A Project Report On

Properties of Concrete

Mixed With Waste Glass

By

AHMED HUMAID SALIM AL-ASMI ... 15F14877

Supervise by

DR. HUSSIN A.M YAHIA

Bachelor of Engineering (Hons). In Civil Engineering

MIDDLE EAST COLLEGE

Knowledge Oasis Muscat- Oman.

February 2019
 A PROJECT REPORT ON

Properties of Concrete

Mixed With Waste Glass

By

AHMED HUMAID SALIM AL-ASMI … 15F14877

This Thesis was defended successfully on 4 / 2 /2019 and approved by:

Committee Members Signature

Supervisor: …………………………………….. ---------------

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Middle East College

Examiner: ……………...………………………. ---------------

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Middle East College

February 2019

Copyright © 2018 Middle East College

All rights reserved

ii
 DECLARATION

By submitting this thesis electronically, Ahmed alasmi, declare that the

entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am
the authorship owner thereof (unless to the extent explicitly otherwise
stated) and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for
obtaining any qualification.

Signed: Ahmed AL-Asmi

Date: 4/2/2019

Copyright © 2018 Middle East College

All rights reserved

iii
 AKNLOWEDMENT:

Here, in these moments, as I write these lines, I would like to extend my deep thanks and
gratitude to all who contributed to my arrival in these beautiful and wonderful moments.

During the study period and the years that passed through everything beautiful and
difficult, there were many difficulties and many things that we worked hard with each
other.

Here I offer many words of thanks and appreciation to all my supporters. I would like to
thank God for his support. I also thank Dr. Hussain Yahya, my supervisor, for the
graduation project during the last two seasons, and did not spare any effort to convey all
the information to us, and most importantly, his smile which preceded everything.

I also thank my colleagues who supported me during the study period. Finally I would
like to thank my family who were supporting me during the study period, and I have
endured many of the difficulties I have experienced over many times.

Now I am giving them this achievement because they are by my side. In conclusion,
thank a lot to the Middle East College.

iv
 ❖ Abstract:
Concrete consider right now one of the most important things that uses a lot of in many
field with deferent purposes. Since the discovery of concrete mixtures from thousands of
years it is considered the main component of the construction processes. Year by year,
the concrete mixture was develop from many investigator by using deferent material as
adding or replacing material. In this study case, I used more than ten lecture review as
reference and finally I chose one to be as reference paper to compare the result at the end
of project. Glass considers as one of the waste material in our life and there is several
ways to get disposal of it. One of the ways to reuse it again is in construction as coarse
aggregate or fine aggregate in concrete mixture. In this study case I used deferent
percentage of glass which is 6%, 8% and 11% as replace of coarse aggregate. I found that
the normal glass cannot give that much strength we need in concrete unless we use
adding material to give good work ability and strength. Finally in recommendation I put
many points that may help the future study to improve this type of experiment.

Keyword: concrete mixture, waste glass, slump test and compressive strength.

v
Table of content:

Chapter 1: introduction & background

1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………… 1

1.2 Objective: ………………………………………...………………1

1.3 Background: ……………………………………………...………1

1.4 Concrete: …………………………………………………………2

1.5 Concrete types: ……………………………….…………………..4

1.6 Concrete test: ……………………………………….…………… 6

1.7 Waste Materials: ……………………………………..………… 14

1.8 Type of glass & advantage of it: ……………………..………… 16

Chapter 2: related study & work plan

2.1 Related Studies: ……..………………………………….……… 17

2.2 Lecture review summary: ……………………………………… 20

Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Introduction: ……………………………………….…………… 24

3.2 Flow chart: …………………………………..…….……………. 24

3.3 Material properties: ………………………….…….……….…… 25

3.4 Data collection: ……………………………………………….… 29

3.5 Data analysis: ………………………….…..……………………. 35

3.6 Summary: ……………………………….………….…………… 40

Chapter 4: Result & Discussion

vi
4.1 Introduction: ……………………………………………………… 41

4.2 Result and discussion: …………………………………...……….. 41

4.3 Summary: …………………………………………..……..……….45

Chapter 5: Conclusion & Recommendation

5.1 Introduction: ……………………………………………………… 46

5.2 Conclusion: ………………………………………..……………… 46

5.3 Recommendation: ……………………………….…………………47

5.4 Future Study: ……………………….…………………….……… 47

5.5 Limitation: ……………………………………………..…………..48

5.6 Summary: ………………………………….………..…………… 48

5.7 References: ……………….…………………………………….… 49

List of Figure

Figure.1: environmental impact of concrete …………………..….…….. 3

Figure.2: beam breaks test ……………………………………..…….… 11

Figure.3: recording chart ……………………………………….….…… 11

Figure.4: guiding chart of specimen testing ………………….….………12

Figure.5: recording chart adjustment …………………………....…….…12

Figure.6: beam position 1 …………………………………………...……13

Figure.7: beam position 2 ………………………………………...………14

Figure.8: process of using waste glass in concrete ……………….....……15

Figure.9: application of glass concrete ……………………...………...… 15

vii
Figure.10: relation between standard deviation, characteristic strength …. 29

Figure.11: relation between compressive strength, water cement ratio ….. 31

Figure.12: estimated wet density of full compact concrete …………..….. 32

Figure.13: proportional of aggregate which passing sieve ……….……..... 33

Figure.14: slump test equipment ………………………………….……… 36

Figure.15: steps of slump test ………………………...…………….…….. 37

Figure.16: types of slump test ………………………………...………….. 37

Figure.17: compressive strength machine ……………………...………… 38

Figure.18: slump test at lab ………………………………………….…… 42

Figure.19: cube in compressive strength machine …………………...…… 43

Figure.20: cubes after compressive strength test …………………...…….. 44

List of Tables

Table.1: advantage & disadvantage of concrete ………………..…………. 4

Table.2: summary of concrete type ……………………………………….. 5

Table.3: example of test method of concrete ……………………………… 6

Table.4: approximate compressive strength of concrete …………………. 30

Table.5: approximate free water content …………………………………. 31

Table.6: percentage of concrete strength …………………………………. 39

Table.7: minimum compressive strength at 7 and 28 days ………………. 40

Table.8: result of slump test ………………………………..………..……. 41

Table.9: compressive strength test result ………………………….……… 43

viii
1.1 Introduction:

This chapter provides a survey of the researches that have been previously done about the
waste glass r as replacement of cement in concrete. First we defined the concrete and
present its advantages and dis advantages. Second we outlined the main types of
concrete. Next we listed examples on the concrete tests. Then the waste materials that
can be used were exploded. Before we conclude the chapter a literature review about the
related study was presented. Finally we will summarize the chapter with a table that
includes all the references and their results. In the second chapter will go through the
work plan and how the work should proceed as per the work plan. One of the most
important is chapter three which include the way to do the experiment and the procedure
we need to complete it. In chapter 4, result and discussion which should wright in it all
the things which get it after finish from experiment. The last chapter is 5 and this chapter
includes the conclusion, recommendation, limitation and finally the references.

