem to be solved.
In order to perform the finite element calculations, the geometry has to be divided into
elements. A composition of finite elements is called finite element mesh. The basic soil elements of a
3D finite element mesh are represented by the 15-node wedge elements as shown in Fig. 1. These
elements are generated from the 6-node triangular elements. The 15-node wedge element is composed
of 6-node triangles in horizontal direction and 8-node quadrilaterals in vertical direction. According to
Karthigeyan et al. (2006 & 2007), the soil mass dimension depends on the pile diameter and length.
The width of soil mass is taken as 40B, in which, B is the pile diameter or pile width. The soil mass
affection the pile response diminishes when the width is greater than 40B. The height of soil mass is
L+20B, in which, L is the length of pile.
196 Zamri H. Chik, Jasim M. Abbas, Mohd Raihan Taha and Qassun S. Mohammed Shafiqu
Figure 1: 3D finite element mesh for soil mass and location of pile, (b) 15-node wedge element, and (b) 3DFE
mesh

Pile

L+20B

z x

(a) 40B 40B

L= pile length
B= pile width
(b)

In order to model the pile structural material, Linear elastic model (perfect-plasticity) is used to
model the pile. This model used represents Hooke's law of isotropic linear elasticity used for modeling
the stress-strain relationship of the pile material. The model involves two elastic stiffness parameters,
namely Young's modulus, E, and Poisson's ratio, ν. It is primarily used for modeling of stiff structural
member for example piles in the soil.
On the other hand, Mohr-Coulomb model is used to model the non-linear performance of
surrounded soil. This elasto-plastic model is based on soil parameters that are known in most practical
situations is used in this study. The model involves two main parameters, namely the cohesion
intercept, c’ and the friction angle, φ’. In addition three parameters namely Young's modulus, E’,
Poisson's ratio, ν’, and the dilatancy angle, ψ’ are needed to calculate the complete σ – ε behavior.
Mohr Coulomb’s failure surface criterion (Potts & Zdravkocic, 1999). The failure envelope as referred
by Johnson et al. (2006) only depend on the principal stresses (σ1, σ3), and is independent of the
intermediate principle stress (σ2).
Finally Interfaces element is modeled as 16-node interface elements. Interface elements consist
of eight pairs of nodes, compatible with the 8-noded quadrilateral side of a soil element. Along
degenerated soil elements, interface elements are composed of six node pairs, compatible with the
triangular side of the degenerated soil element. Each interface has a 'virtual thickness' assigned to it
which is an imaginary dimension used to obtain the stiffness properties of the interface. The virtual
thickness is defined as the virtual thickness factor times the average element size.

3. Verification of Numerical Models

Two case studies were used for verification the finite element model of the whole geotechnical
structure. First include a full scale axial load and second deals with a full scale lateral load tests.
The first case study consists of a large diameter bored piles of 1.2m diameter which were used
for the construction of a new 2.2km road dual carriageway viaduct on an existing road (Jamaludin &
Hussein, 1998). The road project is situated in Port Klang, and links the West Port to Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. The piles were tested vertically to assess the axial bearing capacity of the designed piles. The
length of each bored pile is approximately 75m with steel casing being used for the top 30m. The bored
piles were designed to carry loads ranging from 300 to 600 kN. The generalized subsoil properties
consist of very soft silty clay with traces of sea shells with depth of about 20m. Below this layer is a
10m of soft silty clay followed by a layer of medium dense to dense silty sand and medium stiff silty
clay of about 20m and 7m depth, respectively. Finally the lowest layer consists of very dense fine
grained sand.
Lateral Behavior of Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil Subjected to Both
Vertical and Horizontal Loads 197

The second case study deals with lateral load in which the deflection response of bored piles in
cemented sand were examined by field test on single pile under lateral load (Ismael, 1998). All piles
were 0.3m in diameter and had a length of 3m or 5m. The site of this load test was in Kuwait. The
surface soil to depth of 3.5m was characterized as having both components of shear strength, both
effective parameters. The soil profile consists of a medium dense cemented silty sand layer to a depth
3m. This is underlain by medium dense to very dense silty sand with cemented lumps to the bottom of
the borehole. Ground water was not encountered within the depth of the borehole.
The same load sequence as both pile tests was applied on the pile after completing the whole
geotechnical model for vertical and lateral pile tests. Properties of soil in the both cases are listed in
Table 1.
The comparison between the finite element results and field test data is shown in Fig. 2.
Comparable data were obtained between the experimental results of the three piles and the present
simulation model in the case of axial test. The magnitude of deflection of the piles was not the same as
the field test due possibly to the variability of soil properties. Also the numerical simulation is
reasonably accurate for the problem of laterally loaded piles and pile – soil interaction over a wide
range of deformation for 3m and 5m piles in length. The pile with length 5m is highly resistance to the
lateral load from the second pile length value.

