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Chapter3: Theory of Equations

Example 3.1 If α and β are the roots of the

quadratic equation 17𝑥 2 + 43𝑥 − 73 = 0,
construct a quadratic equation whose roots are
α + 2and β + 2.
Solution: If 𝛼, 𝛽 are the roots of equation 𝑎𝑥 2 +
−𝑏 𝑐
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 + 𝛽 = and 𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎 𝑎
Given: 17𝑥 2 + 43𝑥 − 73 = 0
a = 17, b= 43 and c = –73
−𝑏 − 43 𝑐 −73
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
𝛼+𝛽 = ⟹ and 𝛼𝛽 = ⇒
𝑎 17 𝑎 17
SRI RAMAKRISHNA MHSS – ARCOT To construct a quadratic equation whose roots
VELLORE DT -632503
are α + 2and β + 2.
Sum of the roots = (𝛼 + 2) + (𝛽 + 2)

UNIT - 3
=α+β+4
− 43
= +4
17
Theory of Equations =
− 43 + 68
17
25
=
17
Product of the roots = (𝛼 + 2) × (𝛽 + 2)
= 𝛼𝛽 + 2𝛼 + 2𝛽 + 4
= 𝛼𝛽 + 2(𝛼 + 𝛽) + 4
−73 − 43
= + 2( )+4
17 17
−73 86
= − 17 + 4
17
−159
= +4
17
−159 + 68
= 17
91
= − 17

Required equation is 𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚)𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 0

25 91
𝑥 2 − (17) 𝑥 − 17 = 0

Multiplying by 17,
∴ Required Equation is 17𝑥 2 − 25𝑥 − 91 = 0.

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 1

 www.nammakalvi.in

Solution:
Example 3.2 If α and β are the roots of the
If α , β , and γ are the roots of the equation
quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 13 = 0,
𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0
construct a quadratic equation whose roots are
∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) = − 𝑝 and
2 2
𝛼 and 𝛽 .
∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾) = −𝑟
Solution: If 𝛼, 𝛽 are the roots of equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 1 1 1
1
−𝑏 𝑐
To find the value of ∑ 𝛽𝛾 = + +
𝛽𝛾 𝛾𝛼 𝛼𝛽
𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 + 𝛽 = and 𝛼𝛽 =
𝑎 𝑎
𝛼+𝛽+𝛾
2
Given: 2𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 13 = 0 =
𝛼𝛽𝛾
a = 2, b= – 7 and c = 13 −𝑝
=
−𝑟
−𝑏 7 𝑐 13
𝛼+𝛽 = ⟹ and 𝛼𝛽 = ⇒ 𝑝
𝑎 2 𝑎 2 =
𝑟
To construct a quadratic equation whose roots
Example 3.4 Find the sum of the squares of the
are 𝛼 2 and 𝛽 2 .
roots of 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0.
2 2
Sum of the roots = 𝛼 + 𝛽
Solution: If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓
= (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0, then
7 2 13
= (2 ) − 2 ( 2 ) 𝑏
∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿) = −
𝑎
49
= − 13 𝑐
4 ∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛼𝛿 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 + 𝛾𝛿) =
𝑎
49 − 52
= 𝑑
4 ∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛽𝛿 + 𝛼𝛾𝛿 + 𝛽𝛾𝛿) = −
𝑎
−3
= 𝑒
4 ∑4 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿) =
𝑎
Product of the roots = 𝛼 2 × 𝛽 2
We have to find (𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 + 𝛿 2 ).
= (𝛼𝛽)2
Applying the algebraic identity
13 2
=(2) (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)2 =
169 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2 + 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑐𝑑)
=
4 we get
2
Required equation is 𝑥 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚)𝑥 + 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑 = 0 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2 =
−3 169
𝑥2 − ( )𝑥 + =0 (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)2 − 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑐𝑑)
4 4
Hence,
Multiplying by 4,
𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 + 𝛿 2 =
∴ Required Equation is 4𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 169 = 0.
(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿)2 − 2(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛼𝛿 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 + 𝛾𝛿)

Example 3.3 If α , β , and γ are the roots of the 𝑏 2 𝑐

= (− 𝑎) − 2 (𝑎)
equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, find the value
𝑏2 2𝑐
1 = −
of ∑ 𝛽𝛾 in terms of the coefficients. 𝑎2 𝑎

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 2

 𝑏2 −2𝑎𝑐 To construct a quadratic equation whose roots
𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 + 𝛿 2 =
𝑎2
are 𝛼 2 , 𝛽 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 2 .
Example 3.5 Find the condition that the roots
∑1 = 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2
3 2
of 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are in the ratio
= (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)2 − 2(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾)
p :q : r .
= (−𝑎)2 − 2(𝑏)
3 2
Solution: The roots of 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
= 𝑎2 − 2𝑏
are in the ratio p :q : r .
∑2 = 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2 𝛾 2 + 𝛽 2 𝛾 2
So let the roots are 𝑝𝜆, 𝑞𝜆 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝜆 then
= (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾)2
∑1 = (𝑝𝜆 + 𝑞𝜆 + 𝑟𝜆 ) = − 𝑎
−2[(𝛼𝛽)(𝛼𝛾) + (𝛼𝛽)(𝛽𝛾) + (𝛼𝛾)(𝛽𝛾)]
∑2 = (𝑝𝜆) (𝑞𝜆) + (𝑝𝜆)(𝑟𝜆) + (𝑞𝜆)(𝑟𝜆) = 𝑏
= (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾)2 −2(𝛼𝛽𝛾)(𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛼)
∑3 = (𝑝𝜆)(𝑞𝜆)(𝑟𝜆) = −𝑐
= (𝑏)2 −2 (−𝑐)(𝑏)
𝑝𝜆 + 𝑞𝜆 + 𝑟𝜆 = −𝑎
= 𝑏 2 + 2𝑏𝑐
(𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟)𝜆 = −𝑎
∑3 = 𝛼 2 𝛽 2 𝛾 2
−𝑎
𝜆= = (𝛼𝛽𝛾)2
𝑝+𝑞+𝑟

and (𝑝𝜆)(𝑞𝜆)(𝑟𝜆)= −𝑐 = (−𝑐)2

𝑝𝑞𝑟𝜆3 = −𝑐 = 𝑐2
𝑐 Hence, the required equation is
So, 𝜆3 = −
𝑝𝑞𝑟 𝑥 3 − (𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 )𝑥 2
−𝑎 3 𝑐
(𝑝+𝑞+𝑟) = − 𝑝𝑞𝑟 +(𝛼 2 𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2 𝛾 2 + 𝛽 2 𝛾 2 )𝑥 − (𝛼 2 𝛽 2 𝛾 2 ) = 0
𝑥 3 − ( 𝑎2 − 2𝑏)𝑥 2 + (𝑏 2 + 2𝑏𝑐)𝑥 − 𝑐 2 = 0
− 𝑎3 𝑐
(𝑝+𝑞+𝑟)3
=−
𝑝𝑞𝑟
Example 3.7 If p is real, discuss the nature of
𝑎3 𝑐
(𝑝+𝑞+𝑟)3
= the roots of the equation
𝑝𝑞𝑟

𝑎3 𝑝𝑞𝑟 = c(𝑝 + 𝑞 + 𝑟)3 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝 + 2 = 0, in terms of p.

