ТоГо Ш я т ю

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
для
ИНЖЕНЕРОВ-СУДОМЕХАНИКОВ
ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ И ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЕ ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ
 Т.Г. х в и н г и я

ENGLISH FOR MARINE ENGINEERS

DIESEL ENGINE OPERATION
AND MAINTENANCE

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫ К
ДЛЯ ИНЖЕНЕРОВ-СУДОМЕХАНИКОВ
ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИЯ И ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЕ
ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ
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B LO C K I

D E S C R IP T IO N
OF M A R IN E D IE S E L E N G IN E
A N D IT S S Y S T E M S
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1.

DESCRIPTION OF AN ENGINE CONTENTS

AND ITS SYSTEMS

1. CLASSIFICATION,PRINCIPLE 1. Classification according to:

OF OPERATION AND THE - general design
MAIN PARTS - construction
- method of charging
- method of cooling
- method of air supply
- ignition
2. Differences in 4- and 2-cycle Diesel Engines.
3. Advantages and disadvantages o f each DE
type.
£4■>;-r .
4. The names o f the main I)E parts.

2. SCAVENGING 1. Types of scavenging systems

2. Advantages and disadvantages o f each sys­
tem.
3. Uniflow scavenging system and its main ad­
vantages.

3. FUEL SYSTEM 1. Fuel system pipelines

2. Fuel system fittings and their functions
;t. -
3. The main characteristics o f fuel oil

4. COOLING SYSTEM 1. The three main types o f cooling system and

their application.
2. Advantages and disadvantages of each sys­
tem.

5. LUBRICATING OIL SYSTEM 1. The importance o f efficient lubrication.

2. Two lubricating systems: dry and wet-sump.
3. Lubrication of different ME parts.

6. SUPERCHARGING 1. Advantages and disadvantages of super­

charged engines.
2. Surging of turbocharger:
- categories
- stages
-sym ptom s
- causes
- remedy/control
3. Checks to be carried out to prevent surging.

6
 Questions and answers related to the descrip-
GRAMMER v. ' ;<4 . ;• tion o f a Diesel engine and its systems.
Present Simple (Active/Passive).
M odal Verbs— can, may.
There is/ a re...
Suffixes: -ing, -ed, -m eat, -ance, -sion, -tion.

‘Ч; v 1
VOCABULARY Terminology of DE description.
. / ^ Г■’ -7
Names o f the main DE parts.
Terminology for description of DE systems.
Л:/?лi—

READING Texts describing Diesel Engine and its systems.

SPEAKING Discussion of various problems.

jC ■■■■•: ' .>( j: ' . ^ т. U

SPEECH PATTERNS
1. According to general design the engine may b e ...
2. Uniflow scavenging h a s... /r. ' : ■ i .

3. Uniflow scavenging requires...

; •> -у */ • •• •-1, ;
4. Can you tell m e...? ; .. ,,r
.i .-:Л • v ■■ •- " "
5. And what about...?
6. Do you know ...? . > ' '' Ь' 1 <.i: 'Hi* ■ i ., . ■;■■■■.

7. Yes, I think th at...

|. —:
8. I don’t think so, because...
:■ -.Hi ■■■'- ; : ■;••• r y ■ .:. ' -V
9. Sorry, but I can’t agree with you. ?Г' ,■'G r" . • ■■■< ■ : -
10. I’m afraid, you’re wrong.
11. Yes, you are righ t/th at’s quite right.
12. I ’m not sure, but I think... r1 vfb нс . y o !' :у - у у ; ' : . ...
13. In my opinion ... ■- - X:.. о У -у н .' b.nv
14. Instead of ...there is/are... • *<
i..\ i--!-.: ~Г.\:Э'У f”:. Л i ■
15. It is necessary to check ... ♦ -4
У У ;■}- ; -.и": '■ 5
16. There may b e ...

7
LESSON 1

CLASSIFICATION, PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

AND THE MAIN PARTS

Give the answers to the following questions:

^W hat is the function o f the engine on board a ship?
; Where is the fuel burned in the internal combustion engine?
What grade o f oil is used in Diesel engine?
W hat is the advantage o f Diesel engine compared with the other types o f internal com­
bustion engines?

Ex. 1. Read and translate the following text, using the English-Russian vocabulary on p. 95:

;>MV l....... MARINE DIESEL ENGINE •

, The four main types o f internal combustion engines used in marine practice are: diesel
engines, steam turbines, gas turbines and marine nuclear plants.
At present diesel engine proved to be the most efficient and reliable in operation for using
on board merchant ships. Its power output is expressed in brake horse powers or in kilowatts. The
speed of large diesel engines w ith cylinder diameter o f as much as 900mm is relatively slow (up
to 145rpm). They can be connected to the propeller without gearing. They are run on heavy fuel
of lower grade which results in saving maintenance costs. They also have better combustion
process due to longer piston stroke.
Diesel engines may have either a 4-stroke cycle or a 2-stroke cycle, and both types are of
single or double acting, trunk piston type, opposed piston type or crosshead type. They also may
be naturally aspirated, scavenged or supercharged, liquid cooled or air cooled, and compressed air
ignited. . "■ • -v *'
In the four-stroke diesel engine the first stroke is called the suction stroke. The piston
moves downwards, and the charge o f air is drawn into the cylinder through the open inlet valve.
The exhaust valve and the fuel injection valve are closed. At the end o f the suction stroke the air
inlet valve closes, and the piston starts moving upward on the second stroke.
The second stroke is called compression stroke. The air is compressed in the cylinder to
the clearance volume. At the end o f the second stroke the fuel injection valve opens, and finely
atomized fuel oil is sprayed into the cylinder under high pressure. The fuel oil is ignited and con­
tinues to bum as long as the injection is maintained, generating hot combustion gases. These hot
gases expand and push the piston down on the third stroke.
The third stroke is called combustion and expansion or power stroke. The piston moves
downward with the gas expanding behind it. A t the end o f this stroke the exhaust valve opens and
the burned gases, now reduced in pressure and temperature, start to flow out o f the cylinder
through the exhaust pipe. The forth stroke is called the exhaust stroke. Returning on this
stroke the piston moves upward and pushes the remaining burned gases out o f the cylinder
through the open exhaust valve. At the end o f the stroke the exhaust valve closes, the air inlet
valve opens, and the cycle is repeated. Thus, one complete cycle requires four strokes o f the pis­
ton and two revolutions o f the crankshaft.

8
 In the two-stroke cycle diesel engine instead o f the exhaust valve there is a ring o f exhaust
ports at the bottom o f the cylinder, communicating with the exhaust pipe. Instead o f the air inlet
valve there are scavenging ports communicating with a passage, leading to a low pressure scav­
enging air compressor, operated from the engine.
The spray valve and the starting valve are the same as in the four cycle engine. In uniflow
scavenging engines there is an exhaust valve.*

* Berta A. Pivnenko “English for Maritime Studies for Engineer Officers”, p. 131

9
 The first stroke is called compression stroke. The piston moves upward and compresses
the air for producing heat to ignite the fuel. The fuel valve opens and the fuel is sprayed into the
cylinder where it is ignited by the hot air. J '
The second stroke is the power stroke. The burning fuel generates hot combustion gases
which create pressure and send the piston downward. The scavenging and exhaust ports (or ex­
haust valve) open and the air under pressure forces the remaining burned gases out, leaving the
cylinder full o f fresh air for the next compression. Here one complete cycle requires only two
strokes o f the piston or one revolution o f the crankshaft.

Ex. 2. Look through the following classification list o f Diesel engine types and fill in the gaps
in the table. Check the list with the group using the model:

Model: According to general design the engine may be of single or double acting.

1. General Design 1.Single acting -

2.
2. Construction 1.Trunk Piston type
2. /"
3.
3. Method of Charging 1. Four-stroke cycle
2.
4. Method of Cooling 1. Liquid- cooled
2.
5. Method of Air Supply 1. Naturally aspirated (без наддува)
X
2. . .
3. Scavenged
6. Ignition 1. Spark ignited ,
f
2.

Ex. 3. a) Complete the table below. **' !

b) Discuss with your study partner the differences o f 4-stroke and 2-stroke cycle die­
sel engines: ^ -
a) in construction
b) in principle o f operation " ‘."‘' ' Т ’
*.i\. -■ .г ; / ■j /•- i ..
Take turns in asking questions using the model. .... .0
Model: - Can you tell m e ... .. 4Ki
- Yes, I think th a t... - >;
s , - A n d what about...? .
- Instead o f .. .there is/a re.. .etc.

to
 ENGINE STROKES OPERATION
Four-stroke cycle DE 1. Suction stroke 1. The piston moves down. The
•: , .< - V ! . Л 0 . "! * ' £ ’. • ' ? * ' is f* . air is drawn into the cylin­
: Л..- ■: . , der through the open air
inlet valve. .
........ : \ , . Г ! 2. " ' ; 2. , - .

-_ r :

3. / - 3.
•=■ '■ r t 0

4.
'■ a t .. : »■* I - '*

■, ’ ' ' S- , V ■

Two-stroke cycle DE 1. Compression stroke 1. Piston moves . . . , all ports

are..., air in the cylinder is
. . . and fuel oil is . . . .

2 . Combustion, expansion and 2.

•>: j r j . L O ? i :•« scavenging stroke
у ....... . .

. ; ■ ■: гi 1 Ч' . . . ‘ :■• - У !' У•

с) Tell the group about these differences. .r / , •

Ex. 4. a) Using the table below discuss the advantages and disadvantages o f the following
DE types. Agree or disagree with the statements. Add some more information, if
•' possible: .щ >• pnj. u-!.v

TYPES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

4-stroke DE - better volumetric efficiency - greater weight and size
- lower fuel consumption - m ore complicated cylinder
- no air scavenging pump head
- higher speeds ' >•' - m ore valves and parts

2-stroke DE - less weight and space per HP - less volumetric efficiency

- greater HP per cylinder - greater fuel consumption
■f «-и ! - more uniform turning effect - scavenging air pump
- less complicated cylinder head - trouble with cylinder liner
... .J',C г:
due to intake or exhaust
ports

b) W hich o f these types is the most often used in marine practice? Try to prove your
opinion.

11
Ex. 5. PARTS OF DIESEL ENGINE , ........ ''г Д У Д у / л 7л S у

a) CHECK YOURSELF. Translate the names of the engine parts from English into Russian
and vice versa. W ork with your study partner.

CROSSHEAD DIESEL ENGINE КРЕЙЦКОПФНЫ Й ДВИГАТЕЛЬ

1. exhaust manifold 1. выхлопной коллектор
2. refrigeration pipeline 2. трубопровод охлаждения
3. blow off valve 3. клапан продувки цилиндра
4. injector cooling cavity 4. полость охлаждения форсунки
5. injector 5. форсунка
6. piston 6. поршень
7. cylinder liner and cylinder liner cooling cavity 7. цилиндровая втулка и полость охлажде­
ния цилиндровой втулки
8. high pressure fuel pump 8. ТНДВ
9. piston rings 9. поршневые кольца
10. piston rod 10. шток поршня
11. h. p. fuel pump drive shaft 11. вал привода ТНВД
12. piston rod gasket 12. уплотнение штока поршня
13. under piston cavity blow off choke 13. заслонка продувки поршневой полости
14. tappet roller 14. ролик толкателя
15. camshaft 15. распределительный вал
16. crosshead slider, slide block 16. ползун крейцкопфа
17. connecting rod small end bearing 17. подшипник верхней головки шатуна
18. connecting rod small end 18. верхняя головка шатуна
19. crosshead guide 19. направляющая ползуна
20. connecting rod, conrod 20. шатун
21. conrod big end and crank bearing 21. нижняя головка шатуна и мотылёвый
подшипник
22. щека коленвала
22. crankweb
23. crankcase 23. станина, картер
24. Bedplate 24. фундаментная рама двигателя
25. cylinder air charger's slide valve drive rod 25. приводная штанга шибера зарядки ци­
линдра воздухом
26. crankcase hole with safety device 26. лючок картера с предохранителем
27. air cooler 2 7 .воздухоохладитель
28. cylinder air charger 28. устройство зарядки цилиндра воздухом
29.supercharger air receiver 29. ресивер наддува воздуха
30.indicator cock 30. индикаторный кран
31. gas turbocharger, gas turbo blower 31. газовая турбина, турбонаддув

b) Look at the drawing of the engine (Fig.2). Name the main parts o f the engine using Fig.2.

c) Check your answers with the table. c .

12
•ТВ

I
I
1!'

]
I
1

Fig. 2 Crosshead Diesel engine

13
HOME TASK 1

CYCLES OF DIESEL ENGINE

Ex. 1. a) Fill in the missing letters (20 points). Check the words in the vocabulary (pp. 95-112).

1. in t.. .nal com bu.. .tion engine 1. двигатель внутреннего сгорания

2. p rin .. .iple o f operation 2. принцип работы
3. four-stroke/two-stroke c...cle 3. четырёх/ двухтактный цикл
4.single/d.. .uble acting 4. простого/ двойного действия
5. tr.. .nk-piston type 5. тронковый тип
6. crossh...adtype 6. крейцкопфный тип
7. oppo.. .ed-piston type 7. оппозитный тип
8. s .. .ction stroke 8. ход всасывания
9. com pre...ion stroke 9. ход сжатия
10. combustion and e x p .. .nsion stroke 10. ход горения и расширения
11. ex...aust stroke ii 11. ход выхлопа
12. inlet valve 12. впускной клапан
13. exhaust valve 13. выхлопной клапан
14. starting valve 14. пусковой клапан
15. fuel in...ection/spr...y valve 15. форсунка
16. exhaust port 16. выпускное окно
17. s c .. .venging ports 17. продувочные окна
18. uniflow scavenging 18. прямоточная продувка
19. air inlet pipe 19. впускной воздушный патрубок
20. to m .. .ntain injection 20. поддерживать впрыск
21. up w .. .rd (stroke) 21. (ход) вверх
22. dow nw .. .rd (stroke) 22. (ход) вниз

b) Check yourself. Translate the words from English into Russian and vice versa.

Ex. 2. Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the words or word combinations from the W ord
Box. Check your answers with the key (p. 78):

a) to maintain, b) combustion and expansion, c) scavenging ports, d)downward, e) exhaust,

f) air inlet pipe, g) exhaust ports.

1. The piston moves ... on a suction stroke.

2. The air inlet valve opens, and the air is being drawn into the cylinder through ...

14
 3. The high temperature o f the compressed air in the cylinder ignites the fuel, and it continues to
bum as long as the injection is ...
4. The piston starts down on the third, or ... stroke. " :
5. Returning on the forth, or ... stroke, the piston pushes the rem aining gases out o f the cylinder.
6. In the 2-cycle Diesel engine instead o f an exhaust valve there is a ring o f ..., in place o f air
inlet valves there are ....

Ex. 3. Choose the correct word using the table of suffixes below and Appendix 7 (p. 90):
NOUN PARTICIPLE I PARTICIPLE II
-ance importance -mg -ed
-ment arrangement cooling (medium) cooled (air)
-tion operation
-sion compression ■ : mi sifjv.-: :■ ■ . ... ■. S '■ - ' ........... ■- ■'

1. The exhaust valve is ... ' ‘

a) close ^ b) closing f c) closed <

2. The fuel continues to bum as long as injection is ... ' • ' T' ' • '
a) maintenance b) m aintained c) maintaining

- I-*i .* - • r ''

3. The piston moves downward with the gas ... behind it. ■-
a) expand ; b) expansion c) expanding ' '
W.-.W j-o ,,;д t.,-t ■. .•••■:: <• .

4. The scavenging ports are in ... with a passage leading to a low pressure compressor,
a) communication b) communicating c) communicated . V’"

5. The scavenging air compressor is ... from the engine,

a) operation b) operating c) operated
% 4
*• *'■ S ‘ ’ r'; .
Ex. 4. M ake up sentences using their parts: > %l

1. is sprayed/ the fuel/ under/ the cylinder/ into / pressure. ' : ' >

2. reduces/ pressure/ the gas/ and /during /temperature / in/ the expansion stroke/.
; ) <- • v-V*. , '

3. is/ there /an exhaust pipe/ the cylinder /connected/ to/.

4. is/ /operated /. a scavenging air compressor / the engine/ from/. » --

5. the 2-cycle engine /in /only/ revolution/ / one /crankshaft/ required/ is /.

15
LESSON 2

SCAVENGING
LEAD-IN
Answer the following questions:
What scavenging systems do you know?
W hat is the purpose o f scavenging?

Ex. 1. Read and translate the following text using the English-Russian vocabulary (p. 95):

SCAVENGING
Scavenging is a process o f pushing the exhaust gases out o f the cylinder w ith the help o f
fresh air intake so that a fresh charge o f pure air is available for the compression that follows.
This is the description o f a scavenging system in the two-stroke cycle diesel engine. The
stages o f scavenging are: blow down, scavenging, containing o f air. .' : V- f lf' Jj 11
The scavenging air is admitted through the scavenging ports located on one side o f the
cylinder opposite the exhaust ports. The latter are placed a little higher than scavenging ports.
The piston uncovers the exhaust ports first, thus allowing the pressure in the cylinder to fall be­
fore the scavenging ports are opened. Due to inclination o f the scavenging ports and a special
form o f the piston the scavenging air is deflected upward and pushes the exhaust gases out o f the
cylinder through the exhaust ports. On the up stroke the piston covers the ports, and the air is
compressed in the cylinder.
In the scavenging arrangement o f this type there is no need to have scavenging valves in
the cylinder head. This in its turn makes the cylinder head simpler and cooling easier, because the
only cylinder head valves required are the fuel valve and starting air valve.
Some years ago 3 different methods for admitting the scavenging air into the cylinder were
used in marine practice, such as loop scavenging system (for M.A.N. engines), cross scavenging sys­
tem (Sulzer), and uniflow scavenging system (B&W). The latter is considered to be the most advan­
tageous when compared to the two other systems due to its very high efficiency.

. m v L e i- p u n r \ . • ..

'а ) с г о м ~ т ш § Ш д £) 'c a v e n g in g

* Berta A. Pivnenko “English for Maritime Studies for Engineer Officers”, p. 140.

16
 Uniflow scavenging ensures better fuel/ oil m ixing which is obtained by rotary motion o f
the scavenging air. A n even m ixture o f fuel with air ensures a better combustion process and bet­
ter removal o f combustion products. The air ascends through the cylinder without mixing with
the burned gases. The gases are pushed out o f the cylinder, no residue being left. The economic
effect o f using this scavenging system is that it requires less scavenging air and, o f course less
scavenging work. ... -

Ex. 2. a) Complete the table below using the inform ation o f the text. Add some more infor­
mation, if possible.
TYPES
Cross scavenging
Loop scavenging
Uniflow scavenging
. ' - .•
ADVANTAGES
Simple construction
Less maintenance
Low cost
Simple construction
High efficiency
Less maintenance - Uneven piston ring wear
Operational reliability
DISADVANTAGES
Lower efficiency
Short circuit
Dirty crankcase/under piston space
Excessive carbonizing
Overmixing
M ore complicated
H igher cost
M ore maintenance work

’^!-vv ,

b) Using the table, discuss with your study partner the main advantages and disadvantages
of each scavenging system. Name the most often used system in marine practice.

Ex. 3. Share your opinion w ith the group.

Ex, 4. Agree or disagree with the following statements (T/F). Discuss them with the group.
Prove your opinion.
a) Engine efficiency does not depend on scavenging. F ,::J О ' . >
b) Insufficient scavenging results in increased fuel consumption. T
c) Insufficient scavenging gives less power output.
d) Incomplete scavenging does not lead to greater piston ring and liner wear due to tempera­
ture rise. . ■
Use the following speech patterns: ‘ ; "
Yes, that’s right, ,.. ; r YYPfb?rr*; Vjhiutn»->r и* : '
I do not think so. ______ ,_ __ 1. '
Sorry, but I can’t agree with you.
I am afraid, you are wrong. i n ->•
zZi1
- ' ■h’ni' 'ifij'.'

11
HOM E TASK 2
S C A V E N G IN G ' ....
Ex. 1. a) Fill in the missing letters (14 points). Check the words in the vocabulary (pp. 95-112).

1. to a s .. .end through the cylinder 1. подниматься через цилиндр

2. sca v e n g in g air 2. продувочный воздух
3. piston h e...d 3. головка поршня
4. en t.. .ring air 4. входящий воздух
5. b...m ed gases 5. сгоревшие газы
6. upper part o f the c .. .Under 6. верхняя часть цилиндра
7. up stroke 7. ход вверх
8. cylinder head 8. крышка цилиндра
9. to defl.. .ct upward 9. направлять вверх
10. starting air valve 10. пусковой воздушный клапан
11. cross scavenging (Sulzer) 11. поперечная продувка
12. loop scavenging (M.A.N.) 12. петлевая продувка
13. uniflow scavenging (B&W) 13. прямоточно-клапанная продувка
14. great advantage 14. большое преимущество
15. removal o f all the re sid .. .es 15. удаление всех остатков
16. rotary m o...ion 16. вращательное движение
17. combustion gases 17. продукты сгорания
18. m i.. .ture o f air and oil 18. смесь воздуха и топлива
19. to sim pl.. .fy the cylinder head 19. упростить крышку цилиндра
20. to make cooling e .. .sier 20. облегчить охлаждение
21. li...bility to crack 21. подверженность растрескиванию
22. to do away with the n e .. .essity 22. устранить необходимость

b) Check yourself. Translate the words from English into Russian and vice versa.

Ex. 2. Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the words or word combinations from the Word Box.
Check your answers with the key (p. 78):

a) combustion products, b) rush in, c) to admit, d) higher, e) mixture o f air and oil, f) to sweep,
g) liability to crack

1. The scavenging air is ... through scavenging ports at the bottom o f the cylinder.
2. The exhaust ports are slightly ... than the scavenging ports.

m
3. The pressure in the cylinder falls to atmospheric and the scavenging air ... '
4. The entering air is deflected upward and ... the burned gases out o f the cylinder.
5. This simplifies the head, makes cooling easier and reduces ...
6. Uniflow scavenging ensures better removal o f ...
7. The rotary m otion o f the scavenging air ensures a very even ...

Ex. 3. Choose the correct word using the table of suffixes below and Appendix 7 (p. 90):

NOUN PARTICIPLE I PARTICIPLE II

-ance importance -ing -ed
-ment arrangement cooling (medium) cooled (air)
-tion operation 1у , •, ' ' „ -. ' . .< .
-sion compression

1. In the scavenging ... we describe the exhaust ports are placed opposite the scavenging ports.
a) arranged ' b) arranging “ c) arrangement ‘
i i i ' W . r j t ;v; Tvbfii! ' T - y . i j;.--" ' U w-vUr'

2. The piston uncovers the exhaust ports first, thus ... the pressure in the cylinder to fall,
a) allowing * b) allow c) allowed ^ - .............. -

3. The only cylinder head valves ... are the spray valve and starting air valve. '

a) requirement b) requiring — c)required * - !'

4. Uniflow scavenging is o f greater advantage when ... to the two other systems.

a) compare .. b) compared ■ c) comparing - ;

5. A rotary motion o f the scavenging air is ...

a) obtaining b) obtain c) obtained. . ...... ...

Ex. 4. Make up sentences using their parts: ,

1. admitted/scavenging air/in to /is/th e cylinder/scavenging ports/through •' 'T ; ■•

2. slightly/ are/ exhaust ports/ than/ higher/ scavenging ports •’' ' ■
*?**;'’’ 4 •• '
3. the cylinder/ in/ pressure/ before/ falls/ opened / are/ scavenging ports
4. the burned gases/ sweeps/ out of/ entering/ the cylinder/ exhaust ports/ through/air
5. tra p p e d /a ir/is/th e cylinder/and/in/com pressed т

•*I* ' '!/ 5 7 ‘. ■■ . ' ' U ’''

19
LESSON 3

FUEL SYSTEM
LEAD-IN

Answer the question:

What is the function o f fuel system?

Ex. 1. Read and translate the following text using the English-Russian vocabulary on p. 95:

FUEL SYSTEM OF MARINE DIESEL ENGINE

;. The fuel is taken from the storage tank by means o f fuel transfer pump and delivered to the
settling tank where it is preheated and settled, then passed through the centrifugal purifier for efficient
cleaning and delivered to the service tank for using in operational process. The fuel oil is then led to
one o f the two electrically driven supply pumps which deliver it under pressure through a flow meter
to the fuel circulating pump and through the oil heater - viscosity regulator - to the filters. Then the
fuel is supplied by individual HP fuel pump to the fuel injection valve o f each cylinder for combus­
tion process. .. .. : ... U
The fuel piping system consists o f three main pipelines: fuel supply lines, high pressure
fuel lines and fuel heating pipes for heavy fuel. The fuel supply line connects the fuel transfer
pump and preheating arrangement w ith fuel filters and fuel pumps on the engine. The high pres­
sure fuel lines connect HP fuel pumps with fuel valves and are under very high intermittent pres­
sure. The preheating system is led adjacently along the fuel supply lines, high pressure fuel lines
and filters. Steam o f up to 7kg/sq. cm g. is used as a heating medium.
The fuel filter contains several filtering elements which can be switched over during op­
eration.
The other fuel system fittings are: fuel pressure- maintenance/ pressure-retaining valve,
fuel shut-off valve, fuel non-return valve.
The function o f the fuel pressure-retaining valve is to maintain adjustable back pressure,
which is to be so high that there is no fonnation o f vapor on the suction side o f the fuel pumps.
The fuel shut-off valve is open during operation, and its function is to isolate the main
pipe temporarily for dismantling o f the fuel pump or preheating. It is provided with a double-cone
seat to prevent leakage.
The non-return valve is placed between the fuel pump and the overflow line which is used
for leakage o f surplus fuel delivered by the fuel transfer pump during operation. The fuel pump
may be isolated from the overflow line by the non-return valve for dismantling.
The high pressure fuel pumps discharge fuel through the discharge line to the fuel valve at
the correct moment and under high pressure. Then finely atomized fuel is sprayed into the com­
bustion chamber through a num ber o f nozzle orifices.