Table 1: Geotechnical properties of the soil layers

Parameter Name Soil 1 Soil 2 oil 3 Soil 4 Soil 5 Soil 6 Soil 7 Pile Unit
Unsaturated soil weight γunsat 14 16 19 16 17 18 19 25 kN/m3
Saturated soil weight γsat 16 18 19 18 20 18 19 - kN/m3
Young’s modulus E 8500 10000 13000 10000 14000 1.300 E+04 1.300 E+04 2 E+09 kPa
Poisson’s ratio ν 0.3 0.35 0.3 0.35 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.15 -
Cohesion intercept c′ 10 5 1 5 1 20 1 - kPa
Friction angle φ 21 25 45 25 31 35 45 - -
Where:Soil 1: Very soft silty clay with traces of sea shells
Soil 2: Soft silty clay
Soil 3: Medium dense to dense silty sand
Soil 4: Medium stiff silty clay
Soil 5: Very dense fine grained sand
Soil 6: Medium dense cemented silty sand layer
Soil 7: Medium dense to very dense silty sand with cemented lumps

Figure 2: Comparison of finite element results with field test data

1400 180
Piles 0.3 D x 5m long

Pile No.1 160

1200 Pile No.2

Pile No.3 140

1000

120

800
Load (tons)

100
Load (kN)

Piles 0.3 D x 3m long

600 80

60
400

40

200
Jamaludin and Hussein (1998) 20 Present FE Simulation
Presen FE Simulation
Ismael (1998)
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25
Settlem ent (m m ) Deflection (m m )

(a) 0 (b) 0
198 Zamri H. Chik, Jasim M. Abbas, Mohd Raihan Taha and Qassun S. Mohammed Shafiqu

4. Study Methodology
Laterally loaded piles usually carry vertical and lateral loads at the same time. The lateral soil
resistance is one of the most important factors that directly effect on the pile response under such loads.
This performance depends on the interaction between pile material and the surrounded soil. This study
includes: (1) effect of changing the water table elevation due to the weather and environmental
conditions on the behavior of pure laterally loaded pile, (2) effect of lateral load intensity on the
behavior of pile under pure lateral load. Two load intensities were studied, i.e. 50 kN and 250 kN, (3)
effect of increasing vertical loads on the lateral loaded pile response. These started from lowest value
of 4H that represent 0.2Vult in which H is the lateral load and Vult is the expected ultimate vertical pile
capacity. The maximum axial load reached 16H or 0.8Vult. This assessment was under fully saturation
soil condition.

4.1. Analysis Layout

The analysis consists of modeling of single short pile using linear-elastic model with 15-node wedge
elements. The cross-section of the pile is circle with a diameter of 1.2m. The pile was loaded firstly
under pure lateral load in two amounts. Then the pile was loaded with fixed lateral load (250kN) and
gradually the vertical load was increased.
The drained soil condition was used in this study which represents the case of dissipation of
pore water pressure. Four soil conditions were studied with respect to the ground water table. The first
soil condition was taken in this study was dry soil condition. Then the water table was set at the base of
the pile and the middle length of the pile. Finally the whole soil was considered fully saturated.

4.2. Material Properties and Dimensions

In this study, circular cast in place pile was used to simulate the behavior of piles under lateral and
vertical loads. These piles were embedded into a sandy soil layer. The tested pile, dimensions and soil
properties are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2: Pile and soil properties

Pile details Soil details

Size 1200 mm D Friction angle (φ) 300
Length 10 m Dilation angle (ψ) 0-100
Type of pile Concrete Unit weight (γ) 18 kN/m3
Grade of concrete M25 Young’s modulus (Es) 20 MPa
Young’s modulus Ep 25000 MPa Earth pressure (k0) 0.5
Poisson’s ratio (νs) 0.15 Poisson’s ratio (ν) 0.3

5. Results and Discussion

The magnitude of the lateral load was applied in two stages i.e. 50kN and 250kN. This section includes
studying the lateral soil pressure at three levels measured from the apex of the pile (e=0L), (e=0.2L)
and (e=0.4L), where e is the distance from the pile head. This section also deals with studying the side
shear stresses and lateral pile deformation shape.

