2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN
TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS USING FACTS
DEVICES
S.Selvakumaran
Associate professor
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
PSNA College of Engineering & Technology
Dindigul,India
selvakumaran1977@gmail.com
Abstract—Normally the power is generated by conventional
form of energy either by non-conventional form of energy. The
generated power can be transmitted by different types based on
the type of transmission network preferred. while transmitting
the power due to some power quality problems like sag or swell
will arise and there will be a drop in voltage that produces the
oscillating waves that results in low power factor. In earlier days
to overcome this mechanical circuit breakers are used as solver
where it is made up of relays and contractors that compensating
is not reliable. To inject voltage or current in a transmission
network FACTS devices are more popular to solve the problems.
In this paper the performance of different types of devices have
been used to solve the drawbacks by injecting the voltage and to
control the power flow and other parameters.
Keywords—FACTS; Gate turnoff thyristor ; Static synchronous
compensator; Unified power flow controller;Voltage source
converter
I. INTRODUCTION
In modern industries the electrical power systems are
controlled by power electronics devices.These types of
electronic controllers are sensitive in nature that cannot
withstand sudden changes in voltage or due to poor quality of
power the system will shut down. Due to excessive drop in
voltage there exist power quality problems that leads to
harmonic distortion in the power system. Power quality
problems produces losses in an economical and also it effect
the production of the quantities. The real or active power
requires reactive power for the flow of power.The
performance of the ac systems was improved by power and
voltage should be maintained in an efficient manner. By
maintaining the reactive power the power factor will be
improved and it gives better voltage regulation. FACTS
devices are used to increase the transient stability of and that
improves the dynamic performance of the system. STATCOM
is a device that modulate individually the flow of reactive
power by including or consuming .it is a shunt compensating
device STATCOM is made up of a coupling transformer, a
VSC and a dc energy storage device. STATCOM is capable of
978-1-5090-4556-3/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
S.M.Kalidasan
PG Scholar
Electrical&Electronics Engineering
PSNA College of Engineering&Technology
Dindigul.India
kalidasan1990@gmail.com
exchanging reactive power with the transmission line because
of its small energy storage device i.e. small dc capacitor, if
this dc capacitor is replaced with dc storage battery or other dc
voltage source, the controller can exchange real and reactive
power with the transmission system, extending its region of
operation from two to four quadrants. Normally the power
converters are broadly classified as voltage source converter
and current source converter. Due to the drawbacks in the
current source converter like reversal of power through
reversal of dc voltage polarity, increased cost in
semiconductor devices the voltage source converter is
preferable than current source converter. Voltage source
converts the dc voltage at the input terminal of the STATCOM
into three phase set of voltage at fundamental frequency with
controllable magnitude [1]Laszlo Gyugyi, et al. gave the basic
concept of STATCOM using voltage-source converter in this
paper proposed the operation of and the functional control
scheme to control the STATCOM used for both reactive and
real power compensation [2]. Study of multilevel topologies of
STATCOM has been presented in [3] &[4]The thyristor
controlled STATCOM with new double firing phase control
which makes it possible to directly and independently control
the active and the reactive power [5].The STATCOM device
is a Gate Turn-off based electric potential controller device In
the ac system cannot replace the real power with the ac
system. The demerits in the STATCOM can be compensated
or replaced by using an UPFC device to maintain the real and
reactive power.[6] The UPFC is a device that used to optimum
power flow in transmission system which can maintain
simultaneously the transmission parameters like power flow
voltage and the line impedance. The UPFC is a combination of
static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static
synchronous compensator (SSSC). Shunt and series
converters are operated with a one common dc link and the
energy is stored in dc storage capacitor. The real power can
freely flow in either direction between the two-ac branches.
Each converter can independently generate or absorb reactive
power at the ac output terminals. UPFC main function is that
real and reactive power is controlled by electric potential is
 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)
serially injected in transmission system. In this method the
independent variation of the both the magnitude as well as the
