The Discipline of Counseling REINFORCEMENT GOALS

COUNSELING - It helps the clients in recognizing what they are doing,

thinking, and felling.
- The magnitude and prevelance of social problems have real
and profound effects on people's psychological conditions. COGNITIVE GOALS
- Counseling as a profession evolved out of the need for
institutionalized services to assist and help individuals who - Involves acquiring the basic foundation of learning and
are going through distress cognitive skill.
- situations in life. PHYSIOLOGICAL GOALS
- Professionals in this industry, called counselors, assist those
needing professional help discover meaning, cope with life's - Involves acquiring the basic understanding and habits for
stresses, and adjust to new environments. good health.

GOALS OF COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGICAL GOALS

DEVELOPMENT GOALS - Aids in developing good social interaction skills learning

- Assist in meeting or advancing the client’s human growth
and development including social, personal, emotional,
cognitive, and physical wellness.
PREVENTIVE GOALS
emotional control, and developing positive self-concept.
INSIGHT
- to understand the origins and development of someone’s
emotional capacity

- Helps the client to avoid some undesired outcomes. SELF – AWARENESS

ENHANCEMENT GOALS - Becoming much more aware of his/her actions and thoughts
towards his/herself and by others.
- To enhance special skills and abilities
RELATING WITH OTHERS
REMEDIAL GOALS
- Becoming better able to form and maintain and satisfying
- Assisting a client to overcome and treat an undesirable relationship with others
development.
SELF – ACCEPTANCE
EXPLATORY GOALS
- The development of positive attitude towards self
- Examining Options, testing of skills, trying new and different
activities, etc. SELF – ACTUALIZATION

- Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an

integration of previously conflicts
ENLIGHTENMENT GENERETIVITY

- Assisting the client to become much more aware and - To inspire people with their desire and capacity to take care
awaken his/her spiritual value of others.

PROBLEM SOLVING SCOPE OF COUNSELING

- Finding a solution to a specific problem that a client had not  Counseling is a broad concept with diverse meanings and
been able to resolve goals. The identified goals above indicate the scope of
counseling. Counseling is necessary in almost every aspect
PSYCHOLOGICAL EDUCATION
of person's life - cognitive, behavorial, systematic, social,
- Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with psychological, and others.
which to understand and control behavior  It is also applied to individuals, family or groups.
 Individual counseling - depression, sexual abuse, anxiety,
ACQUISITION OF SOCIAL SKILLS gender, relationships, spirituality, ideology, adolescent
issues, loss, anxiety, anger, stress, vocation, studies, and
- Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills.
others.
COGNITIVE CHANGE  Family counseling - issues include divorce, family dynamics,
transitions in life, miscommunication, jealousy, money
- The modification of irrational beliefs. matters, parenting, remarriage, and others.
SYSTEMATIC CHANGE LICENSED PROFESSIONAL OF COUNSELORS
- Initiate changes to a client on a way to know how the social 1. AFFORD COUNSELING SERVICES
system operate - to individuals, groups, organization or the general public comprising
BEHAVIOR CHANGE of application

- The modification of maladaptive pattern of behavior
EMPOWERMENT
- To enhance or work on skills and awareness that will make
the client to control his/her actions
RESTITUTION
- In helping the clients to make amends for previous
destructive behavior
2. APPLY CLINICAL COUNSELING PRINCIPLES, METHODS AND
PROCEDURES.
- an approach counseling that emphasized the counselor's role in
systematically assisting clients
3. PROVIDE TRAINING SUPERVISION FOR STUDENTS AND
REGISTERED COUNSELOR TRAINEES
- services that within scope of practice, which does not include
supervision of the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional
disorders.
VALUES AND PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
- The way we perceive or view things, people, events, and our
environment, is influenced by our values. Our analysis and
position on certain issues are based on our values. Our do’s
and don’ts and our bottom line are results of what our values
dictate. In other words, values indicate what we believe in;
what are important to us. We behave in certain ways
because this is what our values tell us.
- However, there are individuals who are not aware and
cannot determine their values. Gibson and Mitchell (2003),
pointed out that these individuals who do not know their
values get involved in destructive, ferocious, and insignificant
actions. In counselling, it is essential that the counsellor
comprehend the values of their client’s in order to
accompany them appropriately.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
1. AUTONOMY OF INDIVIDUALS - Is based on the right to freedom
of action and freedom of choice in so far as the pursuit of these
freedom does not interfere with the freedom of others; counselling
cannot happen unless the client has made a free choice to
participate.
2.PRINCIPLE OF NON MALIFICIENCE - This refers to instruction to
all helpers or healers that they must, above all, do no harm.
3. PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE - Concerned with the fair distribution of
resources and services, unless there is some acceptable reason for
treating them differently.
4. PRINCIPLE OF FIDELITY - Shares to the presence of loyalty,
reliability, dependability and action in good faith. Entering into a
contract means to stay with the client and give the case his/her
efforts.
PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN COUNSELING
Counseling is a profession is stimulating and also satisfying. If you
find a meaning in helping a client become socially functional, if you
get excited about the study on human distress.
RULES AND FUCNTION
Individual Assessment
- Promotes the client’s self-understanding and assisting
counselors to understand the client better.
Individual Counseling
- A client-centered process that demand confidentiality.
Relationship is established between counselor and client.
Group Counseling and Guidance
- Groups are means of providing organized and planned
assistance to individuals for array of need.
CAREER ASSISTANCE
- Counselors are called on to provide career planning and
adjustment assistance to clients.
PLACEMENT AND FOLLOW
- A service of school counseling with emphasis on educational
placements in course of programs.
REFERAL
- Practice of clients to find needed assistance counselor
cannon provide.
CONSULTATION
- Process of helping a client through a third party or helping
system its services to its clientele.
RESEARCH CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES IN COUNSELING

