Horticulture Report - Final001

Government of Pakistan
Ministry of Communication
National Highway Authority
28 Mauve Area, Sector G-9/1, Islamabad
Landscape and Horticulture Report
Peshawar Karachi Motorway (PKM)

Section-III (Abdul Hakeem-Lahore)
October 2019
Prepared By:
CR20G - ZKB KLM JOINT VENTURE

House No. 179,
CCCC (FHCC) - ZEERUK INTERNATIONAL KLM JOINT VENTURE
Street No. 8,
Phase-5, Time Square Plaza, 3rd Floor, I-8 Markaz, Islamabad
DHA, Lahore Tel: +92 51 4938213-214, Fax: +92 51 4938215
Landscape And Horticulture Report
For
Karachi - Lahore Motorway (KLM) Lahore - Abdul Hakeem Section (230 Km.)
Table of Contents
LANDSCAPE AND HORTICULTURE ................................................................................... 2
1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2
1.1 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 2
1.2 GUIDELINES AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES .................................................................... 5
1.3 LANDSCAPE GREENING DESIGN ................................................................................ 6
1.4 REQUIREMENTS AND PRECAUTIONS ON HIGHWAY GREENING WORKS........ 7
Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

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LANDSCAPE AND HORTICULTURE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Beauty, an essential part of the complete PKM Motorway, requires the harmonious
integration of engineering, architectural, and landscape techniques. Conservation of
stream shores, fine trees, weathered rock ledges, and similar natural features is
essential to the attainment of beauty in the finished Motorway. A well-located
Motorway with a streamlined, erosion-proof cross-section, and with well designed
structures in relation, has pleasing and long-lasting qualities which appeal to both the
land owner and the motoring public.
Highway design, in the broadest sense, rests upon landscape principles as well as
upon the more commonly recognized engineering principles of alignment; profile,
grade cross-section, roadway and right-of-way width, drainage, and structural strength
and durability. A
balanced agreement
with the two sets of
principles
characterizes the best
design.
If engineering
principles require a
certain monotony of
smoothness and
attention-lulling
security in the
Motorway design, the
appropriate application of landscape principles can relieve the monotony and promote
the safety of traffic by reawakening the interest and attention of drivers. All these
things may be done in complete consistency with the utilitarian functions of the
Motorways. And, so treated, these arterial ways may be made, not the unsightly and
obstructive gashes feared by some, but rather elongated parks bringing to the travelers
and local residents along the Motorway, a welcome addition of beauty, grace, and
green open space.
1.1METHODOLOGY
The character area-based sections of the strategy to be applied on the Motorway are
based on an analysis of the assets and attributes of individual character areas
including:
 Landscape Designations
 International Nature Conservation Designations

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 National and Local Nature Conservation Designations

 Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Habitats and Species
 Habitat Networks
 Ancient Woodlands
 Earth Heritage Designations
 Archaeological Sites and Monuments
 Built Heritage Designations
 Historic Parks and Gardens
 Access, Recreation and Tourism
 Water Resources
 Agricultural Land Classification
 Revenue Generation
Trends and pressures affecting those assets and attributes shall be analyzed along with
any environmental initiatives, plans or strategies currently addressing them. Key
issues and objectives and a series of strategy options shall be identified on that basis,
and tested through a second series of more focused stakeholder intervention.
Spatial Strategies
Each Landscape Description Unit (LDU) in the database shall be assigned one of six
strategies: conserve, conserve and enhance, conserve and restore, restore, restore or
enhance, enhance. This approach to strategy formulation shall be based on the
understanding that the strategy should identify both the amount of change desirable in
the landscape, and the broad direction that change should take.
In a landscape which has many valued attributes and which is in good condition, little
change may be desirable and the appropriate strategy will be to conserve its existing
character. In a landscape which has few valued attributes and/or is in poor condition, a
higher degree of change may be desirable. The strategy adopted shall depend on
whether it is more appropriate to restore the landscape back to its former character or
to enhance it by developing entirely new features or characteristics.

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For landscapes which have some valued attributes but which are in poor condition the
appropriate strategy may be to conserve and restore, or conserve and enhance their
character. For landscapes with few valued attributes where either restoration or
enhancement might be equally appropriate, a strategy of restore or enhance might be
adopted.
These strategies give only a broad indication of the extent and direction of change that
might be desirable. More detailed guidance on the kind of change appropriate to
different landscape types is given in the Landscape Guidelines.
Landscape Conservation and Improvement Priority Areas
Spatial Strategies can also be used to identify broader Landscape Conservation

Priority Areas and Landscape Improvement Priority Areas. While there may be scope
for conservation and improvement in all landscapes in varying degrees, the distinction
between those where the emphasis is on conservation and those where the emphasis is
on improvement can be useful for landscape planning.
Those landscapes with strategies of conserve, conserve and restore, and conserve and
enhance shall be identified as Landscape Conservation Priority Areas and those with
strategies of restore, restore or enhance, and enhance are identified as Landscape
Improvement Priority Areas.

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1.2 GUIDELINESANDDESIGNPRINCIPLES
Guiding Idea
The guiding idea of "being environmental friendly, afforested and landscaped, in
harmony with nature, and economically reasonable" is followed in the design.
Environmental protection and greening work are carried out to beautify the highway,
improve operating conditions and environmental quality, protect the original natural
resources, promote the ecological construction along the highway, expand the green
area of highway and enrich the biodiversity, prevent the road erosion caused by water
and soil loss, reduce vehicle exhaust emissions and noise pollution to the
environment, and promote regional economic growth and achieve the simultaneous
development of economy and environmental governance . In this way, the project will
be eventually built into a modern highway with multiple functions, and it will
combine with the surrounding farmland, woodland, orchards, towns and villages,
factories, etc. to form a harmonious and efficient integrated system of sustainable
development.
Design principles
Giving full consideration to the characteristics of the project area when we do the
landscape design, According to the principle of local conditions, planting grass,
restoring vegetation, preserving the ecological environment, our project intends to
green and beautify the environment along the route. In order to ensure the survival
rate of seedlings and the effect of post greening, green plant varieties must select the
common native tree species, which are drought-tolerant, high temperature-resistant,
easy to survive and easy to maintain. In principle, small size seedlings are our best
choice.