1.2 Objective:

• To prove the strength and flexibility when add the waste glass in
concrete mixture.
• To get best mix design of concrete mixture with waste glass.

1.3 Background:

Concrete has been invented before almost 5,000 years. It was used by Egyptians in
building the Pyramids, early forms of concrete was mixture of mud and straw to form
bricks and used gypsum and lime to make mortars. 300 BC the ancient Romans used a
material that was close the currently exist cement to build many of their architectural
marvels, such as the Colosseum, and the Pantheon. Through the mankind history concrete
has been developed and for many constructional applications. Sample important events in
the concrete industry are Portland Cement invention in 1824, in 1836 strength testing was

1
used in Germany, in 1889 in San Francisco the bridge that was built using reinforced
concrete bridge, in 1891 Concrete Street was built, in 1913 the first ready mix was used,
in 1950's the decorative concrete was developed, in 1970's fiber reinforcement was
introduced as a way to strengthen concrete, in 1999 polished concrete was introduced
concrete polishing to the United States by Swedish company (HISTORICAL TIMELINE
OF CONCRETE & CEMENT. 2015).

1.4 Concrete:

Concrete can be defined as a strong construction substance. It is fixable to be reshaped

into many different shapes and sizes (Mosley W.H., Bungey J.H., 1987). The recent life
beat, and due to the fast growth of the technology large amount and type of waste are
produced every day that causes a serious waste disposal crisis. (Batayneh, Malek K &
Marie, Iqbal & Asi, Ibrahim, 2007)

Concrete basically has various properties such as, tension strength, compression strength,
shear strength, durability and fire resistance (Mosley W.H., Bungey J.H., 1987).

According to (ASCO-TP, 2008) compressive strength of normal concrete is ranged

between 25 and 40 MPa. The high performance concrete has value above 50 MPa.
Furthermore, concrete has extreme resistance to the physico-chemical attack. Therefore,
it is used in buildings exposed to difficult and extreme conditions. The performance and
durability concrete is linearly related to the concrete density. The density of concrete is
increased by optimizing the dimensions and packing of the aggregate and reducing the
water content. Because concrete has thermal and acoustic insulation properties it is fire
resistant.

However, the environmental effect of concrete manufacturing is severe. It is

considered to be one of major industrial energy consumer and CO2 emitter. (Flower,
D.J.M. & Sanjayan, J.G. 2007.) Provided data from a number of quarries and concrete
manufacturing plants so that accurate estimates can be made for concretes in
environmentally sustainable design. Figure 1. Shows a chart that illustrates the

2
environmental impacts of concrete. In addition, Table 1. Shows a comparison between
the advantages and the disadvantages of the concrete.

Figure.1: The Environmental Impacts of Concrete (http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-

design/environmental-impacts-of-concrete/)

3
Table.1: A comparison between the advantages and the disadvantages of the concrete
Advantages Disadvantages
Good strength in compression Poor strength in tension
Fair strength in shear Concrete production generates 4 - 5% of
the worldwide total of CO2 emissions.
Durable Concrete production is the first of
byproduct of burning of fossil fuels.
Fire resistant Cement production consume high energy
about 1,758 kWh per ton of cement.

1.5 Concrete types:

New types of concrete have been found recently, such as the high performance concrete,
self-consolidation concrete and ultra-high performance fiber-reinforced concrete (ASCO-
TP, 2008).

The recent studies presented new type of cement which is the Nano cement. (Dunuweera
S. P., Rajapakse R. M. G., 2018) provide account of production of Nano cement its
advantages. In addition, the study showed that the Nano fillers, as instance, nanotitania,
Nano silica, and Nano alumina can be produced in large industrial scale by reducing size
of naturally available bulk raw materials to 1 nm–100 nm. Table 2 presents a summary of
common types of concrete and their definition.

4
Table.2: A summary of common types of concrete and their definition (https://www.penhall.com/technical-
guides/types-of-concrete/)
Concrete Type
High-Strength Concrete
Definition
It will resist high quantity masses while not breaking. It
differs from normal-strength and a compressive strength of
over 6,000 psi (pounds sq. inch). So as to strengthen the
bond between the cement and therefore the combination,
silicon dioxide fume is additional. However, this accelerates
the cement hydrate. To scale back the speed of the chemical
action between the cement and water super plasticizer is
added.

High-Performance It characterized by toughness, weather conditions mitigation,

Concrete (HPC) ease of placement without affecting strength and long-term
mechanical properties
Ultra-High-Performance Its ingredients includes Portland cement, silicon oxide fume,
Concrete quartz flour, and fine silicon oxide sand, high-range water
reducers, water, and steel or organic fibers. It's part sturdy,
however it's unimaginable compressive strength of up to
29,000 psi.
Stamped Concrete It I commonly used in high-traffic areas such as parking lots
and pavements. Also, it has more of an architectural
application.
Self-Consolidation It eliminates mechanical consolidation requirement, through
Concrete its malleable viscosity. This saves time, efforts and money,
and makes it easier for workers to fill restricted or hard-to-
reach areas. It can be placed faster because of its ability to
control the flow ability and stability.

5
1.6 Concrete test:

Several types of concrete tests are used, such as concrete sampling, compressive strength
tests, casting cylinders, flexural strength tests, casting beams (Department of
transportation of Minnesota, 2003). Table.3 Provide examples of testing methods and
their procedures.

Table.3: Examples of testing methods and their procedures. (Department of transportation

of Minnesota, 2003)
Test Procedures
compressive • The cylinders ought to be placed in water at a temperature
strength tests of 15 to 25°C (60 to 80°F) for a amount of 12 to 14 days,
24 hours when casting.
• Plastic molds ought to be removed once natural action
cylinders in water and take away the caps throughout the
natural action amount.
• The cylinder ought to be transported, during a capped
plastic mould to avoid wetness loss, to the laboratory for
more natural action and testing.
• Specimens ought to be protected to avoid shipping harm.
• The Concrete Cylinder ID card ought to be stuffed out
utterly, so as to spot the cylinder once it reaches the
Mn/DOT workplace of Materials Laboratory. Cylinders
ought to be numbered serial.
• Cylinder numbers ought to be shown on each the
identification card and on the Weekly Concrete Report for
the concrete combine used.