electric potential of the phase angle can be done. In this paper
for different or various mathematical model can be applicable
for various applications. The dynamic performance of Power
system can be improved by stability studies of the current
injection model UPFC [7]&[8]
II. STATCOM
Static synchronous compensator is a device that is a
combination of power electronic component in general the
power electronic device is selected based on the types of the
voltage or power level either it is a GTO or IGBT .The
working principle the device is that to apply or consume the
reactive power where the converter controls the power flow in
transmission network. The STATCOM device operated based
on the system voltage .whenever the system voltage is high it
will be operating in an inductive operating mode where the
reactive power is absorbed .whenever the system voltage is
low it will be operating in the capacitive operating mode. The
STATCOM device can inject or absorb the reactive power in
the initial stage of simulation the reactive power is set at zero
after a time duration of 0.6 seconds the reactive power
increased to 0.7 per unit value and it starts to absorb the
reactive power. In the time duration of 0.8 seconds the per unit
value reversed from 0.7 to -0.7 and it starts to generate the
reactive power. In the case of measured voltage or the
reference voltage is set at one per unit value and at the
measured voltage is decreased at the time instant of 0.6
seconds while the device absorbing the reactive power .The
measured voltage is increased at the time instant of 0.8
seconds while the device generating the reactive power. The
figure 1 shows the arrangement of a STATCOM device.
Fig .1 Static Synchronous Compensator
III. UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER
Unified Power Flow controller is a device that it is a
combination of STATCOM and SSC .Unified Power Flow
controller has two types of converters it is a hybrid
combination where the both shunt and series type converters
are used to inject the voltage .The UPFC can control the three
parameters like voltage line impedance and the phase angle.
This device regulates the active and the reactive power in the
transmission line. voltage and magnitude are controlled
through the series type converter. The unified power flow
controller can inject the both voltage and active power in these
operating mode of the UPFC of active power at the initial
instant the active power is at 0.8 per unit after a time interval
of 0.2 time seconds the active power reached the value of one
per unit.
Fig. 2 Block diagram of Unified Power Flow Controller
The Figure 2. Shows the arrangement of UPFC device. In the
reactive power flow mode of operation at the initial operating
mode of operation the reactive power reference is set to -0.8
per unit value. At the time instant of 0.4 seconds the reactive
power reference reached the value of 0.9 per unit value .Thus
the UPFC device can control the both Active and Reactive
power control in the transmission system.
IV. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR
The Static Synchronous Series Compensator can inject the
voltage in series in a transmission system.SSSC performs the
as per same operation of the STATCOM device but it injects
the voltage series in the transmission system. It requires small
amount of supply for the reactive power compensation. In
SSSC will inject the voltage the and it has the possibility in
change of polarity ,due to this reverse in polarity the line
impedance increases by directly feeding the voltage drop in
the transmission line. The reactive power compensation is
increased in the positive direction by decrease in effective
reactance by operating in the mode of capacitive reactance.
The reactive power compensation is increased in the negative
direction by increase in effective reactance by operating in the
mode of inductive reactance. In the initial operating mode of
the device it does not inject any voltage in the transmission
system after the time instant of 0.6 seconds the voltage is
injected from 0 to 0.7 per unit value.
 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)

Fig .3 SSSC

Fig .6 Refernce voltage in STATCOM

Fig . 7 Reactive power in STATCOM

Fig .4 Modeling of Unified Power Flow Controller

V. SIMULATION RESULTS

Fig. 8 Active power mode operating in UPFC

Fig .5 STATCOM Dc voltage

Fig .9 Reactive power operating mode in UPFC

 2016 Online International Conference on Green Engineering and Technologies (IC-GET)

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In the transmission the reactive power should be maintain for
[14] K.S.Smith, L.Ran, J-Penrnan, " Dynamic Modeling of a
better voltage regulation thus increase the performance and to Unified Power FIow Contro11ery7 IEEE proceedings-
avoid the power oscillations in the systems .In this paper the Generation, Transrnission and Distribution,
performance of the various FACTS devices had analyzed
voltage can be injected or absorbed by using STATCOM
device.UPFC device is used for the control of active and
reactive power.SSSC device is used to inject the voltage in
series in the transmission system.