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1.3 LANDSCAPEGREENINGDESIGN
Greening design of roadside

The greening scale of roadside starts from the slope toe of both sides to the fences.
The spare space of the requisitioned roadside field will be greened under the principle
of planting trees which are suitable to the field and restoring thevegetation, And three
rows of arbor which is as high as the steps will be planted near the fences alongside
both sides of the road, which forms a green corridor and beautifies the environment.
Small sized trees for the 1st row, medium ones for the middle row and larger trees for
the last/ farthest row are proposed to be planted in triangular fashion so as to ensure
that complete view of shape, colors and flowering of all trees, growing in all three
rows of trees are visible to people travelling on the road, the beautiful view of trees
benefited for aesthetically pleasing and reduce driving stress.
Greening design of the slope

The embankment slopes, on either side of the road are to be lawn carpeted an
environment friendly beautiful measure against erosion.
The drawings of greening design of the slope and quantities are put into the sub-grade
construction.
To coordinate with the roadbed protection construction; both sides of the road will be
greened and beautified.
Greening design for interchange area

The interchange should be greened to provide drivers and passengers with fine visual
environment due to the fact that the interchange is the key point of highway views.
The greening of internal interchange mainly uses lawn, arbor, and flowering shrubswi
ll be used for decoration, which will finally form a pleasurable environment with anop
en view. To ensure the survival rate of plants and the after effect, the selection ofplant
s should be the ones with drought tolerance and high temperature as well as the
survival ability.
The use of arbor and shrub should not be excessive in order to leave out enough space
and create an open view.
Greening design for service area

The greening design for service area should be made to satisfy its service function and
to provide drivers and passengers with a good resting environment so that the people
who enter the highway will feel a sense of intimacy.
The landscape and greening design of service areas is to achieve the objective of
sightseeing, relaxation and environmental quality improvement by using space
partition and plant configuration, using buildings as main bodies and using modern
garden presentation techniques based on traditional garden arts. Native trees shall be
mainly used for greening to create an overall and rich green environment.

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1.4 Requirements and Precautions on Highway Greening Works

The greening works of highways is systematic, and technical specifications and
standards for highway greening are not complete, so there are certain difficulties.
During greening, land preparation, holes digging, selection, lifting and transport of
seedlings, planting, watering, fertilizing, soil loosening, trimming, pest control,
guarding and other links must be closely connected. Therefore, the highway greening
shall be carefully and reasonably carried out in strict accordance with procedures, and
construction technologies for highway greening shall be constantly explored and
completed.
Preparation for greening

Before greening, the Construction Contractor (construction team) shall carefully read
construction drawings and descriptions, investigate sources and quality of seedlings,
soil and water source, put manpower, material and machinery in place, and prepare
detailed construction schemes; organize administrative organization at construction
sites as well as construction teams; confirm the right of way, carry out coordination,
and ensure preparation work is done in advance. Area should be cleaned from all
earlier plantations and ground brought to a pleasant contour enabling easy drainage of
rain water. Area shall prepare properly before doing any activity.
Soil requirements
Physical and chemical properties of soil in the greening sections shall be tested and
analyzed before planting or seeding, and corresponding disinfection, fertilizing and
soil replacement measures shall be taken;
(1) The minimum sweet loam soil (Silt loam/ clay loam/ sandy loam) thickness
necessary for the growth of plants shall be 75cm for arbor, 45cm for large shrub,
10cm for grass and 30cm for herbaceous flower.
(2) Soil containing construction waste and other harmful ingredients shall accept soil
replacement or improvement. Sweet loam soil shall be free from alkalinity, salinity,
acidity, pebbles, and grass roots.
(3) Fertilizing, leveling and impurity removal shall be carried out for soil planted with
grass, and the flatness and slope shall meet planting requirements.
Requirements on seedling planting seasons

Summer is characterized by high temperature and concentrated rainfall, so it is
generally suitable for transplanting evergreen trees. The timing for transplanting shall
be after the first raining in the local rainy season, or be during the time interval when
spring shoots stop to grow and autumn shoots haven't started to grow. The
transplanting time shall be reduced as much as possible, and digging, transport and
planting shall be conducted at the same time. Cloudy or rainy days shall be selected.
Land is frozen and plants are under dormancy during winter, so it is generally not able
to plant trees.