6
Cylinder Casting • Steel, fiber, or plastic molds ought to be used.
• Casting cylinder ought to air flat surface and it ought to
be started among 15 min of taking a sample of concrete.
• The concrete ought to be placed within the mould and rod
every layer 25 times per layer in a pair of equal layers for
(100x200) mm (4 x 8 in.) cylinders employing a 9.5
millimeter (3/8 in.) diameter hemispheric-nosed steel rod.
• For (150x300) mm (6 x 12 in.) cylinders, rod concrete 25
times per layer in 3 equal layers with a 16 millimeter (5/8
in.) diameter, hemispheric-nosed steel rod.
• The rodding ought to be uniformly distributed over the
cylinder space and penetrated slightly into the previous
layer once tamping the second and/or third layers.
• The sides of fiber and plastic moulds ought to be
broached once every layer gently with the hand then strike-
off for entrapped air bubbles removal on the edges of the
mold.
• If steel molds were used, the mould ought to be broached
gently with the mallet.
• Using a wood float or alternative appropriate object the
surface ought to be strike-off equally, once rodding the
highest layer. Don't use the cap as a finishing tool.
• If plastic molds were employed in casting cylinders, the
cylinder cap ought to be placed on the mould in real time
once finishing the cylinder.
• Adequate hardening medium ought to be placed on
alternative molds.
• The molds mustn't be disturbed for twenty-four hours.
• SP and Field ID ought to be placed on cylinder mould,
not on cylinder surface.
• If metal molds were used, the ID ought to be transferred

7
 to the highest surface of cylinder and stripped metal molds.
• Then it ought to be placed in hardening tank.
• Concrete check Cylinder ID card ought to be stuffed out.
Flexural strength • The take a look at information ought to be recorded for all
tests beams on Concrete take a look at Beam information
• Then these information ought to be submitted to the
Mn/DOT Concrete Engineering Unit weekly when the 28-
day specimens are tested.
• Changes within the combine or within the supply of any
of the materials ought to be reported in order that just one
set of conditions are on a sheet.
Testing beams for • Before the first use of the beam breaker, all the four case
flexural strength latches should be released and the cover should be filled
straight up. Then the cover should be placed at the desired
operating location and set the apparatus squarely on the top
of the cover. See Figure 2. Finally any ties should be
removed from the recorder or other components.
• The use of the testing machine ought to be ready by
applying a rate of loading between 861 and 1207 kPa (125
and 175 psi) per minute for any beam whose cross section
dimensions area unit 150x150 millimeter (6 x 6 in.), ±8
millimeter (±5/16 in.). Four completely different spirals
labelled A, B, C, and H area unit indicated on every
recording chart. See Figure three. so as to work out the
acceptable spiral in testing every specimen the chart in
Figure 4 ought to be used.
• Now to start out the check the plastic dirt cowl ought to
be removed.
• The management valve and pump the loading head ought
to be closed some 6 mm (1/4 in.) till the piston floats.
• The recorder door ought to be opened and a recording

8
 chart ought to be put in. See Figure 5 the subsequent
changes ought to be done
• The cam ought to be adjusted till the pen traces the zero
circle, then the cam ought to be turned right-handed to lift
the pen.
• The friction ought to be checked by moving the pen arm
up the chart some 25mm (1 in.) and unharness.
• The key should be used and the chart drive should be
winded clockwise approximately one full turn. Then the
chart should be rotated to its starting position, after that the
recording chart should be clam. The beam from either end
of the apparatus between the tie rods should be inserted
with the beam on its side in relation to its position as
molded. Then the beam ought to be focused in relevancy
the four tie rods and have a minimum of 25 mm (1 in.) of
concrete protrude outside of every of the 2 cross-head
bearing blocks. See figure 6 and 7.
• . The chain drive provides quick technique of adjusting the
crossheads synchronized tall therefore the load is applied
traditional to the beam.
• Opposite sides ought to be grasped and move at the same
time dextral to bring them down into contact with the
beam, and counterclockwise to lift them. After they bit the
beam it ought to be stopped.
• Control Valve ought to be closed dextral. The pump are
crammed with oil by the revolution of the pump hand-
wheel and gyration can introduce it into the most
mechanism to use load. To ascertain initial contact with the
beam the center-head is quickly raised by quickly spinning
the hand wheel dextral. Once contact is established and
also the loading blocks sitting refill the pump.

9
• Carefully trace the spiral of the rotating chart and cargo
the beam till failure.
• The management valve ought to be opened
counterclockwise 2 turns solely, to permit the piston to
retract by gravity, take away the beam sections and lift the
crossheads.
• The chart currently may be unclamped and removed.
Finally, the chart drive can tick away till run down.
• All pertinent take a look at result knowledge ought to be
stuffed in. the typical dimension and average depth of the
specimen at the section of failure ought to be measured and
recorded.
• Refer to the guiding chart appeared in Figure four, if the
beam doesn't live specifically (152.5 x 152.5) mm (6 x 6
in.).
• Specimens should break within the middle common
fraction or 228.5 mm (9 in.) of the beam or they're not
acceptable.

10
Figure.2: Beam breaker test (Department of transportation of Minnesota, 2003)

Figure.3: Recording chart (Department of transportation of Minnesota, 2003)

11
Figure.4: Guiding chart of specimen testing (Department of transportation of Minnesota, 2003)

Figure.5: Recording chart adjustments (Department of transportation of Minnesota, 2003)

12
 Figure.6: Beam position (Department of transportation of Minnesota, 2003)

Figure.7: Beam position (Department of transportation of Minnesota, 2003)

(Lessard M., Challal O., and Aticin P. C.1993) studied the high-strength concrete (HSC)
for compressive strength testing and explore the effect of laboratories equipment such as
loading capacity machines and the size of the specimens. The results showed that the
compressive strength values will not be affected if the eccentricity less than 4 mm
between the testing machine and specimen axis.

13
Identifying alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is an important test to find the susceptibility of an
aggregate to ASR before using it in concrete, for preventing damage and failure. (Touma
et al., 2001) reviewed this test, evaluate its protocols and provided recommendations for
test results, mitigation options and decreasing the test time.

1.7 Waste Materials:

There is increasing demand for aggregates because of the fast growing economy of many
countries. It was noticed that the development of construction and destruction activities,
produces larger amounts of waste. (Brito, Jorge Silva, R.V., 2015) provided a review of
the experimental research on the effect of including aggregates of different types and
shapes, sourced from construction and destruction waste.

(Batayneh, Malek K & Marie, Iqbal & Asi, Ibrahim, 2007) suggested to reuses the waste
that is generated from construction fields, such as demolished concrete, glass, and plastic
to substitute a percentage of the primary materials used in the ordinary Portland cement
concrete. According to the study ground plastics and glass were used to replace up to
20% of fine aggregates in concrete mixes. On the other hand crushed concrete was used
to replace up to 20% of coarse aggregates.

Recycled concrete that contains fly ash, slag and recycled aggregate is not common
because of its poor quality in comparison with ordinary concrete. (Teara A., Ing D.S.,
Tam V. W. 2018) suggest to substitute varied proportion of natural aggregate by recycled
aggregate, and commutation cement by associated scoria cement with fly ash, as results
the scoria and fly ash enhance the properties of the concrete with cement. However, while
not cement, scoria and fly ash don't have any effective role in rising the properties.