Solution: 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑝𝑥 + (𝑝 + 2) = 0
Example 3.6 Form the equation whose roots a = 4, b = 4p and c = p + 2
are the squares of the roots of the cubic Discriminant ∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0. = (4𝑝)2 − 4(4)(𝑝 + 2)
Solution: If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 = 16𝑝2 − 16(𝑝 + 2)
𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, then = 16𝑝2 − 16𝑝 − 32
∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) = − 𝑎 = 16(𝑝2 − 𝑝 − 2)
∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾) = 𝑏 = 16(𝑝 + 1)(𝑝 − 2)
∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾) = −𝑐 If ∆ < 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − 1 < 𝑝 < 2
If ∆ = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝 = −1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 = 2

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 3

If ∆ > 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 − ∞ < 𝑝 < −1 𝑜𝑟 2 < 𝑝 < ∞ ∴ 𝑉 + 52 = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 6
Thus the given polynomial has 𝑥 3 + 52 = 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 6

imaginary roots if −1 < 𝑝 < 2 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 6 − 𝑥 3 − 52 = 0

6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 46 = 0
equal real roots if p = −1 or p = 2 ;
(6𝑥 + 23)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
distinct real roots if −∞ < 𝑝 < −1 𝑜𝑟 2 < 𝑝 < ∞
6𝑥 + 23 = 0 or 𝑥 − 2 = 0
6𝑥 + 23 = 0 gives,
EXERCISE 3.1
6𝑥 = −23
1. If the sides of a cubic box are increased by
23
1, 2, 3 units respectively to form a cuboid, 𝑥 = − 6 , is impossible
then the volume is increased by 52 cubic So 𝑥 − 2 = 0 gives,
units. Find the volume of the cuboid. 𝑥=2
Solution:
Substituting 𝑥 = 2, volume of the cuboid
Let x be the side and V be the volume of the
V = (2 + 1) × (2 + 2) × (2 + 3)
cube, then volume of the cube
V = 𝑥 × 𝑥 × 𝑥 = 𝑥3 = (3) × (4) × (5)

If the sides are increased by 1, 2, 3 units, = 60 cubic units.

Volume of the cuboid is equal to volume of 2. Construct a cubic equation with roots
the cube increased by 52 (i) 1, 2 and 3
V + 52 = (𝑥 + 1) × (𝑥 + 2) × (𝑥 + 3) Solution: Given
If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠, then If 𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 = 3.
𝛼 = −1, 𝛽 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 = −3. ∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) = 1+2+3
=−1−2−3 =6
= −6 ∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾)
∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾) = (1)(2) + (1)(3) + (2)(3)
= (−1)(−2) + (−1)(−3) + (−2)(−3) = 2 + 3+ 6
= 2 + 3+ 6 = 11
= 11 ∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾)
∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾) = (1)(2)(3)
= (−1)(−2)(−3) = 6
=−6 Hence, the required equation is
Hence, the volume of the cuboid equation is 𝑥 3 − ∑1 𝑥 2 + ∑2 𝑥 − ∑3 = 0
𝑥 3 − ∑1 𝑥 2 + ∑2 𝑥 − ∑ 3 𝑥 3 − (6)𝑥 2 + (11)𝑥 − (6) = 0
= 𝑥 3 − (−6)𝑥 2 + (11)𝑥 − (−6) 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 6 = 0
= 𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 + 6
By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 4
 www.nammakalvi.in

(ii) 1, 1 and −2 𝑥 3 − (4)𝑥 2 + (−4)𝑥 − (−16) = 0

Solution: Given 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 16 = 0
𝛼 = 1, 𝛽 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 = −2. 1
(iv) 2, , and1.
2
∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
Solution: Given
= 1+1−2
1
= 2−2 𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 = 1.

=0 ∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
1
∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾) = 2+2+1
= (1)(1) + (1)(−2) + (1)(−2) = 3+2
1

= 1 −2 − 2 6+1
=
=1– 4 2
7
=−3 =
2
∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾)
∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾)
= (1)(1)(−2) 1 1
= (2) (2) + (2)(1) + (2) (1)
=−2
1
Hence, the required equation is = 1+2+2
𝑥 3 − ∑1 𝑥 2 + ∑2 𝑥 − ∑3 = 0 = 3+2
1

𝑥 3 − (0)𝑥 2 + (−3)𝑥 − (−2) = 0 6+1

3
=
𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0 2
7
(iii) 2 , −2 , and 4 . =
2
Solution: Given
∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾)
𝛼 = 2, 𝛽 = −2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 = 4. 1
= (2) (2) (1)
∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)
= 2−2+4 =1

=4 Hence, the required equation is

∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾) 𝑥 3 − ∑1 𝑥 2 + ∑2 𝑥 − ∑3 = 0
7 7
= (2)(−2) + (2)(4) + (−2)(4) 𝑥 3 − (2) 𝑥 2 + (2) 𝑥 − (1) = 0
= −4 + 8 − 8 7 7
𝑥3 − 2 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥 − 1 = 0
=−4
Multiplying by 2
∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾)
2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 2 = 0
= (2)(−2)(4)
= − 16
3. If α , β and γ are the roots of the cubic
Hence, the required equation is
equation 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0, form a
𝑥 3 − ∑1 𝑥 2 + ∑2 𝑥 − ∑3 = 0
cubic equation whose roots are

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 5

(i) 2α , 2β , 2γ 1 1 1 1 1 1
∑2 = ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( )
α β 𝛼 𝛾 𝛽 𝛾
Solution: Given 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 1 1 1
3 2
Comparing with 𝑥 − ∑1 𝑥 + ∑2 𝑥 − ∑3 = 0
= + +
𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛾 𝛽𝛾
∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) = −2 𝛾+𝛽+𝛼
=
𝛼𝛽𝛾
∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾) = 3
−2
∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾) = −4 =
−4
To construct a quadratic equation whose 2
=
roots are 2α , 2β , 2γ . 4
1
∑1 = 2α + 2β + 2γ =
2
= 2(α + β + γ) 1 1 1
∑3 = ( ) ( ) ( )
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
= 2(−2)
1
= −4 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾)
∑2 = (2α) (2β) + (2𝛼)(2𝛾) + (2𝛽)(2𝛾) 1
= (−4)
= 4𝛼𝛽 + 4𝛼𝛾 + 4𝛽𝛾
1
=−4
= 4(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾)
= 4(3) Hence, the required equation is