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Procedures and precautions

(1) Land preparation:
For highway greening sections, the land shall be prepared, become level, smooth and
natural, and have reasonable drainage slope. For sections with relatively poor soil
quality, organic fertilizers or acid chemical fertilizers may be applied to conduct soil
improvement. In case soil of sections fails to meet basic properties, soil replacement
shall be carried out to provide good soil that is suitable for plants to grow. Greening
requirements shall be reached by using soil improvement and replacement. Soils
suitable for filling up of tree /plant pits/beds should be sweet loam soils (silt
loam/clay loam/ sandy loam) free from alkalinity, salinity, acidity, pebbles, grass
roots.
(2) Holes digging:

Positioning and setting-out shall be carried out according to the greening design, and
holes for trees shall be marked with lime. During holes digging, surface soil and
subsoil shall be stacked separately, and fertilizing shall be conducted in a scientific
way. Sizes of plant pits shall be determined according to species and size of seedlings,
specific dimensions of pit for trees and shrubs are shown in Table 1.
Pit should be formed according to the specific dimensions with top soil to be kept
separate for refilling (if it is sweet loam soil) on top followed by sweet loam soil and
approved manure and mulch.
a. In salinity affected areas, the top soil will be replaced with sweet loam soil and
supplemented with 3kg gypsum (about 1/3rd of top soil) adding farm manure and
mulch at the top. It will help lower down higher pH, alleviate salinity effect enabling
better survival and growth.
b. In water logged areas. Raised bed/mound or hill system of planting will be applied,
taking care to add sweet sand/ soil), manure and mulch as common practice.
(3) Selection of seedlings:

Saplings of Plants shall be healthy, luxuriantly growing free from insects / pests /
diseases, duely sprayed/ treated with insecticides/ pesticides/ fungicides.
Improved variety and strong seedling are the premise and basis of good greening.
Superior clones or types of seedlings, with stable growth and performance, developed
roots, straight and strong stems standard and uniform height, crown and DBH
(diameter at breast height) as well as free from disease, shall be selected. Seedlings
may be screened by grade and planted in sections.
(4) Lifting of seedlings:

During lifting, roots shall be complete, the shape shall be a circle with the radius
being 7 times of the branch diameter of seedlings, and the root depth shall be 10 to 14
times of the branch diameter of seedlings. Seedlings attached with soil balls shall be
surrounded and bound by straws. Specifications for roots and attached soil balls of
evergreen trees shall follow provisions on greening technologies.

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(5) Transport of seedlings:

Operating instructions shall be strictly followed. Seedlings shall be loaded in an
orderly way according to species, specification, mass and quantity. Branches of
seedlings attached with soil balls must not be broken during loading. Ropes shall be
used for fastening after loading, and rush bags shall be used to prevent branches from
being damaged. Upon arrival at construction sites, seedlings shall be unloaded
according to specified positions. During unloading, branches must not be broken and
attached soil balls must not loose or incline, and seedlings attached with soil balls
shall be placed in an upright and stable way after unloading.
(6) Planting:
The size and depth of plant pits shall be inspected before planting to confirm whether
they are in conformity with specifications of roots and soil balls. Seedlings shall be
spread as per different DBH and crown diameters, be planted along spreading, and be
handled with care to protect the intactness of roots and soil balls. Seedlings planted
shall be horizontally in a row and be vertical, and bare roots shall stretch to the
bottom of plant pits; seedlings attached with soil balls and straw ropes shall be put at
the right position and height in pits and stably supported by soil first, and then waist
straps and straw bags may be cut off; when planting relatively large evergreen trees,
supporting stick shall be buried to prevent wind damages and increase the rate of
survival.
(7) Watering:
The watering system should be capable of providing sufficient quantities of water
commensurate to requirements of different types of trees (kind, age, size) and
weather conditions. Seedlings shall be watered right after planting, enough water
shall be provided to penetrate the soil during the first time of watering, and two more
times shall be performed continuously. After that, watering shall be carried out in a
timely and reasonable manner according to weather conditions. Watering shall be
frequent during spring because trees grow and sprout; the water demand of trees shall
be satisfied during the drought weather before rainy seasons; watering shall be
appropriate, and the standards shall be water penetration in soil being deeper than
60cm as well as soil surface being moist without pounding. Irrigation Water source
for different locations are shown in Table 2.
Watering shall twice a week for fresh planting lawns, Flowers/Herbs bed, once a
week for one year old trees and for two years old trees twice a month.
(8) Fertilizer:
Timely and scientific fertilizer is able to shorten the slow growth period, improve
growing situation and boost seedlings ability against diseases and pests. Regular
fertilizer during the growth of seedlings is able to supply nutrient elements and is
beneficial to their growth. Well rotten cow dung or any other organic manure , as
approved , free from salinity / alkalinity, acidity, pebbles, crumbles etc, to be used.

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Categories of Plant Fertilization:

Fertilization shall use organic fertilizer mainly, with proper top dressing of chemical
fertilizer. It shall mainly adopt basal dressing (base fertilizer), supplemented with top
dressing. Fertilizer shall be applied frequently but with a small amount each time.
a) Basal dressing: application of fertilizer when plants are sowed or transplanted. It

requires the use of thoroughly decomposed or commercial organic fertilizer, which
shall be evenly mixed with the soil and then filled into the planting hole. The fertilizer
must not directly contact the roots to avoid burning roots. Organic fertilizer standards:
organic matter ≥ 30%; total nutrient (N+P205+K20) ≥ 4%; water content ≤ 20%; PH:
5.5~8.0;
b) Top dressing: application of fertilizer during plant growth. It generally uses

chemical fertilizer, including nitrogen, phosphate, potash fertilizer or compound
fertilizer. Top dressing shall be applied 2 or 3 times each year. The first top dressing
shall be applied during March or April, using nitrogen fertilizer to promote the growth
of branches and leaves; the second one shall be applied during July or August, using
phosphate and potash fertilizer or compound fertilizer to brighten its flowers and
leaves; the third one shall be applied in October, using organic fertilizer (suggested) to
effectively prevent such phenomenon as decrease of soil microbial quantity and
activity, nutrient imbalance, soil acidification and hardening resulting from long-term
application of chemical fertilizer.
Methods of Fertilization:
Root fertilization:
Planting holes fertilization: dig 5 to 6 small holes which are 40cm away from and
around the tree root, apply fertilizer into the holes and then fill with soil and water;
a) Annular ditch fertilization: dig a 30cm wide annular ditch along the outer edge of
the crown’s orthographic projection on the ground, apply the fertilizer evenly into the
ditch, and then fill with soil and water;
b) Radial ditch fertilization: taking the tree root as center, dig five to six 30cm wide
radial ditches 40cm away from the root. The ditches become deeper as they stretch
outwards. Apply fertilizer into the ditches and then fill with soil and water.
c) Fertilization depth: holes and ditches shall be at least 40cm deep for organic
fertilizer; about 20cm for nitrogen fertilizer and 30-40cm for phosphate, potash and
compound fertilizer.
Foliage fertilization:
This method is also known as foliage spraying application method. By this

method, soaked chemical fertilizer and organic fertilizer are dissolved in water at

