#1). In a block of addresses, we know the IP address of one host is 25.34.1256/16.

What
is the first address (network address) and the last address (limited broadcast address)
in the block?

In a block of addresses, we know the IP address of the host is 25.34.12.56/16

One host, first address: 25.34.0.1
Network address: 25.34.0.0
Last address : 25.34.255.255
Limited address : 25.34.255.255
In the block.

#2). In a block of addresses, we know the IP address of one host is 182.44.82.16/26. What
is the first address (network address) and the last address (limited broadcast address)
in the block?

In a block of addresses, we know the IP address of the host is 25.34.12.56/16

One host, first address: 182.44.82.1
Network address: 182.44.82.0
Last address : 182.44.82.254
Limited address : 182.44.82.255
In the block.

#3). An organization is granted the block 16.0.0.0/8. The administrator wants to create
500 fixed-lenth subnets.

a.Find the subnet mask.

255.0.0.0
b.Find the number of addresses in each subnet.
1 subnet with 16777214 host/addresses.
c.Find the first and last address in the first subnet.
Network Address 10.0.0.0
First Address : 16.0.0.1
Last Address : 16.255.255.254
d.Find the first and the last address in the last subnet (subnet 500).
Impossible for 500, in only 1 subnet.

#4). An organization is granted the block 130.56.0.0/16. The administrator wants to create
1024 subnets.

a.Find the subnet mask.

255.255.0.0
b.Find the number of addresses in each subnet.
1 subnet with 65534 host/addresses.
c.Find the first and the last address in the first subnet.
Network Number is 130.56.0.0.
First Address is 130.56.0.1.
Second Address is 130.56.255.254.
d.Find the first and last address in the last subnet (subnet 1024).
Incredibly would be the exact same results with a subnet 1024, as follows again.
Network Number is 130.56.0.0.
First Address is 130.56.0.1.
Second Address is 130.56.255.254.

#5). An organization is granted the block 211.17.180.0/24. The administrator wants to

create 32 subnets.

a.Find the subnet mask.

255.255.255.0
b.Find the number of addresses, in each subnet.
254 addresses.

c.Find the first and the last address in the first subnet:
First Addresses: 211.17.180.1.
Last Addresses: 211.17.180.254.

d.Find the first and last address in the last subnet (subnet 32).
Incredibly would be the exact same results with a subnet 32, as follows again.
First Addresses: 211.17.180.1.
Last Addresses: 211.17.180.254.

#6). Find the range of addresses in following blocks:

a. 123.56.77.32/29.
Range of addresses = 123.56.77.33 to 123.56.77.38
b. 200.17.21.128/27.
Range of addresses = 206.17.21.129 to 206.17.21.158
c. 17.34.16.0/23.
Range of addresses = 17.34.16.1 to 17.34.17.254
d. 180.34.64.64/30.
Range of addresses = 180.34.64.65 to 180n.34.64.66

#7). An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with 150.80.0.0/16. The ISP wants to
distribute these blocks to 1000 Customers as follows.

a.The first group has 200 medium-size business each needs 128 addresses.
GROUP 1: 200 medium businesses, with 128 addresses.
Need 128 addresses.
7(2^7 = 128)
32 – 7 = /25
Usable addresses: 126.
Total number of addresses: 128.
Mask: 255.255.255.128.
Network Id: 150.80.0.0.
First 150.80.0.0 / 25.
150.80.0.255 /25.
Last 150.80.127.0 / 25.
150.80.127.255 / 25.
Total 200 x 128: = 25,600 available .addresses.
b.The second group has 400 small businesses each needs 16 addresses.
GROUP 2 : 400 Small Business, with 16 addresses.
Need 16 addresses.
4(2^4=16)
32-4=/28
Usable addresses 14.
Total number of addresses: 16.
Mask: 255.255.255.240.
Network ID: 150.80.0.0
First 150.80.0.0 / 25.
150.80.0.255 /25.
Last 150.80.15.0 / 25.
150.80.127.255 / 25.
Total 400 x 16 : =6,400 available addresses.

c.The third group has 2000 households: each needs 4 addresses.