= 12 𝑥 3 − ∑1 𝑥 2 + ∑ 2 𝑥 − ∑3 = 0
3 1 1
∑3 = (2𝛼) (2𝛽)(2𝛾) 𝑥 3 − (− 4) 𝑥 2 + (2) 𝑥 − (− 4) = 0
= 8 (𝛼𝛽𝛾) 3 1 1
𝑥3 + 4 𝑥2 + 2 𝑥 + 4 = 0
= 8 (−4)
Multiplying by 4
= −32
4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
Hence, the required equation is
𝑥 3 − ∑1 𝑥 2 + ∑2 𝑥 − ∑3 = 0
(iii) – 𝛼, −𝛽, −𝛾
𝑥 3 − (−4)𝑥 2 + (12)𝑥 − (−32) = 0
To construct a quadratic equation whose
𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 32 = 0
roots are – 𝛼, −𝛽, −𝛾
1 1 1
(ii) , , ∑1 = – 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝛾
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾

To construct a quadratic equation whose = −(𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)

1 1 1 = −(−2)
roots are , , .
𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
=2
1 1 1
∑1 = + 𝛽+ 𝛾 ∑2 = (−α) (−β) + (−𝛼)(−𝛾) + (−𝛽)(−𝛾)
𝛼
𝛽𝛾 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛼𝛽 = 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾
=
𝛼𝛽𝛾
=3
3 3
= = −4 ∑3 = (−𝛼) (−𝛽)(−𝛾)
−4
= − (𝛼𝛽𝛾)
By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 6
 = − (−4) Dividing by 2,
=4 3𝛼 2 − 10𝛼 + 3 = 0
Hence, the required equation is (3𝛼 − 1)(𝛼 − 3) = 0
𝑥 3 − ∑1 𝑥 2 + ∑2 𝑥 − ∑3 = 0 3𝛼 − 1 = 0 or 𝛼−3=0
𝑥 3 − (2)𝑥 2 + (3)𝑥 − (4) = 0 If 3𝛼 − 1 = 0 gives
𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 3𝛼 = 1
1
𝛼 = 3 ⇒ 𝛽 = 3 and
4. Solve the equation 3𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 6 = 0
If 𝛼 − 3 = 0
if the product of two roots is 1.
1
Solution: Given 3𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 6 = 0 𝛼=3⇒𝛽=3
16 23
÷ 3, 𝑥 3 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥−2=0 Hence the roots are 3, 3, 2
1
3 3

Comparing with 𝑥 3 − ∑1 𝑥 2 + ∑2 𝑥 − ∑3 = 0
16
∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) = 5. Find the sum of squares of roots of the
3

∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾) =
23 equation 2𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 3 = 0.
3
Solution: Given 2𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 3 = 0
∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾) = 2
3
÷ 2, 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 2 = 0
Given the product of two roots is 1
1 Comparing with
So let, 𝛽 =
𝛼 𝑥 4 − ∑1 𝑥 3 + ∑2 𝑥 2 − ∑3 𝑥 + ∑4 = 0
1 16
∑1 = (𝛼 + + 𝛾) = If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝛼 3
1 1 23 ∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿) = 4
∑2 = (𝛼 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛾) =
𝛼 𝛼 3
∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛼𝛿 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 + 𝛾𝛿) = 3
1
∑3 = (𝛼 𝛼 𝛾) =2 ∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾) + (𝛼𝛽𝛿) + (𝛽𝛾𝛿) = 0
∴𝛾=2 3
∑4 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿) = −
2
Substituting 𝛾 = 2 in
We have to find (𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 + 𝛿 2 ).
1 23
1 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛼 𝛾 = we get, Applying the algebraic identity
3
2 23
1 + 2𝛼 + 𝛼 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)2 =
3
2 23 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2 + 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑐𝑑)
2𝛼 + 𝛼 = −1
3
we get
2𝛼 2 +2 23−3
= 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 𝑑 2 =
𝛼 3
(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)2 − 2(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎𝑐 + 𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑 + 𝑐𝑑)
2𝛼 2 + 2 20
= Hence,
𝛼 3
3(2𝛼 2 + 2) = 20𝛼 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 + 𝛿 2 =
6𝛼 2 + 6 = 20𝛼 (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿)2 − 2(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛼𝛿 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛽𝛿 + 𝛾𝛿)

6𝛼 2 − 20𝛼 + 6 = 0 = (4)2 − 2(3)

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 7

 www.nammakalvi.in

= 16 − 6 2𝛼 = 3(4)
= 10 2𝛼 = 12
∴𝛼=6
3 2
6. Solve the equation 𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 14𝑥 + 24 = 0,
Substituting 𝛽 = 4 in 2𝛾 = 18 − 5𝛽
if it is given that two of its roots are in the
2𝛾 = 18 − 5(4)
ratio 3 : 2 .
Solution: Given 𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 24 = 0 2𝛾 = 18 − 20

Two of its roots are in the ratio 3 : 2 2𝛾 = −2

Let 𝛼 ∶ 𝛽 = 3 ∶ 2 ∴ 𝛾 = −1
𝛼 3
=2 Hence the roots are 6, 4 and −1
𝛽

∴ 2𝛼 = 3𝛽
Comparing with 𝑥 3 − ∑1 𝑥 2 + ∑2 𝑥 − ∑3 = 0 7. If α , β , and γ are the roots of the polynomial
∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) = 9 equation 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0, find the
∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾) = 14 𝛼
value of ∑ 𝛽𝛾 in terms of the coefficients.
∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾) = −24
Solution: If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓
From 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 9
𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0, then
2𝛼 + 2𝛽 + 2𝛾 = 18 𝑏
∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) = −
Substituting 2𝛼 = 3𝛽 𝑎
𝑐
3𝛽 + 2𝛽 + 2𝛾 = 18 ∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾) =
𝑎
5𝛽 + 2𝛾 = 18 𝑑
∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾) = −
2𝛾 = 18 − 5𝛽 . . . . .(1) 𝑎
𝛼
From 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = −24 To find the value of ∑ 𝛽𝛾
2𝛼𝛽𝛾 = − 48 𝛼 𝛼 𝛽 𝛾
∑ = + +
𝛽𝛾 𝛽𝛾 𝛼𝛾 𝛼𝛽
Substituting 2𝛼 = 3𝛽
𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾2
(3𝛽)𝛽𝛾 = − 48 =
𝛼𝛽𝛾
2
3𝛽 𝛾 = − 48 We know
2
𝛽 𝛾 = − 16 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)2 − 2(𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾)
Multiplying by 2, 𝛽 2 2𝛾 = − 32 𝑏 2 𝑐
= (− 𝑎) − 2 (𝑎)
Substituting 2𝛾 = 18 − 5𝛽
𝑏2 2𝑐
𝛽 2 (18 − 5𝛽) = − 32 = −
𝑎2 𝑎
2 3
18𝛽 − 5𝛽 = − 32 𝑏2 −2𝑎𝑐
=
5𝛽 3 − 18𝛽 2 − 32 = 0 𝑎2
𝛼 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 + 𝛾2
(𝛽 − 4)(5𝛽 2 + 2𝛽 + 8) = 0 ∴∑ =
𝛽𝛾 𝛼𝛽𝛾
𝛽 − 4 = 0, gives 𝛽 = 4
Substituting 𝛽 = 4 𝑖𝑛 2𝛼 = 3𝛽