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certain ratio and then evenly sprayed onto the branches and leaves of the plant by a
sprayer to promote growth of the plant. Foliage fertilization shall proceed strictly in
accordance with specified fertilizer ratio. Light fertilizer solution is better than thick
one, so as not to burn the leaves. It is suggested to conduct foliage fertilization for 3-5
times at an interval of 7-10 days in June and July when the plants are thriving.
Top dressing for lawns should broadcast compound fertilizer or adopt foliage
spraying fertilization method. Lawn fertilization shall proceed with extreme caution
and at controlled dose level indicated in the fertilizer specification.
a) Before planting lawns, herbaceous flowers, large-scale short hedges and other
groundcovers, pave organic fertilizer evenly on the soil at the rate of 10kg/m 2, then
turn over the fertilizer and soil by 30cm depth to ensure they are adequately mixed, so
as to improve soil fertility.
b) Fertilizer shall be subject to soil quality determination by a greening construction
unit for its specific application rate and category before it is applied.
(9) Soil loosening:

Regular soil loosening and hoeing shall be carried out during growing seasons for
every 20 to 30 days to maintain water and nutrition.
(10) Trimming/Pruning:
Trimming/Pruning shall be timely carried out according to growth characteristics of
different plants to obtain natural shape, sustainable growth, strong bole and
symmetrical canopy, guarantee plant modeling and crown-stem ratio, to improve
ventilation and light transmission conditions, to make plants grow vigorously, and to
reduce diseases and pests. Meanwhile, the highway greening profile may be
highlighted through trimming to induce driving. Young trees may be pruned of lower
side branches and unnecessary growth twice a year whereas mature trees annually.
The trees shall be maintained single stemmed up to a specific height. It will help make
the ground view see-through, safe, secure and good-looking leaving no chance of
hiding and committing any troublesome or harmful activity.
(11) Pest control:

Planting accounts for 30% and managing accounts for 70% in highway greening, so
management and protection shall be strengthened, observation shall be performed all
the time, investigation and forecasting shall be conducted to understand the
conditions of diseases and pests, and then measures shall be taken appropriately as
per the conditions to control diseases and pests before they become hazards and to
ensure the normal growth of seedlings.
(12) Guarding:
Based on the characteristics including long lines, many positions and large areas in
high greening, specially-assigned persons shall guard and patrol in sections to
prevent artificial damage and loss and to increase the percentage of seedling survival.

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Requirements on seedlings and seeds

(1) Seedlings to be planted shall be have developed roots and grow well, be free from
diseases, pests and crown inclination, and be of specifications and forms meeting
design requirements;
(2) The sowed seeds of grass, grass flowers, cover plants shall be indicated with
breed, strain, original, company, year of harvest, cleanness, and germination rate, and
shall bring no disease and pest hazards. Seeds from other places shall be of quarantine
certificates and a germination rate over 90%.
Table1: Excavation of plant pits and ditches
NO. TYPE OF SIZES OF TREE INGREDIENT

TREE PITS/SEED BEDS
1 lawns 6″thick seed bed 1）4″thick layer of sweet soil

(minimum)
2）2″thick layer of well rotten
cow dang manure
2 Seasoned 1.5′ DEEP bed 1）1′ thick layer of sweet soil
flowers
2）0.25′ thick layer of well
rotten cow dang manure
3 shrubs Pit：2’x2’x2’ feet 1.Sweet soil: 2’X2’X1.5’
2.Manure: 2’X2’X0.25’
4 trees Pit: 3’x3’x3’ feet 1. Sweet soil ：3’X3’X2.5’

2. Manure ：3’X3’X0.25’
(1) Locating and setting out of planting holes and ditches shall comply with the design
drawings, with defined and well-marked position;
(2) For locating of planting holes, center of holes shall be marked. For locating of
ditches, boundaries shall be marked;
(3) Locating marks shall indicate the name (or code) and specification of the tree;
(4) In case of encountering an obstacle during tree locating, contact the design unit for
proper adjustment;
(5) The diameter of planting holes and ditches shall be 40-60cm larger than the
stretching amplitude of the soil ball or bare-rooted seedling root system. The hole