GROUP 3 : 2000 households, with 4 addresses.
Need 4 addresses.
2(2^2=16).
32-2=/30.
Usable addresses 2.
Total number of addresses: 4.
Mask: 255.255.255.252.
Network ID: 150.80.0.0
First 150.80.0.0 / 16.
to 150.80.0.255 /16.
Last 150.80.15.0 / 16.
to 150.80.15.255 / 16.
Total 2000 x 4 : =8,000 available addresses.
Design the subblocks and give the slash notation for each subblock. -did
Find out how many addresses are still available after these allocation. -did

#8). An ISP is granted a block of addresses starting with 120.60.4.0/20. The wants to
distribute these blocks to 1000 organizations with each organization receiving 8 addresses
only. Design the sub blocks and give the slash notation for each sub block. Find out how
many addresses are still available after these allocations.

a.The first group has 100 organizations of business, each needs 8addresses.
GROUP 1: 100 organizations, with 8 addresses each.
Need 8 addresses.
3(2^3 = 8)
32 – 3 = /29
Usable addresses: 6.
Total number of addresses: 8.
Mask: 255.255.255.248.
Network Id: 120.60.4.0.
First 120.60.4.0 / 29.
150.80.4.255 / 29.
Last 120.60.12.0 / 29.
120.60.12.255 / 29.
Total 100 x 8 = 800 available addresses.

#9). An ISP has a block of 1024 addresses. It needs to divide the addresses to 1024 customers,
does it need subnetting? Explain your answer?

For 1024 Customers:

Subnetting the 1024 addresses, I believe “no” is the answer.
Reason – Subnetting remember, is for classless addresses, used only for a organization of
some kind, to break up into distinguished divisions, for very important reasons, here I
feel we do not need to break up the 1024 address amount, there’s 1024 customers, 1024
addresses available. Remember in subnetting, a network is broken up into smaller workable
networks (or subnets).
Right now the amount is the exact amount, in the near future possibly, due to aggressive
growth, to make more addresses for customer accounts, and divide the areas by geographic
portions, from the total whole address, that will be necessary, till then “no”.
When there are too many customer accounts, getting too big, subnetting will be definitely
be utilized. Breaking the total amount of addresses into smaller divisions or groupings,
1024 value is not that big right now, pretty small number compared to like 62,000 addresses,
is like a big number, break that kind of number down into smaller groups to be worked.

#10). Show the shortest form of the following addresses.

a. 2340: lABC:119A:AOOO:0000:0000:0000:0000
b. OOOO:OOAA:OOOO:OOOO:OOOO:OOOO: 119A:A231
c. 2340:0000:0000:0000:0000: 119A:AOO1:0000
d. 0000:0000:0000:2340:0000:0000:0000:0000
A:
a. 2340:1ABC:119A:A000::0
b. 0:AA::119A:A231
c. 2340::119A:A001:0
d. 0:0:0:2340::0

#11). Show the original (unabbreviated) form of the following addresses.

a. 0::0
b.O:AA::O
c. 0: 1234::3
d. 123::1:2
A:
a. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
b. 0000:00AA:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000
c. 0000:1234:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0003
d. 0123:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001:0002

#12). What is the type of each of the following addresses?

a. FE80::12
b. FECO: :24A2
c. FF02::0
d. 0::01
A:
a. Link local address
b. Site local address
c. Multicast address (permanent, link local)
d. Loopback address

#13). What is the type of each of the following addresses?

a. 0::0
b. 0: :FFFF:O:O
c. 582F:1234::2222
d. 4821::14:22
e. 54EF::A234:2
A:
a. Unspecified address
b. Mapped address
c. Provider based address with the address registered through INTERNIC (North
American registry).
d. Provider based address with the address registered through RIPNIC (European
registry).
e. Provider based address with the address registered through APNIC (Asian/
Pacific registry).

#14). Show the provider prefix (in hexadecimal colon notation) of an address assigned
to a subscriber if it is registered in the United States with ABC1 as the provider
identification.