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 8

 𝑏2 −2𝑎𝑐 3
𝑎2
𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 − 10 = 0
= 𝑑
− Multiplying by 2
𝑎

𝑏2 −2𝑎𝑐 𝑎 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 20 = 0
= ×−
𝑎2 𝑑
(𝑏2 −2𝑎𝑐)
=− 9. If p and q are the roots of the equation
𝑎𝑑
𝛼 (2𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2 ) 𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 = 0, show that
∴∑ =
𝛽𝛾 𝑎𝑑 𝑝 𝑞 𝑛
√𝑞 + √𝑝 + √ 𝑙 = 0.

8. If α , β , γ and δ are the roots of the Solution:

equation 2𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 8 = 0, find a p and q are the roots of the equation
quadratic equation with integer coefficients 𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 = 0
whose roots are 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 and 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿. 𝑛 𝑛
4 3 2 ÷ 𝑙, 𝑥2 + 𝑙 𝑥 + 𝑙 = 0
Solution: Given 2𝑥 + 5𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 8 = 0
5 7 Comparing with
÷ 2, 𝑥4 + 𝑥3 − 𝑥2 + 4 = 0
2 2

Comparing with 𝑥 2 − ∑1 𝑥 + ∑2 = 0
𝑛
𝑥 4 − ∑1 𝑥 3 + ∑2 𝑥 2 − ∑3 𝑥 + ∑4 = 0 ∑1 = (𝑝 + 𝑞) = −
𝑙
Given 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑛
∑2 = (𝑝𝑞) =
5 𝑙
∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿) = −
2 𝑝 𝑞 𝑛
To prove: √𝑞 + √𝑝 + √ 𝑙 = 0
∑4 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿) = 4
To construct a quadratic equation whose 𝑝 𝑞 𝑛
LHS = √𝑞 + √𝑝 + √ 𝑙
roots are 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿 and 𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿

∑1 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿) + (𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿) √𝑝 √𝑝 + √𝑞 √ 𝑞 𝑛
= +√
√𝑝 √𝑞 𝑙
5
= −2 +4
𝑝+𝑞 𝑛
− 5+8
= +√
√𝑝𝑞 𝑙
=
2 𝑛
− 𝑛
𝑙
3 = +√
= 𝑛
√𝑙
𝑙
2

∑2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 + 𝛿)(𝛼𝛽𝛾𝛿) 𝑛 𝑛 𝑙 𝑛
= (−√ 𝑙 √ 𝑙 × √𝑛) + √ 𝑙
5
= − (2) × (4)
𝑛 𝑛
= −10 = −√ 𝑙 + √ 𝑙

Hence, the required equation is = 0 RHS

𝑥 2 − ∑1 𝑥 + ∑2 = 0 Hence proved.
3
𝑥 2 − (2) 𝑥 + (−10) = 0

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 9

10. If the equations 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 and Raising to the power of 3 on both sides,

𝑥 2 + 𝑝/ 𝑥 + 𝑞 / = 0 have a common root, 𝑥 = (6 − 𝑥)3

show that it must be equal to = 63 − 3(6)2 (𝑥) + 3(6)(𝑥)2 − (𝑥)3

𝑝𝑞 / − 𝑝/ 𝑞 𝑞 − 𝑞/ = 216 − 3(36)𝑥 + 18𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3

or .
𝑞 − 𝑞/ 𝑝/ − 𝑝
= 216 − 108𝑥 + 18𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3
Solution: Let 𝛼 be the common root of the
𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 + 108𝑥 + 𝑥 − 216 = 0
given equations. Then,
∴ 𝑥 3 − 18𝑥 2 + 109𝑥 − 216 = 0
𝛼 2 + 𝑝𝛼 + 𝑞 = 0 . . . . . (1)

𝛼 2 + 𝑝/ 𝛼 + 𝑞 / = 0 . . . . . (2) 12. A 12 metre tall tree was broken into two

parts. It was found that the height of the
Solving the equations by cross
part which was left standing was the cube
multiplication method,
root of the length of the part that was cut
𝑝 𝑞 1 𝑝
away. Formulate this into a mathematical
𝑝/ 𝑞/ 1 𝑝/ problem to find the height of the part which
𝛼2 𝛼 1
= = was cut away.
𝑝𝑞 / −𝑝/ 𝑞 𝑞− 𝑞 / 𝑝/ −𝑝
𝛼2 𝛼 Solution: Height of the tree is 12 meters.
From =
𝑝𝑞 / −𝑝/ 𝑞 𝑞− 𝑞 / Let the cut part be = 𝑥
𝛼2 𝑝𝑞 / −𝑝/ 𝑞
= Then uncut part = 12 − 𝑥
𝛼 𝑞− 𝑞 /
3
𝑝𝑞 / −𝑝/ 𝑞 Given, √(12 − 𝑥) = 𝑥
𝛼 =
𝑞− 𝑞 / Raising to the power of 3 on both sides,
𝛼 1
and from = (12 − 𝑥) = 𝑥 3
𝑞− 𝑞 / 𝑝/ −𝑝
𝑞− 𝑞 / ∴ 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 − 12 = 0, is the
𝛼=
𝑝/ −𝑝 required equation.
𝑝𝑞 / −𝑝/ 𝑞 𝑞− 𝑞 /
Hence, 𝛼 = or 𝛼 = is proved.
𝑞− 𝑞 / 𝑝/ −𝑝
Example 3.8 Find the monic polynomial
equation of minimum degree with real
11. Formulate into a mathematical problem to coefficients having 2 − √3𝑖 as a root.
Solution: Given 2 − √3𝑖 is a root
find a number such that when its cube root
∴ 2 + √3𝑖 is another root.
is add to it, the result is 6 .
Hence sum of the roots = 2 − √3𝑖 + 2 + √3𝑖
Solution: Let 𝑥 be the number. Then,
=4
3
√𝑥 + 𝑥 = 6 Product of the roots = (2 − √3𝑖)(2 + √3𝑖)
3 =4+3
√𝑥 = 6 − 𝑥
=7