20
 o v e r f lo w *

■Loaded
spring
pressure
retaining
valve

pozzte
поп-гщигп [у
valve \ jfh-
fu el injection valve
A

-pressure
fuel pump suction valve
plunger A
SSSS^SSS-p' * ** f j p
racking
le v e r
pushrod
r o lle r

camshaft

:t n * •• i J

single - controlled
fuel pump ( booster pump}
Fig. 4 Fuel system
M< it--

* Berta A. Pivnenko “English for Maritime Studies for Engineer Officers”, p. 145.
Ex. 2. a) Complete the table below, using the information o f the text. Add some more in­
formation, if possible.

1.

THE MAIN FUEL LINES 2. ■

* ^ 3. :' ; a , -

1.
. * - . •.

%I V . h . ’ ,--v

2. U v v -:. U ‘
i '.V ' L ' -
л . ■ a -.4- - - Y " - .

FUEL SYSTEM FITTINGS AND THEIR з. ’ V ■ ,

FUNCTIONS , j -s ;

*4 ' « ; -t-' ч : '- • 4. ^

t T „ 'r V A . v . y ‘.’ A ' .. ; ” .

• , V : \
\ i ' ■ • 5.

; , U .
6.

■■ ", v ' ' v ' • " ’

1.

' S ' ’' '

2.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF FUEL OIL
3. ’
A.i • , \ \ ч Ns .
Vl \J

f ^ X \ -
- Vr i
A -
^
4. —

5.
'

i')) Discuss the following items o f the DE fuel system. Take turns in asking questions.
Use the following speech patterns: Do you know ...
Can you tell me ... !J ;
What about... ’
't* . '* ; -i i" -• '
c) Share your opinion with the group.

•/iIй! ‘iOi ■i \
m
H OM E TA SK S
FUEL SYSTEM
Ex. 1. a) Fill in the missing letters (14 points). Check the words in the vocabulary (p. 95).

1. fuel s...pply lines 1. трубопровод общей подачи топлива

2. high-pressure fuel lines 2. топливный трубопровод высокого дав­
ления
3. fuel transf.. .r pump 3. топливо-перекачивающий насос
4. heavy fuel 4. тяжелое топливо
5. preheating a rr.. .ngement 5. устройство предварительного подогрева
6. interm i.. .ent pressure 6. пульсирующее давление
7. defective lines 7. неисправный трубопровод
8. to re p .. .ir by welding 8. ремонтировать сваркой
9. fu ...l nozzle 9 . топливное сопло
10. drain line 10. сливной трубопровод
11. fuel pressure m .. .intenance / retaining 11. топливный клапан постоянного дав­
valve ления
12. fuel shut-off valve 12. топливный запорный клапан
13. fuel non-return valve 13. топливный невозвратный клапан
14. steam heating 14. подогрев паром
15. c .. .unter pressure 15. противодавление
16. a d .. .ustable back pressure 16. регулируемое обратное давление
17. d .. .uble cone seat 17. двуконусное седло
18. overflow line 18. трубопровод перелива
19. s...rplus fuel 19. избыточное топливо
20. to dismantle the fuel pump 20. демонтировать топливный насос
21. d e f.. .nite quantity o f fuel 21. определённое количество топлива
22. discharge line 22. трубопровод подачи
23. nozzle orif...ce 23. отверстие сопла
24. finely a t.. .mized 24. мелко распылённое

b) Check yourself. Translate the word combinations from English into Russian and
vice versa.

Ex. 2. Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the words or word combinations from the Word Box.
Check your answers with the key (p. 79).

a) intermittent, b) preheating arrangement c) heavy fuel, d) fuel shut-off valve, e) welding,

f) non-return valve, g) fuel transfer pump

1. The fuel system comprises fuel supply line, high-pressure fuel line and fuel heating pipes, if
... is used. ,
2. High-pressure fuel lines are under very high ... pressure. •

23
3. Defective HP fuel lines m ust not be repaired b y ...
4. ... employs steam up to 7kg/sq.cm. g.
5. ... is driven separately by an electric motor.
6. ... isolates the main pipe temporarily for dismantling the fuel pump or preheating.
7. ... isolates the fuel pump from the overflow line, into which the surplus fuel runs o ff during
operation. ...... . . . .

Ex. 3. Choose the correct word using the table of suffixes below and Appendix 7 (p. 90).
Check your answers with the key (p. 79).

NOUN PARTICIPLE I PARTICIPLE II

-ance importance -ing -ed
-ment arrangement cooling (medium) cooled (air)
-tion operation • t
-sion compression

1. The drain lines for leakage fuel are also partially ...
a) heating b) heated c) heat -Г-" " . ^

2. Filter elements can be ... over during operation. ... T'

a) switch b) switching c) switched

3. The fuel pressure- retaining valve is designed for ... back pressure.
a) adjustment b) adjustable c) adjusting

4. There is no ... o f vapor on the suction side o f the fuel pump. >
a) formation b) formed c) forming - "

5. Fuel ... into com bustion cham ber through a num ber o f nozzle orifices '
a) is spraying b) sprays c) is sprayed t s<w. stU ?tt:feae?T .V; . -

Ex. 4. Make up sentences using their parts. Check your answers with the key (p. 79):
1. system /steam /em ploys/preheating/up/7kgper sq. cm /to
2. lines/ drain/ leakage/ for/ fuel/ heated/ are/partially .. * (
3. transfer/ fuel/pump/ driven/ is/b y / electric/ an1 motor/ separately ,..r ,•
4. valve/ non-return/ situated/ is/ fuel/ between/ pump/ overflow/ and/ line
5. is/ there/ fonnation/ no/ vapor/ of/ suction/ on/ side/of/pum p/ the

24
LESSON 4

COOLING SYSTEM
LEAD-IN
Answer the question:
What is the function o f cooling system? 4

Ex. 1. Read and translate the following text using the English-Russian vocabulary on p. 95:

COOLING SYSTEMS USED FOR DIESEL ENGINE COOLING

The m ain function o f diesel engine cooling system is to dispose o f heat which is trans­
ferred from the burning fuel to the metal adjacent to the combustion chamber. The cooling system
is also used for cooling the scavenging air, the lube oil and all the vital parts o f the main engine.
The three main types o f cooling systems are: enclosed fresh w ater system, sea water sys­
tem and lube oil system. All the three systems have their own points o f application. For example,
sea water is generally used for cooling fresh water, oil and scavenging air, while all the main
parts o f the engine, except pistons, are cooled by fresh water. ■ '

Fig. 5 Cooling system: 1 - main engine, 2 - auxiliary engine, 3 —circulating pump, • ..t ,
4 - by-pass valve, 5 - oil cooler, 6 - air cooler, 7 - turbocharger oil cooler, 8 - diesel-generator oil and air coolers,
9 - evoparator condenser, 10 - conditioner, 11 - fuel injection valve cooler, 12 —compressors, 13, 14 - pumps,
15 - by-pass valve, 16 - water cooler

In the old model DE systems the fresh cooling water is circulated through the cooler by
means o f fresh water pumps. The water enters the engine at the bottom o f each cylinder jacket
and flows upward to the cylinder head and the exhaust valve, i f the latter is fitted. Its temperature
is controlled by thermostatically regulated valve in such a proportion that the temperature o f the
outlet water from the m ain engine is maintained at a specified normal temperature set point
(approx imately 80 degrees Centigrade) in order to avoid cylinder w ear and condensation o f sul­
furic acid on the cylinder walls. If there is a temperature rise o f cooling water, the thermostat di­
rects greater part o f the water to the cooler, and the lesser part o f it to the circulating pump to be
recirculated.
•25
 At present there are two types o f cooling systems installed on m odem vessels: low tem­
perature (LT) and high temperature (HT) cooling systems. ......... .
The pistons are usually cooled b y fresh water or oil, in which case the piston system is
separated from the jacket system. The oil or fresh water leaving the pistons passes through the
coolers and into a large tank, to be recirculated.
Each cooling system has its own advantages and disadvantages. Sea water cooling system
is the simplest and the cheapest arrangement due to the necessity o f fewer number o f pumps and
the elimination o f water coolers and tanks. But sea water is the main source o f trouble due to
scale, sediment and corrosion, while using o f fresh water cooling system reduces these troubles to
the minimum. Cooling the pistons with oil eliminates troubles due to leakage o f water into the
lubricating oil which may result in a serious damage o f the engine. ,.., ,

Ex. 2. a) Complete the table below using the information of the text. Add some more
,. information, if possible. v ^ , , p , r, ^ .. ... . . . .

COOLING SYSTEMS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

1. SEA W ATER . ■; •
SYSTEM
1. No danger o f scale
2. FRESH W ATER formation;
SYSTEM - *-■-3 2. No danger o f galvanic action
due to sea water;
'rф i
3. Better efficiency since the
.V u t-h ir 'A A /'T T engine can be run at greater
temperature.
3. OIL COOLING SYSTEM

b) Discuss this information with your study partner. Take turns in asking questions.
Use the following speech patterns: Do you kn o w ...
Can you tell m e ...
W hat a b o u t...

c) Share your opinion with the group. .*,■■■?

Ex. 3. Using Fig. 5, describe the path o f cooling water in the system of diesel engine.

Ex. 4. Answer the following question using your knowledge o f cooling system in general:

- Would you shut o ff the cooling water immediately after stopping the diesel engine?
Explain why. v-- r: jn , •

What temperature o f water is advisable for jacket cooling o f a diesel engine: higher or
lower? Explain your answer.
H O M E TASK 4
COOLING SYSTEM
Ex. 1. a) Fill in the missing letters (7 points). Check the words in the vocabulary.
■ -fi .. i... 'ij; . r 'if.12,' vir » - - ..x. „• •.» •

1. p rin .. .ipal function 1. основная функция

2. to dispose o f heat
3. combustion chamber
4. e x .. .aust manifold
5. crosshead guides
6. points o f application
7. single system у : :~ r'
8. coolingm ...dium
9. enclosed fresh w ater system
10. c...linder jacket
11. exhaust valve cage
12. exhaust jacket
13. temperature rise
14. c irc u la tin g pump
15. s .. .It-water method
16. simplest arrangement
17. elimination o f water coolers
18. settling tanks
19. to reduce the tr.. .uble
20. inner/outer piston walls
21. due to scale, sediment and corrosion
2. освободиться от тепла
3. камера сгорания
4. выхлопной коллектор
5. направляющие крейцкопфа
6. возможности применения
--у 7. единая система
8. охлаждающая среда
9. замкнутая система пресной воды
10. рубаш ка цилиндра
11. корпус выхлопного клапана
12. рубашка выхлопного коллектора
13. повышение температуры
14. циркуляционный насос ^ ,
15. метод охлаждения морской водой
16. простейшее устройство
17. исключение водяных охладителей
18. отстойные цистерны
19. уменьшать неполадки
20. внутренние/ внешние стенки поршня
21. из-за накипи, отложений и коррозии

b) Check yourself. Translate the words from English into Russian and vice versa.
e V-' A■',

Ex. 2. Fill in the gaps in the sentences w ith the w ords or w ord com binations from
the W ord Box. Check your answers w ith the key (p. 79).

a) scavenging air, b) an enclosed fresh w ater system, c) burning fuel,

d) the jacket system, e) circulating pump, f) scale, sediment and corrosion.

1. The principal function o f the cooling system is to dispose o f heat transferred from ... to metal
adjacent to combustion chamber. x ■
2. The m ost often used cooling system is ...

27
3. Sea water is used for cooling fresh water, oil and ...
4. Thermostat delivers part o f the water to the cooler and the rest o f it to ...
5. Pistons are usually cooled w ith oil and the piston system is separate from ...
6. The use o f fresh water cooling reduces the trouble due to ... .

Ex. 3. Choose the correct word using the table below and Appendix 7. Check your answers
with the key (p. 92).

Зл PERSON PARTICIPLE I (-ing) PARTICIPLE II

SINGULAR (-s) (-ed, 3rd form of
the verb)
(To enter) enters -входит cooling —охлаждающая cooled (air) - охлаждаемый
(среда) : led - проводимый

1. The water .... the bottom o f the cylinder jacket and flows upward,
a) enters b) is entered c) entering

2. The water passes through the exhaust valve cage into a pipe ... to the exhaust manifold jacket,
a) led b) leads c) leading

3. If there is a temperature rise o f cooling water, thermostat delivers the greater part o f it to the
cooler and the lesser part is to be ... ' i .. . ;■ ,
a) recirculation b) recirculating c) recirculated -

4. Sea water is only ... for cooling fresh water and oil. ' !
a) using b )u se d c) uses __

5. The all salt-water method is the simplest ... because o f fewer number o f pum ps and elimina­
tion o f water coolers and storage tanks.
a) arrangement b) arranged .... c) arranging ......
г:
•• " 1■- >
*
v - ,. * <й
* . -■
'
Ex. 4. Make up sentences using their parts. Check your answers with the key (p. 79).
1. function/ system/ principal/ cooling/ of/ to dispose o f heat/ is
2. convenience/system /is/for/extended/cooling 'V -Л- - i;* ’"
3. points/ all/ application/ of/ be/ m ay/ in/ included/ a single cooling system
4. used/independent/circuits/cooling/several/be/m ay . . .д, ;,/ ■
5. through/ water/ coolers/ passes/ fresh/ into/ recirculation/ for/ a large tank ъ ,-цг<т .. .

_ f y ? / .V . : -V-* ,> ;

28
LESSON 5 '■•ffiivn.'t,: . ;

LUBRICATING SYSTEM
LEAD-IN

Answer the question: v-- v- ••• •• >■

What is the function o f lubricating system?

Ex. 1. Read and translate the following text using the English-Russian vocabulary on p. 95:

LUBRICATING SYSTEM OF M ARINE DIESEL ENGINES

Sufficient and correct lubrication is o f great importance for the life o f the working parts o f the
engine. Special care is to be taken in selection o f proper lubricating oil suitable for the use in the Die­
sel engine on board a ship. ; ••'
.s . Lubrication is effected in the following way. A scavenge lubricating pump draws the oil
from the sump tank through suction filters, forces it through the lube oil cooler, passing auto
backwashing filter, before it delivers it to the engine where it is divided into two branches. The
major part is sent to the piston cooling manifold, where it is distributed between piston cooling
and bearing lubrication. From the crosshead bearings the oil flows through the bores in the con­
necting rods to the crankpin bearings. The rest o f the oil is supplied for lubricating o f the main
bearings and then it passes into the sump tank. - -. - - •- -

1-dipstick, 2 - built-in float, 3-control cock, 4-distributor pipe,5-lube cylinder pipe, 6-,7-, 8-non-return valve,
9-piston cooling manifold, 10-distributor, 11-suction oil filter, 12-oil cooler, 13-backwashing filter,
14-scavenge lube pump, 15-hand scavenge pump, 16-oil purifier.

In some engines the camshaft lube oil system is separated from the main lube oil system.
It is also fitted with a tank, suction filters and coolers for the main engine cam drive system. The
lube oil then comes back to the tank passing the magnetic filters.
Lubricating oil for cylinder lubrication is usually supplied from a day/ service tank through
gravity equipped with a built-in float, strainer and stop valves. The oil is pumped into the cylinder by
lubricating pump via non-return valve, passing a number o f lubricating orifices during the upward
29
stroke. The oil feed rate or dosage should be in compliance with the manufacturer’s recommendations
and increased during starting, maneuvering and large changes in the engine load.
All large powered engines are designed to work on a dry-sump system. However, in the
event o f a breakdown o f one pump, the engine can be adjusted to run on one pum p as a wet-sump
engine, by arranging the control cocks.
There is a relief valve on each pump to prevent excessive pressure being built up in the
system and oil cooler. . • . »
The main groups o f components to be lubricated are:
-T urbocharger; j y . . ; ,
- Main bearings, big end bearings etc.;
- Camshaft drive; , ^
- Governor drive; .
... —Rocker arm; j , •
-C am shaft.
The vital parts o f the engine such as bearings, gear wheels, governor etc. are all force lu­
bricated. Pistons, cams and cam followers are amply splash lubricated, and the valve gear grease
lubricated. ' : *-.

Ex. 2 a) Complete the table below, using the information of the text. Add some more
information, if possible.

1. The importance o f efficient lubrication

2. Two lubricating systems o f the engine and

their advantages ‘ : ,...

3. Lubrication o f different DE parts (three

ways o f lubrication)

b) Discuss the above items with your partner. Use the following speech patterns:
Do you know ...
Can you tell m e ... , ; ..... ,
This may result in ... ...................
it will cause ... etc. '

c) Share your opinion with the group.

Ex. 3. Answer the following question:

Describe three possible ways o f oil cleaning:
-by settling method (in gravity tank);
- by centrifuging (in centrifugal purifiers);
- by filtering method.

30
H OM E TASK 5
LUBRICATING SYSTEM

Ex. 1. a) Fill in the missing letters (8 points). Check the words in the vocabulary.

1. det...rgent oils 1. моющие масла

2. bedplate 2. фундаментная рама
3. dry-sump system 3. система сухого картера
4. wet-sump engine 4. двигатель с мокрым картером
5. dipstick 5. мерная рейка
6. re l...e fv a lv e 6. предохранительный клапан
7. camshaft 7. распределительный вал
8. g...vem or 8. регулятор скорости »
9. gear w. ..eels 9. приводные шестерни
10. cam follower 10. ролик толкателя
11. grease 11. консистентная смазка
12, to spl...sh 12. разбрызгивать
13. valve gear 13. механизм привода клапана
14. round joint ring 14. круглое разъёмное кольцо
15. la n t...m rin g 15. проставочное кольцо сальника
16. circ.. .inferential groove 16. круглый паз
17. equidistant holes 17. равноотстоящ ие отверстия
18. u nacc.. .untable temperature rise 18. неожиданное повышение температуры
19. to prevent air lock 19. предотвратить образование воздушной
пробки 1
20. twin gear pump 20. сдвоенный шестеренный насос
21. e x t.. .nsion shaft 21. выступающий вал
22. to interconnect 22. взаимосвязывать
23. to safeguard 23. защищать
24. to retr...ct 24. оттягивать
25. to depress 25. отжать

b) Check yourself. Translate the words from English into Russian and vice versa.
. л .f J,. t v* • >. • • . . . r ................. ,

AV i.Ch- ! ■ x:'*-"/ ■ .-’’П^ ! 'V;■

31
Ex. 2. Complete the sentences with the words or word combinations from the W ord Box.
Check your answers with the key (p. 80).

a) external lubricating oil tank, b) a dry-sump system, c) the bedplate, d) the main lubricating
oil distributor pipe, e) force lubricated, f) a relief valve.

1. A scavenging lubricating pump draws oil from ...

2. The pump delivers oil to ...
3. The pressure pump delivers oil through the oil cooler and filter to ...
4. The engine is designed to work o n ...
5. There is ... located on each pump to prevent excessive pressure.
6. The vital parts o f the engine such as bearings, gear wheels and governor are.

Ex. 3. Choose the correct word using the table of suffixes below and Appendix 7 (p. 92).
Check your answers with the key (p. 80).
PRESENT SIMPLE PARTICIPLE I PRESENT SIMPLE
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Vs . ....... ....... V in g be + Participle II
Cools - охлаждает Cooling - охлаждающий is cooled —охлаждается .

1. The pressure pump ... oil from the tank and delivers it to the m ain lubricating oil distributor

P'PC- . • • , .г,.;;,
a) is drawn . . b) draws / :/ c) drawing

2. The system can be ... to work on one pump as a wet-sump engine. •' • . :
a) adjusted b) adjusting c) adjustment -■

3. The oil level in the bedplate ... by means o f the dipstick,

a) checks ' b) checked c) is checked

4. The relief valve ... building up excessive pressure in the system and oil cooler,
a) prevents b) is prevented c) prevention ......_

5. Such parts as pistons, cams and cam followers are splash ...
a) lubricating b) lubrication c) lubricated ;; :

Ex. 4. Make up sentences using their parts. Check your answers with the key (p. 80).
1. lubricating/ scavenge/ draws/ from/ oil/ pump/ bedplate
2. distributor/ oil/ lubricating/ pipe/ integrally/ cast/ is/ bedplate/ with
3. is/ engine/ the/ designed/ work/ to/ dry-sump/ on system ' - : •
4. oil/ in/ level/ the/ checked/ is/ bedplate/ of/ m eans/ by/ dipstick
5. parts/ force/ vital/ are/ lubricated/ and/ gear/ valve/ lubricated/ grease

31
LESSON 6 - .r - s-,,.,;-..

SUPERCHARGING ^ „
f ■' ' * - A • -

LEAD-IN
What types o f engines do you know according to the method o f air supply?
W hat type is the m ost often used in marine practice?

E x.l. Read and translate the following text using English-Russian vocabulary on p. 95 :

SUPERCHARGING

Supercharging is a process o f pushing a higher pressure air charge into the cylinder for the
purpose o f increasing the power output o f the engine. The engine cylinder is filled before the
compression stroke begins with the air at apressure several bars/pounds above atmospheric. This
is done in order to get a greater weight o f air into the cylinder. The ratio o f air at the beginning
and the end o f the stroke is fixed, so if we start with a higher pressure, the final compression
pressure will be higher. Having a greater weight o f air in the cylinder, we can get a better com-
bustion process, because more fuel is burned in the cylinder.
Though the exhaust occurs at a higher pressure, the temperature o f the exhaust is even
lower than with ordinary operation. The valve timing is so arranged that the inlet valve opens be­
fore the exhaust valve closes. The air is blown through the compression space, scavenging out the
gases and cooling those gases, as well as cooling the piston and cylinder walls. The net increase
o f power in supercharged engine is up to 50%. 4•:' ' '''' u e' ' '
Exhaust gas turbocharging is considered to be a very efficient way o f pressure charging
and is widely used in m odem Diesel engines. It utilizes 20% o f waste heat o f exhaust gases which
contain 35% o f fuel heat. The exhaust-driven turbochargers operate on the pulse system or
on the constant-pressure principle, and are independent o f the crankshaft. Their speed changes
with the load on the engine. The air compressed by the turbocharger flows into the receiver and
through the non-return valve into the chamber below each cylinder where it is further compressed
by the cylinder on its downward stroke before flowing into the combustion space. ... ...
The cylinders can be scavenged and charged due to the pumping action o f the lower pis­
ton .surface, when the engine is started up, before the turbochargers come into operation. Even if
all the turbochargers are out o f operation, the engine can be run at 75% o f her normal speed. Be­
sides, the exhaust remains completely clear even at a low partial load. •

ii.'" ... ‘ ■>

33
Ex. 2. a) Agree or disagree with the following advantages and disadvantages o f the super­
charged engines compared with the naturally aspirated ones (True/False). Add
some more information:

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Higher output Т Higher initial cost
Greater specific fuel consumption F Higher thennal load due to higher maximum
Better combustion pressure
Improved thennal efficiency . . . ,
Lower exhaust temperature

b) Using the table, discuss with your study partner these advantages and disadvantages.
Take turns in asking questions.
Use the following speech patterns:
- I think th a t.. ./ In m y opinion.
- Yes, I agree with you. (That’s right)/ No, I don’t think so. (Sorry, I can’t agree with you,
because...) etc.

Ex. 3. TURBOCHARGER OPERATING PROBLEMS

SURGING (1)
W hat do you know about surging?

Discuss the following characteristics of surging, its causes and possible ways o f elimination.

Use the following speech patterns: Do you k n o w ...

; . ■ . Can you tell m e...
W hat a b o u t ...
'*V о There ma y b e . . . , '
. .i> ; The m ain causes are ... etc. -

Words to be remembered:
(1) помпаж '' ' .■
(2) гул ' " '' ^
(3) can '■ 'v ‘-' '
(4) лающий звук
(5) заглатывание w ~ -. ••• о , . ... \v

(6) разнос двигателя, самопроизвольное ускорение

 1. Categories 1. Restriction in the air/gas system
2. Variations in cylinder load
2. Stages 1. Hum m ing (2)
2. Snoring (3)
3. Howling (4)
3. Symptoms 1. Howling
2. Rapid surges in scavenging air pressure
t " .......... ■' '' ; 3. Gulping (5) o f air by blower
4. Alternate “ suck-in” and “push-out” at blower air
intake
4. Causes 1. Dirty air filter
2. Pow er imbalance between cylinders
3. Engine racing (6 )
4. Faulty injection , . .
5. Fouled/damaged turbine
6. Fouled air cooler
; .< . V.
7. Overpressure at scavenging manifold
5. Remedy/Control 1. Proper matching
2. Larger diam eter scavenging manifold
"u•'■ V.
3. Speed reduced and pressure eased
.......................................

Ex. 4. Using the following plan say what checks should be carried out to prevent surging:
Use the model: In the fuel oil system it is necessary to check filters for cleanliness.
I !i* Or: The back pressure is to be checked. <: r ' f-

a) Fuel oil system: filters, fuel pumps, fuel injection valve, fuel timing, air in fuel, fuel viscos­
ity, etc. ,;a. ■, •!.>- ■ >,
b) Exhaust system: back pressure, valve opening and timing, etc. .
c) Turbocharger: fouled/damaged turbine or compressor side, fouled filter.
d) Scavenge air system: fouled air cooler, choked scavenging ports, high scavenging tempera­
ture, etc. ‘ ‘ ' '' ' ' ’ * x,i-
e) Governor: hunting (unstable operation— steady speed not maintained). ' ‘ p;

,.i Г; /

;i’_- > л-'j. ' >■

''I,
35
H OM E TASK 6
SUPERCHARGING
Ex. 1. a) Fill in the missing letters (8 points). Check the words in the vocabulary (p. 95).