5.1. Lateral Soil Pressure

The review of existing methods for predicting the ultimate lateral resistance to pile in cohesionless soil
was detailed by Zhang (2005). The upper part of pile is the most critical part of pile in case of laterally
loaded pile (Poulos & Davis, 1980) because of its greater deflection and its ability to carry higher
lateral loads than the lower pars as shown in Fig. 3. The short pile assumption assume that the point of
Lateral Behavior of Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil Subjected to Both
Vertical and Horizontal Loads 199

rotation is near to the base of pile which means that soil failure criteria will take place without fracture
that occurs in the case of long pile as shown in Fig. 3a & 3b, respectively.

Figure 3: Failure Modes of Vertical Piles under Lateral Loads (Poulos & Davis))

H H

e1 e1

Point of fracture

L L

Point of rotation

(a) Short pile (b) Long pile

According to Zhang et al. (2005) the lateral soil resistance distributes uniformly between two
pile sides in the opposite part of lateral load as shown in Fig. 4. The lateral soil distribution within the
pile width was assessed three elevations as shown in Fig. 5. The first elevation was close to pile tip
(and/or to soil surface). The other two elevations are 0.2D and 0.4D from the top of pile to show the
distribution of lateral soil pressure with depth.

Figure 4: Distribution of earth pressure subjected to lateral load (after Zhang, 2005)

p H
e=0.2D

e=0.4D

Figure 5: The elevations where the lateral earth pressures are evaluated

Side shear stresses σxy

lateral soil resistance
p = Distribution of

H=Lateral load
Pile

D
200 Zamri H. Chik, Jasim M. Abbas, Mohd Raihan Taha and Qassun S. Mohammed Shafiqu

The results (Fig. 6a) shows a generally smooth increment of the lateral soil pressure at the
surface (e=0) across the width of the pile under pure small lateral load (50 kN) for different water table
elevation. Little difference in the distribution of soil pressure appeared at the edge of the pile for fully
saturated soil condition, partially saturated and dry soil conditions. The lateral soil pressure increased
almost uniformly from the edge reaching the maximum values at the middle of the pile (0.5 D) cross
section.
In the case of 250kN loading, the lateral soil resistance appeared to be more complex in
distribution and more irregular increase from the edge to the middle of the pile. The lateral soil
resistance with respect of pile width can be described in three parts. Slightly increasing from the edge
to about 0.15D then after it increases sharply until 0.25D and from 0.25D to the middle (0.5D) with no
change in lateral soil pressure between them as shown in Fig. 6b except for the case of water table at
the pile base.

Figure 6: Distribution of front soil pressure with pile width at e=0.

14
60

12
50
10
Lateral soil pressure
Lateral soil pressure

40
8
p H
30
6
p H

4 20
Dry soil condition
Dry soil condition
W.T. at the base of pile
10 W.T. at the pile base
2 W.T. at the middle of pile depth
W.T. at the middle of pile depth
Fully saturation soil condition
Fully saturation soil condition
0 0
0 0.1D
0.1 0.2D
0.2 0.3D
0.3 0.4D
0.4 0.5D
0.5 0.1D 0.2D 0.3D 0.4D 0.5D
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Pile width Pile width

(a) lateral load=50kN (b) lateral load=250kN

Fig. 7 shows the lateral soil resistance under 50kN lateral loading at e=0.2L. In fully saturated
soil condition it was predicted that the pressures were lower than those in the other soil conditions and
appeared to be almost uniformly distributed. In the case of 250 kN loading the magnitudes of lateral
soil resistance were lowest in fully saturated soils and higher in the cases of dry soil condition and
when the WT is at the middle of the pile length. In the case of WT at the base of the pile it was
observed that the pressures were higher than those in the three soil conditions above, except at the 0.1D
width.