A:
58ABC1

#15). Show in hexadecimal colon notation the IPv6 address

a. Compatible to the IPv4 address 129.6.12.34

b. Mapped to the IPv4 address 129.6.12.34
A:
a. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:8106:0C22 or 0::8106:C22
b. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:FFFF:8106:0C22 or 0::FFFF:8106:C22

#16). Show in hexadecimal colon notation

a. The link local address in which the node identifier is 0:: 123/48
b. The site local address in which the node identifier is 0:: 123/48
A:
a. FE80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0123 or FE80::123
b. FEC0:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0123 or FEC0::123
#17). Show in hexadecimal colon notation the permanent multicast address used in a link
local scope.

A:
FF02: < Group ID >

#18). A host has the address 581E: 1456:2314:ABCD:: 1211. If the node identification is
48 bits, find the address of the subnet to which the host is attached.

A:
The node identifier is 0000:0000:1211. Assuming a 32-bit subnet identifier, the
subnet address is 581E:1456:2314:ABCD:0000 where ABCD:0000 is the subnet
identifier.

#19) A site with 200 subnets has the class B address of 132.45.0.0. The site recently migrated
to IPv6 with the subscriber prefix 581E:1456:2314: : ABCD/80. Design the subnets and define
the subnet addresses, using a subnet identifier of 32 bits.

A site with 200 subnets has the class B address of 132.45.0.0. The site recently migrated
to IPv6 with the subscriber prefix 581E:1456:2314:: ABCD/80 using a subnet identifier of
32 bits.

The node identifier is 0000:0000:1211 is assuming a 32-bit subnet identifier, the subnet
address is 581E:1456:2314: ABCD: 000 where ABC: 0000 is the subnet identifier.

20.

Classfull Addressing vs Classless Addressing

IPv4 addressing, at its inception, used the concept of classes. This architecture is called
classfull addressing.

To overcome address depletion and give more organization access to the internet, classless
addressing was designed and implemented.

In classfull addressing, the address space is divided into five classes: Class A, Class
B, Class C, Class D, and Class E.

In classless addressing, there is no concept of classes.

c
All devices in the same routing domain must use the same subnet mask. Since routers running
a classful routing protocol do not include subnet mask information with routing updates,
the router assumes either its own subnet mask, or defaults to the classful subnet mask.

Classless allows the use of variable length subnet masks, or VLSM, because subnet mask
information is included with routing updates. You can have a mixture of different subnet
masks in the same routing domain

A classful network uses IP addresses of the same network class in all its sub-networks and
in addition, the same subnet mask in all the subnets

Classless networks enable the use of IP addresses with different subnet masks in the same
network to enable efficient use of IP addresses

In classfull addressing, IP address is divided into two parts: host id and network id.

In classless addressing, there is no boundary on host id and network id

In classfull, Same Subnet mask is used in complete network

In classlessDifferent subnet masks are used in same network.

Classful network uses only the FULL mask (default mask) for its class (A, B, C).

Classless network uses a CUSTOM mask (subnet mask) obtained by adding EXTRA bits to the
default class mask.

Example RIP(Routing Information Protocol) protocol uses classful addressing.

Example: BGP(Border Gateway Protocol),RIPv2 protocols use classless addressing.

21. TTL, Header checksum

22.Header Length = Total Length - Data Length = 1200 − 1176 = 24

HLEN = 24/4 = 6 (in decimal) → 0110 (in binary)

23.. The datagram must contain 16 bytes of data:

36 byte total length – ( 5 HLEN field ⋅ 4) = 36 – 20 = 16 bytes
24.Let the first byte number in the fragment be x.
Since the fragment size must be chosen so that the first byte number is divisible by 8,
the value of offset will be x / 8
Given that the offset value of the arrived fragment is 120.
That means, x / 8 = 120 So, x = 960
Hence the first byte number = 960
The last byte number can be determined by adding the value of length of the data to first
byte number and subtracting 1 from it.

25.According to the problem in the ipv4 identification of the first datagram is given and
the total number of data grams is also given.

As we know that for ipv4 the identification block is of 16 bits and use to find the items
presents in the similar frame . The block is incremented by one for each datagram.

Therefore for this case, the identification number of last ipv4 is 1024+99= 1123