1. su p erch arg in g 1. наддув

2. pressure charging 2. зарядка под давлением
3. means o f in cr.. .asing power output 3. средство увеличения выходной мощ­
ности
4. compression space 4. камера сжатия
5. valve timing 5. регулировка клапанов
6. net increase 6. чистое увеличение
7. gas turbocharging 7. газотурбонаддув
8. e x .. .aust-driven turbochargers 8. нагнетатель, приводимый в действие
выхлопными газами
9. naturally aspirated engine 9. двигатель без наддува
10. pulse system 10. импульсная система
11. constant pressure principle 11. принцип постоянного давления
12. lower piston s .. .rface 12. подпоршневая полость
13. operation at p a r.. .ial load 13. работа при частичной нагрузке
14. to come into operation 14. вступить в действие
15.to blow thr...ugh 15. продувать

b) Check yourself. Translate the expressions from English into Russian and vice versa.

Ex. 2. Complete the sentences with the words or word combinations from the W ord Box.
Check your answers with the key (p. 80).1

a) be enlarged, b) the process o f filling the cylinder with air, c) compression space, d) getting
o f greater weight o f air, e) constant-pressure principle, f) bum m ore fuel, g) the scavenging-
airreceiver .•гд,..,; г ;..u: >-v ■• -

1. Supercharging is ... at a pressure several pounds above atmospheric.

2. This is done for the purpose o f ... into the cylinder.
3. This means that if the engine is supercharged, the volume o f the compression space m u st...
4. Having a greater weight o f air in the cylinder we can ...
5. Air is blown through ..., scavenging out and cooling the gases.
6. Exhaust-driven turbochargers operate on pulse system or on ...
7. The air compressed by turbocharger flows into ...
36
 Ex. 3. Choose the correct word using the table o f suffixes below and Appendix 7 (p. 92).
Check your answers with the key (p. 80).

PRESENT SIMPLE PARTICIPLE I PRESENT SIMPLE

ACTIVE PASSIVE
li Vs V in g be + Participle II
Cools - охлаждает Cooling - охлаждающий is cooled - охлаждается

1. The ratio o f oil to air is the same as w ith o u t...

II
a) supercharging b) supercharged c) supercharges ■

2. .. .occurs, but its temperature is even lower than with ordinary operation.
v j

a) exhaust b) exhausted c) exhausting

3. The valve timing is so ... that the inlet valve opens before the exhaust valve closes,
a) arranges b)arranging c) arranged •

4. This action completely ... the compression space, i.e. cylinder space w ith fresh air.
a) is filled b) fills c) is filling
1 '•; • <T. /: '.is

5. The air ... by the turbochargers flows into the scavenging-air receiver,

a) is compressed b) compresses c) compressed

Ex. 4. M ake up sentences using their parts. Check your answers with the key (p. 80).

1. is/ supercharging/ a m eans/ increasing / of/ output/ power/ engine/ the /o f

I 2. air/ having1'weight/ greater/ o f/ the/ in/ cylinder/ can/ we/ burn/ fuel/ more , .

1 3. net/ the/ in/ increase/ power/ engine/ the/ in/ up/ is/ to/ 50% : cdw v .

4. changes/ the/ with/ the/load/ the/ speed/ o n /en g in e/th e "' '' ">l‘k

1 5. auxiliary/ no/ drive/ required/ is/ operation/ for/ load/ at/ partial
. , -t r„, '' • r.* ■v\'

1
1
I
I 37
TEST 1 ; -•
CHECK YOURSELF ^
1. Read the questions below. I f you know the answer to the question, put “Y es”, if you are
not sure you know it, put “N o”.
2. Write down the short answers to the questions you know.
3. Look through the exercises of Lessons 1-6 again and try to answer the questions marked
“No”. Write down your answers.

Questions Yes/No Answers

1. What is Diesel engine? What are its
main types?
2. W hy is two-cycle Diesel engine more
often used in marine practice?
3. W hy does engine efficiency depend on
scavenging? - ■-
4. W hich is the most often used scaveng­
ing system and why? ' ' ' ’ '■
5. What are the main pipelines o f Diesel
engine fuel system?
6. W hat pipeline supplies fuel to the fuel
injection valve?
7. W hy is oil used for cooling o f pistons
in Diesel engine instead o f water? •f>1 .'
8. What temperature o f water is advisable
for jacket cooling o f a diesel engine:
. V :■ v.
higher or lower? Explain your answer.
9. Why should the lube oil pump be run
before starting and after stopping a die­ :h. --m vV ..
sel engine?
10. What are the main units o f diesel en­
0~-
gine to be lubricated?
11. What are the advantages o f super­
charged Diesel engine?
12. What are the causes o f surging?

Good luck!
 Lv< •-к;
‘54<ь‘‘

■'l - "к: . -W^i,

•v f, ; '
’’1 *Ь ‘;' 1!■");
. ,> , ,

B LO C K II
• .4» ■

M A IN T E N A N C E

. ;iv

'«•' '.»1.-Ч^; -Г'- : .

„I.

? i Л-Л- to rt^.: ■■- ■7: 5

•й )г ь J : x i r ' i

. • : X I.
□

39
1.
M A IN TEN A N C E C O N T EN T S
1. PREPARATION FOR STARTING 1. Preparation o f the systems:
- starting air system
- lube oil system
- fuel oil system
2. The Checklist to be completed
2. STARTING 1. Starting procedure.
2. Starting difficulties.
3. OPERATION 1 Operation procedure.
2. Running difficulties.

4. STOPPING 1. Stopping for short and long periods.

2. Making entries into the ER logbook.

5. OPERATIONAL HAZARDS fc;J 1. Emergency procedure when piston is

2. Crankcase explosion.
3. Air starting line explosion.
4. Fire in the scavenging box.

Present Perfect (Active /Passive)

GRAMMER Questions and answers
The verb to be in the meaning o f must
The verb should
Words and word combinations used in In­
struction Manuals
VOCABULARY Terms describing the operation procedures
o f DE
Abbreviations used in the ER logbook

Instructions for DE preparation, starting,

running, and stopping the engine. Trouble
READING AND SPEAKING shooting.
PRACTICE Checklists.
Entries in the logbook. Abbreviations.
Operational hazards.

Checklists.
LISTENING PRACTICE Starting and running procedure.

Checklists.
WRITING Entries in the logbook.
Abbreviations.
3.

SPEECH PATTERNS

Can you tell m e ... ? : '

And what about...?
.:■(-A ?-i$3 tb
Do you know ...?
W hat do you think o f... ? 'Mi'S
Yes, I think th at... , ■» , :
I’m not sure, but I think.
Sorry, but I can’t agree with you.
'U ft.- 4
I’m afraid, you’re wrong. .
I don’t think so. . ' 9] , , ■

Yes, you are right.

iVr>-' ,* ,3t »*
T hat’s quite right.
i.

It is necessary to check... \ ,. .„у

The engine should be cleaned because...
In m y opinion...

4. CHECK LIST NO 02. STARTING (Model)

Yes/
1. Have you opened the fuel valve and the cooling water valve?
no
2. Have you closed indicator valve?
3. Has the turning bar been removed from the flywheel?
4. Has the main valve on the starting air bottle been opened?

5. Has air been admitted to the cylinders? Has the m ain valve been closed as soon as
the engine has started? *

6. Have you checked all manometers for temperatures and pressures immediately
after starting?

а \£|>с svom n'l ,*ir !?ut

4o fcor? t:um i:'1
1 <S itr-.y.r,

(baas or? /л.т1 qaruq vjrrt-

LESSON 7

MAINTENANCE
LEAD-IN
1. PREPARATION PROCEDURE "
What can you say about the importance o f proper preparation o f the engine?
What does the engine preparation procedure include?
2 CHECKLISX COM PLETION
While preparing the engine for starting it is very important to complete the checklist.
Can you explain why? s .
How to make up and complete a checklist.
All the checklists have their own numbers and include the items to be carried out.
The questions to the items to be carried out are usually asked in Present Perfect
Active/Passive, i.e. have/has (been) + Participle II:
e.g. Have you cleaned the crankcase?(Active)
Has the crankcase been checked? (Passive)
Next to the duty fulfilled YES or NO is to be put.
The form is to be signed by the persons in charge, e.g. the 3rd Engineer Officer and
the C hief Engineer. < .. . зд.:*.-:.С -'.mV i

Ex. 1. PREPARATION FOR STARTING

a) Read the procedure o f preparing different systems of the engine for starting.
Starting air:
a) Clean the crankcase and wipe o ff all the internal parts. Adjust and secure all internal
loose bolts, screws and nuts to avoid serious consequences.
b) Starting air bottle pipes should be blown free o f any mud, dirt or water.
c) Check pressure o f starting air bottles. It should be between 25 and 30 kg/cm .
Lube Oil: ------
a) Before filling the lube oil, check oil sump, canals and pipes carefully. Remove any
mud and rust. ..... . . .................-
i b) After longer standstill periods drain any water and mud from oil sump.
! c) With the pneumatic lube oil primer pump, pump the oil through the engine while the
engine is being turned over. Check driving gear. See that oil is forced through to all the lube
points connected to the main lube oil system.
d) Check and, if necessary, clean the lube oil filter. Check valve gear lube oil tank before
filling it up. Remove any mud and rust.
e) Check the lube oil, if it has become mixed with the fuel oil after a long standstill or
during overhaul o f the fuel oil system.
Fuel Oil:
a) Before filling fuel oil, check tanks and pipes carefully. Remove any m ud and rust.
b) Drain any water and m ud from oil tanks. Check oil level.
c) Disconnect fuel oil pipes from filters and let the oil flow through until tank and piping
are free o f dirt. Check and, if necessary, change the elements.
d) Blow off air from the fuel oil system (the fuel oil prim er pump m ay be used).

42
b) Discuss the procedure with your study partner. Take turns to prove the importance of
each item.
Use the following model: ' v • J
I think, the crankcase should be cleaned because... *' *• “

c) Share your opinion with the group.

Ex.2. LISTENING
a) Look through the preparation check list for starting air and lube oil systems. Listen to
the recording. The C hief Engineer is speaking to the 2nd Eng. Officer. He wants to make
sure that all the items of the check list have been carried out. W hich o f these items have
been carried out and which haven’t? Put Yes/No.

PRERATION PROCEDURE CHECK LIST NO 01 ............... „

1. the crankcase cleaned and all the internal parts wiped o ff

2. all internal loose bolts, screws and nuts adjusted and secured :. . ■
3. starting air bottle pipes blown free o f any mud, dirt or water
4. pressure o f starting air bottles checked (between 25 and 30 kg/'cm“)
5. roller bearing in starting air relay greased
6. oil sump, canals and pipes checked and any mud and rust, removed
7. any water and mud from oil sump drained
8. the oil pumped through the engine while the engine is being turned over
9. oil forced through to all the lube points connected to the m ain lube oil system
10. valve gear lube oil tank checked before filling it up
11, the lube oil filter checked and cleaned

2nd Eng. Officer C hief Engineer

l ‘ ;

b) Listen again and check the answers.

c) W ork with your study partner. Take turns in asking questions about the activities of the
\
check list. Use the model: • .

- Has the crankcase been cleaned? Etc.

d) Check the task with the group.

\ ■ •••

43
r

HOM E TASK 7
PREPARATIONS FOR STARTING
Ex. 1. Make up the check list for preparation procedure of the M ain Diesel Engine which
should include the following items:
- checking the sea water circulation through heat exchangers;
- checking the fresh water circulation through the engine and heat exchangers;
- checking the lube oil circulation through the engine and heat exchangers;
- confirming that the engine turning gear is disconnected;
- checking the fuel oil circulation through heaters to the injection pum p inlets;
- confirming that compressed air is available for starting; . .
- confirming that the engine cylinder lubrication is functioning; ;-
- turning the engine with starting air for one revolution with indicator cocks open;
- moving fuel control to required speed position. -

Check List No
1. the sea water circulation through the heat exchangers checked Yes

Ex.2. Using the check list make up a dialogue between the Chief Engineer and the Engineer
i~ Officer in Charge.
Chief Eng: - Good morning! I want to ask you some questions about M E preparation.
Eng. Officer: - Yes, sir.

44
LESSON 8

STARTING THE ENGINE ■ • ■ , - . i . • • .4 ■; . . . '

LEAD-IN ‘ ' ;V "

Do you know anything about the procedure o f starting an engine?

Ex. 1. LISTENING
a) Read about the starting procedure of DE. The order o f the commands is wrong. Listen
to the recording and put the numbers o f these commands.
a) Remove the turning bar from the flywheel.

b) Open the fuel valve and the cooling water valve. Close indicator valve. 1

c) Immediately after starting, check all manometers for temperatures and pressures.

d) Open the main valve on the starting air bottle and admit air to the cylinders. As soon as
the engine has started, the main valve should be closed. :■ !

b) Listen to the procedure again and check the numbers of the commands.
c) Read the instructions again and say what is to be done for starting. Use the model:
- The fuel valve is to be opened etc. •.

Ex. 2. STARTING DIFFICULTIES , ^ f i

a) Read the inform ation on the starting difficulties and their causes in the table below.

TROUBLE CAUSE REM EDY

1. Engine does not 1. Air pressure too low.
turn when starting 2. Starting air valves do not open
air applied. (stuck or damaged or leaking).
3. Air nozzles clogged. ^i
- л 4;
4. Pilot valve shut.
5. Starting distributor valve shut.
2. Engine oscillates on 1. Individual cylinders receive no or
starting or fails to insufficient starting air (restriction
come up to speed. in the starting air piping). ^♦
2. One or more control air pipes are
wrongly connected, either to the
-*' !■ _______ _ . r
starting air distributor or to the
starting valves. ’ v 4ifr. XUO'r’ »1>A- ' -t V. s
3. Starting air pressure too low. ’A. “A.-I i
4. One or more control pilot valves in ^4^. .■:i * i
the starting air distributor stuck. \ :> •**u*-' ”4
5. Starting valves o f individual cyl­
inders are defective.
 3. Engine does not ig­ 1. Air in the fuel system.
nite or fire. 2. W ater in the fuel.
3. The fuel oil filter or pipes clogged.
4. Fuel nozzles clogged
5. Fuel by-pass open.
6. Incorrect adjustment o f fuel in­
jection pump.
7. Booster pump failure.
8. Air compression pressure too
low due to worn or broken pis­ • - ■
ton rings, leaking valves or gas­
i :.................... . kets between the cylinder covers
and cylinder liners.
4. Violent firing when 1. Speed setting too high, too much
starting. fuel injected.
2. Setting o f fuel cams or fuel ,, L
pumps incorrect.
3. Accumulation o f cylinder oil in
the combustion space.
4. Accumulation o f fuel oil in the
combustion space.
5. Engine stops. 1. Air in the fuel oil system.
1 5. i *■
- • ‘' 4,. <•
2. Faults in the fuel supply. : 5
3. W ater in the fuel.
4. Clogged pipe lines or fuel oil filter.
5. A piston has seized.
6. Engine speed drops. 1. Engine overloaded
2. Injection pumps working irregu­
:■ , ■
; larly (air in fuel system).
3. Breakage o f a piston or a bearing
- .Ci . due to improper lubrication or
dirt in the oil.
4. Fouling o f air and exhaust gas ■-A -i'O - *•"*"
passages ■U . i (Л 'П и* m -
5. Leakage between the cylinder 'n ■ \, - ■ ./ о
./* •
'• <
liner and the piston. ''' u " >;1 u f1' '
6. Clogged fuel oil filter.

b) Discuss w ith your study partner the possible ways of their remedy.
Use the following model:
I think the water in the fuel should be drained o ff etc.
c) Share your opinion with the group.
*!
HOM E WORK: complete the column “REM EDY” o f the table. [

46
LESSON 9
OPERATION PROCEDURE
LEAD-IN ■■ '•* •
Do you know what checks are to be made regularly while running the engine?

LISTENING ' . .......... k

Ex. 1. Listen to the following instruction o f the_ME operation procedure and fill in the gaps
in the sentences. Then listen again and check the sentences.
a) Check the 2 at regular inter- 1 . for condensation
vals. 2. engine speed, pres­
b) After each start, check that the starting air pressure is above the sures and tempera-
lower limit, i.e. . If the pressure is lower, the starting air tures
bottles have to be charged. 3. 1.0-2.5 kg/cm 2
c) A t intervals drain the starting air bottle.................... 4. 15 kg/cm2
d) The lube oil pressure in the main system after filter should nor- 5 after cooler, the ex-
mally be . For the valve gear lube oil system haust gas tempera-
0.5 kg/cm2 minimum. ture
el The lube oil temperature from the engine should nor- 6. 2.5-3.0 kg/cm 2
m allvbe . ..•■ .... 7. 60° C
f) The cooling water pressure should normally 8. the fuel injection, dis
be . —-gi." . mantled
g) The cooling water temperature from the engine must 9. at the outlet
not exceed 80° C. Normal outlet temperature is 70° C .
h) The charging air temperature must not exceed 80° C.
W hen the charge air temperature increases,
will also increase. Check the charge air tempera-
ture at full load.
i) Measuring o f pressure in cylinders should be done by taking power
diagram in order to check if there are any faults with .........
or combustion. Measure compression
and combustion pressure every time the chain, camshaft or fuel in-
iection pumps have been or changed.

Ex. 2. W ork with your study partner. Take turns to describe the operation procedure, using
the model:
- During the watch it is necessary to ... ; ;
- The temperature is to be checked... etc. ......... ....... ... *.......................

47
Ex. 3. RUNNING DIFFICULTIES
a) Read the information on the running difficulties and their causes in the table below.

1. Engine knocks. 1. Injection too early due to in­

correct pre-injection angle.
2. Faults in injection valves.
3. Pistons become too hot and
’U-Щ‘>ili &: к: c {}"•« rr ! ; ***** ;.*' ■■ w-
seize.
,Jr*: ' ' . •' • •.•’ '
i■
%i . f,. ii. »l' V v .■ 4. Too big piston clearance. Worn

V/.» .1 • у cylinder liner.

*f-. v
5. Overloading.
6 . Poor fuel/air atomization.
2. a) Exhaust gas 1. Injection too late.
temperature from 2. Injection valve leaks.
one cylinder too 3. Fuel nozzle partially clogged.
high.
- .......................
b) Exhaust gas 1. Injection too early.
temperature 2. .Clogged nozzle holes. — '■ : ■* '
from one cylinder 3. W ater leakage
too low. ; (i*, in the cylinder. -,r ‘Tf*‘* V
3. Exhaust gas 1. Engine overloaded.
temperature in 2. Charging air temperature too ' . '' i •'
all cylinders too high. - r.
high. 3. Charging air pressure too • -•* ••- ' ■..
low.
4. Clogged charging air filter.

4. Smoky exhaust. A. Black smoke:

■ '- . ,' '
1. Engine overloaded.
2. Some cylinders overloaded.
3. Inlet or exhaust gas outlet - - •• •
valve leaking.
4. Faults in the fuel injection •' .... . J , r.i‘
.

pumps or valves.
5. Ignition timing faulty. •> -is e - 1
6. Fuel temperature too high.
 B. Blue smoke:
1. Too much lube oil in one or
more cylinders.
C. W hite smoke: —v ^ c l .'w l* ■' ■"

1. Engine too cold.

2. W ater in the cylinder.
3. One or more cylinders not 5‘ * 1 =, i; .с'
■r •
.
getting enough fuel.
ji • -be . / , • :^ •, ,
4. Too low compression .....
'■it - 3'-T l
pressure.
5. Lube oil pressure 1. Too little lube oil in
drops. circulation. •'*' • •
2. Lube oil filters clogged. '
3. Leakage in lube oil pressure
pipes inside the engine.
Loose main bearing bolts.
4. Damaged bearings.
1
V, 5. Oil temperature too high. Oil
cooler dirty. .u". 'i.c
f
-i . .
6. Too little lube oil in tank.
6. Overheated 1. Clogging prevents oil supply.
bearings. 2. Filters dirty.
3. Lube oil pressure too low.
4. Clearance too narrow.
*s) ?".i i J ' i C
5. Lube oil temperature too
high.
6. The oil cooler dirty.
7. Temperature rise 1. Engine overloaded. * ‘1 - • . t. ' • . '
of cooling water. 2. Cooling water pipes or cooler
hO t .< , '-.i i -;«•
clogged.
3. A ir in cooling water system.
»U ’ #» > •; * v ' l 't \ i Ij

b) Discuss with your study partner the possible ways o f their remedy. :

c) Share your opinion with the group. •- ; '• ^ r' > ч t V ,. r

! -. ^ .,,f u<i fJ(fr f. ., , ^

H OM E TASK: complete the column “REM EDY” o f the table.

I
 LESSON 10 ^4

STOPPING THE ENGINE MAKING ENTRIES

INTO THE LOGBOOK
LEAD-IN '

1. What do you know about stopping the engine?

Is the procedure the same when you stop the engine for short or long periods o f time?
Which procedure is m ore complicated? W hy do you think so?
2. Maintaining the log book:
The state o f completion o f the engine room log shall reflect the work and changes that
have been carried out. ‘
How to read or to make entries into the logbook:
1. The message in the logbook is to be very short and simple. Sentences are made
shorter by using only important words. Articles, personal pronouns (I, it, they etc.),
the verb to be are not used.
2. Words are made shorter by using their abbreviations:
Am anival
brg bearing
В bottom
B.E. bottom end
CMS camshaft
Cyl cylinder
O-ring oval ring
See the full list of abbreviations in Appendix 4, pp. 83-85.

Ex. 1. a) Read the following information about the engine stopping procedure:

1. Shorter interruptions of operation.

a) Run the engine on no load at idle speed until the temperatures are stabilized.
b) Stop the engine. Fuel oil and cooling water valves are closed, if required.
c) If there is a danger o f freezing, all the water in the engine and the pipes is to be drained.

2. Longer interruption o f operation.

a) Run the engine on no load at idle speed until the temperatures are stabilized.
b) Stop the engine.
c) The starting air pipes must be blow n through.
d) The indicator valves m ust be opened.
e) Starting air bottles are to be drained for condensed water. ■■ ^ \ ...... -,.ь
f) The fuel oil and cooling water valves m ust be closed.
g) If there is any danger o f freezing, all the water in the engine and pipes is to b e drained off.
h) W ater and mud must be drained off the fuel oil and the lube oil tanks, lube oil changed, if
necessary.
i) If the engine is to be out o f operation for a few weeks or more, it should be cleaned and all pol­
ished parts lubricated w ith anti-corrosive oil.
50
b) Compare the procedure o f stopping the engine for short and long interruptions o f opera­
tion. W ork with your study partner.

Ex. 2. Read and translate the logbook entry from English into Russian (in writing). Use the
list of abbreviations on pp. 83-85. s <

UNIT 3: Цилиндр № 3
18.12.98: Liner renewed. Unit decarbonised. All piston rings renewed. .
Цилиндровая втулка заменена. Произведена моточистка. Все поршневые
кольца заменены. <:■. г •т
01.01.99: M issing orifice plate (пластина с отверстием) in cyl. hd C.W. outlet line (отвод­
ная система) made and fitted.

22.01.99 Cyl. hd cracked during arr at anchorage. Same (зд. она) replaced with spare.

03.02.99 R elief v/v replaced with spare. Indicator cock replaced with spare. Aft. fuel v/v re­
placed. Fuel p/p replaced with reconditioned (восстановленный).

10.03.99 Stuffing box o ’hauled. , . . .

25.04.99 Exh. v/v replaced with о ’hauled one. .

CRANKCASE:

01.03.01 C/case inspected. Web deflections (раскепы коленчатого вала) taken.

04.05.01 W ear down (замерен износ) o f M n Brgs nos 2 to 8 taken. Satisf.

AIR COOLER:
23.01.01 Chemically cleaned on air side.

10.03.01 S.W. side inspected and cleaned. 5 tubes badly choked («наглухо» забиты) and un­
able to clear (их невозможно прочистить). Replaced w ith spare ones.

15.06.01 ACC-9 added to suction side o f T/C regularly in service. .;

51
H OM E TASK 10
Translate the following logbook entry into English, using the list o f abbreviations in
Appendix 4, pp. 83-85 and the example of logbook entry in Appendix 5, pp. 86-87.

ГЛАВНЫ Й ДВИГАТЕЛЬ
Цилиндр №4
07.05.03 Заклинило TH E^(seized). Заменен перебранным насосом.
Сальник штока поршня перебран на месте (in situ).
r.*i 'l 2i.;.' 1T ;г» &
02.07.03 Цилиндровая крышка треснула (cracked) по прибытии в Токио.
Заменена восстановленной (reconditioned) ранее.

23.08.03 Цилиндровая крышка треснула в море. Заменена восстановленной на То­

кийском заводе. Выпускной клапан заменен восстановленным. Обе фор­
сунки заменены. ........ .

14.09.03 Ш пиндель выпускного клапана прогорел (burnt through and broken). За­
менен восстановленным. ТНВД заменен на перебранный. Носовая фор­
сунка заменена восстановленной.

Турбонагнетатель
20.10.03 Установлен ротор новой конструкции. Диффузор и воздушные направ­
ляющие кольца (air guide rings) заменены для соответствия ротору (to suit
the rotor).

08.11.03 Турбонагнетатель вскрыт с газовой стороны и обследован. Сопловой

аппарат и лопатки турбины сильно загрязнены. Всё очищено и вновь
собрано.
.S**
Различное оборудование (Miscellaneous)
15.11.03 Запасная крышка, снятая с цилиндра №3, отремонтирована в мастерской
(by W /shop) путём разделки трещины, вставлением трубы в отверстие
полости охлаждения и повторной сварки (by grinding the crack, inserting a
pipe in clg wtr bore, and then welding again).

Проверка плотности затяга болтов путем их обстукивания (hammer test).

25.12.03
LESSON 11
OPERATIONAL HAZARDS
LEAD-IN ‘
W hat potential hazards in operation o f an engine do you know?
W hy is it so important to observe all the rules and regulations
o f the Instruction Manual?

READ THE FOLLOW ING INFORM ATION ABOUT EM ERGENCY SITUATIONS

WITH THE M AIN ENGINE. BE READY TO DISCUSS THESE SITUATIONS.

