Sanitary engineering, also known as public health engineering, is the application of

engineering methods to improve sanitation of human communities, primarily by providing the

removal and disposal of human waste, and in addition to the supply of safe potable water.
A master plumber has earned state licensure as a plumber whose skills, experience and
expertise exceeds that of a journeyman plumber. These individuals have usually completed
apprenticeships or college postsecondary training programs related to plumbing, but it's their
on- the-job training and experience that usually earns them the title of master.

Sanitary engineer did not practice the work of a master plumber,. because they
are two different discipline,...sanitary engineer is a profession and master
plumber is a trade,...
Plumbing Materials and pipe fitting used in Plumbing System

Types Of Pipe Fittings Used In Plumbing

Systems
Pipe fittings are used to connect pipes of same size or different sizes; they
regulate or divert the flow of liquid in it. There are various types of pipe fittings
used in plumbing system serving its purpose. The material of the fittings should
be compatible to the pipe material, nature of liquid flowing, pressure and
temperature both inside and outside of the pipe; generally they are available in
brass or copper. The different types of pipe fittings used are explained below

Elbow

An elbow is generally used to change the direction of flow of liquid between

two pipes. If the two pipes are of different diameters then the elbow is called as
a reducer. Elbows are available in two angles, 90 degree elbow and 45 degree
elbow. Elbows are usually threaded to the pipes (female threads*) or else they
are welded.
Reducers:

As already mentioned reducers are used to connect two pipes of varying

diameters, their main purpose is to regulate the flow (slowdown in most
cases). The reducers can be of two types

1. Concentric reducer: It is a cone shaped reducer; in this type of reducers there is a risk of
air accumulation which in turn will increase the pressure on the pipe.
2. Eccentric reducer: It is a reducer with one side parallel; since only one side is curved the
risk of air accumulation is eliminated in this type of fittings.

Concentric and Eccentric Reducer

Coupling

Couplings also connect two pipes in a straight line. The two pipes connected
by a coupling should be of same diameter. They are soldered, welded or glued
to the pipe ends to be connected. Couplings are used when a long plumbing
line is to be laid and one pipe length is not sufficient, but mainly couplings are
used when leakages occur in the pipeline. They are of two type compression
coupling and slip coupling.

Union

Union is a fitting that serves similar purpose of that of a coupling, only

difference is that the couplings are fixed and cannot be removed after
installation, but unions are usually threaded to the pipes and can be removed if
necessary. In some unions one end is male threaded** and one end is female
threaded*
Tee

A tee fitting is used to connect three pipes either of same or different

diameters. They serve the purpose of distributing the flow from one pipe to two
other pipes in different directions usually. Sometimes flow from two pipes is
combined to flow in the third pipe. In other words tee serves for one inlet with
two outlets or two inlets with one outlet. Tee fittings are available in
perpendicular or inclined directions.

Cross

A cross fitting is used to connect four pipelines together. Since the number of
pipes connected is more this joint will be subjected to more stress thus cross
fittings are to be made strong and durable to resist them. They are usually
used in fire sprinkling systems when large amount of water is required in all
directions since it can serve three outlets with one inlet.
 Brass Cross Fitting

Plug & Cap

A plug and a cap are used to stop the flow in the pipe that is to close the pipe
during repair works. They both serve the same purpose but the difference is in
their structure, the plug is provided with male threads** while the cap is
provided with female threads*.

Adapters

When the ends of the pipes are not suitable to insert any pipe fittings or it is not
desirably flat then adapters are used to make the ends flat. Adapters can be
male threaded or female threaded in one end based on the purpose. The other
end of the adapter is plain so it is welded or glued to the pipe ends.
Nipple: This is a type of pipe fitting which is used to connect two other pipe
fittings in place. It usually contains male threads throughout its length.
Brab: Brabs are fittings used when a flexible hose is the connected to the pipe
line.

Olets

If the pipe dimensions are not suitable enough to use any pipe fittings (e.g. if
the diameter of the pipe is too large when compared to the fittings diameter
available) then we use olets to insert the pipe fitting properly.