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depth shall be 3/4 – 4/5 of the hole diameter. The holes and ditches shall be dug
downward vertically with equal roof and bottom area;
(6) Topsoil and subsoil dug out shall be piled separately. The base of the holes and
ditches shall be applied with base fertilizer and backfilled with topsoil to make it into
improved soil;
(7) In case of encountering impermeable layer or heavy clay layer while digging holes
and ditches, the soil shall be loosened or drainage facility shall be adopted;
(8) In case of dry soil, the hole and ditch shall be wetted before planting;
(9) In case the soil density is greater than 1.35g/cm³ or the permeability coefficient is
less than 10-4cm/S, the tree planting hole shall be expanded and the soil shall be
loosened;
(10) The soil ball with seedling or the root system amplitude of lifted bare-rooted
seedling shall be 6-8 times of the seedling base diameter.
Transport and temporary planting of seedlings
During the lifting, packaging and transport of seedlings, the transpiration from leaf
surface shall be reduced, and soil balls shall not loose or drop. To solve these
problems, the surface of leaves on crowns shall be spread with P.V.O anti-transparent
before lifting of seedlings to effectively control transpiration without affecting the
respiratory action and photosynthesis of seedlings. 10cm thick topsoil of roots shall be
removed during lifting, and excavation shall be carried out from the far side outside
the annular groove of cutting roots to the vertical depth of 80cm. The double-layer
network method shall be used then to bind soil balls, and in case soil is too dry,
watering shall be carried out a few days before excavation to prevent soil balls from
loosening. Transport shall be conducted by night. Watering and covering shall be
carried out before departure to prevent excessive transpiration.
(1) The quantity of seedlings to be transported shall be determined as per the quantity
to be planted, and seedlings shall be planted in time after arrival at the site;
(2) Seedlings shall be handled with care during loading and unloading to prevent
damages and soil ball scattering;
(3) Seedlings with soil balls shall be packed with bags instead of bound with rope
during transport;
(4) When loading seedlings with soil balls, soil balls shall face the driving direction of
vehicles while crowns shall face the opposite direction in an orderly way;

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(5) For long-distance transport of arbors with bare roots, tarpaulins shall be used for
covering and watering shall be carried out appropriately to maintain sufficient water
of seedlings. Seedlings shall be placed in order during loading; stems shall be bound
upon completion of loading, and cushions shall be provided to prevent stem from
being abraded;
(6) Flowing shrubs may be placed vertically in vehicles during transport;
(7) Seedlings with bare roots shall be planted in the same day after lifting, or be
temporarily planted;
(8) Small flowering shrubs with soil balls shall be placed in an orderly and tight way
after arrival at the site, and watering shall be carried out to maintain the moisture of
soil balls in case planting is not finished within one day.
Trimming of seedlings
(1) Roots of seedlings shall be trimmed before planting to remove roots with splits,
diseases, pests and excessive length, and crowns shall also be trimmed to maintain the
balance between ground and underground parts.
(2) Requirements on trimming of arbors. For deciduous arbors, cutting back shall be
carried out at the positions of robust buds for lateral branches on stems;
For evergreen arbors with branches and leaves located at the top of tree in a
centralized way, trimming may not be necessary. In case evergreen arbors with
whorled lateral branches are used as border trees, 2 to 3 layers of whorled lateral
branches at stem base may be removed;
Evergreen needle-leaved trees should not be trimmed, except for branches with
diseases and pests, withered branches, weak branches, overcrowded whorled branches
and droopy branches;
Arbors used as border trees shall be of the same stem height, all branches below the
first branch point shall be removed, other branches above that point shall be thinned
or shortened appropriately, and the original shape of crowns shall be maintained.
(3) Requirements on trimming of shrubs and vines
Flowering shrubs with soil balls should not be trimmed, except for withered branches
and branches with diseases and pests;
Large shrubs with luxuriant branches may be thinned appropriately;
For grafted shrubs, all branches grown on stocks below grafting position shall be
removed;
Excessively long branches of climbing and vine seedlings shall be removed, the
general length of branches left shall be 15cm to 30cm.

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(4) Quality requirements on trimming of seedlings
Cutting positions shall be smooth without split;

External buds shall be reserved during cutting back of branches, and cutting positions
shall be more than 1cm away from positions where buds are reserved;
When trimming large branches and root segments with the diameter over 2cm, cut
sections must be leveled and antiseptic measures shall be taken.
Planting of trees
(1) Trees shall be planted in the most appropriate season as per their growth habits
and local weather conditions; for large arbors, the key technology is to select
seedlings with symmetrical and plump crowns as well as tall and straight trunks. Also,
seedlings shall be young, of developed roots, luxuriant branches and leaves, and free
from diseases and pests;
(2) Varieties, specifications, and planting positions of seedlings shall be checked

according to the requirements of design drawings;
(3) Regular style planting shall be of symmetrical balance, border trees or trees
planted in rows shall be in a line, and the height and trunk diameter of adjacent plants
shall be reasonable. Trees being similar in shapes shall be kept upright without incline
during planting. Attention shall be paid to rational orientation of the viewing face;
(4) When planting trees with soil balls, the nonperishable wrap pages must be
removed.
(5) When planting, roots shall be stretched and the soil filled shall be treaded
compactly in a layered manner; the planting depth shall be consistent with the original
planting line;
(6) Before planting trees in plant pits, the size and depth of pits shall be inspected first
to confirm whether they meet requirements of roots, and adjustment shall be carried
out for pits failing to meet such requirement. Inspections shall then be conducted to
confirm whether base fertilizers are applied, bottom water shall be filled then, and
seedlings shall be plant after the water is fully penetrated;
(7) When planting trees with bare roots, soil filled into plant pits shall be of a semi-
round shape. Trees shall then be gently put into pits after the soil filled reaches 1/3 of
pits and fully contact with soil. Soil shall be compacted in layers, and the filling
height shall be 3-5cm higher than the original Rhizosphere line. Watering shall be
carried out right upon completion of planting for several times and in an appropriate
speed until water fully penetrates soil, and then soil shall be cultivated. Upon
completion of watering, cross-shaped carrying pole piles shall be used for binding.