Ex. 1. EM ERGENCY PROCEDURE W HEN PISTON IS RUNNING HOT

a) Discuss the situation with your study partner. Take turns in asking each other about
the causes and steps to be taken: ..iyv;T.., ,
Possible Causes: .
Oil pressure on bearings is too low (check on m anom eter/pressure gauge). ,,
Oil level in circulating tank is too low. . .
The clearance in the bearing is too small.
Oil grooves or holes in the hot bearing are blocked.
Oil pipeline or pipe connections are defective. Valve closed. , » . . .
Excessive wear o f the bearing. p. , , , , . * -r» ,: >, ;■:
Steps to be taken immediately: и' >. ?*>?■» у u; - v .'
1. Reduce engine speed immediately (dead slow). ... ^
2. Cut out fuel to the faulty cylinder. у ...... ;i/;,
3. Supply maximum quantity o f the coolant to the piston. -
4. Increase cylinder lubrication. , , ..
5. Do not stop the engine immediately and allow gradual cooling.

b) Think of countermeasures to be carried out to prevent crankcase explosion. Discuss them

with your study partner.

Ex. 2. CRANKCASE EXPLOSION ,i,o

Discuss the situation with your study partner. Take turns in asking each other about
the causes, safety devices and steps to be taken:
Cause: “ hot spot” in the crankcase which generates the vapor. As the fuel/oil ratio reaches ex­
plosive limits, this “hot spot” provides the source o f heat. It can be fatal to people and machinery
if correct steps to prevent the explosion are not taken. ,■ - - • -
Safety devices: ; • > ■ i .i , <.■
4
1. Crankcase m ist detector.
2. Crankcase relief doors. *■ ' !: г c A : ' •'
3. Strong crankcase chamber.
* •!*
Steps to be taken im m ediately in case o f explosion:
5a
1. Stop the engine immediately.
2. Put turning gear “on” and start turning the engine to prevent seizure.

53
3. Keep lube oil and cooling pumps running.
4. Do not open crankcase door for at least Vi hour until the engine cools down. <
5. Investigate the cause and undertake the measures required.

Ex. 3. AIR STARTING LINE EXPLOSION

Discuss the situation with your study partner. Take turns in asking each other about
the causes, safety devices and steps to be taken:
Cause: the fuel comes from the air compressor lubrication through bottle and into the line in the
form o f oil layer. If air is present, source o f heat in the form o f hot gases from a leaky air starting
valve, suddenly opened, high pressure air in the line from air bottle will result in explosion.
Safety Devices: - -
1. R elief valve
2. Bursting cartridges

Measures to be taken:
1. Keep air bottles free o f oil by regular draining.
2. Maintain starting line clean.
3. Maintain air starting valves.

Ex. 4. FIRE IN THE SCAVENGING BOX

Discuss the situation with your study partner. Take turns in asking each other about
the causes, safety devices and steps to be taken:
Causes of fire in the scavenging box: . :
1. Ignition o f carbon deposits in scavenging air box.
2. Slow combustion in the cylinder due to incorrect atomization. ' •:
3. Blow-back through scavenge air ports due to incorrectly adjusted exhaust cam disc or due to
backpressure. -v ^

Warnings of Scavenging Fire: - ,

1. An increase of exhaust temperature in the cylinder. .
2. Surging o f turbocharger.
3. Smoke from turbocharger air inlet filter. ■" *■ ■, ■
4. Hotter scavenging air box casing. «■ : . , ’

Measures to be taken:
1. Reduce speed and ask the bridge for permission to stop.
2. Stop the auxiliary blower, if fitted. . , .:■■■. •>•••■
3. Stop the fuel oil supply.
4. Put the scavenging air box fire extinguishing system equipment into function.
5. After extinguishing the fire, remove dry deposits and sludge from all the scavenging air boxes.
6. Clean and inspect respective piston rod and cylinder liner, their surfaces alignment, if affected.

Ex. 5. Tell the group about potential hazards in the engine room, discuss the possible conse­
quences of these situations for the ship and the crew and the way how to avoid them.
H O M E TASK 11
Translate the following emergency situation into English (in writing):
ПЕРЕГРЕВ ПОРШ НЯ ГЛАВНОГО
ДВИГАТЕЛЯ.
ПРИЗНАКИ:
1. Нарастающие стуки (hammering sound fol-
lowed by knocking) в цилиндре в конце каж- ' .4

дого хода.
2. Увеличение температуры охлаждающей во-
ды на выходе из цилиндра.
3. Возможно, поршень перегрелся и начался
задир (became too hot and started seizing).
ДЕЙСТВИЯ:
1. Немедленно снизить нагрузку двигателя и * : . '' •

отключить ТНВД этого цилиндра (поднять

толкатель над топливным кулаком). Стара-
тельно вращать ручку (rotate the handle prop- • • ; "

erly) лубрикатора этого цилиндра для увели- - •* .• * ’ >• ' 1: 'г ; . ' ■

чения подвода смазки. ‘ ■Г* - ‘ ^ '■ " ' '

2. Зафиксировать время, доложить старшему

механику и сообщить на мостик.
3. Если имеется возможность, остановить дви-
гатель и подождать, пока цилиндр и пор- •

шень остынут (cool down).

4. Осмотреть рабочие поверхности поршня, ..... - ... \

колец и втулки цилиндра. ; •

5. Если необходимо и есть возможность, вы-

нуть поршень. ' - r . ' t i - г. 1 'а . . . .

6 . Если поршень и втулка цилиндра повреж- 1 , Г ' >■ ’ ..

дены незначительно, исправить места при- л : Л ;'ji У ., е '- i ; f • ' • . ■

хватывания (sticking), зашлифовав их (to •» - г . 1 ■ - -. ...... ,.

polish by stone). • . ., ,
7. Если поршень и втулка цилиндра оказа- ....
лись сильно поврежденными, заменить их
на новые.
8. Перед установкой поршня проверить смазку 'к

цилиндра согласно инструкции завода-

изготовителя и зазоры.
Однако если ремонт или замена поршня и ^ 1• .* •* • - ‘ ‘ ' t: ' ' '* *

втулки цилиндра должны быть отсрочены (put . •;/..< ■‘ ■ ■

off) и плавание должно быть продолжено, тогда ■■'./Г iV ^ ‘ ';

поршень в комплекте со штоком (assembly) •; ./Г - •;■гм. ;; ; ■ >• гн
должен быть вынут, а втулка цилиндра так же, ;
как и сальник штока должны быть уплотнены г ; {Ы ■ ■■■<
■

(см. вариант «ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЕ ЦШШНДРО- ?.

ПОРШНЕВОЙ ГРУППЫ ГД»),
T E S T II
CHECK YOURSELF
Translate into English the following instruction (in writing).

ПОЖАР В ПОДПОРШ НЕВОЙ

ПОЛОСТИ ГД ' :■ . к:. ■ ■ '
• ' ■■ • ~ ’ .1 *
ПРИЗНАКИ:
1. Срабатывание сигнализации.
2. Значительное повышение температуры
продувочного воздуха (проверить на ощупь
температуру крышки подпоршневой
полости).
3. Повышение температуры выхлопа на соот-
ветствующем цилиндре.
ДЕЙСТВИЯ:
1. Доложить старшему механику и сообщить . ' • , . . .

на мостик о необходимости снижения обо-

ротов, зафиксировать время в машинном
журнале. . . _ ' • < - . _ . :• • ;'
2. Понизить число оборотов.
3. Отключить топливный насос аварийного : ■ ' ■': . :
цилиндра. ■ ■- .. . . . . . .

4. Для обеспечения смазки, несмотря на по-

вышеяную температуру, установить мак- • - .•/ .•■о ■ ’ ■■■■■■■■
симальную подачу масла лубрикатором
данного цилиндра. :
5. Когда интенсивность пожара снизится, что Г*"
обычно должно произойти по истечении 5-
15 минут, можно вновь включить топлив- , ' ' •. ■ :■' • • Д' '

ный насос, медленно повысить число обо- '' 1 ; ;’ :v • ■-

ротов и постепенно понизить до нормаль-

ной величины смазку цилиндра. Продол- . . . • < • • • •' Т "■’
*' ’•• ' ..•> ** ... • Ч . .• V.'-?.. ....
жительной работы (в течение нескольких
часов) с ненормально большим количест-
вом смазки следует избегать. Образование у ...у г .... ' . . У' , ' / '
взрывоопасной смеси воздуха и газа явля- , V . , ч. . ,

ется маловероятным вследствие интенсив-

ного протока воздуха. *■£ V-? *1 '‘ ■
: ■ г *:;
6. Для ресивера и подпоршневого пространст- 1 У '-’Ч Т ' •: j . < ч * ■/.. ч - у .

ва предусмотрена возможность использо- • ; ! ... г- : . . . ; ^ - .. .

вания пара для тушения пожара. Однако

применение пара создает опасность
коррозии.

56
J
i

3 . ...........- ............... ;

■' ■

I
1 '
■' .MX ”»?«*..!'• . . . ... •
"1 •

1 BLO C K III

! D A M A G E S A N D R E P A IR S
"“I : , b*m^lr *:■ ■ ' • ■ . ir>
. ,. VKHJ i■
_a^ .1U'.i3'»s 9»,- - ■' '»* x. i,з! •' f

/■i f t

3 :

3
1

57
1.
DAMAGES AND REPAIRS CONTENTS
W ord combinations to be remembered.
Reading and discussing o f the report.
1. INCIDENT REPORT 1 Countermeasures and lessons to be learnt.
CRACK IN THE CYLINDER LINER Translating of the report from Russian into
English.
M aking up a rep ort accord in g to
the plan.

W ord combinations to be remembered.

Reading and discussing of the report.
2. INCIDENT REPORT 2 Discussing of the trouble causes and its re­
CYLINDER LINER TOP LUBRICATION pair.
GROOVE EROSION Lessons to be learnt and countermeasures.
Translating o f the report from Russian into
English.
M aking up a rep ort a ccord in g to
the plan.
' 4: л,r. .

W ord combinations to be remembered.

Reading and discussing of the report.
Countermeasures and lessons to be learnt.
3. DAMAGE REPORT Measures to prevent similar damages.
ME CRANKPIN BEARING AND CROSS Translating of the report from Russian into
HEAD GUIDE DAMAGE English.
M aking up a report according to the plan.

Word combinations to be remembered.

Reading and discussing o f the report.
4. ACCIDENT REPORTS Discussing o f the accident, its causes and
FIRE IN THE ENGINE ROOM corrective actions.
Lessons to be learnt and countermeasures.
Role playing o f the situation.
M aking up an accident report on the situa­
tion.

58
2.
Past Simple Passive
GRAMMER (was/were + Participle II)
(see Appendix 7, pp. 90-94)
Past Perfect A ctive/Passive
(had + Participle II/had been + Participle
«) •; 'i 1■■
.»-1. *!
Infinitive Constructions
.. .was assumed to be the cause
.v ;> - *.
i ■ ; ■-/ ■ >-*'■ -,■ Participial Constructions
The weather conditions being b a d ...

rir-/;'" -- -.y ■tt*: Im personal Constructions

i; ■'", , "G. It was assumed th at...

M odal verb SHALL=M UST(in documents)

■;■■.•••. j-- ;- All incidents or accidents shall be reported.

VOCABULARY W ords and word combinations used to de­

'■■■•* .-.Л'; "УЫ' : scribe damages and repairs.

READING Damage reports.

s p e a k in g , A. . . ...;i Discussing damages, their causes, correc­

tive actions and countermeasures.

W RITING ; - / M aking up written damage reports. ,

3.

DAMAGE REPORTING FORM

Any damage report to the Company should contain the following information:
1. Name o f vessel/date o f discovery s
2. ME type ' : 'л *-*'•" ',r ' '•
3. Navigation route 'i'i t ir ..
4. W eather conditions i.., ..... ■■■,■ у ,
5. Failure a;.‘- ■■■ ■ f ';ъ-; i : - v-r ■ "kv
6. Cause ■iL:~--,fSi ' r —'- '•
7. Repairs -bt ’c -'f; ' '■ ' C'" k 'k
8. Countermeasures 1 * *'* • / .t ^

59
LESSON 12
INCIDENT REPORT NO. 1
LEAD-IN
Read the following information and answer the question:
INCIDENT REPORTING
Do you know why it is so important to report incidents?
It is the aim o f any company or vessel to prevent all possible accidents. I f an incident
occurs, it will be investigated to prevent it from happening again. Therefore, all the acci­
dents, serious or minor, m ust be reported to the Engineer Officer in Char ge and the C hief
Engineer and the incident report form completed. It is a serious offence not to report an
accident. All incidents or accidents shall be reported at least as an Initial Report
within six (6) hours, using the Accident Report form.

The Interim (preliminary) Report then can be re-entered and fully completed on board
for re-sending later, once all the information, corrective actions, etc. have been collated,
but not later than 48 hours after the incident, if not instructed otherwise.

All the incidents should be reported, discussed and analyzed at the safety meetings so
that corrective actions could be taken.

Ex. 1. a) Check yourself. Translate the following expressions from English into Russian
and vice versa.

1. To coincide with vibration amplitude 1. совпадать с амплитудой вибрации

2. To assume to be the cause 2. допускать, что причина в том, что
3. It was discovered that 3. Было обнаружено, что
4. although 4. хотя
5. There was a welding fault 5. Имелся дефект сварки
6. Which was probably the m ain cause 6. что, очевидно, являлось основной
причиной
7. As well as 7. так же как и

b) Read the following incident report and complete the table below. Be ready to discuss this
information with your study partner: Г

ME CYLINDER LINER CRACK FORM ATION

During the voyage small leak in the main engine liner cooling jacket (upper О-ring) coin­
ciding with engine vibration amplitude was noted and confirmed.
At first, a faulty О-ring was assumed to be the cause, but later the amount o f leakage in­
creased to 100 1/day and crack formation was also confirmed. ......... .
The weather conditions being bad at that time, the main engine speed was reduced and
the vessel proceeded her course to a point where the weather was calm, and the replacement of
the cylinder liner with the spare one was carried out.

60
 It was discovered that the crack was being formed in a vertical direction from the top o f
the cooling pipe outer perimeter, although it was not penetrating the liner inner surface.
A pipe-cooling type had been installed for cooling o f the liner top. There was a welding
fault between the casting and pipe which was probably the m ain cause o f crack formation, as well
as the influences o f soiling the engine, thermal load increase related to the changes in fuel oil
used etc.
The trouble occurred
. .- :"i. ' *■ ■U'A -

The possibility of the faulty part replace­

. С,.’. 1• i
ment during the voyage

The causes o f trouble

Ex. 2 a) Think of additional inspection and other countermeasures to prevent further

development of cracks in the inner pipe surfaces. Share your ideas with the group.

b) Compare your conclusion with the recommendations given below:

Inspection o f all cylinder liner cooling pipes and inner surface grinding and removal o f re­
sidual scratches is to be carried out to prevent crack formation.

Ex. 3. W ork with your study partner. You are the C hief Engineer. Report to the representa­
tive o f the Company about the damage, using the information of the table below and
answering his questions: .-тздиЗа.'-* ‘
SUBJECT: Main Engine Piston Cooling Oil Leakage. •( .ь
1. ME type KHI M AN-B&W 7S80MC
2. Date of discovery M ay 15, 2002, discovered while drifting to
await for the port entry.
3. Navigation route Spain - Greece
4. W eather conditions Bad
5. Failure Cooling oil leakage from No. 2 cylinder pis­
ton discovered during the inspection o f the
main piston ring/liner.
6. Cause О-ring damage due to severe twisting during
operation.
7. Repairs All cylinder pistons removed and O-rings
replaced after docking the ship in the port o f
destination.
8. Countermeasures The О-ring sectional form changed from 0 -
type to D-type to prevent twisting during
operation. |
 HOMETASK12 ' ■— ' - L x - — ' L

I Ex. 1. Translate the following report into English (in w riting): •,. ; ? .

ПОВРЕЖ ДЕНИЕ КРЫ Ш КИ M /T "LAPTEVSEA"

ЦИЛИНДРА ВСПОМ ОГАТЕЛЬНОГО 13 September 2001
,,г ДВИГАТЕЛЯ DAMAGE REPORT
Во время работы вспомогательного CYLINDER HEAD OF AUX. ENGINE No. 3
двигателя № 3 в циркуляционной цистерне Type : М АК 8M20
сработал аварийный сигнал (alarm occurred) Total running : 9721 hours
высокого уровня смазочного масла. Двига­
тель был немедленно остановлен, и в смазоч­
ном масле было обнаружено чрезмерное ко­
личество воды. При наружном осмотре выяс­
нилось, что в крышке цилиндра № 4 имеется
утечка пресной воды. Резьба (thread) под на­
правляющим болтом блока коромысла (under
guide bolt o f rocker block) была ослаблена и
нарушена (broken), в результате чего масля­
ное кольцо направляющего болта не имело
надлежащего уплотнения (loose) и пропуска­
ло охлаждающую воду (did not seal cooling
water properly). Крышка цилиндра была за­
менена, смазочное масло частично заменено
(около 500 литров), а остальное масло очи­
щено в сепараторе смазочного масла вспомо­
гательного двигателя. Во время осмотра ос­
тальных цилиндровых крышек было обнару­ . • ' YU*

жено, что резьба под направляющими болта­ "-NAT? a-'A'i t А -л A *‘-

ми также находится в неудовлетворительном
состоянии. Произведен ремонт.

Ex. 2. Using the information of the table (ex.3, p. 61), make up an incident report to
the Company (in writing).
INCIDENT REPORT
f ■■■■■': .■
■■
■■
•j o A , A - ■

' ' - ---- —....... -

i Oi;- g f . i - ' - - .• , 'У с.*:- *

■ .1- i

: у . 'УЛ;7*„ Ь ' . : ...

I •: •>' C - V . А ’ Ь А .. . ••

..........■ .............. :у ....... -- ----

| , J ‘. .4 ,r ,' .V .jji/Yl. v,.- ГГ. 7.; У ? ' rj'Jy - ' ,

L •' ' Н- А

62
 LESSOISM3 ■*"■*' ' ■-,'1 ' - -*1' ’■:“i? ,-o-. . . И. ;.> ..
INCIDENT REPORT NO. 2 1 E ^
i__

Ex. 1. a) Check yourself. Translate the following expressions from English into Russian
and vice versa.

1. lower exhaust gas temperature alarm occurred 1. вышел сигнал понижения температуры
выхлопных газов
2. knocking and hammering sound occurred 2. послышался стук
3. cylinder liner blazed abrasion 3. абразивный износ цилиндровой втулки
4. the piston ring slid over the surface 4. поршневое кольцо скользило по поверх­
ности
5. which had run out o f oil film 5. с которой исчезла масляная плёнка
6. misalignment o f the piston 6. несоосность поршня
7. on a par w ith other cylinders 7. такое же, как и в других цилиндрах
8. abnormal abrasion 8.истирание, износ
9. It was assumed that 9. Предположили, что
V.J-'j i •
b) Read the incident report below and find the following inform ation. Complete the table:

ME CYLINDER LINER TOP LUBRICATION GROOVE EROSION

During the voyage, the ME No. 1 cylinder lower exhaust gas temperature alarm oc­
curred. Ham m ering sound followed by knocking was heard from the cylinder interior.
The main engine was stopped and after replacing No. 1 cylinder fuel valve, inspection and
adjustment o f exhaust valve and fuel pump was carried out. W hen the voyage was continued, the
same knocking and hammering sound occurred. The sound stopped when the speed was reduced
to 53 RPM, at which the compression pressure, P-max and the exhaust gas temperature were on a
par with other cylinders. As one o f the emergency measures, the amount o f cylinder lubrication
was increased.
■ ■„ After arrival at the port, the inspection o f the piston showed the cylinder liner blazed
1 abrasion (max 3.3 mm), piston ring abnormal abrasion and piston ring tension reduction.
It was assumed that the abnormal abrasion occurred because the piston skirt was con­
tacting the cylinder liner, as the piston ring slid over the surface o f the cylinder liner which had
run out o f oil film. The knocking and hammering sound was due to misalignment o f the piston
and its contact with the cylinder liner.
•’ l f ’ O ia o n l ;3;Ю STb'jfc ‘it!* f itf'V j 3 : ‘U j

symptoms of the trouble

countermeasures taken during >u‘ u/ ■

.
the voyage m ^jisqy-т *.«, i

trouble discovered

63
 Ex. 2. a) Discuss with your study partner the cause of the trouble described in the above
incident report and the possible ways of its remedy. -» ^ “ 1

;; " .jj 7;_, Г ' >.

b) Share your opinion with the group.
.•\.X ..!■ • ;•
c) W hat lessons should be learned from this situation? r-: ; , v . {. .

Can you offer any countermeasures to prevent this kind o f trouble? ' t .;

1
i . Ex. 3. Work with your study partner. You are the Chief Engineer. Answer the questions of
the Company’s representative about the damage, using the inform ation o f the table
iiika below: ' *>«*■ 'A

SUBJECT: Main Engine Cylinder Liner Top Lubrication Groove Erosion a t '■

1. Name of М/ V, ME type “Nordic Fighter”, KHI M AN-B&W 7S80MC

2. Date of discovery JanlO, 2003.
3. Navigation route Spain - Persian Gulf.
4. Weather conditions Calm.
5. Failure Erosion at 6 out o f 8 locations o f No. 6 cylin­
.Xv. fStSnVX U::of№ i -л'Г ‘‘ f- der liner top lubrication groove, right side.
6. Cause Judging by large irregularities at the bottom
.>j*’ •^...* ,/».»> 1'vил.;. • /f ;■ o f the eroded area, erosion resulted from cavi­
■:7‘!' kiiHi S.:O^K
tations caused by cylinder oil pressure
v, ■ ................ ;r;x»n :;cx
changes within the lubrication groove during
piston ring passage. . , . . f
7. Repairs Removing and replacing o f No. 6 cylinder
liner with the spare one, the old liner being
kept as an emergency one.
8. Countermeasures Smooth grinding o ff o f the eroded area in or­
der to stop the progress o f erosion, or in some
cases building up repairs by low temperature
welding.
f
;
i

64
HOME TASK 13
Ex. 1. Translate the following report into English:

ПРОТЕЧКА
ОХЛАЖ ДАЮ Щ ЕГО МАСЛА ПОРШ НЯ
Во время стоянки судна на рейде в
ожидании постановки к причалу (berthing)
был произведен осмотр поршневых колец и
втулки цилиндра № 2. Обнаружена протечка
охлаждающего масла поршня. Протечка в •..... ...

данном цилиндре была обнаружена уже вто-

ройраз. ' : ' “ 1 .
Причиной протечки оказалось повреж- ' . ... ,\

дение масляного кольца. Несмотря на то, что ■......... •' • .....

герметичность масла обеспечивалась двумя
масляными кольцами (между штоком поршня
и юбкой и между юбкой и головкой поршня), . •/'.ТН.Т - '‘Н
небольшое смещение этих колец на соедини- ...< -- и . ..... , •
тельной поверхности во время работы вызвало Г..,,.- 'г -

их изгиб (twisting), из-за которого кольца были Л Л: ... Г‘- • . , -■

повреждены и вызвали протечку. ■ Гу Г- л. ■ ,

Судно было поставлено в док для замены г- • : * А- , Г■ ‘

масляных колец.

Ex. 2. M ake up a written damage report to the Company using the information o f the table
(ex. 3, p. 64):

DAM AGE REPORT NO

(' Щ.гдос ;л : 'h

г;Т; :* -H i л -я м о * .» ‘Л '. Щ й л л С *ti >?•. .•у;:--' -. г - ■ ■:.> -*'ч • -j-. :«J“>

. ♦ O . ' j iiiU i'V .; ■Tfi'l *, . / 'i!u(

65
LESSON 14
DAMAGE REPORT
Ex. 1. a) Check yourself. Translate the expressions from English into Russian and vice
versa.
1. stem side crosshead guide
2. clamping bolts fractured
3. metal was protruding
4. the concerned cylinder piston
5. scavenging chamber sludge
6. crank pin bearing
1. крейцкопфная направляющая со стороны
кормы
2. крепёжные болты повреждены
3. выступал металл
4.поршень цилиндра, о котором идёт речь
5. продукты сгорания продувочной камеры
6. мотылёвый подшипник .

b) Read the following damage report and describe the trouble occurred.

ME CRANK PIN BEARING AND CROSS HEAD GUIDE DAM AGE

During the voyage, knocking was heard coming from ME N o.6 cylinder. The main en­
gine was stopped and inspected. It was discovered that the stern side crosshead guide had fallen
o ff (6 clamping bolts fractured) and metal was protruding from the top o f the crank pin
bearing. After removing the connecting rod and carrying out the overhaul o f the crosshead hear­
ing and crank pin bearing, damage to the crank pin and crosshead bearing was confirmed.

c) Discuss with your study partner the possible cause of the trouble.

d) Compare your opinion with the causes given in the report. *

When the concerned cylinder piston had been drawn by crew hands five months before,
this breakdown occurred. After removing the piston rod from the cross head, scavenging chamber
sludge dropped down and intruded from the top o f the cross head lubrication hole.
This foreign matter got into the crank pin bearing bottom metal, damaged the white metal,
and this damage gradually spread further.

Ex. 2. a) W hat kind of repair could you suggest in the situation? Discuss the problem
(group work).

b) W hat countermeasures would you recommend in future to prevent similar breakdown?