- Provide empirically based date relevant to the ultimate goal PEOPLE WHO ABUSE DRUGS
of implementing effective counseling
- Drug abuse is not just harmful to our physical health but to
CONFIDENTIALITY our mental health as well.
- It creates more social problems and contribute to social
1. Right to privacy. disintegration.
2. Group and Families.
3. Mirror incomplete clients. PEOPLE WHO USE TOBACCO
4. Records.
5. Research and training - Our population recognizes the bad effects of tobacco to our
6. Consultation health. However, many people still use tobacco even if it is
deadly.
- Users find it difficult to stop smoking.

COUNSELING & IT'S WORK SETTING PEOPLE WHO ABUSE ALCOHOL

COUNSELORS IN SCHOOLS - Alcoholism is a disease that is why it requires appropriate

- The counseling service in the schools is usually located
under the Student affairs program. It is under the supervision
of the Dean of student affairs
COUNSELORS IN COMMUNITY SETTING
- This setting refers to employment in community, agency and
other non-school professional situation.
COUNSELORS IN THE PRIVATE SECTORS
- This setting refers to counselors who decided to do full time
work as private practitioners or engage in part time private
practice while employed by community agencies.
COUNSELORS IN THE GOVERNMENT
- Counselors are also present in various agencies of
government or institutions supported by the government that
are into social welfare, health and education.
treatment.
- However, an equally important paradigm is to look at
alcoholism as a weakness of self-control and self-discipline.
WOMEN
- Women’s perception about themselves and the society’s
expectations.
- Counselors are responsible in helping women appreciate
their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interest to utilize
these to develop their full potential.
OLDER ADULTS
- Retirees who are adjusting to life outside work feel lost and
ignored.
- Life for them suddenly loses meaning.
- Aging issues that require attention of counseling include loss
of partner, decline of mental mobility, increased loneliness,
decline financial security.
PEOPLE WITH AIDS
- It has been labeled as the most feared disease due to its
incurability.
- Victims are seeking help to improve their quality of life and to
handle their emotional stress and low self-esteem.
- Counseling approach requires sensitivity and appreciation of
the intricacies of the disease.
VICTIMS OF ABUSE
- Domestic Violence characterized of spouse and child
abuses.
- Spouse is often associated with poverty, domestic abuse
and career disappointments.
- The abuse has also become rampage and has caused
psychological damage to the victims.
GAY MEN AND LESBIAN WOMEN
- There are still sectors in the society, including their own
families that avoid and discriminates them.
- They are usually the victims of harassment, violence,
discrimination, and isolation.
- Gays and Lesbians, like any other sectors of the society,
suffer from peer denial, family clash, health uncertainties,
and prejudgment.
- Counseling will focus on self - awareness, self -acceptance,
and understanding.
Counseling and It' s Processes, Methods, and Tools
Stage One: Relationship Building
- Heart of Counseling
- Provides the force and foundation for the counseling to
succeed.
Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis
- Most crucial stages.
- Serve as the window for the counselor to have through
appreciation of the client’s condition.
Formulation of Counselling Goals
- The third stage is “Formulation of counseling goals” of which
basic purpose is to get client articulates their goals or where
clients want their journey of counseling to take.
INTERVENTION AND PROBLEM SOLVING