Figure 7: Distribution of front soil pressure with pile width at e=0.2L

25 80
e=0.2L

70
H
20 p
60
Lateral soil pressure

15 50
Lateral soil pressure

e=0.2L

40
H
10 p
30
Dry soil condition
20 Dry soil condition
5 W.T. at the pile base
W.T. at the pile base
W.T. at the middle of pile
10 W.T. at the middle of pile depth
Fully saturation soil condition
Fully saturation soil condition
0 0
0 0.1
0.1D 0.2
0.2D 0.3
0.3D 0.4
0.4D 0.5
0.5D 0 0.1D
0.1 0.2D
0.2 0.3D
0.3 0.4D
0.4 0.5D
0.5
Pile width Pile width

(a) lateral load=50kN (b) lateral load=250kN

Lateral Behavior of Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil Subjected to Both
Vertical and Horizontal Loads 201

Finally, in the case of e = 0.4L shown in Fig. 8, the lateral soil resistance decreased nearly to
15% in the case of small loading (50kN) from the edge to the middle of pile. The highest value occurs
at the edge which means that the pressure is concentrated on both side of the pile cross section in this
depth. At 250kN loading the lateral pressure increases from the lowest value at the edge to the highest
value at the pile center.

Figure 8: Distribution of front soil pressure with pile width at e=0.4

40
60
35
50
30

25 40

Lateral soil pressure

Lateral soil pressure

20
30
15 e=0.4L
e=0.4L

H
20
Dry soil Condition Dry soil condition H
10
W.T. at the pile base p W.T. at the pile base p

5 W.T. at the middle of pile 10 W.T. at the middle of pile

Fully saturation soil condition Fully saturation soil condition
0 0
0 0.1D
0.1 0.2D
0.2 0.3D
0.3 0.4D
0.4 0.5D
0.5 0.1D 0.2D 0.3D 0.4D 0.5D
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Pile width Pile width

(a) lateral load=50kN (b) lateral load=250kN

It is important to study the lateral soil pressure along pile depth in order to understand which
part of the pile carry large soil pressure that may cause pile foundation collapse. Fig. 9 shows the
distribution of the lateral soil pressure with depth of pile under different water table elevations. In the
case of small lateral loading (50 kN) it was predicted that the pressures increased with depth in the four
soil conditions with a maximum value of 68.5 kN/m2 at the base under dry soil condition. In the case
when WT is at the base of pile it was noticed that at depth 0.4L the lateral soil pressure started to
reduce and reached the minimum at about 0.6L as shown in Fig. 9a. When increasing the lateral load to
250kN, the soil performance changed as detailed in Fig. 9b. The figure show that maximum soil
pressure concentrated at 0.2L and thus this point can be considered as the critical point in the design as
well as the fracture point (0).
202 Zamri H. Chik, Jasim M. Abbas, Mohd Raihan Taha and Qassun S. Mohammed Shafiqu
Figure 9: Distribution of front soil pressure along pile length (depth)

01 01
Dry soil condition
Dry soil condition
W.T. at the base of pile
W.T. at the base of
W.T. at the middle of pile pile 0.2L
0.8
0.8
0.2L W.T. at the middle
depth
Fully saturation soil of pile
condition Fully saturation soil
condition

0.6
0.4L 0.4L
0.6

P i l e d e p th
P i l e d e p th
H H

p L p L
0.6L
0.4 0.6L
0.4

0.8L
0.2 0.8L
0.2

L0
L0
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 -80 -60 -40 -20 0
Lateral soil pressure Lateral soil pressure

(a) lateral load=50kN (b) lateral load=250kN

5.2. Lateral Behavior of Pile under Vertical and Lateral load

This section deals with the effect of vertical load intensity on the lateral behavior of pile. The vertical
load applied started from zero (no vertical load) to 16 times the lateral load and was increased in four
stages. Lateral load was fixed during this stage at 250kN, and the soil is in fully saturated condition.

5.3. Development of Lateral Soil Pressure

The comparison between pure lateral loaded pile and pile carrying both vertical and horizontal loads
was detailed in Fig. 10. In the case of e=0 (near the surface) higher lateral soil pressure was observed
when the applied vertical load is about four times horizontal load (Fig. 10a). When the ratio of vertical
to horizontal load was 8, 12 and 16, the behavior changed resulting in reduced soil pressure and even
lower than pure lateral loads. This may be due to the fact that the soil near surface is usually weak and
could not carry higher loads compared to soil at deeper elevations. The lowest values were occurred at
the edges of pile cross-section. The lateral soil pressure increased when moving from the edge of pile
to the centre cross section and as shown in Fig. 10a.
Lateral Behavior of Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil Subjected to Both
Vertical and Horizontal Loads 203

Figure 10: Distribution of front soil pressure with pile width for different vertical load intensities, lateral
load=250kN, (a) e=0.0, (b) e=0.2L and (c) e=0.4L