66
Ex. 3. Role-play the following situation. A serious damage to the M ain Diesel Engine oc­
curred on one of the Company’s vessels. The inform ation of this damage was re­
ceived by your C hief Engineer. Use the following plan and discuss the incident at
the m eeting of your ship’s Engine Department in order to avoid a similar situation
in future (group work). M c'-ir? ' У * , \ k ' ' ■', У-*; I6' >.* '
SUBJECT: Fracture (разрыв) o f the M ain Engine Cam Shaft. '

1. Name of vessel, date o f discovery “British Fighter”, Jan, 14th, 2004

2. Navigational route M alaga/London
3. W eather conditions Calm
4. Location : ER
5. Failure: The ME camshaft suddenly switched to re­
verse direction and the main engine stopped.
6. Trouble Breakage o f camshaft between the chain gear
and the part o f the reversing mechanism (dis­
covered after inspection).
7. Cause W earing out o f the roller bearing due to lubri­
cation deficiency, fretting (истирание метал­
ла) to the camshaft hub (втулка) o f hot insert­
ing part, stress concentration.
8. Repairs At the repair dock (the ship was towed back to
Malaga):
a) replacement o f the fractured cam shaft;

t : ’ c.sl 't Г .. .А л b) replacement o f the roller bearing with the

plain bearing;
c) adjusting o f forced lubrication system.
9. Countermeasures Proper inspection and maintenance procedures
indicated in the m aker’s instructions manual.
H O M E T A S K 14
1. Translate the following report into English: а, .. - 'Д Га , . = ...

ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЕ ТРУБОПРОВОДА
ОХЛАЖДАЮ Щ ЕГО М АСЛА ПОРШ НЯ . -'А '
Во время рейса в районе цилиндра
№ 3 послышался металлический звук. Глав-
ный двигатель был немедленно остановлен.
При осмотре было обнаружено повреждение
телескопической трубы трубопровода охла­
ждающего масла поршня в цилиндре № 3.
Так как в предыдущем порту была
выполнена переборка крейцкопфного под­
шипника, то причиной поломки была при­
знана неправильная затяжка телескопической
трубы после переборки.
До ближайшего порта двигатель р а­
ботал без одного цилиндра (under one cylin­
der cut).
В порту захода необходимы е запча­
сти были получены и произведен ремонт
цилиндра.
В качестве контрмеры был предписан
строгий контроль (strict checking) правильной
фиксации стяжных болтов (clamping bolts)
при сборке цилиндра после демонтажа.

2. Using the information o f the table, ex. 3, pp. 66-67, make up damage report (in writing).

DAMAGE REPORT NO

' -а''1' '''

68
LESSON 15 ;
ACCIDENT REPORTS
LEAD-IN -"-v ' ■" ' ! ' - ! ■'
Get yourself familiar with the following instruction:

' FIRE IN THE ENGINE ROOM G .—

IMMEDIATE ACTIONS t , .............. ‘

U N DERW AY: 4 , ..TTv,(, / r '

1. Sound the alarm (alarm button in the ECR).

2. The watch motorman prior to arrival o f the fire fighting group shall use all the available port­
able fire extinguishing appliances.
3. Report to the Officer o f the W atch on the bridge about the location o f the fire.
4. Switch o ff the electric power supply to the m achinery in vicinity o f the fire source.
5. Switch over the operation o f EBR ventilation into the mode o f smoke draughting out o f the fire
source. Shut down part o f ventilators. ’ '' • *..... .
6. Shut off fuel and oil supply to the fire source (shut off valves etc.) .
7. Start the emergency fire pump and get ready the fixed foam fire extinguishing system.
8. Report to the C hief Engineer and the leader o f the emergency fire fighting group the location
and the nature o f the fire.
9. Undertake further actions in accordance with the m uster list and Emergency Fire Fighting Plan
o f the vessel.
10. In the event o f considerable area o f fire source and its prom pt spreading, start the emergency
fire pump and switch on the fixed fire extinguishing system immediately (prior to arriving o f
the emergency fire fighting group). .

IN PORT' >.»v- . .... .. „ ■niifxN.' ioM •*•*.<

1. The watch motorman, detecting the fire, shall activate the fire alarm (alarm button in ECR).
2. The watch motorman shall report to the watch keeper at the gangway (on the phone) o f the lo­
cation o f the fire source. ;Jr L jT .{и
3. The watch motorman prior to arriving o f the emergency fire fighting group shall use all the
available fire fighting appliances.
4. In the event o f considerable area o f fire source and its prom pt spreading the watch motorman
shall start the emergency fire pump and switch on the fixed fire extinguishing system immedi­
ately (prior to arriving o f the emergency group).
5. The arriving Engineer Officer o f the W atch shall undertake the same actions as prescribed un­
derway.
6. After arriving o f the C hief Engineer and the Emergency fire fighting group further actions shall
be undertaken in accordance with the ship’s muster list and Em ergency Plan. ■

69
Ex. 1. a) Check yourself. Translate the following expressions from English into Russian
and vice versa. •>"'s'*■ - ^•• ■ ' 4

1. adjacent to the fuel oil heater 1. рядом с нагревателем топлива

2. to flood the engine room with C 0 2
3. An advance party o f fire fighters
4. the main fire fighting party
5. The subsequent investigation determined
6. a pinhole leak ........... . -
7. procedural failures exacerbated the spread o f 7.ошибки в процедуре усугубили распро­
the fire. . -
8. hot spots and secondary fires
9. from minor smoke inhalation
2. заполнить машинное отделение углекис­
лым газом
3. передовой отряд пожарных
4. основной отряд пожарных
5. соответствующее расследование опреде­
лило
6. свищ, микроскопическая протечка
странение пожара
8.очаги возгорания и вторичные пожары
9. из-за незначительного вдыхания дыма

b) Read the accident report and find the following information in it. Complete the table
below:
Fire in Engine Room
O ff New Zealand Night
Report No. 94009
- In the early hours o f the morning a fire broke out in the engine room o f a general cargo ves­
sel. A ship's .fire party was organized, donned breathing apparatus (BA) and attempted to extin­
guish the fire which was adjacent to the fuel oil heater. Several attempts were made during the
next two hours to extinguish the fire, first with portable foam and dry chemical extinguishers, af­
ter that with a fire hose before the decision was made to flood the engine room with C 0 2 . Prior
to flooding, the fire had spread to a workshop located one deck above the fuel oil heaters.
With BA capacity exhausted the master requested assistance from a fire fighting tug
through the Coast Station. An advance party of fire fighters arrived by harbor tug within two
hours o f the request and the main fire fighting party arrived six hours after the initial fire was
reported. They entered the engine room, located all the remaining hot spots and extinguished the
fire. A continuous fire watch was then maintained until the vessel was safely moored in harbor in
the early afternoon.
The subsequent investigation determined that the fire had been caused by a pinhole leak
in the fuel oil heater end plate, this allowed oil vapor to escape and be ignited by a nearby
defective electrical connection. The fire investigators concluded that if the engineers had been
able to secure flow o f fuel to the heater, they would have been able to extinguish the fire or

70
minimize its spread. Too much time was wasted before using the fixed C 0 2 system equipment
and procedural failures exacerbated the spread o f the fire. Areas adjacent to and above the
fire should have been checked for hot spots and secondary fires. The ship's fire fighters had not
been effective as they had been unable to isolate the heater and fuel. No lives were lost due to the
incident but some o f the crew suffered from minor smoke inhalation.
"Fire at sea is one o f the most feared disasters f o r the merchant manner. Only those who have

experienced such an event can appreciate its magnitude ..... Your success, in fa c t yo u r very life, may

depend on how w e ll you keep y o u r head and do y o u r jo b The tra in in g that you and yo u r crew have

had to manage such an emergency w ill be the key fa c to r in y o u r response."

- LCDR John D Hooper USCGR Proceedings Sept. 93

- the beginning of the fire

- fire-fighting equipment used
- time spent on extinguishing the fire
- damage caused by the fire

Ex. 2. a) Discuss with your study partner the cause of the fire, the persons responsible and
the lessons to be learned. -Uv'-, ■ tu ;
b) Share your opinion with the group. ^; ,

Ex. 3. Look through the Instruction on p.69 and say, w hich items were violated during the
fire and w hat actions not carried out.

Ex. 4. a) Complete the accident report form using the description of the accident given
above. ■
Type of accident
Location
Time
Cause
Crew M embers involved
Action
Equipment used
Injuries
Damage
Lessons to be learned

b) Role-play the situation with your study partner. Answer the C hief Engineer’s questions
about the accident.
c) You are the C hief Engineer. Report the accident to the representative o f the Ship
Owner’s Company, answering his questions about the accident on board, countermea­
sures taken and lessons to be learned.

71
 HOMETASK1S ■ ' >*>'Г *-* '■ - '
Ex. 1. Read the following accident report and fill in the accident reporting form below:

;v... h;;5 v. :Ac • I v; Tanker Explosion and Fire ;,.^v ' ■■ > T
; Y.il ■
. л ■ N..
. ! Mediterranean V- •v , ^ ,
Report №. 93005
This report concerns an explosion and fire on board a tanker which completely destroyed
the navigation bridge, crew quarters galley and poop deck. At the time the tanker was discharg­
ing gasoline and the sequence of events was as follows: •
15.00 An explosion occurred in the after part o f the vessel. Fire broke out at the same
time. •• .. . . . 1, \ .... . . .
15.05 All ship and shore discharge operations stopped. Shore assistance requested.
15.10 Master reported m any injuries on board, medical assistance requested. Two small
tugs ordered to proceed to the vessel immediately. Port and local authorities advised.
17.06 Master and crew abandoned the vessel. Fire is spreading to vicinity o f pump
room.
18.06 Vessel boarded by shore team, room battened down. Attempts to disconnect cargo
hose failed due to intensity o f the fire.
18.42 Shore party re-boarded vessel and managed to disconnect cargo hose and lower it to
the water. Fire in pump room extinguished. ■
i>T, , < ■ ■ ■ r / A £ , «v ;
20.05 Forward mooring wire let go. All synthetic moorings aft parted due to blazing
fire on poop deck. Attempts to extinguish fires in accommodation and engine room failed.
20.15 Master and C hief Officer re-boarded vessel with fire-fighting crews,
n* 20.45 Fire under control and danger o f spreading to remaining cargo restricted.
The following morning, it was established that several crew members had lost their lives
and several more were injured. The engine room was also completely burnt out.
''• i The explosion was attributed to gasoline fumes seeping through the seals o f the two star­
board cargo and one stripping pump shaft into the engine room. These fumes sucked by the star­
board cargo engine (its lever left in the ON position) must have developed high pressure in the
cylinder causing the safety valve to crack open and ignite the flammable gases in the engine
room. ■

Type of accident an explosion an explosion and fire on board a tanker

Location
Time
Cause
Crew Members
involved
Action
Equipment used
Injuries
Damage
Lessons to be learned

72
Ex. 2. Write the report to the Company about the accident in the ER, using the following
situation. Add the m issing data, if you can: • > >' AKVNNi ;V,3 ;,

Name o f vessel. Date/ M /V “TRA N SITO R”

Time 25/10-2002 10:42 (local time)
Type of accident Fire in generator room, port side
Location Engine room, Port side generator room
The vessel's speed, Speed 23 knots, vessel enroute ffomTanjung Pelepas to Suez
enroute from/to Canal
W eather conditions Rain, visibility 10 miles
M anoeuvrability of M ain engine stopped and m anoeuvrability restricted as vessel lost
vessel speed. “ .. . ......... ... ,
Cause of fire:

Crew Members in­ . .

volved:
Actions undertaken: - Ventilation closed . ....
- Quick closing valves and doors closed
- Two sets o f smoke divers have arrived to the area o f fire.
- W ater used for fighting the fire.
Equipment used:
"f f‘;"' *..■‘ a i*,J>1 ''If? ■*1 1" А / . ' if
Injuries: No injured persons
Damage: Fire restricted to a small area. M inor damage to ER equipment
Lessons to be learned:

ACCIDENT REPORT: REF: 780.001 , . .

"* r X‘i UJ7N *tr jliJilOV i ■1"-: t ■'ft

■> 0. ‘ '.i' 11^. - ^ !' .*•' '' . 1>•' ‘■

' "v ; c : - A to-:

lc j J r h . CN ■•'
! * A ’
_________ _ _________ _ __ _ __ . ___ ! iir'i'm m i'tu o i/v .,..-••

• ; . ' ,f - /.

: 15
: *4i* -.■*>•*■'*" •' >*
| . .г
i; , v ; /л. «М
. . I,-' >г . ".. *

73
TESTIU *
INCmENT REPORT No: 05 - 07
a) Read the following report and complete the table below: '
M/V “WHITE EAGLE”
Date: 10/04/07
PINHOLE LEAK ON BUNKER L IN E ..........
Course of events
Vessel started bunkering diesel oil ex-pipe at Port Everglades. Soon after bunkers were started, a pinhole
leak was observed in the pipe section between the manifold valve and the inboard filling valve. About one liter
of oil leaked on deck, which was promptly cleaned up. This leaked oil was well inboard of the bunker manifold
valve. Bunkering was cancelled and the hose disconnected.
Potential loss / damage '^Aiv -г m ; v
One liter of DO spilled on deck and 30 liters ware drained into a container. Bunkering cancelled and
barge cast off. Potential loss of reputation with terminal.
Immediate causes
Pinhole leak developed on the bunker pipeline at a corroded and thinned out spot. *■'
Underlying causes
As per procedures, the pipe section must retain the rated test pressure - 4.5 kg/cm2, in this case - for a
period of 15 minutes. The bunker pipeline was reported to have been pressure tested in Dec'06. The test was
done at 3 kg/cm2 and the pressure reportedly monitored for 'a few minutes'. This inadequate* pressure test did
not serve its purpose of detecting weaknesses in the pipe.
The visual inspection prescribed every month was not done with a sense of purpose. The pipe section,
which had signs of heavy corrosion on the under side did not prompt further investigation about the condition.
Later de-scaling and inspection revealed multiple holes in this pipe section. Reluctance was seen to effi­
ciently de-scale the pipe section, due to fear of making holes and the consequent need for hot work repairs.
There was no pressure gauge fitted at the bunker manifold when starting the bunkers. A pressure spike,
if it had happened for any reason whatsoever would not be detected in the absence of this pressure gauge.
Root causes
Non-compliance with clearly laid out procedures for detecting any defect in the bunker pipelines.
!' Corrective measures and lessons learnt ,
The procedures to ensure that the pipeline condition is suitable for the job, is adequately described in
the instructions. Compliance with these procedures is a must to avoid the pollution risks arising out of pipe­
lines in poor condition.
Pipeline must be de-scaled effectively, notwithstanding the chances of making holes in the process
and consequent hot work repairs. If operational conditions and the schedule of bunkering do not permit
any repair and test in good time, this must be discussed with the business team and the transfer rate reduced
to a more comfortable level.
The pressure gauge on the bunker manifold is invaluable to detect any obstruction to the flow of liquid,
be it rust accumulation at bends, a choked filter, a broken valve spindle or an inadvertently closed valve,
which may not be immediately picked up by the watch keeper._____________________________________
Name of M/V, date an explosion
Type of
accident/incident:
Location:
Action:
Potential loss/damage:
Causes:
1. Immediate
2. Underlying
3. Root
Lessons to be learned:

b) Role-play the above situation. The C hief engineer is informing the Company of the inci­
dent. Write the report to the Company.
 AP P E N D IX 1
ADDITIONAL TASKS
TA SK 1
Translate into English the following instruction (in writing)

ПОСТУПЛЕНИЕ ВОДЫ В МАШ ИННОЕ FLOODING OF THE ENGINE ROOM

ОТДЕЛЕНИЕ
1. В случае пробоины, нарушения герметич- t '**■;'i ’'■'J .■
:% •. ;•; •>,
ности наружного контура ОБЪЯВИТЬ
ТРЕВОГУ (кнопка сигнализации в ЦПУ). ”■...... ' ' . ........ ..........
2. Сообщить вахтенному помощнику капита- f fck '■ ■ ^
на (позвонить на мостик или к трапу) о по-
ступлении воды в машинное отделение. Ш •; ь quU* ;
:vi ’Tfr,, .■ :
3. Подготовить и пустить в действие средства
У aV!■’ . У
осушения.
4. При значительном поступлении воды вве-
сти в действие аварийное осушение.
V4 'Ш' V- W : ■■ ■~)fT
5. Определить причины поступления воды,
rb. 'i-ji-'УГлПЭ'’' :;;C: У
место и размеры повреждения. Доложить
Дз л у у к ■ ■;
на мостик и прибывшему старшему меха- . :nj. . • •: 'ah < -r. ■
нику и командиру аварийной группы.
6. Дальнейшие действия выполнять в соот- w . . ? \У>/
ветствии с судовым расписанием по трево- ГС r; e , u.n «: уЫ Г.■.
гам и оперативным планом по борьбе с за- .) . . ' / «• г!,и;:.г v' i; !;i -:.i rvi У;' 5 ■
топлением. ■ ■' ' ■■■ " ‘:с>\
2. В случае затопления машинного отделения: ■rtf.
а) своевременно по распоряжению капитана ■ '■ 1 .■ i .■ . <.4
остановить главный двигатель и вспомога- ■: ; . y ' r ,e a-, ■> . In v:u*> у у ■ .
тельные механизмы; г v i) <' ' :>■-•'*•' .!• ri f
б) принять меры к эвакуации людей и сохра- rvifrt :• ■ ыяши'0
нению вахтенного машинного журнала; \ . J.i ',/1 ! .Wbi-vi;-:.,
в) закрыть быстрозапорные клапаны топлив- ■ .
ных и масляных цистерн. ; e'N ’ Г
• 1'■
'. ■
’ У' 5 :п г■
;. ■ ,ч.;
.. ' i’:. r 3 •«'»..
Бгш ».,м f
П; ;._ ........ ' ........ • Г-Н- - .... ■ -щ ’-.у; :

ч ■■- ■ с., т . У'У ; , v.;v / . у • с. У-

>lV. .л <5»Ш) УУ-Л у"5 ! y*t У' ■:Ч’ЧН' ^ . ■
'И /у: ' У:.--

75
TASK 2
Ex. 1. Read the extract from the article about the “green ship of the future” engines and
find the information on a new auto-tuning system benefits in the article:

Fuel-oil consumption
Emissions of C 0 2
Saving of operational costs
Saving of fuel and poten­
tial payback

“Green Ship” Project Exploits Existing Technology

Auto-tuning benefits both engines and environment
The “Green Ship of the Future” is an untraditional project whose vision is to develop envi­
ronmentally friendly and energy effective technologies to reduce both C 02-em ission and air
pollution arising from the activities of the shipping industry.
The p ro je ct is ca rrie d out by jo in e d forces o f M A N D iesel and A.P. M olle r-M a e rsk and
other Danish companies.
... The purpose o f MC auto-tuning is to introduce an automated control system for MAN
B&W MC-engines that monitors engine operating parameters and adjusts Variable Injection Tim­
ing (VIT) appropriately to deliver continuous, optimal fuel consumption. This system offers a
low-risk system development by using and combining existing, well-proved technologies into a
new product which benefits both for M AN Diesel engines and for the environm ent.'' “ Vi
MC auto-tuning
The MC auto-tuning system is an adaptation o f the ME auto-tuning system, an integrated
part o f the ME-engine control system. It can auto-adjust cylinder m aximum pressures, compres­
sion pressures and mean indicated pressure...
Auto-tuning benefits ' ,: ^
F uel o il consumption. It is generally accepted that increasing the maximum pressure level
by an average o f 1 bar decreases fuel oil consumption by approx. 0.20-0.25 g/kWh. This gives a
potential reduction in fuel consumption o f 0.5-1.0 g/kWh for engines already in operation that
have been adjusted (manually) to within the MAN Diesel-recommended operation limits.
Emissions. The benefit here is a potential reduction in C 02 emissions o f 2%. Using auto tuning
offers the potential for continuous engine operation in compliance with (future) emission regulations.
O perational costs. A better adjusted engine (in balance and in load) leads to potential sav­
ings in maintenance costs and/or the increased reliability o f the engine. The simplified operability
offered by auto-tuning eases a crew ’s workload, which in its turn increases the potential o f an en­
gine being regularly adjusted. .
Business potential
Engines operated w ithin M AN Diesel limits, in respect to cylinder m aximum pressure de­
viation from average, retain the potential to reduce fuel-oil consumption through better balancing,
enabling running at an average P-max, that approaches optimal value.
For example, for a 12K98 engine operated 70% o f the time the rough estimation o f fuel
saved amounts to approximately 150 ton/ year. Thus, the payback time for installing PMI and
auto-tuning system can be calculated in months, rather than years...
(From “DIESEL FA C TS”, 1/2009, p.12)
Ex. 2. Discuss with your study partner the new auto-tuning system and its benefits.
Ex. 3. Tell the group about the new auto-tuning system.

76
TASK 3
Ex. 1. Read the article about Vickers Oil bio-oils and their use with CP propellers. Find the
information in the article on the following: ;

Points of application •- -

Benefit for operational per­ ‘ . - . ■ '

formance

Ecological benefit

Green Lubes For Environmentally Friendly CP Propellers

After comprehensive testing, MAN Diesel has given general approval for the use o f Vickers
Oils bio-oils with CP propellers.
Accordingly, Vickers biodegradable and non-toxic oils are now accepted by MAN Diesel
for use within complete oil systems in the VB and VBS propeller range. As such, Vickers bio-oils
can be used both for the general gravity lubrication o f stem tube bearings, and the lubrication o f
propeller hubs’ moving internal p a rts...
The oils, which have undergone extensive testing, have the Vickers trade name HYDROX
BIO 68 and HYDROX BIO 100. Additionally, another Vickers bio-oil is presently being tested
for use with MAN D iesel’s AMG-range o f reduction gearboxes, and as hydraulic servo-oil for
propeller pitch setting.
The bio-lubricated VB and VBS propeller range covers the power range from 1,000 to
30,000kW - and hub series from 480 to 1,940mm in size. This corresponds with propeller diame­
ters in the range o f 1.8 to8 meters.

About Vickers Oils !;

Vickers Oils manufactures specialized marine lubricants which are available in stock
points worldwide. The HYDROX range offers an insurance against water ingress, which can oc­
cur in ship’s stem tubes, stabilizers and thrusters. In the presence o f water the HYDROX prod­
ucts maintain lubrication and continue to protect against corrosion.
The HYDROX BIO range o f eco-friendly stem tube lubricants have enjoyed rapid uptake
since their introduction in 2003. More than 600 vessels worldwide now use HYDROX BIO as
their stem tube oil. In addition to being Readily Biodegradable the HYDROX BIO grades are
also Non-Toxic to marine life throughout the food chain.
In 2006 Vickers launched the ECOSURE HSE biodegradable, non-toxic hydraulic fluids.
The ECOSURE HSE biodegradable fluids have been developed specifically for environmentally
sensitive marine applications and provide an outstanding operational performance and excellent
ecological credentials. , • м т-■< .• ,
(From “DIESEL FACTS”, 3/2009, p.10)

Ex. 2. Discuss with your study partner the benefits o f bio-oils.

Ex.3. Tell the group about these benefits.

77
i J.i Лтд.' , * X f _*;?* KEYS ‘> ■>. Л .?: ■
HOME TASK 1 • '..Лт,» a ;t%: т. : Л <Л 'чЛ:'. -

Ex. 2, p. 14
1 - d), 2 - f), 3 - a), 4 - b), 5 - e), 6 - c), g).

Ex. 3, p. 15
1 - c), 2 - b), 3 - c), 4 - a), 5 - c).

Ex. 4, p. 15

1. The fuel is sprayed into the cylinder under pressure. >« ,,5
Топливо впрыскивается в цилиндр под давлением. '

2. The gas reduces in pressure and temperature during the expansion stroke.
Давление и температура газа уменьшаются во время такта расширения.

3. There is an exhaust pipe connected to the cylinder. "

Имеется выхлопная труба, присоединенная к цилиндру,. ' Т
: -ЛКП.-- : -V

4. A scavenging air compressor is operated from the engine. ? * shori * '

Компрессор продувочного воздуха работает от двигателя. луль' 'гпЧчтт • ’ :‘ :
. ■ 7V Ч ' ^ T t.T Л"' Т,-X - н -.': s ' K i ' . . х ,, : , . . \ У 0
5. In 2-cycle engine only one revolution o f the crankshaft is required. c
, В двухтактном двигателе требуется только один оборот коленчатого вала..

HOME T A S K 2 т - v n r -х v - / - ч /X * ■ >■ ' "-.тг' ; :

Ех. 2, р. 18 : X, •тн' я.-.'-- ■ Л •/ ,
1 - с), 2 - d), 3 - Ь), 4 - f), 5 - g), 6 - а), 7 - е). л;.? Ч; г-- и

Ех. 3, р. 19 Ч . •' ' 'S•

1 - с), 2 - а), 3 - с), 4 - Ь), 5 - с). л TiV
Г. >* ' *: .
Ех. 4, р. 19 '■* ^ :
1. Scavenging air is admitted into the cylinder through scavenging ports.
Продувочный воздух впускается в цилиндр через продувочные окна.

2. Exhaust ports are slightly higher than scavenging ports. нъ. Л * ■

Выхлопные окна расположены немного выше продувочных окон. ; ;•— г) :>
■' . .4 -/Л . ■ х .1, ■ >■:: '
3. Pressure in the cylinder falls before scavenging ports are opened.
Давление в цилиндре падает до того, как продувочные окна открываются.

4. Entering air sweeps the burned gases out o f the cylinder through exhaust ports. -Л'
Входящий воздух выдувает продукты сгорания через выхлопные окна.

5. Air is trapped in the cylinder and compressed.

Воздух захватывается в цилиндр и сжимается.
HOME TASK 3

Ex. 2, p. 23
1 - c), 2 - a), 3 - e), 4 - b), 5 - g), 6 - d), 7 - f).

Ex. 3, p. 24
1 - b), 2 - c), 3 - b), 4 - a), 5 - c).

Ex. 4, p. 24

1. Preheating system employs steam up to7 kg per sq. cm. , ..

Система предварительного подогрева использует пар под давлением до 7кг/кв.см.

2. Drain lines for leakage fuel are partially heated. •

Сливной трубопровод для слива топлива частично подогревается. . *

3. Fuel transfer pump is driven separately by an electric motor.

Топливоперекачивающий насос приводится отдельно электрическим мотором.

4. Non-return valve is situated between fuel pump and overflow line. J(

Невозвратный клапан расположен между топливным насосом и трубопроводом перелива.