- INTERVENTION
- Strategies outlined
- Compromise the individual, group, family and couple
counseling
- Client’ s preferred intervention strategy
PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACH BY KANFER AND BUSEMEYER
(1982) CITED BY TYSUL (2003)
SIX STAGE MODEL OF PROBLEM SOLVING
- PROBLEM DETECTION
- PROBLEM DEFINITION
- IDENTIFICATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION
- DECISION MAKING
- EXECUTION
- VERIFICATION
COMIER AND COMIER (1989) AS CITED TYSUL (2003)
RECOMMEND GUIDELINES
A. COUNSELOR PROVIDING MAP OF DIFFERENT APPROACH
B. DESCRIPTION OF THE ROLE OF THE COUNSELOR AND
CLIENT FOR EACH PROCEDURE
C. IDENTIFY POSSIBLE RISKS AND BENEFITS
D. ESTIMATED TIME AND COST EACH PROCEDURE
TERMINATION AND FOLLOW – UP B. Adler 's Individual Psychology
- Focuses on the role of cognition in Psychological
- FOLLOW - UP INVOLVES COMMUNICATING WITH THE
functioning.
CLIENT TO ENSURE STABILITY AND WELL BEING.
- TERMINATION IS THE FINAL OF COUNSELLING AND MARKS 1ST PHASE: ESTABLISHING RELATIONSHIP
AS THE CLOSE OF THE RELATIONSHIP.
- USE OF LISTENING SKILLS
A. DISCUSSION OF THE END OF THE COUNSELLING - ENCOURAGEMENT
B. REVIEW OF THE COURSE OF COUNSELLING - WINNING RESPECT AND OFFERING HOPE
C. CLOSURE OF THE COUNSELOR - CLIENT RELATIONSHIP
SECOND PHASE: PERFORMING ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT
D. DISCUSSION OF THE CLIENT'S FUTURE AND POST-
COUNSELLING PLAN LIFESTYLE ANALYSIS
Research and Evaluation - Identify client' s strengths that may be utilized to overcome
the client' s problems
- This stage can be undertaken at any point in the counselling
stage. DREAM ANALYSIS MAY BE USED TO CONDUCT LIFESTYLE ANALYSIS
METHODS IN COUNSELLING - A Method to see dreams as an attempt to deal with
difficulties and challenges of life
CLASSIC THEORIES
THIRD PHASE: PROMOTING INSIGHT
- PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES DEVELOPED BY: SIGMUND
FREUD, ALFRED ALDER, AND CARL JUNG “WHY THEORIZE?“ - A method that allows clients to understand the dynamics of
self-defeating insights to rectify the said patterns during the
A. Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory said process.
- Analysis of mind
FOURTH PHASE: REORIENTATION
METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
SPITTING OF THE CLIENT SOUP
1.Free Associations
2.Dream Analysis - The purpose of this technique is for the counselor to point
3.Confrontation and Clarification out the client' s irrational or maladaptive behavior and
4.Interpretation make them aware of why they are doing it.
THE PUSH-BOTTON TECHNIQUES EMPHATIC UNDERSTANDING

- According to Jon Carlson and Matt Englar-Carlson, this - Counselor ’s complete understanding
imagery technique is used to highlight the control that
CONGRUENCE
clients can have over their emotions.
- Carry no authority
ACTING AS IF
- True and Transparent
- AN INTEGRATION OF COGNITIVE, EXISTENTIAL,
PSYCHODYNAMIC AND SYSTEMIC PERSPECTIVES D. Perls Gestalt Theraphy
- FOCUSES ON THE HERE AND NOW
TASK SETTING AND COMMITMENT
- REFERS TO A DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE THERAPIST AND THE
- ACCORDING TO THE THEORY OF GOAL SETTING AND TASK CLIENT
PERFORMANCE, PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY TO ACHIEVE - GOAL OF THE APPROACH IS AWARENESS
DIFFICULT YET ATTAINABLE GOALS THAN THEY ARE TO - APPROACH IS APPROPRIATE FOR PEOPLE WHO LACK
ACHIEVE LESS DIFFICULT GOALS. AWARENESS AND HAVE A FEELING OF "OUT OF TOUCH”

Jung' s Analytic Psychology TECHNIQUE

- The Counselling ang psychology approach of Jung is referred NOW I AM AWARE

to as psychotheraphy
- The method is a means to assist the clients in getting in
Experiential Theories touch with her/himself