(Ling T. C., Poon C. S., Wonga H. W. 2013) gives an overview of the recycling situation
of waste glass in Hong Kong, in order to find practical methods to produce different

14
concrete products and utilize the glass characteristics for enhancing concrete properties.
Figure 8 presents the process of using waste glass as partial replacement in concrete.
Figure 9 illustrates the existing and potential applications of glass-concretes in industries.

Figure.8: The process of using waste glass as partial replacement in concrete

Figure.9: Applications of glass-concretes in construction industry.

15
1.8 Type of glass & advantage of it:

Glass is a mix of materials like silica, soda ash, and CaCO3 melted and mixed at high
temperature, then it is cooled to let the solidification happens without crystallization. It is
manufactured in many forms as an example the soda lime glass which is used to make
bottles and jars and flat glass. The second type is the lead glasses which are used to make
crystal tableware, television screens and display screen equipment. The third type is the
borosilicate glasses which are used to manufacture glass fiber, wool insulation. The main
dis advantage of the glass is that it is not biodegradable material, in other words, it cannot
be disposed and broken down by the action of living organisms. On the other hand its
main advantage is that it can be recycled effectively and recycling glass is significantly
reducing waste management costs (Siddique R., 2008). Therefore many studies suggested
recycling the waste glass in the concrete production industry as a partial replacement of
the coarse aggregate. The results showed a decrement in compressive strength with
increment in the percentage of the waste glass and marginal increase in strength of
concrete at 20-10% replacement, therefore it was recommended to be used for concrete
production.

16
 Chapter 2: lecture review:

2.1 Related Studies:

Several researches have been made to examine effect of waste glass on the characteristic
properties of concrete and they have showed its effect as a cement replacement material
in concrete.

(Olofinnade et al,. 2016) explore the likelihood of exploitation waste glass crushed into
fine and coarse aggregate sizes as partial replacement for natural fine and coarse
aggregate in concrete. The proportion of the glass varied from 0 – 100% by a step of 25th
employing a combine proportion of 1:2:4 concrete mixes were ready. A range of 90
concrete cube specimens of size 150 x 150 x150 mm and 90concrete cylinder specimens
of dimension 100 mm diameter by 200 mm height were accustomed perform the check
once 3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 90 days of activity. The check output showed that the
compressive and split strength of the hardened concrete goes down once waste glass
content accumulated. On the opposite hand, concrete combine created with 25th waste
glass content act considerably well and it's suggested to be used for concrete production.

(Boopathi P. et al., 2017) studied the replacement of coarse aggregate by recycled

concrete aggregate and crushed waste glasses of percentage is up to 50%. The
compressive strength, split tensile strength, Flexural strength and modulus of elasticity
were tested in composite replacement of recycled concrete aggregate is 10%, 20%, 30%,
40% and waste crushed glass is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% Concrete specimens . The results
of the test reveals that recycled concrete aggregate 30% and crushed waste glasses 20%
can replaces the coarse aggregate.

(Almesfer and Ingham, 2014) studied and tested the basic properties of concrete that use
20% waste glass as a partial replacement for coarse and fine natural aggregates. The
analysis showed that the waste glass features a negative impact on concrete properties. It
doesn't have an effect on the air content, compressive strength, and flexural strength only,
however it conjointly causes a problematic alkali-silica reaction. On the opposite hand,

17
the study found that supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash or microsilica
improve the properties of concrete that uses the waste glass, with less issues concerning
the alkali-silica reaction.

(Agarna T. et al., 2016) investigates the viability of using waste of glass and steel as an
alternative as partial replacement of aggregates in concrete. Waste of steel and glass
aggregate as 10%, 20% and 30% replace M20grades of concrete. At room temperature
the test for compressive strength at 7, 14, 28 days was done. The strength of split tensile
and flexural of concrete was obtained at 28 days. The results of the tests provides that
glass replaces the aggregate at level of 20% by weight has apparent effect on the
compressive strength of the concrete due to the nature of coarse glass.

(Pauzi et al., 2017) conducted AN experiment to check the consequences of complete

replacement of natural coarse aggregate with spherically-shape and crushed waste ray
tube (CRT) glass on workability, density, and compressive strength of the concrete. a
group of concrete mixtures was ready to incorporate a 40% spherical crt glass and 60%
crushed crt glass total replacement of natural coarse aggregates. It had been found that
the workability of concrete is laid low with the utilization of spherical and crushed glass
that possesses a sleek surface, rounded, irregular and elongated form, and tide absorption.
Because of the high relative density of crushed glass, the density of concrete mixes
includes crt glass is higher as compared to standard concrete. The results showed reduce
in compressive strength of the concrete; even the spherical and crushed crt glass is
stronger than gravel. The study output disclosed that the spherical and crushed waste crt
glass can be an alternate replacement of coarse aggregate.

(Singh S., 2017) suggested to replace the coarse aggregate partially by waste glasses in
different percentage 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, then tested the compressive strength of these
concrete blocks in SRMCEM lab. The results showed a decrement in compressive
strength with increment in the percentage of the waste glass and marginal increase in
strength of concrete at 10% replacement.

18
(Chung et al.) Used recycled crushed and expanded glasses as alternative lightweight
aggregates for concrete. Multiple approached were used to examine the relation to the
material characteristics and properties. (Chung et al.) Produced lightweight concrete
specimens that contain crushed and expanded waste glass as fine aggregates only and
assess their pore and structural characteristics using different image-based methods like
X-ray computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, and automated image
analysis. Furthermore the study utilized the Hot Disk and ISOMET devices to perform
accurate measurement of the thermal properties of the materials. It evaluated the
mechanical properties and the correlation between material characteristics and properties
as well by preparing a concrete specimen with natural fine sand, as a control group, and
compared its characteristics the specimens that contain crushed and expanded waste glass
aggregates.

(Kuruppu G. and Chandratilake R., 2012) investigated the applicability and adaptability
of glass as a recycled material for concrete and evaluated the concrete properties, which
are made from glass coarse aggregates. Compressive strength, flexural strength, slump
test, absorption test were performed for a number of 10 cubes. Results found that glass
concrete aggregate 16% less strength in compression, flexure than conventional concrete
therefore the study recommended that recycle glass can be used as an alternate coarse
aggregate in concrete.

(Rajitha D. et al., 2017) conducted tests to investigate the utilization of waste glass as fine
total and coarse totals substitution in concrete. The results indicated that 5% Waste glass
can be used as fine aggregate and coarse aggregate substitution without generous change
in quality.