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Bamboo piles with the uniform diameter shall be used for trees and their buried depth
shall be 60cm, so as to effectively prevent trees from displacement and lodging;
(8) For seedlings with soil balls, the soil layer on the bottom of pits must be
compacted first, seedlings shall then be placed into pits, and soil shall be filled and
compacted at last.
(9) Planting shall be carried out from top to bottom for slope protection of highways;
(10) Large scale trimming shall be carried out for deciduous arbors during planting,
and leaves may be removed when appropriate. Rooting hormone shall be used, and
watering shall be conducted for multiple times.
(11) Support Sticks: According to site needs, 6'long and about 1.5″thick, treated with
anti-termite, to be inserted into the soil alongside the plant upto a depth of about 2’,
tieing up the stem of plant with the support stick at 3 different suitable points with the
help of jute/ organic strings to be fixed firmly, at proper distance from the sapling in a
way that the roots of the saplings are not disturbed / damaged. When temperature
increased, cover straw properly to reduce evaporation after planting the saplings.
Seeding requirements for turf planting

(1) Lawn planting by sowing seeds or seedling transplantation, Healthy green
Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) (Bermuda) (Decca grass).
(2) Seeds with excellent variety and high purity shall be selected. Germination tests
and bud forcing treatment shall be carried out before sowing, and the reasonable
quantity of seeds to be sowed shall be determined; Planting shall done through
Sprigging & seeding (Sprigs of the grass consisting of 3-4 plants, each have several
buds intact).
(3) Soil shall be wetted before planting, and the topsoil shall be harrowed in a
uniform and flat manner after the topsoil is slightly dried. Seeds shall then be sowed,
covered with 0.3-0.5cm thick soil, slightly pressed and watered;
(4) Fine and even water mist shall be timely spread after sowing/Sprigging, and the
soil shall be infiltrated by 8-10cm (3” to 4”). During the preliminary sowing/sprigging
period, water shall be ceaselessly spread every day in case of no rainfall, or straw
matting (mulching) shall be used for covering and maintaining certain moisture, and
then be removed in time after sprouting;
(5) Turf to be planted shall be drought and flood resistant, easy to grow and spread,
with developed roots, short and strong stem and perennial habit of growth;
(6) Grass rolls and blocks shall be subject to leaching, finishing and leveling on the
ground before paving. Depressions are not allowed;
(7) The lawn shall have a proper drainage slope. Depressions and poundings are not
allowed; lawn shall have a proper shape of uniform green carpet after completing of
lawn laying.
Requirements on maintenance management
The contents of highway greening maintenance management include fertilizing,
watering, soil loosening, weed control, control of disease and pest as well as trimming.

16
For
Maintenance and look after of the Trees/Shrubs/ vines etc. include supply and
application of irrigation water, hoeing, weeding, manuring, trimming, shaping,
pruning, control and cure of pests and diseases, cleaning etc complete for a period of
36 months of maintenance. In case, meanwhile, any/some of the plant/plants
die/wither out, shall replaced, within a specific time period with plant/ plants of the
same species, variety, size and age. Maintenance will be made within specific period
of time. After completion of the maintenance period of 36 months, contractor shall
hand over all the plants and trees planted per approved plan, per Plant size prescribed,
against name of the respective tree/ plant to Employer.
(1) Watering
Water source
The line crosses several rivers and water canals with clean, free from salinity,
alkalinity, acidity and pollution-free water, which can be directly used for drinking
and engineering construction. For sections being relatively far away from surface
water sources, wells may be dug to get water as per demands.
Watering time
Watering in the period of dormancy; i.e. watering during the period from the early
November to the late next February. Watering in November is beneficial to wintering
and frost protection as well as preventing drought in early spring; watering in
February is beneficial to sprouting and growing.
Watering in the growing period; i.e. watering during the period from sprouting to leaf
falling, Watering in summer shall be carried out in the morning or at night in cloudy
or sunny days.
Watering quantity
The annual watering times of plants shall be determined according to types of trees,
local weather conditions and soil properties. Broad irrigation and lack of penetration
shall be avoided during watering.
Watering method
Water used for highway greening shall usually be transported by truck to carry out pit
irrigation and furrow irrigation, and drip irrigation can be available in the
interchanges.
Watering program
Plants selected in this design are of local types with strong adaptability, drought
resistance and flood resistance. Nozzles of watering carts will be used for regular
spraying for the whole area, just as natural rainfall, to guarantee necessary water for
the growth of plants.

17
For
In the case of irrigation by water carts, the plants will not sustain the direct hit of
water spurts; however, the water will be thrown by nozzles to the air and naturally
drop like raindrops onto the greenbelt, never causing any deadly hit to the plants and
surfaces. Additionally, watering carts will be equipped with different types of nozzles,
which could be used for spraying water column, fan-shaped water splash, water
screen, rain splash, and water mist. Each type of nozzle has different intensity, so the
nozzles could be replaced according to the plant forms, the area of green belt and the
growth stage.
Regarding maintenance and irrigation plan for landscape and horticulture, please refer
to the below table.
Table 2: Maintenance and Irrigation Plan for Landscape & Horticulture Works
(2) Fertilizer
Enough nitrogenous fertilizers shall be added at a time during planting, and the
specific dosage and type shall be determined after getting the soil property analysis
results. In case greening is carried out during autumn, phosphatic fertilizers and
potassic fertilizers shall be used to improve plants' ability against freeze, disease and
pest and to guarantee their normal physiological status.
1. Organic fertilizers shall be used as major fertilizers, and chemical fertilizers may
be added appropriately;
2. Both base fertilizers and additional fertilizers shall be applied;
3. Fertilizers must be applied to certain depth, and soil covering and watering shall be
performed in time after fertilizing;