5. There is no formation o f vapor on suction side o f fuel pum p j ; .

На всасывающей стороне насоса нет образования пробки. .г- ; .

HOME TASK 4

Ex. 2, р. 27
1 - с), 2 - b), 3 - а), 4 - е), 5 - d), 6 - f).

Ех. 3, р. 28
1 - а), 2 - с), 3 - с), 4 - Ь), 5 - а).

Ех. 4, р. 28

1. Principal function o f cooling system is to dispose o f heat. ■n <• . v ,.

Основная функция системы охлаждения освобождаться от тепла. , .

2. Cooling system is extended for convenience. - 4. . <...... •••

Охлаждающая система разветвлена для удобства. :, ь . . . ■:

3. All points o f application m ay be included in a single cooling system.

Все возможности применения могут быть включены в единую систему охлаждения.

4. Several independent cooling circuits m ay be used. i., • ... ■

Могут использоваться несколько отдельных контуров. . . . -. , ,f ,.:

5. Fresh water passes through coolers into a large tank for recirculation.
Пресная вода проходит через холодильники в большую цистерну для рециркуляции.

79
HOME TASK 5

Ex. 2, p. 31
1 - c), 2 - a), 3 - d), 4 - b), 5 - f), 6 - e).

Ex. 3, p. 32
1 - b), 2 - c), 3 - c), 4 - a), 5 - c).

Ex. 4, p. 32

1. Scavenge lubricating pump draws oil from bedplate. . •

Продувочный смазочный насос втягивает масло из картера. ;f

2. Lubricating oil distributor pipe is cast integrally with bedplate.

Распределительный трубопровод смазочного масла цельнолитой с картером.

3. The engine is designed to work on dry-sump system.

Двигатель предназначен для работы по системе сухого картера. ' "

4. Oil level in the bedplate is checked by means o f dipstick. 1У

Уровень масла в картере проверяется с помощью щупа. ; , ■ .

5. Vital parts are force lubricated and valve gear grease lubricated.
Главные части смазываются принудительно, а механизм привода клапана - консистент­
ной смазкой.

HOME TASK 6

Ex. 2, р. 36 • •х ,
1 - b), 2 - d), 3 - а), 4 - f), 5 - с), 6 - е), 7 - g).

Ex. 3, р. 37 -• '■ ■ * -
1 - а), 2 - а), 3 - с), 4 - Ь), 5 - с).

Ех. 4, р. 37
1. Supercharging is a means o f increasing power output o f the engine.
Наддув - это средство увеличения выходной мощности двигателя.

2. Having greater weight o f air in the cylinder we can bum more fuel.
Имея больший вес воздуха в цилиндре, мы можем сжигать больше топлива. ■

3. The net increase in power in the engine is up to 50%. ; .

Чистое увеличение мощности в двигателе до 50 %. . . : .у ' ^

4. The speed changes with the load on the engine. '*■•> M . " ' - ■
Скорость изменяется с нагрузкой на двигатель. • - " -Д д-: , , ' :' . •

5. No auxiliary drive is required for operation at partial load, '*»*-■• -.••‘•л - •••••-
Никакого вспомогательного двигателя не требуется для работы при частичной нагрузке.

80
BLOCK II
MAINTENANCE
LESSON 7

Ex. 2 b), p. 43
Dialogue
Chief Engineer: —Good morning!
2nd Eng. Officer: —Good morning, sir!
Ch. Eng: - 1 have some questions about preparation o f the m ain engine for starting.
2nd Eng: - Yes, sir.
Ch. Eng: - First, the starting air and lube oil systems. Have you prepared the crankcase?
2nd Eng: - Yes, the crankcase has been cleaned and all internal parts wiped off. Besides,
loose internal bolts, screws and nuts have been adjusted and secured.
Ch. E ng: - Good. W hat about starting air bottles? Have you checked them?
2nd E ng: - Yes, the bottle pipes have been blown o ff and the starting pressure checked.
It is kept between 25 and 30 kg/cm2. • '
Ch. Eng: - T hat’s good. And has the roller bearing in starting air relay been greased?
2nd E ng: - N ot yet. The motorman is doing it now.
Ch. Eng: - OK. W hat about oil sumps, canals and pipes? Have they been checked?
2nd Eng: - Y e s , mud and rust removed. W ater drained.
Ch. Eng: - W ell, don’t forget to pump the oil through the engine while it’s being turned over.
2nd Eng: - Oh, yes, sir. W e’re just going to do it, and to force the oil to all the lube points.
Ch. Eng: - And the last, but not the least important. Has the valve gear lube oil tank been
checked before filling up? • • ■• • ■ ■ rt
2nd Eng: - Sure, it has. And the filter has also been checked and cleaned. . ,
Ch. Eng: - Complete the preparation and report. ...
2nd Eng: - Yes, sir.

LESSON 8 ... ..........

Ex. 1 a), p. 45
1 - b), 2 - a), 3 - d), 4 - c)

LESSON 9

Ex. 1, p .4 7
a) engine speed, pressures and temperatures -•••=••>* ■
b) 15kg/cm2 Y v Y ..nurt :,r- .(гокл»-
c) for condensation
d) 2.5-3.0 kg/cm2
e) 60 degrees C
f) 1.0-2.5 kg/cm2 ' ’ '
g) at the outlet
h) after cooler, the exhaust gas temperature
i) the fuel injection, dismantled.

81
 APPENDIX 3
EN G IN E R O O M C H E C K L IS T - P O R T A R R IV A L (О Б Р А ЗЕ Ц )
SH IP: V O Y .N O :
PO R T : D A T E /T IM E :

S.NO C R IT E R IA DONE REM ARKS

(Tick)
1. Arrival information
*Expected time o f “stand-by engines” obtained
*Approx, time o f berthing obtained
^Period o f anchorage or berthing obtained
*Specific cargo preparations upon “finished with engine”
(FEW) V . ' ... .. •„ . ... v ,

2. Engine Telegraph tested

3. Steering gear checked and tested
4. Communication means tested between Bridge/Engine room
Bridge/Steering Gear room and Engine room/Steering Gear
room
5. Synchronization o f engine room and bridge clock
6. Engine room adequately manned as per C/E’s requirements
7. Main engine control systems checked
8. Adequate reserve o f electrical power available
9. Main air bottles pressed up and drained o f condensate
10. Fuel systems got ready in all respects
11. Fresh water Generating Plant shut down (if applicable)
12. Economizer soot blown prior to speed reduction (if applicable)
13. Pressure in the line to the ship’s air whistle checked
14. All anti-pollution measures taken
15. Main cooling seawater suction changed over (if applicable)
16. Mooring machinery and thruster power supplied and tested
17. Cooling water for deck machinery supplied
18. Any special requirements o f Arrival Port complied with
19. Preparations for maintenance jobs upon FWE

N O TE: Items that do not apply to the vessel m ay be ignored. w*.r.

W here applicable (e.g. against item l entries), the time should be mentioned in the “Remarks”
column. . .

DUTY ENGINEER CHIEF ENGINEER

 - A P P E N D IX 4
ABBRIVIATIONS USED FOR ENTRIES IN THE ENGINE ROOM LOG BOOK
AND IN INSTRUCTION M ANUALS

abs - absolute абсолютный ' ‘ u

abt - about о (предлог) ■ .■
ACC - air cool cleaner очиститель воздухоохладителя
alk. - alkali щелочь
amt - amount количество
ШТ - arrive прибывать
assy - assembly сборка
atin. “ atmosphere атмосфера (ед. измерения давления)

В
b. b. _ ball bearing шариковый подшипник '
B/bot - bottom днище
B.E. - bottom end нижний конец ........
b.p. - boiling point точка кипения . . ...
brg - bearing подшипник
B.T.U. - British Thermal Unit (0.252kcal) Британская единица тепла

C
c _ Centigrade (t) по шкале Цельсия
cal. - calorie калория '
c/case - crankcase картер
c.f. - cubic foot кубический фут
Ch.E. - Chief Engineer старший механик ' ’ ,. ,
cm. - centimeter сантиметр
C.M.R. - continuous maximum rating продолжительная максимальная:
CMS - camshaft распределительный вал . .... .
Con rod - connecting rod шатун, соединительный шток
cons. - consumption расход
c .v . - calorific value теплотворная способность
c .w . - cooling water охлаждающая вода
clg wtr bore - cooling water bore отверстие для охлаждающей воды
CY. - cycle цикл ,
cyl. - cylinder цилиндр у -.t.p, bni.ioq »-.и'
cyl.hd - cylinder head крышка цилиндра м ,
■ V.- ....... i h - V \ t-N? *1
D
Deg./d. - degree степень, градус
D. (I.D.,O.D.) - diameter (irmer, outer) диаметр (внутренний, внешний)
D.B. - double bottom двойное дно
dft. - draft осадка, чертеж
disch. - discharge разгрузка, сброс
d.g. - double gear двухступенчатая передача tr.
D.W. - distilled water дистиллированная опресненная вода s..., ,
dwt. “ deadweight грузоподъемность . .„

E VII '» . •,!

e./eff. _ efficiency коэффициент полезного действия
e-g- - for example например ' ;Uri .
E.H.P. - effective horse power эффективная мощность * -t. ’
E.R. \ - engine room машинное отделение
etc. - et cetera и т. д . (лат.) •
exh. exhaust выхлопной, выпускной

F
F _ Fahrenheit (t) температурная шкала Фаренгейта
F. - fuel топливо
f. d. - forced draught искусственная тяга
F.H.P. friction horse power мощность, потерянная на трении
Fig. figure рисунок, чертеж ; • г* =
f. 1. forced lubrication смазка под давлением
F.O. fuel oil жидкое топливо
f.p. flash point температура вспышки
f.p.m. feet per minute футов в минуту
Fwd/ford forward передний, носовой

G
G/genr generator генератор
g- gauge мера, калибр
G. specific gravity удельный вес
gal. gallon(4.54bl) галлон
g- P- gauge pressure манометрическое давление
G.W. gross weight вес брутто

H
h. (hr.) hour час
hd head крышка, головка
Hg. mercury ртуть
H.P. high pressure высокое давление
h.p. horse power лошадиная сила
H.Q. high quality высокое качество
Ht height высота

I.C.E. internal combustion engine двигатель внутреннего сгорания

I.D. induced draft искусственная тяга
I.D. inner diameter внутренний диаметр
i.e. that is т. e. (лат.) ‘ "ч ;
i. h. p. indicated horse power индикаторная мощность
in. inch дюйм
Insp. inspection осмотр .
i. p. intermediate pressure среднее давление

1. liter литр
lb. libra/pound (0.453kg) фунт (лат.)
lbs. pounds фунты uq-. ■; ■
lb/sq.in. pounds per square inch фунтов на кв. дюйм
liq. liquid жидкость
L.O. lubricating oil смазочное масло
L.P. low pressure низкое давление

М
Мах. maximum максимальный
M.C.R. maximum continuous rating максимальная продолжительная нагрузка
ME main engine главный двигатель
m.e.h.p. mean effective horse power средняя эффективная мощность
min. minimum минимальный
min. minute минута
m. i. p. mean indicated pressure среднее индикаторное давление
Mn main главный
Mn bm main bearing рамовый подшипник
m. p. s. meters per second метров в секунду ^ *

naut. nautical морской

Nm nautical miles морские мили , , , n
No. number номер, количество
Norm. normal нормальный

84
Nos. numbers номера

О ■' V' S
O. D. outer diameter внешний диаметр ‘
О ’hauled overhauled перебранный
О-ring oval ring овальное кольцо

P
P. Port side левый борт
p. c. per cent (%)
p. c. f. pounds per cubic foot фунтов на кубический фут
p. h. per hour в час
p. m. per minute в минуту . ■, t _■ '
p/p pump насос s, ■ . ..
p. s. per second в секунду
p. s. i. pounds per square inch фунтов на кв. дюйм
purif. purifier сепаратор, очиститель , .

R
R/arm rocker arm балансир, коромысло
r. c. remote control дистанционное управление ...
recond. reconditioned восстановленный
rect. rectangular прямоугольный
ref. reference ссылка '
Red. Redwood (viscosity) вязкость по Редвуду _ .
r. p. m. revolutions per minute оборотов в минуту
r. p. s. revolutions per second оборотов в секунду ' '

S
Sanit. sanitary санитарный
satisf. satisfactory удовлетворительный '. ’W
SB starboard правый борт
sc. scale шкала , , .
scav. scavenge продувать
serv. service обслуживание >Т'ч'.'ОА„ ' ли
shp/SHP shaft horse power мощность на валу .; _ - -г;-г «:: г,
sp. gr. specific gravity удельный вес ^
sp. ht. specific heat удельная теплоемкость ’
sp. vol. specific volume удельный объем ' н; in
sq. in. square inch квадратный дюйм
S.S.U. second Saybolt Universal (viscosity) вязкость по Сейболту
s. w. sea water, salt water морская, забортная вода

T
t temperature температура
t. ton, tonnage тонна, тоннаж
throu. through через, сквозь
T/C turbocharger турбонагнетатель

V
v. velocity скорость (процесса)
Vol. volume объем
v/v valve клапан '* ’

W
W. water вода
w. g. water gauge водомерное стекло
w/shop workshop мастерская
wt. weight вес
W.T.B. water tube boiler водотрубный котел
 APPENDIX 5

ENTRIES IN ENGINE ROOM LOG-BOOK

MAIN ENGINE

1. UNIT # 1: (Cylinder No. 1)

Dec 95: Liner renewed. U nit decarbonised. All piston rings renewed. ..
J a n 96: Missing orifice plate, 37.5 x 15.5, (2 nos), in cyl hd C.W. outlet line.
Made and fitted. E xhaust valve replaced with O'hauled valve.
Routine. Both fu e l valves replaced due to choked clg passage.
M a r 96: Air starting valve replaced with O'hauled valve.
A p r 96: Exhaust valve & Indicator cock replaced with O'hauled one.
J u n 96: Exhaust v/v spindle burnt & broken. Same replaced with O'hauled
v/v. Fuel pump replaced with O'hauled p/p. Both fuel v/vs replaced
with spare.
A ug 96: Stuffing box O'hauled. . ta r' .
Sept 96: Indicator cock replaced w ith O'hauled one.
O ct 96: Exhaust valve replaced with O'hauled one.
05.12.96: R elief v/v replaced with O'hauled one.
Both fu e l valves replaced with O'hauled ones.
21.02.97: Exhaust valve replaced with O'hauled one. Both fuel valves replaced
with O'hauled ones.
Air starting valve replaced with O'hauled one. ; > V
24.02.97: CyL head cracked at Antwerp.
Same replaced with reconditioned one (repaired at p. Hueneme:
"Vaughan's Industrial & M arine repair Co.", Paramount, CA).
08.03.97: Cyl. head cracked at Cotonou (Benin). Same repaired on board w ith
local workshop assistance and fixed back due to spare cyl. head
о
remained at Antwerp w/shop for reconditioning. ..
09.03.97 Indicator cock replaced with O'hauled one.
15.05.97 Fuel valve (fwd) replaced with O'hauled one.
23.07.97 Unit 1 exhaust valve replaced. <• г-ли-

7. TURBO CHARGER:

16.12.96: O ’hauled by Kobe Diesel Service. Impeller o f new design fitted.

The Diffuser & Air Guide rings also renewed to suit the same.
25.10.96: T/C gas side opened up, observed, turbo nozzle & blades find very
dirty. Same cleaned & boxed back.

m
 ОБРАЗЕЦ ЗАПОЛНЕНИЯ ВАХТЕННОГО Ж УРНАЛА
М АШ ИННОГО ОТДЕЛЕНИЯ ^
MAIN ENGINE - Главный двигатель

1. UNIT # 1: Цилиндр № 1

Dec 95: Цилиндровая втулка заменена. Произведена моточистка. Все

поршневые кольца заменены.
J a n 96: Потеряны пластины с отверстиями 37.5 х 15.5, (2 шт.), на
магистрали выхода охлаждающей воды из головки цилиндра.
Изготовлены и установлены. Выпускной клапан заменен
перебранным. Повседневное обслуживание. Обе форсунки
заменены из-за засорения охлаждающего канала.
M a r 96: Пусковой клапана заменен на перебранный.
A p r 96: Выпускной клапан и индикаторный кран заменены
перебранными.
J u n 96: Ш пиндель выпускного клапана прогорел и заменен на
восстановленный. Топливный насос высокого давления (ТНВД)
заменен перебранным. Обе форсунки заменены новыми из запаса.
Aug 96: Переборка сальника штока поршня.
Sept 96: Индикаторный кран заменен на перебранный. ,,
05Л2.96: Предохранительный клапан заменен на перебранный. Обе
форсунки заменены перебранными.
21.02.97: (повторяется, см. выше)
24.02.97: Цилиндровая крышка треснула в Антверпене. Она заменена на
восстановленную (отремонтированную ранее в порту Вайноме
(Калифорния США), "Vaughan's Industrial & M arine repair Со.",
Paramount, CA) J ; . . >. -
08.03.97: Цилиндровая крышка треснула в порту Котону (Benin). Она л ^
отремонтирована на борту с помощью местной ремонтной
мастерской и установлена обратно на цилиндр, так как запасная
цилиндровая крышка оставлена в Антверпене для
восстановления. , г , , ....
09.03.97: Индикаторный кран заменен восстановленным. • г.
15.05.97: Носовая форсунка заменена восстановленной. . . .•>
23.07.97: Выпускной клапан 1-го цилиндра заменен. ■

7. TURBO CHARGER: Г азотурбонагнетатель

16.12.96: Перебран заводом «Kobe Diesel Service». Установлен ротор новой

конструкции. Диффузор и воздушные направляющие кольца так
же заменен для соответствия ротору.
25.10.96: Турбонагнетатель вскрыт с газовой стороны, обследован.
Турбина, сопловой аппарат и лопатки сильно загрязнены. Все
очищено и вновь собрано.
 ' s : ' ' A PPEN D IX 6
TAKING OVER, KEEPING AND HANDING OVER W ATCH DUTIES
DUTIES ASSOCIAXED W ITH TAKING OVER THE W ATCH ~

1. Enter the machinery space 15 minutes before the change o f watch.

2. Inspect all operating units, noting operational conditions and any deviations from the
normal mode.
3. Check steam boiler water level.
4. Inspect bilges and under floor spaces.
5. Note engine telegraph instructions and check engine control position and related speed.
6. Check quantities and levels in engine room service tanks.
7. Ensure that the relieving watch members are capable o f perform ing their duties.
8. Examine the engine room log.
9. Receive an oral report from the engineer officer in charge o f the watch for the period o f
watchkeeping now completed.
10. Enter in the engine room log any abnormal operational conditions noted during inspec­
tion.
11. Accept, if satisfied, responsibility for the machinery space operation.
12. Maintain the log book. ■1 • --7 *

ROUTINE DUTIES UNDERTAKEN DURING A WATCH

1. At regular intervals, inspect all operational machinery, noting operating conditions and
correcting any deviations from the normal mode.
2. Operate the oil centrifuges as necessary. •
3. Check that the m ain engine cylinder lubrication is within the correct range. ■ •
4. Check the electrical system voltage and load and, if two or more generators are operat­
ing, that the load is properly balanced. , ^
5. Check the pressure in compressed air storage tanks and top up. '
6. Inspect bilge and under floor spaces and clean them using the bilge pump and complying
with any anti-pollution regulations.
7. State that when serving on an actual ship the watchkeeping routines and duties would
also include responsibilities related to:
• Steering gear; hi :;r-■; . . ..
• Propeller shaft casing and bearings; ;. a > . .
■ -
• Domestic fresh water; ; . .
• Water for sanitary use.
8. Maintain the machinery space log book and know the significance o f the readings taken.

DUTIES ASSOCIATED WITH HANDING OVER OF A W ATCH .,

1. Prepare an oral report to the relieving engineer officer in charge o f the watch.
2. Do not hand over the w atch to the relieving officer if there is a reason to believe that the
latter is not capable o f carrying out the watchkeeping duties. :
3. Maintain the machinery space log book.

88
 ОБЯЗАННОСТИ ПО ПРИНЯТИЮ ВАХТЫ

1. Прибыть в машинное отделение за 15 минут до смены вахты.

2. Осмотреть все работающие механизмы, отмечая рабочие параметры и любые откло­
нения от нормального режима работы.
3. Проверить уровень воды в паровом котле. ‘ .
4. Осмотреть льяла и подпольные пространства.
5. Отметить инструкции телеграфа двигателя и проверить положение управления дви­
гателем и соответствующую скорость.
6. Проверить количество и уровни в расходных цистернах машинного отделения.
7. Убедиться, что сменный персонал вахты способен выполнять свои обязанности.
8. Изучить записи вахтенного журнала машинного отделения. г
9. Получить устный отчет вахтенного механика о состоянии дел за период несения
вахты.
10. Сделать запись в вахтенный журнал о каких-либо ненормальных состояниях, отме­
ченных во время осмотра. ОПОГЧ"’, j
11. Если всё оборудование найдено в удовлетворительном состоянии, принять обязан­
ность за работу машинного отделения.
12. Заполнить вахтенный журнал. V ; ' " У ' I*.»1
“У..
it

РУТИННЫ Е ОБЯЗАННОСТИ ПО НЕСЕНИЮ ВАХТЫ 9 )

1. Через регулярные интервалы производить осмотр всех работающих механизмов, от­

мечая рабочие параметры и устраняя все отклонения от нормального режима.
2. При необходимости производить сепарацию масла.
3. Убедиться, что цилиндровая смазка осуществляется на должном уровне.
4. Проверить напряжение и нагрузку электрической системы. При одновременной ра­
боте двух или более генераторов убедиться, что нагрузка распределена правильно.
5. Проверить давление в расходных танках сжатого воздуха и пополнить при необхо­
димости.
6. Осмотреть льяльные колодцы и другие подпольные пространства и опустошить их с
помощью льяльного насоса в соответствии с правилами по предотвращению загряз­
нения.
7. Принять во внимание, что вахтенные обязанности также могут включать обязанно­
сти, относящиеся к следующему:
• рулевое устройство; - 1
• корпус и подшипники вала гребного винта;
• пресная вода для хозяйственных нужд; ‘ -
• вода для санитарного использования.
8. Вести записи в вахтенном журнале машинного отделения, отдавая полный отчет зна­
чимости этих записей.

ОБЯЗАННОСТИ ПО ПЕРЕДАЧЕ ВАХТЫ

1. Подготовить устный доклад механику, принимающему вахту.

2. Не передавать вахту сменному механику, если имеются основания полагать, что он
не в состоянии выполнять вахтенные обязанности.
3. Заполнить вахтенный журнал. ............

89
 APPENDIX 7
GRAM MER REFERENCE
-■ til -
1. СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ
'■■4 » " ' "V. /•', ' * l\ :' . ’-tf. .
СУФФЕКСЫ 'ч i■< . V. •* ' i ; 4 . -

1. существительных
-al to remove —removal (удаление) =
-апсе (-епсе) to m aintain - таяйепапсе(обслуж ивание)
-er (-or) to cool - cooler (охладитель) , . K.......
-mg to heat - heating (нагрев)
-ment ’ ’’ to arrange - arrangement (устройство) >
-ness clean - cleanliness (чистота) p r -,v
-tion (-sion) to compress - compression (сжатие) , , '
-cy efficient - efficiency (эффективность) ( ;
-ty r reliable - reliability (надежность) . и. э,-. v. „
-ture to mix —mixture (смесь)
2. прилагательных
-able (-ible) rv . . to adjust - adjustable (регулируемый) ,r ,
ti'i ? /Л.#' ^
-ant (-ent) to differ - different (различный)
-ive " !dl-r: (!•*''■ defect - defective (неисправный) , .гэк; ■ .■'•jy
-ful to use - useful (полезный) Ч1 ■• « - ' ; i ‘
-ous danger - dangerous (опасный) u- ^ .' j . ,>.
-y to rotate - rotary (вращательный)
3. глаголов c !■<<: < ууук •: " ■
-fy simple - to simplify (упрощать) - м д г ш - ..j. <;
-ize minimum - to minimize (минимизировать)
-en wide - to widen (расширять)
4. причастий
-ing to enter - entering (входящий) , - •
-ed to require - required (требуемый) ■
5. наречий
-ly effective - effectively (эффективно uu- - .• - 4

VC. у .у Щ-П-Уу ; ; XibV/] {.:>■ 'л;ПлГ.: l ГА ? i- riT

ПРИСТАВКИ
un- Important —unimportant (неважный) • ■. *, у ц ,
in- (im-, il-, ir-) correct - incorrect, regular - irregular (неправильный)
re- starting - restarting (перезапуск)
dis- '' connect - disconnect (отсоединить) ’
mis- alignment - misalignment (несоосность)

90
 2. П Р Е Д Л О Г И ,7:'л ' ? s ’
а) дви ж ен и я:
to - к , в, на Thermostat delivers w ater to the cooler.
from - от, из, с The pressure pump draws oil fro m the tank.
into —в (внутрь) The fresh air flows into the cylinder.
o u t of - из (изнутри) The gases are forced o u t o f the cylinder.
T h ro u g h - через The water passes th ro u g h the exhaust valve cage.
U pw ard - вверх The air is deflected u p w ard .
D ow nw ard - вниз The piston moves d o w n w ard on the first stroke.

б) местонахож дения:
a t - у, в, на There are exhaust ports a t the cylinder bottom.
in —в (внутри) The air is compressed in the cylinder.
on - па Starting air valve is placed on the cylinder head.
betw een - между Tire non-return valve is situated betw een the fuel pump and overflow line.
in fro n t of - перед The fuel filter is located in fro n t o f the fuel pump.
behind -з а , позади The gas expands b eh in d the piston.
above - над The cylinder is filled with the air at a pressure several pounds above
atmospheric.
below - ниже, под The air compressed by the turbocharger flows into the chambers be­
low each cylinder.
u n d e r - под The fuel is sprayed into the cylinder u n d e r pressure.