2.2 Lecture review Summary:

Recently, sustainable environmental solutions to deal with waste, pollution, depletion and
degradation resources have been an essential requirement. In construction, buildings'
demolitions generate large amounts of concrete made up 30-40 % of total wastes.
Utilizing this waste in recycled concrete was a revolutionary proposal many studies have
been made to evaluate the effect of waste in recycling on the concrete properties.

19
Related studies summary
Year Authors Objectives Results
2017 Boopathi P. Studied the replacement of coarse The results of the test reveals that
et al., aggregate by recycled concrete recycled concrete aggregate 30%
aggregate and crushed waste glasses and crushed waste glasses 20%
of percentage is up to 50%. The can replaces the coarse aggregate.
compressive strength, split tensile
strength, Flexural strength and
modulus of elasticity were tested in
composite replacement of recycled
concrete aggregate is 10%, 20%, 30%,
40% and waste crushed glass is 10%,
20%, 30%, 40% Concrete specimens .
2016 Olofinnade et Explore the possibility of using waste The test output showed that the
al. glass crushed into fine and coarse compressive and split tensile
aggregate sizes as partial replacement strength of the hardened concrete
for natural fine and coarse aggregate goes down when waste glass
in concrete. The percentage of the content increased. On the other
glass varied from 0 – 100% by a step hand, concrete mix made with
of 25% using a mix proportion of 25% waste glass content act
1:2:4 concrete mixes were prepared. significantly well and it is
A number of 90 concrete cube recommended to be used for
specimens of size 150 x 150 x150 mm concrete production.
and 90concrete cylinder specimens of
dimension 100 mm diameter by 200
mm height were used to perform the
test after 3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 90 days
of curing.
2017 Rajitha D. et Conducted tests to investigate the The results indicated that 5%
al., utilization of waste glass as fine total Waste glass can be used as fine
and coarse totals substitution in aggregate and coarse aggregate

20
 concrete. substitution without generous
change in quality.
2014 Almesfer and Studied and tested the fundamental The research showed that the
Ingham properties of concrete that use 20% waste glass has a negative effect
waste glass as a partial replacement on concrete properties. It does not
for coarse and fine natural aggregates. affect the air content, compressive
strength, and flexural strength
only, but it also causes a
problematic alkali-silica reaction.
On the other hand, the study found
that supplementary cementitious
materials like fly ash or
microsilica improve the properties
of concrete which uses the waste
glass, with less concerns about the
alkali-silica reaction.
2016 Agarna T. et Investigates the viability of using The results of the tests provides
al., waste of glass and steel as an that glass replaces the aggregate at
alternative as partial replacement of level of 20% by weight has
aggregates in concrete. Waste of steel apparent effect on the compressive
and glass aggregate as 10%, 20% and strength of the concrete due to the
30% replace M20grades of concrete. nature of coarse glass.
At room temperature the test for
compressive strength at 7, 14, 28 days
was done. The strength of split tensile
and flexural of concrete was obtained
at 28 days.
2017 Pauzi et al., Conducted an experiment to review It was found that the workability
the consequences of complete of concrete is plagued by the
replacement of natural coarse employment of spherical and
aggregate with spherically-shape and crushed glass that possesses a

21
 crushed waste ray tube (CRT) glass sleek surface, rounded, irregular
on workability, density, and and elongated form, and low water
compressive strength of the concrete. absorption. As a result of the high
a group of concrete mixtures was relative density of crushed glass,
ready to incorporate a four-hundredth the density of concrete mixes
spherical CRT glass and hr crushed includes gas-discharge tube glass
CRT glass total replacement of natural is higher compared to standard
coarse aggregates. concrete. The results showed
reduce in compressive strength of
the concrete; even the spherical
and crushed crt glass is stronger
than gravel. The study output
unconcealed that the spherical and
crushed waste crt glass might be
an alternate replacement of coarse
aggregate.
2017 Singh S. Suggested to replace the coarse The results showed a decrement in
aggregate partially by waste glasses in compressive strength with
different percentage 5%, 10%, 20%, increment in the percentage of the
30%, then tested the compressive waste glass and marginal increase
strength of these concrete blocks in in strength of concrete at 10%
SRMCEM lab. replacement.
2017 Chung et al. Used recycled crushed and expanded The results prove the utility of
glasses as alternative lightweight crushed and expanded waste glass
aggregates for concrete. Multiple aggregates as alternative
approached were used to examine the lightweight aggregates.
relation to the material characteristics
and properties. Also the study
produced lightweight concrete
specimens that contain crushed and
expanded waste glass as fine

22
 aggregates only and assess their pore
and structural characteristics using
different image-based methods like X-
ray computed tomography, scanning
electron microscopy, and automated
image analysis. Furthermore the study
utilized the Hot Disk and ISOMET
devices to perform accurate
measurement of the thermal properties
of the materials. It evaluated the
mechanical properties and the
correlation between material
characteristics and properties as well
by preparing a concrete specimen with
natural fine sand, as a control group,
and compared its characteristics the
specimens that contain crushed and
expanded waste glass aggregates.
2012 Kuruppu G. Investigated the pertinence and Results found that glass concrete
and flexibility of glass as a recycled mixture 16 % less strength in
Chandratilake material for concrete and evaluated compression, flexure than typical
R., the concrete properties that are made concrete thus the study suggested
up of glass coarse aggregates. that recycle glass may be used as
Compressive strength, flexural associate alternate coarse
strength, slump test, absorption take a aggregate in concrete.
look at was performed for variety of
10 cubes.

23
 Chapter 3: Methodology

3.1 Introduction:

In this chapter will talk about the methodology of the project. There are four headlines:
material & properties, data collection, data analysis and finally the summary. Through
this chapter will go in details of many topics.

3.2 Flow chart:

Methodology

Materials Used in Project

Cement Course aggregate Fine aggregate Water Waste glass

Waste glass in concrete

6% of waste glass 8% of waste glass 11% of waste glass

Experiments

Slump test Compressive strength

Result and Discussion

Conclusion and
24
Recommendations
3.3 Material & properties:

Concrete mixtures are always characterized by many basic and additional materials,
which are the main component when mixing. There are a lot of use of concrete in our life,
for example building, roads, high way, tunnels, storage dams, airports and atomic power
reactors. Here will talk about the basic ingredients of the concrete mix and the most
characteristic of it. (Locke et al., 2018) The main materials used in concrete are water,
cement, coarse aggregate and fine aggregate.

• Water: the water work as attraction to polar molecules, high specific heat, high
heat of vaporization, lower density of ice and the last one high polarity.
(Courses.lumenlearning.com, 2018)

• Glass: the glass considers is one of the materials which can be used in
construction since 1950 but cannot use any type of glass. There are many types
like timber glass, fiber glass and other types. Also to be used in construction
should add many things to enhance the workability and the strength of concrete.
(Pdfs.semanticscholar.org, 2007)

• Cement: in general cement is binder material and its very important material in
civil engineering. As we now there are physical and chemical properties of
cement. The physical properties will see it in details in the following table:

Physical Properties Description

Fineness of cement Fineness of cement depend on the size of it
particles and to achieved fineness of good
cement will be through grinding the clinker
in the last step of production. So, the
fineness of cement relates to the good
hydration and depends to its size particles.