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 10

 www.nammakalvi.in

Hence the required equation is Example 3.11 Show that the equation 2𝑥 2 −
𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0 6𝑥 + 7 = 0 cannot be satisfied by any real
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 = 0 values of 𝑥.
Example 3.9 Find a polynomial equation of Solution: 2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7 = 0
minimum degree with rational coefficients,
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 7
having 2 − √3 as a root.
Solution: Given 2 − √3 is a root ∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

∴ 2 + √3 is another root. = (−6)2 − 4(2)(7)

= 36 − 56
Hence sum of the roots = 2 − √3 + 2 + √3
= − 20 < 0
=4
Hence the roots are imaginary.
Product of the roots = (2 − √3)(2 + √3)
=4−3 Example 3.12 If 𝑥 2 + 2(𝑘 + 2)𝑥 + 9𝑘 = 0
=1 has equal roots, find k.
Hence the required equation is
Solution: 𝑥 2 + 2(𝑘 + 2)𝑥 + 9𝑘 = 0
2
𝑥 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 2(𝑘 + 2) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 9𝑘
2
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0 ∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
Given the roots are equal,
Example 3.10 Form a polynomial equation with
√2 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0
integer coefficients with √ as a root.
√3
[2(𝑘 + 2)]2 − 4(1)(9𝑘) = 0
√2
Solution: Given √ is a root. 4(𝑘 + 2)2 − 36𝑘 = 0
√3

√2
÷4 (𝑘 + 2)2 − 9𝑘 = 0
So, (𝑥 − √ ) is a factor.
√3 𝑘 2 + 4𝑘 + 4 − 9𝑘 = 0
√2 𝑘 2 − 5𝑘 + 4 = 0
∴ (𝑥 + √ )is another factor.
√3
(𝑘 − 1)(𝑘 − 4) = 0
√2
Their product = (𝑥 − √ ) (𝑥 + √ )
√2 𝑘 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 − 4 = 0
√3 √3
𝑘−1= 0⇒𝑘 =1
√2
= (𝑥 2 − ) 𝑘−4= 0⇒𝑘 =4
√3
2
To remove square root we include (𝑥 2 + √3)
√
Example 3.13 Show that, if p, q, r are rational,
∴ Required equation is
the roots of the equation
2 √2 2 √2
(𝑥 − ) (𝑥 + )=0 𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 + 𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟 2 = 0 are
√3 √3
2
𝑥4 − 3 = 0 rational.

3𝑥 4 − 2 = 0 Solution: 𝑥 2 − 2𝑝𝑥 + (𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟 2 ) = 0

𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = −2𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = (𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟 2 )

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 11

 ∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= (−2𝑝)2 − 4(1)(𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟 2 )
= 4𝑝2 − 4(𝑝2 − 𝑞 2 + 2𝑞𝑟 − 𝑟 2 )
= 4𝑝2 − 4𝑝2 + 4𝑞 2 − 8𝑞𝑟 + 4𝑟 2
= 4𝑞 2 − 8𝑞𝑟 + 4𝑟 2
= 4(𝑞 2 − 2𝑞𝑟 + 𝑟 2 )
= 4(𝑞 − 𝑟)2 which is a perfect square.
Hence the roots are rational.
EXERCISE 3.2
1. If k is real, discuss the nature of the roots of
the polynomial equation 2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0,
in terms of k .
Solution: 2𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0
𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 𝑘
∆ = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐
= 𝑘 2 − 4(2)(𝑘)
= 𝑘 2 − 8𝑘
= 𝑘(𝑘 − 8)
(𝑖) When k < 0, the polynomial has real roots.
(𝑖𝑖) When k = 0 or k = 8, the roots are real
and equal.
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) When 0 < k < 8, roots are imaginary.
(𝑖𝑣) When k > 8, roots are real and distinct.
2. Find a polynomial equation of minimum
degree with rational coefficients, having
2 + √3𝑖 as a root.
Solution: Given 2 + √3𝑖 is a root
∴ 2 − √3𝑖 is another root.
Hence sum of the roots = 2 + √3𝑖 + 2 − √3𝑖
=4
Product of the roots = (2 + √3𝑖)(2 − √3𝑖)
By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS
=4+3
=7
Hence the required equation is
𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0
𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 7 = 0
3. Find a polynomial equation of minimum
degree with rational coefficients, having
2𝑖 + 3 as a root.
Solution: Given 2𝑖 + 3 ⇒ 3 + 2𝑖 is a root
∴ 3 − 2𝑖 is another root.
Hence sum of the roots = 3 + 2𝑖 + 3 − 2𝑖
=6
Product of the roots = (3 + 2𝑖 )(3 − 2𝑖 )
=9+4
= 13
Hence the required equation is
𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 = 0
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 13 = 0
4. Find a polynomial equation of minimum
degree with rational coefficients, having
√5 − √3 as a root.
Solution: Given √5 − √3 is a root
∴ √5 + √3 is another root.
Hence sum of the roots = √5 − √3 + √5 + √3
= 2√5
Product of the roots = (√5 − √3)(√5 − √3)
=5−3
=2
Hence one of the factor is
= 𝑥 2 − (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠)𝑥 + 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑. 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
= 𝑥 2 − 2√5𝑥 + 2
To remove square root we include
the other factor ( 𝑥 2 + 2√5𝑥 + 2)
The required equation is,
Page 12
 ( 𝑥 2 − 2√5𝑥 + 2)( 𝑥 2 + 2√5𝑥 + 2) = 0 𝑥 4 − 6𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 2 − 28𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 − 30𝑥 + 35
(𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 36𝑥 2 − 58𝑥 + 35) is a factor.
( 𝑥 2 + 2 − 2√5𝑥)( 𝑥 2 + 2 + 2√5𝑥) = 0
Hence,
2
(𝑥 2 2
+ 2) − (2√5𝑥) = 0 (𝑥 6 − 13𝑥 5 + 62𝑥 4 − 126𝑥 3 + 65𝑥 2 + 127𝑥 − 140)
𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 4 − 4(5)𝑥 2 = 0 = (𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 36𝑥 2 − 58𝑥 + 35)(𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 4)
𝑥 4 + 4𝑥 2 + 4 − 20𝑥 2 = 0 Equating the 𝑥 term,
𝑥 4 − 16𝑥 2 + 4 = 0 127 = 232 + 35𝑝
127 − 232 = 35𝑝
5. Prove that a straight line and parabola
cannot intersect at more than two points. −105 = 35𝑝
Solution: 𝑝=
−105
35
Let the equation of the line be 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑝 = −3
Equation of parabola is 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 ….(1)
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 is another factor.
Substituting the value of 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐 in….(1)
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
(𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐)2 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑥 − 4 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 1 = 0
2 2 2
𝑚 𝑥 + 2𝑚𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 = 4𝑎𝑥
𝑥−4= 0⇒𝑥 =4
This is a second degree equation in 𝑥 the
𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1
straight line and parabola intersect at two
The roots of the given polynomial equation are
points
2 + 𝑖, 2 − 𝑖, 3 − √2, 3 + √2, 4 and −1.
Example 3.15
If 2 + 𝑖 and 3 − √2 are roots of the equation
𝑥 6 − 13𝑥 5 + 62𝑥 4 − 126𝑥 3 + 65𝑥 2 + 127𝑥 − 140 = 0, Example 3.16
Solve the equation 𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 + 20 = 0.
find all roots.
Solution: Solution: 𝑥 4 − 9𝑥 2 + 20 = 0.
Since the coefficient of the equations are all Let 𝑥 2 = 𝐴

rational numbers, and 2 + i and 3 − √2 are Then, 𝐴2 − 9𝐴 + 20 = 0.