- The experiential theories fall under the affective theories ASSUMING RESPONSIBILITY
which are concerned about generating impact on the
- The method requires the client to rephrase a statement to
emotions of clients to effect change.
assume a responsibility

C. Roger's Person-Centered Counselling USING PERSONAL PRONOUNS

- “When is it used?”
- The method encourages the clients to take personal
- “What to expect?”’
responsibility by saying " I or me "
UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

- Emphatic
- encourage clients
THE EMPTY CHAIR TECHNIQUE
- The method can help clients to work through conflicting
parts of personality.
COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES: RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR
AND TRANSACTION ANALYSIS
- HIGHLIGHT TAS OF COGNITION IN PSTCHOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONING.
- UNDERSCORE MENTAL PROCESSES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON
MENTAL HEALTH
- RENOWNED COGNITIVE THEORISTS INCLUDE RATIONAL
EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY OF ELLIS, COGNITIVE THEORY
OF BECK, AND THE TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS OF BERNE
Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Theraphy
- The Rational Emotive Behavior Theory (REBT) highlight the
role of cognitions on emotions with the assertion that
persons can be best appreciated in terms of internal
cognitive dialogue or self-talk.
TECHNIQUE
COGNITIVE
- Focuses on helping clients conquer "defeating cognitions". –
it involves reforming ideas that are unreasonable
EMOTIVE TECHNIQUES
- Focuses on the client's "affective or emotional domain"
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES
- Focuses on the full array of behavioral methods such as
assertiveness training, relaxation theraphy, self-
management, self-monitoring, and homework assignments.
BECK'S COGNITIVE THERAPHY
- highlights the vitality of cognitive thinking particularly
dysfunctional thoughts.
Decatastrophizing
- or Decatastrophization is a cognitive restructuring
technique to treat cognitive distractions (are irrational
thoughts that have the power to influence how you feel)
REDEFINING
- This method assists clients to drum up clients who have a
lost sense control on an obstacle by rearticulating an
obstacle to something that may be useful.
DECENTERING
- This method compise of instructing the clients to observe
and get a practical appreciation of other people ' s
response.
BEHAVIORAL TECHNIQUES
- This method applies a broad selection of methods to assess
clients in obtaining "essential skills, relaxing, preparing to
difficult situations, and exposing.
Berne's Transactional Analysis
- The transaction analysis. Refers to examining and dissecting
transaction between people.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
- A METHOD THAT ASSISTS CLIENTS BE CONSCIOUS OF THEIR
"THREE EGO"
TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS
- A METHOD THAT ASSISTS CLIENTS TO "LEARN TO
COMMUNICATE WITH COMPLEMENTARY TRANSACTIONS.
SCRIPT ANALYSIS
- A METHOD THAT LOOKS INTO THE "TYPE OF LIFE SCRIPT
THE CLIENT HAS DEVELOPED AND HOW IT CAN BE RE-
WRITTEN.
ANALYSIS OF GAMES
- A METHOD THAT COMPRISE OF DETERMINING "WHAT
GAMES THE CLIENTS PLAY AND HOW THE GAMES
INTERFERE WITH INTERPERSONAL FUNCTIONING.
SOCIAL WORK
- Work carried out by trained personnel with the aim of
alleviating the conditions of those in need of help or welfare.
- It has been pointed out that social workers must be involved
not just with the persons experiencing the problems but also
on the societal factors that contribute to the problem which
may shed light, and appreciating the realms of social work. -
Morales & Sheafor (1983)
In defining social work: Morales & Sheafor (1983) identified four
areas of consideration
1. In each helping situation, the social worker is concerned with
enabling or facilitating change. Interventions to improve the
quality of life may appropriately occur as part of the social
work practice.
2. The social worker is in the business of helping people or
social institutions, such as family change to enhance social
functioning. It is not focus on the whole person but on social
relationships.
3. Applying the social systems theory, social work can be
viewed as a profession that helps people interact more
effectively with their social environment.
4. In helping people to achieve their goals of improved social
functioning, the social worker must have handles in fortifying
and securing the necessary resources to attain the goals of
the clients.
• National association of social workers (NASW) social work as the
professional activity of helping individuals, groups or communities
enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and creating
societal conditions favorable to the goal.
• International Federation of social workers (IFSW) defines social
work as a practice-based and academic discipline that promotes
change and social development.
• Australian Association of social workers (AASW) Social work is a
practical profession designed at helping people address their
problems and matching them with the resources they need to lead
healthy and productive lives.
GOALS OF SOCIAL WORK
GOAL ON CARING – Refers to the heart of social work and it
focuses on the well-being or the welfare and comfort of the individual
and community.
GOAL ON CURING – Individual’s interaction with their environment
and the ability to fulfill their role within such environment as work.
GOAL ON CHANGING – Changing refers to the active participation
of the social workers to the social reforms.
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL WORK
ACCEPTANCE CONFIDENTIALITY