Soundness of cement Soundness of cement always refer to the

ability of cement to return to it original

25
 volume after setting without delay
expansion.
Consistency of cement Its mean the ability of cement paste to flow
and its measure by vicat test.
Strength of cement We can measure strength of cement
through three tests which are: compressive,
flexural and tensile. Also many factor
affect the strength of cement such us : ratio
of water to cement, percentage of fine and
coarse aggregate, volume and shape of
cube and the way of mold and mix.
Physical properties Descriptions
Setting time of cement Through the cement set there are many
factor can be effect on it such us:
percentage of cement, fineness of cement
and water content.
Hydration loss When heat the cement sample from 900 –
1000 C, its causes loss of weight. So this
type of heat calculates as loss of ignition.

Bulk density When the cement mix with water, the water
goes direct to the place which content air
and because of that the bulk density of
cement is not important.
(Civiltoday.com, 2018)

• Aggregate: coarse and fine aggregate used only to reduce the cost of concrete as
economical factor and it not react with cement or water. Here the main properties
of it:

26
Properties of aggregate Descriptions
Compositions As we now the aggregate content of
material that can be reacts with alkalis in
cement and cause high expansion and
crack in concrete. So it is important to
test these aggregate to now that not have
any kind of it.
Size & Shape Size and shape of aggregate effect on the
amount of cement required in mix design
and effect economically. If we need to
reach economical concrete mix; we
should use the largest size of course
aggregate.
Surface texture Development of strength bond between
aggregate particles and cement paste
depend on three things which are: surface
texture, surface roughness and surface
porosity. Also if the surface is rough but
porous, the strength bond will be
development maximum.
Specific gravity Specific gravity is one of the most
important conditions to decide the
suitability of the aggregate. If the specific
gravity low; will incident porous and
weak material. If it will be high will give
good quality of material. By the way the
good range of specific gravity between
2.6 to 2.9.
Bulk density Defined as the weight of the aggregate
that we need to fill it in container of unit
volume. The bulk density depend on

27

Specific surface of aggregate
Deleterious materials
Crushing value
(Users.rowan.edu, 2018)
28
three factors which are: shape of
aggregate, degree of compaction and
grading of aggregates.
One of the indirect ways to measure the
aggregate grading called specific surface.
Reduction of the size of aggregate will
lead to increase the specific surface. In
the other way, the specific surface of fine
aggregate is very much more than course
aggregate.
The aggregate should not contain any
material can be effect the strength and
durability of concrete. These material can
causes one of the following: interfere
hydration of cement and make reduction
in strength and durability. Also we can
find these materials in aggregate and can
be classified under: clay, salt and dust,
organic impurities and salt
contamination.
Crushing values of aggregate give good
feedback of the resistance of aggregate
under the applied compressive load.
Crushing value is good factor to measure
or to know the behavior of aggregate
when subject to compressive load.
3.4 Data collection:

In this section will go through the procedure until reach the proper mix design of
concrete. First of all should decide the strength need of concrete. Concrete mix design
includes many steps, calculation and lab test to get right mix proportion. One of benefit
of mix design is provide the right percentage of material that we need, which make the
concrete construction economic to achieving the required strength needed.

There are six steps to calculate mix design proportion:

➢ Step one: determine the water / cement ratio:

First will set the require strength need at specific age, Fc calculation the margin.

M = K * S, (equation 1) where K = value appropriate to the defect percentage permitted

below the characteristic strength.

S= the standard deviation (obtain from figure.1)

Figure.10: relation between standard deviation and characteristic strength

29
 ➢ Step two: calculate of Target mean strength:

𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐 + M

Where 𝑓𝑚 = target mean strength

𝑓𝑐 = specified characteristic strength

Table.4: approximate compressive strength of concrete

Table 1 is used to obtain the compressive strength correspond to water cement ratio of 0.5

30
 Figure.11: relationship between compressive strength and water cement ratio

➢ Step three: determine of free-water content:

Free-water content can be obtained from table 2 and it depends on the maximum size of
aggregate to give concrete specified slump. (Civil Seek, 2018)

Table.5: approximate free-water contents

31
 ➢ Step 4: determination of cement content:

From this equation we can obtained the cement content:

Cement content = free water content / water- cement ratio

We should check the result with maximum and minimum value. If the cement content
which calculated is less than the equation result, so should go for the minimum value and
then calculate the free water content ratio. (Civil.emu.edu.tr, 2016)

➢ Step 5: determining the total aggregate content:

We can estimate the density of full compacted concrete from figure.3, and this value is
depend on water content and relative density of aggregate. In case, if the information is
not find can be take the value as 2.4.

Figure.12: estimated wet density of full compacted concrete

32
The total aggregate content can be calculated by using this equation:

Total aggregate content = D – C – W where,

D = wet density of concrete (in𝐾𝑔/𝑚3)

C = cement content (in𝐾𝑔/𝑚3)

W = free-water content (in𝐾𝑔/𝑚3)

➢ Step 6: determining the coarse and fine aggregate content:

In this steps will chose the size of coarse and fine aggregate with using figure.4 and we
will see how will determine it in coming steps.

Figure.13: recommended proportions of fine aggregate according to percentage passing specified sieve

33
To determine the course and fine aggregate by using the proportion of fine aggregate
obtain from figure 4 and the total aggregate can derive from step 5.

Fine aggregate content = total aggregate content x proportion of fine aggregate

Course aggregate content = total aggregate content – total fine aggregate

➢ Mix design calculation:

First thing specified the grade of concrete which 30 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 for 7 and 28 days. Then we
obtained stander deviation from figure.1 which = 8𝑁/𝑚𝑚2. From equation 1, K = 1.64
for 5% defect. (World, 2018)

Target mean strength = 𝑓𝑚 = 𝑓𝑐 + K. S = 30 + 1.64 x 8 = 43.12 Mpa

Water cement ratio = 0.55

Slump test = 60 mm – water content = 210 𝐾𝑔/𝑚3

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 210

Cement content = 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.55 = 381.2 𝐾𝑔/𝑚3

Assumed relation density of aggregate = 2.4, so wet density of concrete = 2310𝐾𝑔/𝑚3.