roots, we get 2 − i and 3 + √2 are also roots of (𝐴 − 4)(𝐴 − 5) = 0

the given equation. Thus, [𝑥 − (2 + 𝑖)], (𝑖) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝐴 − 4 = 0

𝐴=4
[𝑥 − (2 − 𝑖)], [𝑥 − (3 − √2)] and [𝑥 − (3 + √2)]
𝑖𝑒., 𝑥 2 = 4
are the factors.
𝑥 =±2
Their products,
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝐴 − 5 = 0
(𝑥 − 2 − 𝑖)(𝑥 − 2 + 𝑖)(𝑥 − 3 + √2)(𝑥 − 3 − √2)
𝐴=5
is a factor of the polynomial equation.
𝑖𝑒., 𝑥 2 = 5
[(𝑥 − 2)2 + 1][(𝑥 − 3)2 − 2]
[(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 1][(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9) − 2] 𝑥 = ± √5
(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 7) The solutions are, ± 2 , ± √5.

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 13

 www.nammakalvi.in

Example 3.17 (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 6) = 0

Solve the equation 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 33𝑥 + 35 = 0. 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 6 = 0
3
Solution: 2𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 = 3 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
The sum of the coefficients of the equations is 0
𝑥+6= 0⇒𝑥 =−6
Hence 1 is a root of the polynomial.
3
(𝑥 − 1) is a factor. The roots are − 1, , − 6
2
𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 33𝑥 + 35 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 35) Example 3.19 Obtain the condition that the
Equating the 𝑥 term, roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 are in A.P.
Solution:
−33 = − 35 − 𝑝
The roots are in A.P. Then, we can assume them
−33 + 35 = −𝑝
in the form 𝛼 − 𝑑, 𝛼, 𝛼 + 𝑑.
2 = −𝑝
𝑝 =−2 Applying the Vieta’s formula
𝑝
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 35 = 0 is a factor. 𝛼−𝑑+𝛼 + 𝛼+𝑑 = −1 =−𝑝
(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 5) = 0
⇒ 3α = − p
𝑥 − 7 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 5 = 0
𝑝
𝑥−7= 0⇒𝑥 =7 ⇒α=−3.

𝑥 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −5 But, we note that α is a root of the given

The roots are 1, 7, −5 equation. Therefore, we get
𝑝 3 𝑝 2 𝑝
(− 3) + 𝑝 (− 3) + 𝑞 (− 3) + 𝑟 = 0
Example 3.18
𝑝3 𝑝2 𝑞𝑝
Solve the equation 2𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 18 = 0. − 27 + 𝑝 ( 9 ) − +𝑟 =0
3
Solution: 𝑝3 𝑝3 𝑞𝑝
− 27 + − +𝑟 = 0
9 3
We observe that the sum of the coefficients of
Multiplying by 27,
the odd powers and that of the even powers
−𝑝3 + 3𝑝3 − 9𝑝𝑞 + 27𝑟 = 0
are equal. Hence −1 is a root.
2𝑝3 − 9𝑝𝑞 + 27𝑟 = 0
(𝑥 + 1) is a factor.
2𝑝3 + 27𝑟 = 9𝑝𝑞
2𝑥 3 + 11𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 18
= (𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 18) Example 3.20 Find the condition that the roots
Equating the 𝑥 term, of 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0 are in geometric
−9 = −18 + 𝑝 progression. Assume a, b, c, d ≠ 0
Solution:
−9 + 18 = 𝑝
The roots are in G.P. Then, we can assume them
9=𝑝 α
in the form r , α, αr.
2𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 − 18 = 0 is another factor.
Applying the Vieta’s formula
2
2𝑥 + 12𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 18 = 0 α 𝑏
∑1 = ( + 𝛼 + αr) = −
r 𝑎
2𝑥(𝑥 + 6) − 3(𝑥 + 6) = 0
By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 14
 1 𝑏 𝑞
𝛼 ( r + 1 + r) = − 𝑎 . . . . . . (1) ∑1 = (𝑎 − 𝑑 + 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑑) = −
𝑟
𝑞
α α
∑2 = ( 𝛼 + 𝛼𝑟 + 𝛼𝛼𝑟) =
𝑐 3𝑎 = − 𝑟
r r 𝑎
𝑞
𝛼2 𝑐 𝑎=−
( + 𝛼2 + 𝛼2 𝑟) =𝑎 3𝑟
𝑟
Since 𝑎 is the root of the equation(1)
1 𝑐
𝛼2 ( + 1 + 𝑟) = . . . . . . (2) 𝑞 3 𝑞 2
𝑟 𝑎 𝑞
𝑟 (− 3𝑟) + 𝑞 (− 3𝑟) + 𝑝 (− 3𝑟) + 1 = 0
1 𝑐
(2) 𝛼2 ( 𝑟 +1+𝑟) 𝑎 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑝𝑞
(1)
⇒ 1 = 𝑏 𝑟 (− 27𝑟3 ) + 𝑞 (9𝑟2 ) − 3𝑟 + 1 = 0
𝛼( r+1+r) −
𝑎
𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑝𝑞
(2) 𝑐 𝑎 (− )+ 𝑞( )− +1=0
27𝑟 2 9𝑟 2 3𝑟
(1)
⇒ 𝛼 = × (− )
𝑎 𝑏 Multiplying by27𝑟 2 ,
𝑐
∴𝛼=− −𝑞3 + 3𝑞 3 − 𝑝𝑞9𝑟 + 27𝑟 2 = 0
𝑏
α 𝑑 2𝑞3 − 𝑝𝑞9𝑟 + 27𝑟 2 = 0
∑3 ( ) (𝛼)(𝛼𝑟) = −
r 𝑎 2𝑞 3 + 27𝑟 2 = 9𝑝𝑞𝑟
𝑑
𝛼3 = − 𝑎
𝑐 𝑑 Example 3.22 It is known that the roots of the
Substituting 𝛼 = − in 𝛼 3 = − 𝑎
𝑏
equation 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 24 = 0 are in
𝑐 3 𝑑
(− 𝑏) = − 𝑎 arithmetic progression. Find its roots.
𝑐3 𝑑
− 𝑏3 = − 𝑎 Solution: 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 24 = 0has AP roots.
𝑐3 𝑑
=𝑎 The roots are in A.P. Then, we can assume them
𝑏3

𝑎𝑐 3 = 𝑏 3 𝑑 in the form 𝛼 − 𝑑, 𝛼, 𝛼 + 𝑑.