18
For
4. Time for applying base fertilizers: generally around the autumnal equinox, but not
too late, so as to ensure fertilizers are able to become thoroughly decomposed and
new shoots of trees are able to grow in time in the next year without suffering
winter killing;
Time for applying additional fertilizers: any time within the growing period of trees,
but best during spring to early summer, and better in morning than at night.
Additional fertilizers shall be applied for 2-3 time during the growing period of each
year for trees just planted.
Seed fertilizers: i.e. fertilizers applied during sowing and planting. For sowing, soil
may be applied with fertilizers or fertilizers may be mixed with seeds before sowing;
for planting, fertilizers may be applied into plant pits or onto roots.
Fertilizing method: including soil fertilizing and foliage top-dressing.
Soil fertilizing
The depth and scope of fertilizing is relevant to type and age of trees, soil as well as
fertilizers;
Fertilizers shall generally be applied to positions deeper and further than positions
where roots are located so as to make roots grow deeper and increase the absorption
area and capacity of roots. Fertilizing methods include circular applying, furrow
applying and radial applying.
Foliage top-dressing
It is also known as foliage application. Foliage application is simple and practicable

with high fertilizer efficiency and fast absorption. It may be used during dry seasons
or regional, or at positions where it is inconvenient to fertilize. The foliage application
shall be carried out before 10 a.m. and after 4 p.m.
(3) Soil loosening and weed control
Soil loosening refers to intertillage for soil below border trees and flowering shrubs,
and it helps to loosen soil, remove weeds, preserve moisture and accelerate growth of
trees. Soil loosening may be carried out simultaneously with fertilizing and weed
control. The depth for soil loosening shall generally be 5cm-10cm. Soil loosening
shall be carried out 1-2 times for flowering shrubs every year, 1 time for large arbors
in each year or every other year. Soil loosening shall also be carried out for 2-3 times
in each summer for border trees or flowering shrubs, except the soil loosening
conducted along with weed control.

19
For
(4) Control of diseases and pests
Principles for control of diseases and pests
For the control of diseases and pests, the requirements of "prevention first and
integrated control" as well as "safe, economic and effective" shall be met, and plants
must not be hurt. The maintenance management for green areas shall be strengthened,
fallen leaves shall be removed, and proper trimming shall be carried out. The weather
is cold in winter and plants are in the period of dormancy, so the trimming extent may
be properly reduced to form plants landscape at an early date. Light transmission and
ventilation shall be maintained during trimming to reduce diseases and pests. Once
diseases and pests are found, physical or chemical methods shall be used to conduct
treatment in time. For overwintering, lower trunks shall be sprayed with lime coating
to prevent diseases and pests, and frigolabile plants shall be bound with straws as
protection.
Methods for control of diseases and pests
There are many ways to control diseases and pests, so measures shall be adjusted
based on local conditions, integrated control shall be carried out, primary and
auxiliary measures shall be used in a flexible way.
¤Technical measures for planting
During seedling selection, seedlings infected with diseases and pests must not be used;
soil with pathogen, worm eggs and larvae shall be disposed before planting or sowing;
trees shall be fertilized and trimmed during maintenance to improve their ability
against diseases and pests.
¤Chemical control
It means controlling diseases and pests with pesticides. Precautions during chemical
control: types of pesticides shall act appropriately to the situation; the use of
pesticides shall meet requirements of instructions; the principles of controlling in
early stage, controlling small problems and completely solving problems shall be
followed; the time for spraying pesticides shall be the morning or afternoon in sunny
days, while rainy days and noon shall be avoided to ensure the effect of pesticides;
personnel spraying pesticides shall wear labor protection appliances as per relevant
provisions to prevent poisoning.

20
For
¤Biological control
It means using beneficial organisms or active substances to control diseases and pests.
It mainly includes using insects to control pests, using viruses to control pests and
using bacteria to control diseases.
(5) Trimming
The principle of looking first, trimming section and inspecting third shall be followed,
and the growth vigor, branch distribution and crown required shall be understood
before trimming, especially for perennial branches. Trimming shall be carried out
from top to bottom, from outside to inside, from bulk trimming to fine trimming.
Unnecessary branches such as dead, dense and overlapped branches shall be removed
by thinning out, and then remaining branches shall be shortened. Cut buds shall be left
at the direction where new branches are expected.
Trimming of single-row individual plants
Mainly aiming at shaping individual plants, and also considering requirements on

traffic functions at the same time.
Trimming of multi-row plants
The overall functional effects and mutual influences of plants shall be considered for
shaping.
Trimming of hedges
It mainly aims at cultivating artistic hedges. The density of branches in hedges as well
as height of hedges after trimming shall be paid attention to. The growth requirements
of plants as well as the traffic functions shall both be met.
Trimming of vines
No trimming shall be necessary usually, and only dead branches and branches with
diseases and pests shall be removed.

21
For
(6) Maintenance of ground cover plants
Ground cover plants refer to short plants covering the ground. They include grass, low
shrubs and creeping vines. They are mainly used for side slope protection, concealing
and ground coverage in highways.
¤Fertilizing
Enough base fertilizers shall be applied before planting. Chemical fertilizers shall be
supplemented in time during growing period. Base fertilizers shall be organic
fertilizers, and chemical fertilizers may be nitrogenous fertilizers, and may best be
mixed fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphorus). Chemical fertilizers may be applied for
1-2 times along with watering in each year, or may be applied before raining. The
spreading method shall be used for fertilizing lawns. Fertilizers shall be applied to
roots of shrubs and vines.
¤Watering
After the seedling stage or fix planting, seedlings shall be provided with water in time,
and water may be irrigated to soil or sprayed to leaves at the same time. Ornamental
grass shall be watered for 5-8 times after being planted for 2-3 years, while grass for
protective purposes may not be watered or may be watered for 2-4 times as per the
rainfall and soil conditions of different sections.
¤Trimming
Ornamental grass shall be trimmed for 3-5 times in each year, and the height after
trimming shall be 5-8cm; grass for protective purposes shall be trimmed for 2-3 times
in each year, and the height after trimming shall be 15-20cm; low shrubs shall be
trimmed for 2-3 times in each year, and the height after trimming shall be 20-25cm;
vines may not be trimmed.
¤ Control of diseases and pests
Soil treatment shall be carried out using drugs before planting as per existing
pathogenic bacteria and pest sources in soil. The development trend of diseases and
pests shall be timely discovered during growing period so as to spray pesticides and
carry out prevention. Ground cover plants shall be repaired, regenerated and
rejuvenated in time.