0.086 𝑥 1000
Grading of fine aggregate = x 100 = 17.2 (zone 1)
500

The percentage of fine aggregate = 38%

Total aggregate = 2310 – 210 – 381.2 = 1718.8 𝐾𝑔/𝑚3

Fine aggregate content = 1718.8 x 0.38 = 653.144 𝐾𝑔/𝑚3

Course aggregate content = 1718.8 x 0.62 = 1066.6 𝐾𝑔/𝑚3

The volume of cube = 0.153 = 3.375 x 10−3 𝑚3

For 4 cube = (3.375 x 10−3 x 4) = 0.0135 𝑚3

34
Cement content = 0.0135 x 381.19 = 5.14 kg

Water content = 0.0135 x 210 = 2.835 kg

Fine aggregate = 0.0135 x 653.144 = 8.81 kg

Course aggregate = 0.0135 x 1066.6 = 14.39 kg

➢ Mix trail one without any addition and will use the original material as per the
mix design calculation.
➢ In mix trail two will decrease the percentage of coarse aggregate with 6% and add
6% of normal glass. The amount of course aggregate remove = 0.8634 kg, and
replace it with glass.
➢ In mix trail three will replace which amount 1.15 kg of course aggregate and
adding the normal glass with same amount.
➢ In mix trail four, the amount of replacing course aggregate is 1.56 kg and to be
add same amount in mix design of normal glass.

3.5 Data analysis:

Here in this section will go through the types of test which should use to obtain the result
after finishing the mix design and mold the cubes.

➢ Slump test:

Slump test concrete is standard, fast and low cost. This type of test can be done easily in
laboratory or even in site to determine the work ability and consistency. Slump test
provide fast result about the workability of concrete and that’s why it use since 1922 in
whole world. (Civil Seek, 2015)

35
 • Equipment uses:

This test can be used with metallic cone with height 30 cm, 20 cm of diameter in base
and 10 cm in top of cone. Also steal bar with long of 60 cm and 1.6 diameters for the test.
Finally we need non porous plate and measuring scale.

Figure.14: slump test equipment

➢ Procedure:

• Should clean the cone firstly and be sure there’s no moisture or hardness concrete
in the cone.
• Fill the cone with mix concrete in specific way to check the consistency of
concrete.
• The filling of cone can be done in four stages.
• The first part with 10 cm and tamped 20 to 30 times with the steel bar, also the
other part should do by the same way as we can see in figure 6.

36
 Figure.15: steps of slump test

• After finish from tamped the mix concrete in the cone will remove the metallic
cone slowly and the mix not set as it with the same height.
• Finally after removing the mold cone and register the slump from taking the
deference between the height of mold and highest point of slump test specimen.
➢ Types of concrete slumps:

• True slump: when the mix concrete is equal in all around of cone.
• Shear slump: when the mix concrete is slide in inclined plane.
• Collapse slump: in this case, the concrete slide to down unequal in all direction.

Figure.16: types of slump test

37
4 Compressive strength test:

Compressive strength of concrete for cubs provides good idea about the characteristic of
concrete. From this test we can decide if the test is done in right way or not. The
compressive strength for normal building is from 15 mpa to 30 mpa and above for the
commercial & industrial building. Compressive strength of concrete depend on many
factors which can be effect on it such us water cement ratio, strength of cement, quality
of concrete material and quality of concrete while production process. By the way the
compressive strength is the ability of material or structure to carry the load on its surface
without happen any cracks or deflection. (The Constructor, 2018)

Figure.17: compressive strength machine

38
 ➢ Procurers:
• First of all remove the cube from the water after finish curing and clean the water
which in the surface.
• Take the dimension of the spacemen after removing from water.
• Cleaning the surface of the machine.
• Put the cube in the machine and load should apply on the opposite side of cube
cast.
• Should the cube to be in the center of the compressive machine, to be sure the
load is applied equally in cube.
• Applied the load on the cube and register the reading which got it and see if there
is any other change feature in failure.

➢ Compressive strength at various age:

The strength of concrete is increase in age day by day. Here in this table will see in

Percentage of strength:

Table.6: percentage of strength

Age Strength percent

1 day 16%

3 days 40%

7 days 65%

14 days 90%

28 days 99%

39
 ➢ The grade of compressive strength at 7 and 28 days:

Table.7: minimum compressive strength at 7 and 28 days

Grade of Minimum compressive strength Specified characteristic compressive strength

Concrete N/mm2 at 7 days (N/mm2) at 28 days

M15 10 15

M20 13.5 20

M25 17 25

M30 20 30

M35 23.5 35

M40 27 40

M45 30 45

3.6 Summary:
At the final of chapter 3, we went through many points that related to material uses and
type of test conduct. In material properties section we went through whole the material
which make component of mix design of concrete. The materials are water, cement, both
type of aggregate course and fine and finally the normal glass. In the second point we
went through the data collection which is about of mix design and the amount of material
use in mix design. Then the steps can do it to be finishing the casting. Then to the third
steps is the types of experiment or machine that will use which are slump test and
compressive strength test.

40
 Chapter 4: Result and discussion

4.1 Introduction:

In this chapter 4 will go for the result which got it after the experiment done at specific
time and days. We will use two deferent type of test to get the results which are: slump
test and compressive strength test for cubes. Here we use four mix design percentage (0%
as reference,6% of normal glass, 8% of normal glass and 11% of normal glass). Then will
record the result which we got it and see the deference on it.

4.2 Result and discussion:

o Slump test:

In this test will see the workability of mix design concrete. The result here will show that
the result is good accepting the first one because of machine mixer. The first impression
when you see slump test and good result of it that will be good mixer, by the days will
see the glass cannot be good binder between the other materials in the mix. In table 5 will
see the result of slump test:

Table.8: result of slump test

Mix design Slump test

0% 57 cm
6% 38 cm
8% 45 cm
11 % 52 cm

41
 Figure.18: slump test at lab

o Compressive strength test:

Compressive strength test is one of the most important tests for the cube concrete because
it gives the first impression of strength of cubs. This test should conduct on specific days
which are 7, 14 and 28 days. In my test this test conduct it after pass28 days because
many things happen and the most one is the machine was broken. For this reason we will
see only in the following table the result for 28 days.

42
 Table.9: compressive strength result

Compressive strength within 28 days in N/𝒎𝒎𝟐

Mix design percentage Sample 1 Sample 2

0% 33.5 34.44

6% 12 14.5

8% 20 21.77

11 % 24.22 23.55

Figure.19: cube in compressive strength machine

43
 Figure.20: cubs after compressive test

Here we can see the deference in the values obtain from test machine. The result which
we got it in 0 % is the highest more than the other mixture because it was the original
one. Comparing between the mixture which we added glass to it with original one, we
can see the mixture which have 11 % of normal glass is highest than the other percentage
for many reasons. The first one, when glass is added to the mixture the workability of
mixture will reduce, for that the result will be not good. The strength of concrete in 6 % is
less than the other and this give us one fact, less add of glass to the mixture will be not
good binder between the other materials, which is make the cube very weak under the
compressive strength, should the percentage in balance between 10% and 20%.