Applying the Vieta’s formula

Example 3.21 (−6)
If the roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 are in H.P. 𝛼−𝑑+𝛼+ 𝛼+𝑑 = − 1
=6
prove that 9𝑝𝑞𝑟 = 27𝑟 3 + 2𝑝.
⇒ 3α = 6
Solution:
6
The roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 are in H.P. ⇒α=3=2

Then the reciprocal roots are in AP. 24

(𝛼 − 𝑑)(𝛼) (𝛼 + 𝑑) = − = −24
1 1 1 1
+ 𝑝 𝑥2 + 𝑞 𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0
𝑥3 Substituting α = 2,
1+𝑝𝑥+𝑞𝑥 2 +𝑟𝑥 3 (2 − 𝑑)(2) (2 + 𝑑) = −24
=0
𝑥3
(2 − 𝑑) (2 + 𝑑) = −12
1 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑟𝑥 3 = 0
4 − 𝑑 2 = −12
𝑟𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 1 = 0 . . . . . (1) is the
−𝑑 2 = −12 − 4
equation has AP roots
𝑑 2 = 16
Let 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑑 be the roots.
𝑑 =±4

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 15

 (𝑖) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 4 4
𝛼=
The roots 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑑 becomes, 3
𝑑
2 − 4, 2, 2 + 4 ⇒ −2, 2,6 (𝛼 − 𝑑)(𝛼) (𝛼 + 𝑑) = −
𝑎

(𝑖𝑖) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = −4 4 (−16)

(𝛼 − 𝑑) ( ) (𝛼 + 𝑑) = −
3 9
The roots 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑑 becomes,
16 3
(𝛼 − 𝑑) (𝛼 + 𝑑) = (4)
2 + 4, 2, 2 − 4 ⇒ 6, 2, −2 9
4
𝛼 2 − 𝑑2 = 3
EXERCISE 3.3 4 2 4
(3) − 𝑑 2 = 3
1. Solve the cubic equation:
2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 9 = 0 if sum of two of its 16
− 𝑑2 = 3
4
9
roots vanishes. 16 4
Solution: − 3 = 𝑑2
9

The sum of the two roots is zero. 16−12

𝑑2 = 9
So, 𝛼, −𝛼, 𝛽 be the roots. 4
𝑏 =
∑1(𝛼 − 𝛼 + 𝛽) = − 9
𝑎
2
(−1) 𝑑 = ±3
= − 2 4 2
1 (𝑖) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 =
𝛽=2 3 3

𝑑 The roots 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑑 becomes,

∑3(𝛼)(−𝛼)(𝛽) = −
𝑎 4 2 4 4 2 2 4
1 9 − , , + ⇒ , ,2
(𝛼)(−𝛼) ( ) = − 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2
4 2
−𝛼2 9 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = −
= −2 3 3
2
2
𝛼 =9 The roots 𝑎 − 𝑑, 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑑 becomes,
𝛼 = ±3 4 2 4 4 2 42
+ , , − ⇒ 2,
1 3 3 3 3 3 33
Hence 3, −3, 2 are the roots.
2. Solve the equation 3. Solve the equation
3 2
9𝑥 − 36𝑥 + 44𝑥 − 16 = 0 if the roots form 3𝑥 3 − 26𝑥 2 + 52𝑥 − 24 = 0 if its roots form
an arithmetic progression. a geometric progression.
Solution: Solution:
The roots are in A.P. Then, we can assume The roots are in G.P. Then, we can assume
α
them in the form 𝛼 − 𝑑, 𝛼, 𝛼 + 𝑑. them in the form r , α, αr.

Applying the Vieta’s formula Applying the Vieta’s formula

α 𝑏
𝑏
∑1 = ( + 𝛼 + αr) = −
r 𝑎
𝛼 −𝑑 +𝛼 + 𝛼 +𝑑 = −𝑎
α (−26) 26
+ 𝛼 + αr = − =
(−36) 36 r 3 3
⇒ 3α = − = α 𝑑
9 9
∑3 = ( ) (𝛼)(αr) = −
r 𝑎
⇒ 3α = 4

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 16

 www.nammakalvi.in

α (−24) 24 2𝛼 + 𝛼 = 6
( r ) (𝛼)(αr) = − =
3 3
3𝛼 = 6
𝛼3 = 8
𝛼=2
𝛼=2 𝑐
∑2 = (𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾) =
𝑎
Substituting 𝛼 = 2, in
3
α
+ 𝛼 + αr =
26 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾 =
r 3 2
2
+ 2 + 2r =
26 Substituting 𝛼 = 2
r 3
3
2 26 2𝛽 + 2𝛾 + 𝛽𝛾 =
+ 2r = −2 2
r 3
2 26−6 3
+ 2r = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝛾 =
r 3 2
2+2r2 20 3
= 2 + 𝛽𝛾 =
r 3 2
2)
3(2 + 2r = 20r 3
𝛽𝛾 = −2
2 2
6 + 6r = 20r
3−4
6r 2 − 20r + 6 = 0 =
2
2
÷ 2, 3r − 10r + 3 = 0 1
𝛽𝛾 = −
2
(3r − 1)(r − 3) = 0
𝑑
3𝑟 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑟 − 3 = 0 ∑3 = (𝛼𝛽𝛾) = −
𝑎
1
3𝑟 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 3𝑟 = 1 ⇒ 𝑟 = 3 𝑘
2𝛽𝛾 = −
2
𝑟−3= 0⇒𝑟 =3 𝑘
1 ∴ 𝛽𝛾 = −
(𝑖) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 4
3
1 𝑘
The roots
α
, α, αr becomes 6, 2, 3
1 Hence − = −
r
2 4
1 𝑘
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝛼 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = 3 =
2 4
α 1
The roots , α, αr becomes , 2, 6 4
r 3 𝑘=2
4. Determine k and solve the equation
𝑘=2
3 2
2𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 if one of its roots is 1
From, 𝛽𝛾 = −
2
twice the sum of the other two roots.
1
𝛾=−
Solution: 2𝛽

Given 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 Substituting 𝛼 = 2 and 𝛾 = −