60 100
e=0.2L
V = 0.0 H V = 0.0 H
V
V = 4.0 H V = 4.0 H H
50 p
80 V = 8.0 H
V = 8.0 H
Lateral soil pressure

V = 12.0 H

Lateral soil pressure

V = 12.0 H
40 V = 16.0 H
V = 16.0 H 60

30
40
20
V
p H
20
10

0 0
0 0.1D
0.1 0.2D
0.2 0.3D
0.3 0.4D
0.4 0.5D
0.5 0 0.1D
0.1 0.2D
0.2 0.3D
0.3 0.4D
0.4 0.5D
0.5
Pile width Pile width

(a) (b)
100
e=0.4L
V = 0.0 H
V
V = 4.0 H H
80 V = 8.0 H p
V = 12.0 H
Lateral soil pressure

V = 16.0 H
60

40

20

0
0 0.1D
0.1 0.2D
0.2 0.3D
0.3 0.4D
0.4 0.5D
0.5
Pile width

(c)

The pile has special lateral soil pressure distribution when e=0.2L as shown in Fig. 10b. At
higher vertical loads (12H and 16H) the pressure increased smoothly with depth from the edge in
which its value is the lowest to the ultimate magnitude at locations between 0.2D and 0.4D.
Also the magnitude of the lateral soil pressure depends on the depth below the soil surface.
When moving downwards to e=0.4L and in the case of zero vertical load and also four times lateral
load, the stress distributed shape closed to the linear in the region between the edge to the center of the
pile width. The highest values of pressure at this pile depth occurred at 0.25D as shown in Fig. 10c.
The distribution of lateral soil pressure with depth of pile for lateral load of 250 kN is
represented in Fig. 11. This results show the variation of the distribution along the pile length and with
respect to the applied vertical loads. One of the important phenomenon appeared is the changing in the
direction of lateral soil pressure at the lower part of pile. This means that the pile suffer additional
lateral load at the base of pile in the same direction of applied load due to the rotation of lower part of
pile. This was not observed when vertical load of up to 4H was applied. It is appeared at the vertical
load of 8H.
204 Zamri H. Chik, Jasim M. Abbas, Mohd Raihan Taha and Qassun S. Mohammed Shafiqu
Figure 11: Distribution of front soil pressure along pile length, lateral load=250kN

0
V = 0.0 H
V = 4.0 H
0.2L
V = 8.0 H
V = 12.0 H
V = 16.0 H
0.4L

Pile depth
V 0.6L
H

p L 0.8L

L
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
Lateral soil pressure

6. Conclusions
The following conclusions are drawn from the present investigation:
• The lateral soil pressure in the case of pure lateral load changed with pile width and depth
depending on the intensity of load and water level elevation.
• For small value of pure lateral load, a small change in lateral soil pressure with pile width was
predicted under different water elevation condition. The distribution of the lateral soil
resistance became more complex and irregular and generally increase from the edge to the
middle of the pile under large loading.
• Water table elevation influenced the lateral pile of the response. Dry soil condition gives higher
lateral resistance than fully saturated soil condition.
• For the pile under combined loading, the vertical load affects the lateral soil pressure
distribution along pile width. The highest pressure occurred when the applied vertical load is
four times the horizontal load at the surface and occurred at 0.2L from the surface.
• At high vertical loads the direction of lateral soil pressure at the lower part of pile changes. The
pile will apparently be subjected to additional to the applied lateral load.
 Lateral Behavior of Single Pile in Cohesionless Soil Subjected to Both
Vertical and Horizontal Loads 205

References
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J. Geotech. Eng. Division, 119(4), pp.793–798.
[2] Jamaludin, A. and A.N. Hussein, 1998. “The performance of large diameter bored piles used
for road project in Malaysia”. Proceedings of the 3rd International Geotechnical Seminar on
Deep Foundation on Bored and Auger Piles, Ghent, Belgium, 19-21 October, pp: 335-338.
[3] Johnson, K., P. Lemcke, W. Karunasena and N. Sivakugan, 2006. “Modelling the load –
deformation response of deep foundation under oblique load”. Environ. Model Software, 21,
pp. 1375-1380.
[4] Ismael, N.F., 1998. “Lateral loading tests on bored piles in cemented sands”. Proceedings of the
3rd International Geotechnical Seminar on Deep Foundation on Bored and Auger Piles, Ghent,
Belgium, 19-21 October, pp: 137-144.
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