44
4.3 Summary:

In this chapter which was about result and discussion we got many point which will help
to improve the work in future. We did two types of tests which are: slump test and
compressive strength test on many cubs with deferent percentage of adding normal glass
replace it with the course aggregate. First we did test for the normal cube without any
adding material and the result was perfect, this cube or result will be the reference for
other cubs. From all percentage uses we got the best result in 6 % add mixture. Also the
lowest result got it in 8 % add mixture. These result guide us to one things which that the
adding of normal glass in mix concrete will not give good result because it not a good
binder between the materials.

45
 Chapter 5: conclusion and Recommendation

5.1 Introduction:
In every work or project there will be a conclusion and recommendation. In this chapter
will go through the final result which we got it after finish from all experiment and tests.
Full explanation of result and also the most important point as recommendation for the
future plan. Also will compare my objective will the result got it after finish from all
tests. Finally the limitation which mean the difficulties things we face it when the
experiment was in progress.

5.2 Conclusion:

At the final or end from the project, should there full conclusion about all work which
was done in the experiment and test. This project was about investigating the effect of
partial replacement of course aggregate with deferent percentage of normal glass. The
percentage was 6 %, 8 %, and 11 %. These percentages were comparing with the original
mix concrete and will see the deference in all percentage. First of all the slump test was
done for all mixtures. The slump tests were good for all mixtures accept the 8 % mixture
because we did it in the mix machine. When we add glass to the mix concrete the
workability of mixture not come proper and make like segregate in the materials and
easily we can see the coarse aggregate in the surface of cube. In general the slump result
show that the workability and consistency good from first impression, but when mold it
in the cube and did the test on it you will find the result that not good. The result of slump
test can see it in the table no.5 in chapter 4 which result table. For the next test which
compressive strength on cubes, we did add mixtures with deferent percentage 6 %, 8 %
and 11 %. After finish from all tests we found that the glass cannot be good binder
between the materials and is not good to increase the strength of concrete. The result
which in table no.6 shows the compressive strength got it.

46
 ➢ Objective one: to prove the strength of concrete when glass add to the mixture.
Here when the normal glass added to the mixture as we did, the result show that
the compressive strength not increase.
➢ Objective two: to get best mix design of concrete when added with glass. Here in
this mission we try 6%, 8% and 11%. The best result get it on 11% mix, but still
the normal mixture is best than the other mixtures.

5.3 Recommendation:
After finish from the experiment and tests we reach too many points that may help other
to improve the strength of concrete when glass adding to it:

• To reach to more result of glass effect on concrete should do more type of tests
such us thermal conduct test, tensile test and flexural test.
• The normal glass cannot give more strength to concrete and easily can effect by
the load apply on it.
• It may the timber glass give good result because it pressed with high amount of
heat, so who will do the same type of experiment should go for timber glass.
• For small mixture which use cube, it’s better to use manual mix rather than use
the mix machine because the workability of mixture with glass in the machine
mixer make segregation for material which effect the mixture when mold it.
• To get good benefit from use waste glass to enhance strength of concrete, we
should use more percentage and also need to be use some material to make the
mix design in good workability such us: fly ash, super plasticizer and special type
of cement.

5.4 Future study:

• Who will go for same study should use the timber glass rather than the normal
glass because may it be better.
• Try to use 20% and 30% to get more clear result on effect of glass in properties of
concrete.

47
5.5 Limitation:

In this section will go through the difficulties we face it when this project done.

• The machine we should use it for the test was broken for long time (flexural
machine test and compressive strength machine)
• We try in many laboratories to do with them the test but them asking a lot of
money for that.

5.6 Summary:

In the end of this chapter which was chapter 5 about conclusion and recommendation.
Through the conclusion we was see the result which got it after the experiment in both
test – slump and compressive-. Then go for the second thing which the objective and if
we achieve it or not and we saw that the normal glass cannot increase the strength of
concrete. After that the recommendation we thought that will help to improve or enhance
the properties of concrete. Finally the future study which should give some point can
improve the properties of concrete.

48
5.7 References:
1. Almesfer N, Ingham J. 2014. Effect of Waste Glass on the Properties of Concrete.
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 26(11).
2. ASCO-TP, Association pour la connaissance des Travaux Publics.2008.The
properties of hardened concrete. available online on: http://www.planete-
tp.com/en/the-properties-of-hardened-concrete-a233.html
3. Agarna T., Durga S., Chandrakala R., Divya B., Jegan mohan Er.K.. (2016).
Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Waste Glass Pieces and Steel
Waste. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing. 6(3). 2665-
2668.
4. Batayneh, Malek K & Marie, Iqbal & Asi, Ibrahim. (2007). Use of selected waste
materials in concrete mixes. Waste management (New York, N.Y.). 27. 1870-6.
10.1016/j.wasman.2006.07.026.
5. Boopathi P. , Dinesh P. , Krishnan B. ,Karthi T., Kokila S.2017.Experimental
Investigation On Partial Replacement Of Coarse Aggregate By Recycled
Concrete Aggregate And Crushed Waste Glass In Concrete. SSRG International
Journal of Civil Engineering. Special Issue.
6. BABOR D., PLIAN D. and JUDELE L. 2009. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
OF CONCRETE. Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi Din Iaşi.
7. Brito, Jorge. Silva, R.V. (2015). Use of Waste Materials in the Production of
Concrete. Key Engineering Materials. 634. 85-96.
10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.634.85.
8. Chung S. Y., Abd Elrahman M., Sikora P., Rucinska ., Horszczaruk E., Stephan
D. 2017.Evaluation of the Effects of Crushed and Expanded Waste Glass
Aggregates on the Material Properties of Lightweight Concrete Using Image-
Based Approaches. Materials (Basel). 10(12). 1354.
9. Department of transportation of Minnesota. 2003. Concrete Manual. USA.
available online on
https://www.dot.state.mn.us/materials/manuals/concrete/Chapter5.pdf
10. Dunuweera S. P., Rajapakse R. M. G. 2018. Cement Types, Composition, Uses
and Advantages of Nanocement, Environmental Impact on Cement Production,

49
 and Possible Solutions. Advances in Materials Science and
Engineering. Available online on: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/415868
11. Flower, D.J.M. & Sanjayan, J.G. 2007. Greenhouse gas emissions due to
concrete manufacture. Int J Life Cycle Assess. 12. Available online on:
https://doi.org/10.1065/lca2007.05.327
12. HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF CONCRETE & CEMENT. 2015. available online
on: http://www.grrrind.com.au/blog/historical-timeline-of-concrete-cement
13. Kuruppu G. and Chandratilake R. 2012. USE OF RECYCLE GLASS AS A
COURSE AGGREGATE IN CONCRETE. World Construction Conference 2012
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