в) врем ени: V '"'V.

A t- в
Before - перед тем ,
как ;.о-
A fter —после того, к а к
D uring - во в р ем я
F o r - в течение
W ithin - в течение
A t the end o f the stroke. A t the correct moment.
The pressure in the cylinder falls b efo re the scavenging ports are
opened.
The fuel valve closes after the piston has started its downward stroke.
The air is compressed d u rin g the second stroke o f the piston.
The engine is stopped fo r a short: period o f time.
The repair should be completed w ith in two days.

г) предлоги, в ы п о л н яю щ и е ф ункцию падеж ей:

П адеж П редлоги П р и м ер ы
Р оди тельн ы й Of An even m ixture o f air and oil ensures good combus-
(кого? чего?) tion.

Д ател ь н ы й То Shut-off valve stops the supply o f fuel to the fuel pipe.
(ком у? чему?) For The lines fo r leakage fuel are also heated.
;, a 7 ' ■
•-4•■
.. ■'.1% r
Т в о р и тел ьн ы й By This pum p is driven b y an electric motor. ,
(кем? чем?) W ith The valve is provided w ith a double-cone seat. :

П редлож ны й ab o u t Tell me, please, a b o u t the cooling system o f the engine.

(о ком ? о чем?)

91
3. ЧТЕНИЕ ДРОБНЫ Х И СМ ЕШ АННЫ Х ВЕЛИЧИН

1/3 One third з;.: ." . г ш . ;

34/5 Three and four fifth : -
7/8 foot Seven eighth o f a foot * l* 1 *
1/2 One half :..>n ; ,
Уа One quarter л-ьчлТ: ■■--■■.■yy- •.
2.5 Two point half 1 i: 1 : _
0.763 Point seven six three

4. МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ

Can (be able to) М очь, быть способным
May (be allowed to) М очь, можно ( разрешение)
Must Должен (моральный долг, обязанность, необходимость)
M ustn’t Нельзя (категорическое запрещение)
Have to Должен, вынужден, приходится (необходимость в силу об­
стоятельств)
Should (ought to) Следует (совет, рекомендация)
To be to, Должен (запланированная необходимость, предписание)
Shall Должен, обязан (в юридической документации)
Needn’t Не нужно (нет необходимости)

5. ПРИЧАСТИЯ
Причастие настоящего времени (Participle I)

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ПРИМ ЕР ПЕРЕВОД

1. Fresh w ater is used as a cool-
ing m edium in the engine.
V+ ing
То cool - cooling 2. The refrigerant evaporates,
cooling the surrounding air or
other medium.
1. Пресная вода используется в
качестве охлаждающ ей сре-
ды в двигателе. > .
2. Хладагент испаряется, охла-
ждая окружающий воздух
или другую среду.

i! •

Причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II)

ОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ПРИМ ЕР ПЕРЕВОД

3rd form of the verb .. . r -y: . Г

(-ed) There is an exhaust pipe con­ Имеется выхлопная труба, соеди­

to connect - con­ nected to the cylinder. нённая с цилиндром.
nected

92
6. ПРИЧАСТНЫ Е ОБОРОТЫ 8
Причастные определительные (какой?) и обстоятельственные (что делая?) обороты,
встречающиеся в технических текстах по механике, обычно не вызывают затруднений при
переводе, так как аналогичные причастные и деепричастные обороты широко используют­
ся в русском языке. - .....................• -
Однако следует рассмотреть некоторые конструкции, не имеющие эквивалентов в
русском языке и вызывающие определенные затруднения при переводе.

а) Причастные обороты, вводимые союзом.

В технической литературе причастный оборот, в отличие от русского языка, часто
вводится союзом when или while. Такие обороты можно переводить, употребляя предлоги
«при», «во время», причастным или деепричастным оборотом, а также полным придаточ­
ным предложением. Например: г; . С. v . •

W hen starting the engine the following procedure should be observed. ,

1) При запуске двигателя нужно соблюдать следующий порядок.
2) Запуская двигатель, нужно соблюдать следующ ий порядок.
3) Когда запускается двигатель, нужно соблюдать следующий порядок.
Л -Г. У-” ': .. уг ; 1' > ■> .
б) Независимый причастный оборот. т <.
— Часто встречается в английской технической литературе. Вызывает трудности при
переводе из-за отсутствия данного грамматического явления в русском языке.
Признаки независимого причастного оборота:
1) Имеет собственное подлежащее. " '" " ч
2) Обязательно отделяется запятой от остальной части предложения.
Такие причастные обороты обычно переводятся придаточным предложением с со­
чинительными («а», «и», «причем», «в то время, как») или подчинительными союзами
{«так как», «когда», «после того, как» и т.д.), которые подбираются по смыслу.
Например: 1 . - : . ,ч :дк . ,<v
The vessel proceeded to the port o f destination, the faulty cylinder liner being replaced
with the spare one. * ......
Судно продолжило путь в порт назначения, причем неисправная втулка цилиндра
была заменена запасной.
The weather conditions being bad, w e couldn’t stop the engine and make the repairs.
Так как погодные условия были плохие, мы не смогли остановить двигатель и
произвести ремонтные работы. * -* • ,.44‘ V >V *i н
■. f 5Ь,

в) Независимый причастный оборот, вводимый предлогом “with ”.

Имеет все вышеуказанные признаки, но иногда может отсутствовать запятая. Н а
русский язык обычно переводится придаточным времени, вводимым союзом «когда», или
придаточным условия, вводимым союзом «если». Например:
The piston starts moving downward with the burned gases expanding behind it.
П орш ень н ачи нает движ ение вниз, когда п родук ты сгорания расш иряю тся
за ним.

93
7. ИНФИНИТИВНЫЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ
Инфинитивные конструкции широко применяются в английских технических тек­
стах и представляют значительные трудности при переводе из-за их полного отсутствия в
русском языке. . ,
а) Инфинитив в функции обстоятельства цели.
Такая инфинитивная конструкция отвечает на вопрос «для чего?», «с какой целью!» и
переводится на русский язык при помощи союза «для того, чтобы». Эту конструкцию доста­
точно трудно распознать, так как союз “ш order to ”, как правило, опускается. Например:
We had to stop the engine (in order) to replace N o .l cylinder fuel valve.
Нам пришлось остановить двигатель, для того чтобы произвести замену форсун­
ки цилиндра №1.
б) Конструкция «существительное + инфинитив».
Такая конструкция обычно употребляется в функции определения и отвечает на во­
прос «какой!», «какая!» и т.д. Н а русский язык такие конструкции следует переводить
придаточным определительным предложением, вводимым союзом «который». Например:
1. The procedure to confirm the proper condition of the pipeline is described in the
Manual.
Порядок действий, которые нужно выполнить для подтверждения надлежаще­
го состояния трубопровода, описан в инструкции.
2. The fuel pump to be replaced has already been dismantled.
Топливный насос, который нужно заменить, уже демонтирован.
в) Инфинитивная конструкция “Complex Subject” («Именительный падеж с инфини­
тивом»).
Данная конструкция широко используется в английских судомеханических текстах,
тогда как в русском языке её аналога не существует.
Конструкция “Complex Subject” употребляется, когда сказуемое выражено глагола­
ми to say, to report, to assume, to find, to expect, to believe, to consider и др. в страдатель­
ном залоге и to seem, to appear, to prove в действительном залоге.
На русский язык такие конструкции переводятся вводными безличными предложения­
ми типа «считается, что», «было обнаружено, что», «оказалось, что» и т. д. Например:
1. After inspection the camshaft was found to be broken between the chain gear and the
part o f the reversing gear. . д.
После осмотра было обнаружено, что кулачковый вал переломился между цеп­
ной передачей и частью реверсивного устройства.
2. The fire appeared to have been caused by a pinhole leak in the fuel oil heater end
plate.
Оказалось, что пожар был вызван мизерной утечкой в конечной пластине топ­
ливного подогревателя. : ... .Л,ЯМУГ< >•

8. БЕЗЛИЧНЫЕ ВВОДНЫ Е ПРЕДЛОЖ ЕНИЯ (IM PERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS)

Данная конструкция начинается с формального подлежащего it, глагола-связки
is/w as/w ill b e / has (had) been т.д. и прилагательного или причастия прошедшего времени
(Participle II). На русский язык конструкция переводится безличным вводным предложени­
ем. Например:
1. It is clear that the m ain cause o f the crack formation was a welding fault.
Совершенно очевидно, что главной причиной образования трещины была некаче­
ственная сварка.
2. It was assumed that the damage had been caused by corrosion.
Предположили, что повреждение было вызвано коррозией.

94
 A P P E N D IX 8
КРАТКИЙ АНГЛО-РУССКИЙ СЛОВАРЬ ТЕРМ ИНОВ И СЛОВ,
ВСТРЕЧАЮ Щ ИХСЯ В ПОСОБИИ
А
abrasion истирание, износ
(to) absorb поглощать
access доступ
accessories арматура
(to) accelerate ускорять
q
(to) accumulate накапливать
(to) accommodate размещать, приспосабливать
accommodation ' размещение, расположение
according to = in accordance with в соответствии с
(to) account считать, объяснять
to take into account 'о принимать во внимание
(to) achieve достигать
acid кислота
(to) act действовать
action действие
to be out o f action о не действовать, не функционировать
actuate приводить в действие
(to) add добавлять
additional дополнительный, добавочный
(to) adhere прилипать, приставать
adequate , соответствующий, достаточный
adjacent ,. ,v , , . смежный соседний
adjoining примыкающий, прилегающий, соседний
(to) adjust . регулировать
adjustable ....., , регулируемый, установленный
admit впускать, подавать .- .
admission впуск ,,
advantage . ,. v преимущество
advantageous . .. преимущественный
(to) affect .j. влиять, воздействовать ■,
aft -• ................ , в кормовой части, в корме, по направлению к корме
agreement соглашение
ahead вперед, переднего хода, на передний ход
air bottle ,, ... ,, . , баллон (резервуар) со сжатым воздухом
air pockets воздушные мешки (пробки)
alarm (audible, visual) ч сигнал тревоги (звуковой, зрительный)
(to) align регулировать, центровать ? ■
alignment/ misalignment оч .. регулировка, центровка/несоосность ,, .
alkali .... щелочь
(to) allow допускать, позволять
alloy сплав '' V
(to) alter менять, исправлять
alternate (ly) _ попеременный (попеременно) : ^ л
alternator генератор переменного тока ,;
amount . ,r. , , . . . количество ....

95
angle угол
annual ежегодный ! '
annular кольцевой, круглый
(to) appear оказаться, показываться
(to) apply использовать, применять
application применение, употребление
approximately приблизительно
arrangement устройство
area площадь, поверхность, полость
(to) arise возникать, появляться
articulated цепной, круглый
(to) ascend подниматься
assembly сбор,сборка
(to) assume допускать, предполагать
astern задний, кормовой; заднего хода, на задний ход
(to) attach прикреплять, крепить
(to) attempt попытка, пробовать, пытаться
atomizer форсунка, распылитель
authority власть
auxiliary вспомогательный
available имеющийся в наличии/распоряжении
average средний

В
ballhead Чувствительный элемент в сборе
bar /sealing b., tightening b. брус, балка, поперечина / уплотнительная полоса)
bearing подшипник
b. cap крышка подшипника
ballb. шариковый подшипник
crank (big end) b. мотылевый подшипник
crosshead b. головной подшипник
journal b. опорный подшипник
main b. рамовый подшипник
plain b, простой подшипник
self-aligning b. самоустанавливающийся подшипник
thrust b. упорный подшипник
bilge днище, льяло, скула
b p um p ' льяльный, осушительный насос
blade лопасть, лопатка
blasting -■ : зд. продувка, пескоструйная очистка
grit b. пескоструйная очистка
blast-cleaning ' •' пескоструйная очистка
(to) blow дуть, продувать
blower воздуходувка
(to) blow off продувать, подрывать
bolt болт
holding down b. ; !; фундаментный (крепежный) болт
tie b . ;Ш анкерная связь
(to) bore сверлить, отверстие (высверленное), диаметр (вн.)

96
 1. cylinder b. у внутренний диаметр цилиндра
2. large-bore engine г , -не. двигатель с большим диаметром цилиндра
braking чи торможение
1. automatic pressure braking ;:,, ■,, автоматическое торможение контрвоздухом
2. brake pipe трубопровод подачи контрвоздуха
3. brake horsepower (B.H.P.) тормозная мощность (на валу)
bracket кронштейн
brass латунь
(to) build up наращивать, повышать
bulkhead переборка . '
(to) bunker , <, . , : ш бункеровать г ■
bunkering boat йыь. .•»>, < . ' :(ь бункеровщик
(to) bum r „ •: >п жечь, сжигать, гореть
bush(ing) .• , , и у,л втулка, вкладыш
■ ,
(to) bush • - ; •• . вставлять втулку
bottom b. нижняя втулка
gland й'л 1,г уплотняющая втулка

С
cage г : ,.Г! корпус ,
capacity ; г< ! вместимость, производительность ^
cam кулачок,эксцентрик
(to) cancel отменить .,
cavitation пустотность
carbon углерод
carbon dioxide углекислый газ
(to) cast ,, отливать, лить (металл)
cast integral цельнолитой
cast iron чугун
case корпус
cause причина
(to) cause вызывать, причинять
central core центральный поток
certificate свидетельство, удостоверение
chipping hammer молоток для отбивки
chamber камера т,»
(to) changeover переключать, переключение
channel паз, канал, выемка
(to) choke засорять, забивать, заглушать
choked system засоренная система
circuit цикл, контур, цепь
circumference окружность
circumstance обстоятельство
claim претензия
to make c. against smb. for smth предъявлять претензию к кому-либо на что-либо
clamp хомут, зажим
claw выступ, зубец, кулак •
clearance . зазор , ,
clip зажим, хомут .- . ..

97
 clockwise л '■. - . - v / . . - по часовой стрелке . :
clogging Л'ХНл t/c.r-x лиг ' засорение, закупорка, забивание Ю'., •:
coarse грубый, крупный
COat ■. ! ; \ ;■■■' ,>. ,v л ; слой (краски), покрытие - ,
coating л : облицовка, покрытие, обшивка ' <•.
coil л г -л Л' змеевик -j>\и.*.,- ■
collapse разрушение
combustion сгорание
(to) compare ал,.г.--..- сравнивать _ -л '
comparatively сравнительно
(to) compensate уравнивать, компенсировать г
(to) complete завершать, полный, заполненный ,. •’ v ,
concern л ;■■■-■.'• = беспокойство, забота
to cause c. ш вызывать беспокойство (тревогу) ; .
concerned г связанный с, имеющий отношение (к чему-либо)
cone • г. конус
cone-shaped . л, V, конусообразный v
consequence следствие, последствие
consequently следовательно
(to) consider считать, рассматривать
(to) consume ■■а; -л -;г потреблять, расходовать • '
consumption расход "
(to) contaminate загрязнять, заражать • ' : ■•
content содержание
continuously непрерывно
convenience <: удобство, выгода л
conventional ■: обычный, стандартный
copper медь ‘ ■■• :
(to) correspond соответствовать
corrosion коррозия ■
counterweight противовес
coupling муфта, соединение ; ‘
covering ; обмазка
crack .. *.ц .: трещина 1
crankcase 1 i:-- картер
crankshaft коленчатый вал
cup : ;,1> воронка л ’
cycle цикл 1 '■
cylinder лл цилИНДр
c. head цилиндровая крышка
c. jacket рубашка цилиндра
c. liner цилиндровая втулка ' ' 1 : Гл
c. output мощность цилиндра
c. volume объем цилиндра
,. ♦ "г,-

D
datum (ед. ч.)/ data данные, сведения
damper регулятор (тяги), заслонка

98
 (to) deal with . 1 . ’/ж иметь дело (с)
(to) decrease уменьшать
degree к . : л г м т % степень
defect uie недостаток, неисправность, повреждение
defective ■' ; неисправный, дефектный
deficiency н .э недостаток, дефицит
(to) deflect v п: t отклоняться от прямого направления
delay задержка, запаздывание
(to) deliver •> доставлять, поставлять, передавать
(to) demand Ч:~ требовать '■
deposit • <’ отложение, осадок
(to) descale очищать от накипи
(to) determine определять
(to) design проектировать
(to) develop/ development развивать(ся)/ развитие
device приспособление, устройство
(to) dilute ьд .: :. ,. ч. разжижать, разбавлять
(to) direct направлять, прямой, непосредственный
disc area . . площадь диска ; *
(to) discharge ч>.-.;»*>■.т/f откачивать, сливать, выпускать
d. pipe сливная труба
discount .:<1. скидка
(to) dismantle разбирать (машину), демонтировать
(to) displace Ч-. смещать, вытеснять
(to) dispose of ^ ,<L(- ч избавиться о т...
distortion чллэ/ччч искривление, коробление
(to) distribute распределять(ся)
disturbance отклонение, нарушение, возмущение
(to) dock ' .•••'>* ставить в док
(to) dry-dock ставить в сухой док
draft - - ' у ib.4; тяга, осадка •
(to) drain ■ 1 спускать, осушать
(to)drill сверлить
duct « гйлн канал, проток, труба
due to из-за
duration длительность, продолжительность

Е
edge край, кромка ‘ '
(to) effect •тя* осуществлять, производить ’’ •
efficiency э;чч--.. чл. эффективность, КПД
efficient Йт ; эффективный , •
(to) eliminate устранять
emergency непредвиденный случай, чрезвычайные обстоятель­
ства, авария
(to) employ применять - , ' >
emery-cloth наждачное полотно, шкурка
(to enable давать возможность ; . ч '
(to) enclose вкладьюать (в письмо), прилагать ' чг&У: гу?

99
enclosed закрытый, замкнутый
enclosure приложение
(to) encounter встречать, сталкиваться
engine < . двигатель, машина
Auxiliary e. вспомогательный двигатель ,
Main e. главный двигатель ' ; ■, • > ;
2 -stroke e 2 -хтактный двигатель -
(to) ensure обеспечивать
entry вход, входить
to make entries л делать записи . ;-л s
environment окружающая среда
(to) equip оборудовать :с
equipment оборудование . .
equal равный • 'у;
(to) escape выходить ' '::; i т-*- \
essential существенный ^ :
even равномерный, ровный, даже 1 г: • ■
event случай ,•
in the event o f в случае... t
excess . избыток, избыточный Л
(to) exceed превышать лу­
except за исключением, кроме
exhaust . ■,,, ..... ВЫХОД, ВЫХЛОП :; .•
e. fan blower ■. вытяжной вентилятор • ; лА
e. piping > выхлопной трубопровод
e. manifold V; .V. Д* выхлопной коллектор ??: ■":;
(to) expand > расш иряться) ЯЛГПГ ,;.
exposed открытый ; -Й-г;.
(to) extend (to) тянуться, доходить д о ... ::
extent степень , ;
to some extent ' в некоторой степени
extinguish л т у ш и т ь , гасить ’
external внешний П',•,
(to) extract извлекать, вытягивать

F
(to) fail отказываться действовать (глагол показывает, что
действие не совершено)
failure отказ в работе, остановка, повреждение, авария
(to) fair ,, (, зд. выравнивать, рихтовать ;•
fault гг повреждение, замыкание v:■ ; .
faulty неисправный, неправильный л -;1 ; , >
faultless безупречный л ;
(to) fasten л г;, д л ; крепить ллг
fastener зажим, крепление
feeder питатель . :>■•••;•• :' >
fiber .•kff.'VHil ОН ВОЛОКНО ; fhok,-
natural f. натуральное волокно .:)
synthetic f. синтетическое волокно > .1

1 00
 (to) finish окончательная обработка
finish machined -. • окончательно обработанный
(to) fit ' устанавливать, пригонять
fitting : установка, сборка, монтаж, пригонка
flange , фланец
flashpoint ■ . . . ^ температура вспышки
flat . ■; . „ плоский
flexible гибкий, эластичный
(to) float плавать
floating lever плавающий рычаг
floating valve „с . • поплавковый клапан
(to) flush : заливать (водой)
flyweight грузы центробежного чувствительного элемента
flywheel маховик, маховое колесо
foaming вспенивание
fore передний, в носовой части, по направлению к носу
fore and aft вдоль судна
force сила, нагнетать
forced принудительный
foreman мастер, бригадир
forge ковать, выковывать
former первый (из двух упомянутых)
fouling ■f обрастание ракушками и водорослями (подводной,
части судна), загрязнение
anti-fouling , противообрастающее средство
a.-f. paint .......необрастающая краска
fracture , трещина, поломка, излом, разрушение
framing набор корпуса судна
framework остов, станина, ферма
frequency ! M ■ частота
friction трение о- '
skin f. поверхностное трение
fuel топливо
ash-forming f. нагарообразующее топливо
f. blending rii • смешивание топлива разных сортов
f. consumption >г' г~. р расход топлива
heavy f. oil ‘: j ' :j тяжелое топливо fo ' ;1:"
fir- ""олс ;; •.\г|й.'у ^ . ' 4; . • , •
G
(to) gain »*«•• о получать, приобретать, выигрывать : а ‘.
garbage мусор, отбросы ‘ И:
gas-tight газонепроницаемый, герметичный
gasket шсад : • прокладка, набивка, сальник f
gauge измерительный прибор :
pressure ~ манометр ;
gear привод, устройство, механизм, шестерня
boat (-handling) g. шлюпочное устройство г
cam g. . кулачковый механизм ., '
cargo handling g. погрузочно-разгрузочный механизм •=•

101
hydraulic tightening g. гидравлическое затягивающее устройство
launching g. устройство для спуска шлюпок
lifting g. подъемное устройство, подъемный механизм
maneuvering g. - подруливающее устройство
steering g. рулевое устройство
generation' генерация, образование, производство
power g. выработка (генерация) энергии
generator генератор
girder балка, брус, стрингер
gland сальник, уплотнение
gland nut уплотнительная гайка сальника
gland strip уплотнительная прокладка
grade марка (топлива, материала)
gradually постепенно
g./h. p./hr. грамм на лошадиную силу в час
graphic displays мнемосхемы
grating решетка
gravity сила тяжести
specific g. удельный вес
grease смазка (консистентная)
grid решетка, сетка
grill (grille, grating) решетка
(to) grind (ground, ground) притирать, шлифовать, обтачивать
groove желоб, канавка, паз
(to) guarantee ■ . гарантировать
(to) guide направлять, направляющая
crosshead guide направляющая крейцкопфа

Н
(to) handle обращаться с чем-либо, ухаживать за ч.-л.
handhole горловина
hardness твердость
hardened закаленный
harmful вредный
hatch-cover крышка люка ;
(to) heat тепло, нагревать
heat conductivity теплопроводность
heat resisting теплостойкий, жаростойкий
header коллектор
high pressure water вода высокого давления
(to) hold (held, held) удерживать
hogging прогиб ■
hollow полый, пустотелый
hook крюк, гак
hose шланг
housing ' *■ корпус i
hub ступица, втулка л , ,?;г 'ц г
hull корпус судна
humidity д -г влажность

102
 hydraulic гидраш 1ический
hydrogen водород

I
(to) idle работать вхолостую, бездействующий
idle stroke холостой ход
idle space вредное пространство
idling speed скорость проворачивания двигателя
i. e./that is то есть (лат.)
(to) ignite зажигать, воспламенять
ignition возгорание, воспламенение
(to) immerse погружать, окунать
(to) impinge ударять(ся)
improper неправильный, неподходящий
(to) improve улучшать, совершенствовать
impurity примесь, загрязнение
in.= inch дюйм (2,54см)
(to) incline наклонять, отклонять
inclined наклонный
(to) include включать
incoming входящий, пост упающий
incorrect неправильный
increase рост, увеличение
(to)increase расти, увеличи наться
independent(ly) независим ы й (м о), авто ном ный (но)
(to) indicate указывать
indicator card индикаторная диаграмма
induced draft искусст венная вытяжная тяга
(to) influence влият ь, влияние
initial первоначальный
injection впрыскивание
i. pump топливный насос высокого давления
injector форсунка
inlet вход, впуск
irregular неправильный, неравномерный
insert вставка
(to) issue выходить, выпускать
in situ на месте (например, о ремонт е механизма без
снятия с фундамента)
installation установка
insufficient недостаточный
insulation изоляция
intake впуск, вход
integrated составляющий единое целое с...
(to) interconnect соединять между собой
intercooler промежуточный охладитель
interior внутренняя часть
(to) interlock соединять
intermediate промежуточный, средний

103
 intermittent Г";; прерывистый, периодический (о давлении)
internal внутренний
(to) interpose располагать между
(to) introduce вводить
inverted перевернутый, обратный
inversely proportional " обратно пропорциональный
(to) investigate ' “ >-v ■ : .vr>: исследовать, расследовать '’
. . г , -;7 -• ” ‘ }-
invoice накладная, счет
(to) involve \ . л .: ., ■ \'i влечь за собой, вовлекать
involved - 4 ■■Л "Vir * V-h i,: '•
вовлеченный
inward . .o --Hr внутрь
item : V Ci- vV'' ' уq h:,'i отдельный предмет (в перечне, в списке)
• '■ , ' : iTK'iiji- i
" .. :.'г;-!!ТГ.ГЧ‘Ж
jet V., '.vrvro'.- струя, насадка ■; ‘ .
jet pump струйный насос ■U■•
(to) join (к - соединяться)
joint UKvor.:; ■) - ; стык, соединение, шарнир, узел (конструкции)
expansion j. ■-i компенсатор (•
journal шейка вала, цапфа
journal bearing r„ou ” 5члкт/ska опорный подшипник
journal brass HiilHff ■’ЧЙ; Mi:! вкладыш опорного подшипника
:• 'r . r ’■'v TCOf; ;
К , >i . . br * V
(to) keep (kept, kept) V qq — ; хранить, держать .•/: г;<,' <
to k. to Л :.Cv’ придерживаться
to k. under seal 'ibri v- иг ’■■■' . ; •; хранить в опечатанном состоянии
key Л'ТГ'Л • -• ■.. JY.v ' шпонка, соединять на шпонках
knob г . г ручка, головка, кнопка • , , '
knuckle-joint -•ib • шарнир