22
For
Acceptance requirements after 36 months of tree planting
Plant Specs
Height After
Sapling
36 months
Sr. Height
Plant Names Maintenance
no (Ft)
(Ft)
1 a. Albizia lebbeck ≥4 ≥15

2 b. Bombax malbaricum ≥4 ≥15
3 c. Dalbergia sissoo ≥4 ≥12
4 d. Terminalia mantally ≥4 ≥15
5 e. Terminalia arjuna ≥4 ≥15
6 f. Cassia fistula ≥4 ≥15
7 g. Azadirachta indica ≥4 ≥12
8 h. Erythrina suberosa ≥4 ≥12
9 i. Alstonia scholaris ≥4 ≥12
10 j. Delonix regia 3 to 4 ≥10
11 k. Callistemon citrinus ≥4 ≥10
12 l. Melia azadirach ≥4 ≥10
13 m.Pongamid pnnata ≥4 ≥6
14 n. Bauhinia purpurea ≥4 ≥12
15 o. Jakranda mimosifolia ≥4 ≥12
16 p. Populus L. ≥4 ≥15
17 q.Ficus virens ≥4 ≥15
≥4 (5-6
18 r. Boganvillea glabra ≥2 to 3
Branches)
≥8 (5-6
19 s. Nerium indicum 3 to 4
Branches)
1.5’Stem ≥3’ Stem
20 t. Phoenix roeblenii (Pygmi palm)
height height
≥1’ Stem ≥2’ Stem
21 u. Cycas revoluta
height height
Consistent Uniform green
22 v.Cynodon dactylon(Linn.)Pers.(Dacca)
carpet throughout
≥7(6-7
23 w.China Rose(Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) 2 to 3
Branches)

23
For
Height After
Sapling
36 months
Sr. Height
Plant Names Maintenance
no (Ft)
(Ft)
24 x.Lagerstroemia 2 to 3 ≥10
Luxurious/
25 Euphorbia bulbispina ≥1
Growth
26 Psidium guajava ≥2.5 ≥6
27 Citrus x limon ≥2 ≥6
28 Citrus x sinensis ≥2.5 ≥6
29 Litchi chinensis ≥2.5 ≥6
30 Punica granatum ≥2.5 ≥6
Cover
31 Iresine herbstii ≥9”
Ground fully
32 Ficus benjamina ≥2.5 ≥6
33 Alternanthera ficoidea Cover Ground fully
34 Eriobotrya japonica ≥2.5 ≥5
35 Mangifera-Indica ≥2.5 ≥12
36 Syzgium Cumini ≥3 ≥10

24

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Government of Pakistan

Landscape and Horticulture Report

Peshawar Karachi Motorway (PKM)

CR20G - ZKB KLM JOINT VENTURE

LANDSCAPE AND HORTICULTURE ................................................................................... 2

1.0 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 2

1.1 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 2

1.2 GUIDELINES AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES .................................................................... 5

1.3 LANDSCAPE GREENING DESIGN ................................................................................ 6

1.4 REQUIREMENTS AND PRECAUTIONS ON HIGHWAY GREENING WORKS........ 7

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

LANDSCAPE AND HORTICULTURE

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

 National and Local Nature Conservation Designations

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

Spatial Strategies can also be used to identify broader Landscape Conservation

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

Greening design of roadside

Greening design of the slope

Greening design for interchange area

Greening design for service area

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

1.4 Requirements and Precautions on Highway Greening Works

Preparation for greening

Requirements on seedling planting seasons

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

Procedures and precautions

(2) Holes digging:

(3) Selection of seedlings:

(4) Lifting of seedlings:

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

(5) Transport of seedlings:

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

Categories of Plant Fertilization:

a) Basal dressing: application of fertilizer when plants are sowed or transplanted. It

b) Top dressing: application of fertilizer during plant growth. It generally uses

This method is also known as foliage spraying application method. By this

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

(9) Soil loosening:

(11) Pest control:

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

Requirements on seedlings and seeds

Table1: Excavation of plant pits and ditches

NO. TYPE OF SIZES OF TREE INGREDIENT

1 lawns 6″thick seed bed 1）4″thick layer of sweet soil

4 trees Pit: 3’x3’x3’ feet 1. Sweet soil ：3’X3’X2.5’

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

Transport and temporary planting of seedlings

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

(6) Flowing shrubs may be placed vertically in vehicles during transport;

(3) Requirements on trimming of shrubs and vines

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

(4) Quality requirements on trimming of seedlings

Cutting positions shall be smooth without split;

(2) Varieties, specifications, and planting positions of seedlings shall be checked

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

Seeding requirements for turf planting

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

2. Both base fertilizers and additional fertilizers shall be applied;

Prepared By | CCCC (FHCC) - Zeeruk International KLM Joint Venture

Fertilizing method: including soil fertilizing and foliage top-dressing.