- The recognition of client’s innate dignity, worth equality, - The protection of secret/private information disclosed in the
basic rights and needs. professional relationship.
- Regardless of client’s individual qualities arising from - Confidentiality is a basic right of the client.
heredity, environment, behavior, or any other source. - An ethical obligation of the worker.
- Acceptance does not only mean approval of the client’s - The client’s right, however, is not absolute.
behaviors, attitudes or standards. - The client’s information is often shared with other
- Acceptance also includes thoughts and feeling elements and professional persons within the agency and in other
is express primarily in the manner of service. agencies.
- Written permission is required to divulge information to other
CLIENT’S PARTICIPATION IN PROBLEM-SOLVING agencies.
- Made to understand he/she is expected to participate in the WORKER’S SELF-AWARENESS
entire process.
- Recognition of client’s need to express feelings freely, - Workers must be aware about his/her role within the client’s
planning ways in resolving such problems and eventually act development rather than his/her own.
to resolve this through. - Workers seek to strengthen relationships among client’s
well-being of individuals, families, social groups,
CLIENT’S SELF DETERMINATION organizations, and communities.
- Based upon the right of the individual to make their own CLIENT-WORKER RELATIONSHIP
choices and decisions.
- The client has a right and a need within certain limitations to - The worker is sensitive to the client’s feelings. Makes effort
have freedom in making their own decisions/choices. to understand their meaning.
- Worker has a duty to respect that right, in theory and in - A purposeful, appropriate use of the worker’s emotions in
practice. Refrains from any direct or indirect interference. response to the client’s feelings.
Positively helps the client to exercise that right - Social workers engage people as partners in the helping
process.
INDIVIDUALIZATION
SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORK
- The recognition and understanding of each client’s unique
qualities. 1. Social work as a primary
- Differential use of principles and methods to assist client discipline.
- Family Life
toward change. - The Adoption and Services
Education
- Individualization is based on the right of human beings to be - The Foster Care
individuals. - The Residential Care - Family Planning
- Right to be treated not just a human being but as this human - The Support - Public
being with these personal differences. - The Protective Services Assistance
- Family Counseling - Social
 Responsibility of the society – The Society has the responsibility to
2. Social work as an equal partner. facilitate self-fulfillment of an individual.

Social Work (Services for the Aging-Elderly)
- The support for the people in their own homes program
consists of helping older people remain in their own homes
by linking them with the community programs that bring
health care, meals, and home services into their homes.
- The support for people in long term care facilities program
refers to nursing homes or other group living facilities.
Social Work (Community Services)
Right to satisfy basic needs – Each person requires for the
harmonious development of his power.
Social organizations required to facilitate individual’s effort at self-
realization – The individual and society are interdependent provides
a perspective that the society has the responsibility to provide
appropriate social resources.
Self-realization and contribution to society – To permit both self-
realization and contribution to society by the individual.

- COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION CONCEPT OF HUMAN POTENTIALS AND CAPACITIES – belief

- COMMUNITY PLANNING that a person is inherently endowed with potential.
- COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
CONCEPT OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY – notion that an individual
3. Social work as a secondary discipline. has the obligation to contribute to the common good and society.

CONCEPT OF EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES – premised on the ideal of

A. Facilitate the provision of direct educational and social social justice.
services and provide direct social case work and group
services to selected students; CONCEPT OF SOCIAL PROVISION – premise that there will always
B. Act as a pupil advocate focusing on urgent needs of the be everywhere unmeet need or problems which are beyond their
selected group of students; own capability/capacity to resolve.
C. Consult with school administrator major problems toward
which a planned service approach will be aimed;
D. Consult with teachers
E. Organize parent and community
F. Develop and maintain liaison between the school and critical
fields of social work
G. Provide leadership in the coordination of interdisciplinary
skills among student services.

CORE VALUES PF SOCIAL WORK

Right to self-fulfillment – Each person has the right to self -fulfillment.

Responsibility to common good – Seek ways of fulfillment that

contribute to common good.