L ■ ........... . - .......... ‘ ‘ •"»

labyrinth packing = labyrinth seal лабиринтовое уплотнение
Y
lack t . iv"*-s отсутствие, недостаток
ladder .**.мi■;.....
’ ■ ■' 4 * 'У■ VГ трап
(to) lap , перекрывать, загибать, накладка ,
lateral ...74: у t.; H;' боковой
lathe . , : ■> nr-. ■*:- :;ц токарный станок
latter i'tJr.U последний (из двух упомянутых)
(to) launch -;• -ii. ' -J' спускать на воду
leakage jv протечка
(to) lessen 'г r H-'' ’ уменьшать ,.
level уровень
lever •> '■ Ь'Л r: “ ■' • рычаг ,
liability v: .л-гшт подверженность, ответственность
to bear 1. for нести ответственность за . . .
lb. ( Libra) = pound ,1': английский фунт (453,6 г) .. .
life-boat спасательная шлюпка
(to) lighten VK: .jiiji облегчать (вырезами в конструкции)

104
 (to) limit ' . . ,. ограничивать
lined i облицованный
liner ■ : ■ втулка
link ; w*. ■ шарнир кулиса
liquid ■' ■ t <-T: • жидкий, жидкость
locker ' ; ■ /■ ящик, шкаф, кладовая
paint 1. ■■ ■ ■■■■■■' : малярная (кладовая)
loop петля
loose свободный, не прикрепленный
to work (get) loose f' : ; расшататься
(to) lose (lost, lost) терять
loss " '■ ■■ 1— потеря
(to) lower понижать, ниже, более низкий ' ‘
lubricant .. . . . ., , смазка, смазочный '
(to) lubricate < :- : смазывать
lubricating oil /v;ov-v • u - . v- смазочное масло
lubricator V'... , масленка, смазочное приспособление

М
(to) machine обработать на токарном станке, расточить,
machinery обточить механизмы
(to) maintain поддерживать, сохранять, обслуживать
maintenance 1 ) обслуживание машин и механизмов и со
держание их в исправности
2 ) текущий ремонт "'
current ship's m. текущий ремонт судна
planned (scheduled) m. планово-предупредительный ремонт
(ревизия).
preventive m. профилактический ремонт
malfunction поломка, неисправность
manhole V'_ горловина, лаз, люк
•V ' 'v'w : ,'ti
manifold трубопровод
•'f • j
maneuverability маневренность, подвижность
Г
matching подобранный, подогнанный
(to) mean означать, значить 1 ; ' ‘
meaning значение
\i-- 'У,*)-':.* ,r»;v
means средства '' 1
. ^ tV /4 "' . v .. v *
(to) measure измерять
measure мера
to take measures принимать меры :
(to) mesh входить в зацепление ;;
misaligned смещенный, отклоненный от оси
misalignment несоосность, отклонение от оси
miscellaneous разный
(to) modify изменять, видоизменять
modification видоизменение ;г ■ ‘ '
moisture влага ! и
momentum разбег, инерция ^ А
mooring место швартовки ••

105
 motion — движение, ход
(to) mount монтировать, собирать
mounting монтаж, установка
(to) move .• ui, ; двигаться, передвигаться
mover - : двигатель, мотор
movable ■-■> * r- -j ■;.= подвижный, переносной
movement 4 ' 1■ движение, передвижение

N ,;r
nail . гвоздь
narrow узкий
needle игла, стрелка прибора
n. valve ; игольчатый клапан
net чистый, нетто
net increase *'* ' ' чистое увеличение
nevertheless , - тем не менее, несмотря на ; .
nipple ‘ ; ' <’r ■ ниппель, соединительная втулка или
трубка, патрубок
nitrogen азот
note замечать, отмечать, заметка
nozzle - • •> :■ сопло, насадка .. ; , ■
numerous : - многочисленный
nut л.. ; гайка

° 7 .7 * 7 7 .' ’ 7
(to) obtain получать
obtainable получаемый
obligation ... .. . , обязанность
(to) observe следить за, наблюдать
occasional ., редкий, случайный
(to) occur t,. происходить, случаться
oil. (смазочное) масло, топливо 1
penetrating o. антикоррозийная жидкость '
(to) omit г. ... 1 , опустить
oppose ... противостоять
opposed-piston type двигатель с противоположно движущимися
•• >■" .s ' поршнями
opposite ■ противоположный
order порядок, заказ, приказ
. ' ■
"' '.■'*■#Г i
m order to для того, чтобы
orifice отверстие
original ' первоначальный ' ‘ v '
outlet .... . ■ выход, выпуск :
outline контур, очертание " ^ '
output производительность
outside * ' снаружи ' :
outward наружу (о движении) ' V '
OVer свыше
overall ’* наибольший, общий *•.- ^ **
■■?•>
(to) overhaul ' разбирать, тщательно осматривать

106
 overhaul 1 детальный осмотр, переборка, ревизия
general (major) о капитальный ремонт
oxygen кислород

р
packing U' ' ' l • • ' •' набивка
pad подкладка, прокладка
р. welding сварка перекрывающими валиками
partial частичный
particular конкретный, частный
particulars характерные особенности
(to) pass проходить, пропускать, передавать
passage проход
patch . заплата, накладной лист, пятно
per в, за, на
per cent процент
percentage . } s .:'c .r
процентное отношение ■;
(to) perform осуществлять
personnel iOH-'b.'i « личный состав г, ( .
piece единица .^
pin палец, шпилька, штифт
pin box мотылевый подшипник
pinion OK ведущая шестерня, зубчатка -
P>pe n труба
piping трубопровод .
piston поршень
p. groove кеп, канавка, для поршневого кольца
p. head (crown) .t . головка поршня
p. pm • и. поршневой палец
p. ring V:)'1 поршневое кольцо
p. rod шток поршня ..
p. skirt юбка поршня, тронк
pit углубление
pitting выкрашивание, точечная коррозия, питтинг
pivoted shoe шарнирный поворачивающийся башмак
plate зд. лист, обшивка ,
plating обшивка
external p. наружная обшивка
shell p. лист наружной обшивки, обшивка корпуса
(to) plug затыкать, заглушать, закупоривать
plug пробка, болт, штифт, палец . . .,
drain p. пробка спускного отверстия ■•;.
plumbing зд. трубопроводные работы ; . •
plunger скальчатый поршень, плунжер ;
pollution -K l O'T.Г'.», .! загрязнение • •
port зд. левый борт, отверстие, иллюминатор
p. side левый борт
(to) possess обладать, владеть
pound фунт (435,6г)

107
 power : - сила, мощность
precaution ^ " предосторожность
precombustion .i . . предкамерное сгорание
(to) preset установить, дать заранее
preset value заданная величина
(to) prevent предотвращать
pressure ' * давление, сжатие
(to) pressure test опрессовывать, испытывать давлением
previously ранее
price list прейскурант
prime * . главный, основной, грунтовка
primary ' - - первичный, основной : -
prior to smth. до (ранее) чего-либо
(to) proceed ■ происходить, продвигаться, развиваться
procedure операция, метод, порядок
profile профиль, вертикальный разрез, сечение
(to) prohibit ' ' • ." • запрещать
(to) propel приводить в движение
propeller • . \ гребной винт ' '
p. hub и -' ступица винта
p. shaft ’ ; ' : M гребной вал
proper правильный, надлежащий
property свойство
propulsion ; приведение в движение, движущая сила
p. machinery-i •• - : о энергетическая (гребная) установка
p. plant 5
(to) prove доказывать
(to) provide . <. • . ' обеспечивать, снабжать
to p. for ' ' ' : оговаривать, предусматривать
as provided in ... , : ;- как предусмотрено в ...
pump hi‘: насос
ballastp. ' *'■* балластный насос
bilge p. :- осушительный насос
duplicatep. ’ ' запасной насос
fire-extinguishing p. '' ' ■! пожарный насос
(to) pull тянуть
(to) push толкать
pushrod 1 •' толкатель

Q ■■■'--
qualified ч ;- >r‘ • ,; компетентный
quality ■-; качество
quantity количество г-
quick - I ■. . iu быстрый . ;
quick-acting -я ! tvr ■. быстродействующий .' '
quick-adjusting .ччч.*ч- - i . n Ы: быстро устанавливающийся

■. Г'Н„ ;,ч , i. ■

108
 R Ч* •
racing разнос, самопроизвольное ускорение (двигателя)
radial BO< радиальный
rags ветошь
(to) raise поднимать, повышать ^г„
range диапазон, серия, класс , . .
rapid быстрый, стремительный
rate скорость, класс, коэффициент
rating характеристика, режим, нагрузка
ratio коэффициент, соотношение
readings ■ показания приборов
reason причина
reasonable приемлемый, умеренный
(to) rebabbitt К'|йч •, >”Л- перезалить баббитом
(to) receive получать, принимать
receiver приемник, ресивер
recently недавно
under r. до недавнего времени .. . .
reciprocating возвратно-поступательный ;• :
(to) recondition восстанавливать
rectangular прямоугольный
(to) reduce уменьшать
reduction уменьшение у
(to) refer to ссылаться н а ...
(to) refine очищать
(to) refuse отказывать(си)
regarding касательно, относительно
(to) re g re t, сожалеть
regulations свод правил
reinforcement подкрепление
steel r. стальная арматура
reliable надежный
reliability надежность
(to) remain оставаться
(to) remedy устранять (неполадку), исправлять
remote Я'(■' 'VS' дистанционный
(to) remove удалять, вынимать ?,
removal снятие, устранение ,, •. -• ,
(to) renew •То восстанавливать
(to) repair ремонтировать • -Sj
repair (s) ремонт, ремонтные работы -г,
to make r. to smth делать ремонт чего либо .■
emergency r. срочный ремонт -'; > ,
in situ r. ремонт на месте (вне завода) ■■ ,
major t. большой ремонт j ■
minor r. мелкий ремонт .
running r. текущий ремонт г;
r. under the terms o f guarantee гарантийный ремонт ;;
reply ответ V .•

109
 in reply to в ответ на
representative представитель
request просьба
(to) require требовать
requirement требование
to meet requirements удовлетворять требованиям
residue остатки, осадок, отстой
остаточный
resistance сопротивление
respectively соответственно
реакция, ответ, чувствительность (прибора)
responsibility ответственность за выполнение обязанностей
to bear r. for нести ответственность з а ...
r. lies with ответственность возлагается на ... •
responsible ответственный
to be r. for . быть ответственным за ...
(to) restore восстанавливать, возвращать
(to) result in в результате приводить к
resultant полученный в результате, равнодействующий
(to) return возврат, возвращать(ся)
(to) reverse реверс, изменить направление движения
(to) revise проверять, повторять
(to) revolve вращаться
revolution оборот
rigid жесткий
ring кольцо
ogee r. компенсирующее кольцо
piston r. поршневое кольцо
seal(ing) r. уплотнительное (прокладочное) кольцо
(to) rotate вращаться
rotary вращающий, поворотный '
rotation вращение
rivet заклепка ■ =■- ■ '
rod тяга, шток г .
connecting r. >-r in-- : kH s шатун •
roller валек, ролик
rope - ..-.ilk. конец, трос ■Л •’ -
routine к и-:-.?;, / установившаяся практика, распорядок, обычный
r. overhaul текущий осмотр
r. test текущие испытания -шг:,; /
row . х'ч-’Яьа-' ряд углы ,
rudder руль, рулевой л г , ц <■"
r. blade tu-u/oq к-иПккр, перо руля ' ■'
(to) run работать, управлять ‘' ^
rust ржавчина ■ к ■
vk-.ti. .j л лТ.'-'/л'

S ,Т ГПи-'Ж
safe безопасный :'п>- • т^-уго •;
safety безопасность

110
 s. code техника безопасности
(to) safeguard ' ; охранять, гарантировать
salt deposits отложение солей
sample образец
sandpaper ■- л наждачная бумага
sanitary pump •' ' ■ •• насос сточной системы
scale накипь, окалина
scavenging trunk продувочный ресивер
scheduled ■' M запланированный
scraper ring маслосъемное кольцо
scraping соскоб, скобление
scratch царапина
screw винт
s. plug заглушка
to screw in ввернуть
to s. out вывернуть
unscrew ... ". . . открутить
screwdriver \ ' . ! ■: . ! , ■ отвертка
sea : ’ ’ ' f /• 3 волна, море
s. grid . r кингстонная решетка
s. chest V - . i кингстонная выгородка
s. valve " • кингстонный клапан
seal ;• " - уплотнение, сальник
sealer грунтовка
sealing paste . • <> , f .. уплотнительная паста, герметик
seam шов
seamless бесшовный
seat • . .,1 . , ■ = . v lv " . ; зд. седло (клапана)
seaworthy • ... обладающий хорошими мореходными каче­
»»- ствами
(to) secure > . * .■ • Г г крепить, обеспечивать, гарантировать
sediment .-vim • j . Ii Г •; грязь, отстой, шлам
self- . ‘i/f v. • ’ част, само- (самоочищающийся) >
semi- -. : ‘ ,*.л . * ' • , част, полу- (полузакрепленный)
sensor ...vj чувствительный элемент
(to) separate ; H - с Г ' 1 отделять, разделять
separation * , • /* , ; ' 5 : V; У ■‘ ■’ разделение, сепарация
sequence последовательность
(to) set устанавливать, настраивать . ■.
sewage сточные воды
s. tank • \ И s . V- : танк для сточной воды
s. pipe shaft фановая труба
shaft ' h. ■- ‘ '1 " вал
intermediate s. промежуточный вал
(to) shape • J . . m v V - v форма, придавать форму
shaping machine m u y , ; поперечно-строгальный станок
sheet i • , s ... зд. лист
shell . H i H v " u / „ • . ...v наружная часть машины, кожух -; • • ,
s. plate Vr ' y ; i U j : лист наружной обшивки

111
 shim прокладка (в подшипнике)
shipyard ь-. 1 'v судоверфь
shoe " • .■ башмак, ползун
shop i.. •' ' --o'./'*' зд. мастерская, цех
shortage • " •'У. ;• •. ./Af нехватка, недостаток
(to) shut down • ' .-c--: отключить, остановить
(to) shut off перекрыть
sight-flow indicator указатель расхода жидкости - •
significance ’-и.. значение
single одиночный
(to) sink . утапливать
sleeve - втулка
(to) slide скользить, ролик
slot /i'%- ". желобок, паз
sludge грязь, отстой
soft sludge • ;:У: . / мягкий шлам
smooth liTH ' ‘Л- r‘i . гладкий
(to) solve решать, разрешать
s. a problem • :V : разрешать проблему
sodium -r T 'U.Ci '_*■O: натрий
solid ti.i'.j J ;' УУ1 ■' .’ ' ■ ’-УУ ' *f сплошной, цельный, жесткий
solution ‘' раствор
soot •V сажа
soot blower сажеобдувка
space ......f , пространство
spacer ring ,■у *: промежуточное кольцо
spanner r: гаечный ключ
adjustable s. и :J‘ f ■■>. разводной гаечный ключ
spare ■:,уц-;ъс m U'V.r-.. ■ : .".MrL r- ■ ■ запасной :
s. parts J ' .1 запасные части
s. roil r. ■ ?:'KJ запасной ролик к вальку -
specification ;;; * . У '/.ГУ ■: ' ремонтная ведомость, спецификация
specific gravity > ;• t -• ,a> удельный вес
(to) spill i ? .'-’'.’.a.. ■ проливать, разливать
spillage VJH ;nr-r;a> vur.'-a разлив
spindle i a i f- r a «/дуге стержень, шток -и - ! "
valve s. ‘ шток клапана
split pin шплинт
(to) spray гыа-аа- распылять
sprayer MF‘!f54 форсунка
square •■■•T,. к -■j , ;ч а ■ квадратный
stability q: h/ u'!1 остойчивость У
staple скоба
starboard ■ правый борт - V1
steering gear рулевое устройство :
stem шток, стержень клапана > ?' / >
stiffness жесткость
storage ?> запас, хранение
stores запасы
112
storeroom • i -.,.4 r ‘ .i\; кладовая, склад
(to) straighten *n .5 :*'0 выпрямлять, выправлять
stream й <л'.г поток
stress напряжение, нагрузка
stroke r>; ' • . .1 s'** ■,l *' ход (поршня)
Stud _ .H- шпилька, распорка >
Stuffing box : . ia ’ .it'. Vf. набивная коробка
(to) subject to o .*v : гк.ьс ,.тг<:нь\«л . подвергать чему-либо
submerged tr П ’’У У A-;: n; ... . V затопленный, погруженный
substance КТ/Ц'Г -Л, Г; вещество
(to) substitute A заменять
successive последовательный
(to) suck всасывать
suction всасывание
sufficient . л. •, достаточный
suitable подходящий
sulphur ■>i ■ сера /
sulphur content --г-,: , содержание сера (в топливе)
sump .n: отстойник, сборник, сточная цистерна
(to) supercharge f ( A ,. . производить наддув
superintendent a заведующий, управляющий
(to) supervise ’ r;.V‘ • наблюдать
supervisor m*. .•mo • ' ■ . -г,..*'jA’hv наблюдающий, инспектор ,
supervision f м-у, ‘ надзор, наблюдение
(to) supply ■.'■•■vcr - снабжать, поставлять, снабжение
support •... .ч:т . .. опора, станина, кронштейн
surface r y y . •\ •'■/. . поверхность . . ..
(to) surround \ . j r;::r-C ./•'/ окружать
survey 'О** / ■‘ , инспекция, осмотр
to hold a s. проводить инспекцию чего-либо
(to) survey .... (; ’ ■ инспектировать, осматривать
surveyor A. инспектор, сюрвейер

T
tailshaft - . ‘ A. гребной вал
tank ih-js-uy• *■" ■' Г' • >l-]! •' : ' ■ T танк, цистерна
settling t. к У ..:..Ь отстойный танк т.. .• ! .
sump t. ( r. . мМЬ. ; •)! сборник
double-bottom t. Ч\'. Н v: '.it" танк с двойным дном
tank meter рулетка для замера жидкости в танках
tapered конический, суживающийся
(to) tend ..N'OHi' -u ЛчМГ'Т'ЛМ. j : иметь тенденцию •<■
tensile strength /: м г 'м . . ■ предел прочности
tension напряжение, натяжение ;.
thickness толщина
thinner растворитель
thoroughly тщательно, внимательно : .и <
throttle дроссель, клапан у 'и . ’.- >
throttling дросселирование
 thrust •t ' ( :t . - . r- , . упор, толчок, осевое давление, напор, нажим
t. bearing ■^ i : .4' упорный подшипник
t. propeller ' ■-T .
подруливающее устройство
t. shaft ■■■'4' MU' . ' . упорный вал
thruster .WiOW><v подруливающее устройство
bow t. i.'K!' fly 'i .-J' ... ■ носовое подруливающее устройство
tight ' • "'' Vi•-->:,i плотный, непроницаемый
(to) tighten C:q..::VXV затягивать, натягивать туго ш . - 'иг
timing J il.. регулировка по времени - : ;
tolerance предельный допуск - .' ■
torque крутящий момент ■Цшдгеч
torsion кручение .
total \ : весь, общий :'.L: ■) д
trace след ч.г .
(to) transmit передавать . -
treatment ;K-. v зд. обработка '
heat t. термическая обработка ■a w
treaty ill.:.' /Г- -/■’ .о J i* договор, конвенция ;>?- ;■>"■ 1 "•
trial '> *.iH: • испытание '
shop t-s - y:r' :v^:v, v- л ■>4.. стендовые испытания
seat-s :,itn r ■: •; S ; .■*< v . ходовое испытание ■ .

trouble -V. s f неполадка ■

trunk-piston engine 1 ЬИЧ»: if*..?' . W . . f .. двигатель с тронковыми поршнями

try cock % ;• y , - ,
контрольный кран
tube ь -.i .=• . £ - L Г, ' ..'J , ... труба, трубка
bank of tubes пучок труб ; ’•

downcomer tubes опускные, нисходящие трубы

tubular V трубчатый
turbo alternator ; ' I •' •i ( l турбогенератор переменного тока ! ' <

turbocharger . . ' ■i . - Г■ ' ’ i -j <; -■ ■ \ . турбонагнетатель

turbulence '< > > - V > завихрение, турбулентность
(to) twist ';nV-V\ крутить, скручивать .

U
U-shaped ; , ►' У : ' У-образный
ultimate !::W- -"i , 4 :;,; максимальный, предельный
unconditional Я Ш » : нестандартный : ■

under под, внизу (предл.) г

undercoat wk ' . • rf’.i .. ; .» - зд. грунтовка под краску w:-

underwater - r > KiJ! . подводный .
г _

uniflow найкшл шк'.; ; i mя н ч ’л прямоточный

uniform ‘-T одинаковый, равномерный, постоянный
unit С'У! единица, узел (конструкции) ............
unstable aw Ui.i.m'f’i). :?• ■- неустойчивый
unusual необычный *г(Ц ; •
upper верхний ^ - ■■■- гм .
(to) use пользоваться, использовать n<i;V(<Vr<~
(to) utilize утилизировать, использовать ш й -U
VVibic-г:
V
V-engine V-образный двигатель
value величина, значение
valve клапан
chemical dosing v. клапан дозировки
drain v. спускной клапан
exhaustv. : выхлопной клапан
feed v. питательный клапан
J ° g V. л клапан донного лага
non-return v. невозвратный клапан
pilot v. управляющий клапан ^,\
poppet v. тарельчатый клапан ■
safety v. предохранительный клапан
shut-off v. запорный клапан
solenoid v. соленоидный клапан
starting v. пусковой клапан
stop v. стопорный клапан
suction v. всасывающий клапан
trip v. отсечной клапан
v. bracket кронштейн клапана
v. housing корпус клапана
v. seat седло клапана
vane лопасть, лопатка
variable переменный, регулируемый
various различный, разнообразный
(to) vary меняться, изменяться
V-belt текстропный ремень
velocity скорость (процесса)
(to) vent выпускать воздух
via = through через
vice versa наоборот (лат.)
violent сильный, резкий
viscosity вязкость
visual видимый, визуальный
volume объем
volumetric efficiency коэффициент наполнения цилиндра
vortex вихрь, вихревое движение

W
warping искривление, перекос
warranty гарантия
w. speed гарантированная скорость
washer зд. шайба
(to) waste тратить, портить, уничтожать
waste-cloth ветошь
waste heat отходящее тепло
way способ, средство, путь, проход
in such a w ay as таким образом, чтобы
wear износ
 weather deck верхняя палуба
web мотылевая щека
wedge клин
(to) weigh весить
weight вес, тяжесть, груз
(to) weld сваривать
(to) weld up наплавлять электросваркой
welding plant установка для сварки
butt weld сварной встык
wheel колесо
Curtis wheel колесо Кертиса
white metal баббит, антифрикционный металл
w hitespirit ' растворитель
winch лебедка
windlass брашпиль
(to) withdraw вынимать, удалять
workman рабочий
works зд. строительные работы
worm нарезка винта, червяк
worm drive червячный привод
worm gear червячная передача
worn (out, down) изношенный
wrist цапфа, шейка (кривошипа, мотыля)
wrist pin ось, палец крейцкопфа

Z
zero нуль
zigzag зигзагообразный
zinc цинк
zone зона, пояс, опоясывать

■ ■• Д

116
 fxi
}4.i*S"ti CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION............................................................................ 3
BLOCK I
DESCRIPTION OF M ARINE DIESEL ENGINE AND ITS SY STEM S......!...... 5
Lesson 1 CLASSIFICATION AND M AIN PA R TS.......................................................... 8
Lesson 2 SCAVENGING........................................................................................................ 16
Lesson 3 FUEL SY STEM .........................................................................................................20
Lesson 4 COOLING SY STEM ....................................................... 25
Lesson 5 LUBRICATING SY STEM ......................................................................................29
Lesson 6 SUPERCHARGING............................................................................................... 33
TEST 1......................................................................................................................................... 38
BLOCK II • - ......
M AINTENANCE........................................................................................................................ 39
Lesson 7 PREPARATIONS FOR STARTING..................................................................... 42
Lesson 8 STA RTIN G .................................................................................................................45
Lesson 9 OPERATION PR O C E D U R E ................................................. 47
Lesson 10 STOPPING............................................................................................................. 50
Lesson 11 OPERATIONAL H A ZA R D S............................................................................. 53
TEST I I ........................................................................................................................................ 56
BLOCK II
DAMAGES AND R E PA IR S.................................................................................................. 57
Lesson 12 INCIDENT REPORT N 0 .1 ..................................................................................60
Lesson 13 INCIDENT REPORT N 0 .2 ................................................................................ 63
Lesson 14 DAMADE R E PO R T ............................................................................................ 66
Lesson 15 ACCIDENT R E P O R T ......................................................................................... 69
TEST III....................................................................................................................................... 74

APPENDIX 1 ADDITIONAL T A S K S................................................................................. 75

APPENDIX 2 K E Y S......................................................................................... 78
APPENDIX 3 CHECK LIST - PORT ARRIVAL (О БРА ЗЕЦ )..................................... 82
APPENDIX 4 ABBRIVIATIONS USED IN INSTRUCTION MANUALS
AND ENGINE ROOM L O G -B O O K ............................... 83
APPENDIX 5 ENTRIES IN ENGINE ROOM LOG-BOOK
(E N G L IS H - R U SSIA N ).............................................................................. 86
APPENDIX 6 TAKING OVER, KEEPING AND HANDING OVER W ATCH
DUTIES (E N G L IS H -R U S S IA N ).............................................................. 88
APPENDIX 7 DIFFICULTIES OF TECHNICAL TRANSLATION
(GRAMMER R EFER A N C E)...................................................................... 90
APPENDIX 8 ENGLISH - RUSSIAN V O C A B U LA R Y ................................................ 95

BIBLIO G RA PH Y .......................................................................................................................117

118