1
in
2𝛽
Let 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 be the roots.
𝛼 = 2(𝛽 + 𝛾) ⟹ 𝛼 = 2𝛽 + 2𝛾 𝛼+β+γ=3
𝑏 1
∑1 = (𝛼 + β + γ) = − 2 + β − 2𝛽 = 3
𝑎
(−6) 6
𝛼+β+γ =− = =3 1
2 2
β − 2𝛽 = 3 − 2
∴ 2𝛼 + 2β + 2γ = 6

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 17

 β − 2𝛽 = 1
1 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 − 15
(𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 15) is a factor.
2β2 − 1
=1
2β Hence,
2
2β – 1 = 2β 𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 22𝑥 3 − 39𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 135
2β2 – 2β − 1 = 0
= (𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 15)(𝑥2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 9)
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝛽= Equating the 𝑥 term,
2𝑎
2±√4−4(2)(−1) −39 = −54 − 15𝑝
=
2(2) −39 + 54 = −15𝑝
2±√4+8
= 15 = −15𝑝
4
−15
2±√12 𝑝=
= 15
4
2±√4×3 𝑝 = −1
=
4 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 9 = 0 is another factor.
2±2√3
= 𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 9 = 0
4
2(1±√3) −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
= 𝑥=
4 2𝑎
(1±√3) 1±√1−4(1)(−9)
= =
2 2(1)
(1±√3) 1±√1+36
𝑘 = 2, and the roots are 2, . =
2 2
1±√37
=
2
5. Find all zeros of the polynomial
The zeros of the given polynomial equation are
𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 22𝑥 3 − 39𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 135 ,
1 + √37 1 − √37
if it known that 1+2𝑖 and √3 are two of its 1 + 2𝑖, 1 − 2𝑖, √3, −√3, and
2 2
zeros.
6. Solve the cubic equations:
Solution:
(i) 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 = 3
Since 1+2𝑖 and √3 are two of polynomial Solution:
zeros, we get 1 − 2𝑖 and −√3 are also zeros of 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 = 3
the given equation. Thus, [𝑥 − (1 + 2𝑖)], 2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3 = 0
The sum of the coefficients of the equations is 0
[𝑥 − (1 − 2𝑖)], [𝑥 − (√3)] and [𝑥 − (−√3)] are
Hence 1 is a root of the polynomial.
the factors.
(𝑥 − 1) is a factor.
Their products,
2𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 3)
(𝑥 − 1 − 2𝑖)(𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑖)(𝑥 − √3)(𝑥 + √3)
Equating the 𝑥 term,
is a factor of the polynomial equation.
10 = 3 − 𝑝
[(𝑥 − 1)2 + 4][(𝑥)2 − 3]
[(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1) + 4][(𝑥 2 − 3)]
10 − 3 = −𝑝

(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 5)(𝑥 2 − 3) 7 = −𝑝

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 18

 𝑝 =−7 7. Solve the equation: 𝑥 4 − 14𝑥 2 + 45 = 0.
2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0 is a factor. Solution: 𝑥 4 − 14𝑥 2 + 45 = 0.
2𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3 = 0 Let 𝑥 2 = 𝐴
2𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 1(𝑥 − 3) = 0 Then, 𝐴2 − 14𝐴 + 45 = 0.
(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0 (𝐴 − 9)(𝐴 − 5) = 0
2𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 3 = 0 (𝑖) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝐴 − 9 = 0
1
2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝐴=9

𝑥−3= 0⇒𝑥 =3 𝑖𝑒., 𝑥 2 = 9

1 𝑥 =±3
The roots are 1, 3,
2 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝐴 − 5 = 0
𝐴=5
(ii) 8𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3 = 0
𝑖𝑒., 𝑥 2 = 5
Solution:
𝑥 = ± √5
We observe that the sum of the
The solutions are, ± 3 , ± √5.
coefficients of the odd powers and that of
the even powers are equal. Hence −1 is a
Example 3.23 Solve the equation
root.
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) + 19 = 0
(𝑥 + 1) is a factor.
Solution:
8𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 3
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) + 19 = 0
= (𝑥 + 1)(8𝑥2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 3)
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 2) + 19 = 0
Equating the 𝑥 term, (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 14) + 19 = 0
−7 = 3 + 𝑝 (𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 14) + 19 = 0
−7 − 3 = 𝑝 Let 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 𝐴
−10 = 𝑝 Then, (𝐴 + 6)(𝐴 − 14) + 19 = 0
2
8𝑥 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0 is another factor. 𝐴2 − 14𝐴 + 6𝐴 − 84 + 19 = 0
8𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝐴2 − 8𝐴 − 65 = 0
2𝑥(4𝑥 − 3) − 1(4𝑥 − 3) = 0
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
(2𝑥 − 1)(4𝑥 − 3) = 0 𝐴=
2𝑎

2𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 4𝑥 − 3 = 0 8±√64−4(1)(−65)
=
2(1)
1
2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 8±√64+260
=
3 2
4𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4
8±√324
1 3
=
2
The roots are 1, ,
2 4 8±18
=
2
8 +18 8−18
𝐴= and 𝐴 =
2 2

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(𝑖) When 𝐴 =
8 +18
𝐴2 + 18𝐴 + 65 = 0
2

=
26 𝐴2 + 13𝐴 + 5𝐴 + 65 = 0
2
𝐴(𝐴 + 13) + 5(𝐴 + 13) = 0
= 13
Hence, Let 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 13 (𝐴 + 13)(𝐴 + 5) = 0
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 13 = 0 (𝐴 + 13) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = −13
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 and (𝐴 + 5) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = −5
𝑥=
2𝑎
(𝑖) When 𝐴 = −13
5±√25−4(1)(−13)
=
2(1) Hence, 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 = −13
5±√25+52
= 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 13 = 0
2
5±√77
= −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
2 𝑥=
2𝑎
8 − 18
(𝑖𝑖) When 𝐴 = 2
13±√169 −4(6)(13)
=−
10 =
2 2(6)
= −5
13±√169 − 312
2
Hence, Let 𝑥 − 5𝑥 = − 5 =
12
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 5 = 0
13±√−143
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 =
𝑥= 12
2𝑎
5±√25−4(1)(5) 13±√143𝑖
= =
2(1) 12

5±√25 − 20 (𝑖𝑖) When 𝐴 = −5

=
2
5±√5 Hence, 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 = −5
=
2
6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 5 = 0
5±√77 5±√5
The solutions are ,
2 2 6𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 5 = 0

2𝑥(3𝑥 − 5) − 1(3𝑥 − 5) = 0
Example 3.24 Solve the equation
(2𝑥 − 3)(6𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 12) − 7 = 0 (2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 5) = 0

Solution: 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑜𝑟 4𝑥 − 3 = 0
1
(2𝑥 − 3)(6𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 12) − 7 = 0 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
(2𝑥 − 3)(3𝑥 − 2)(6𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 12) − 7 = 0 3𝑥 − 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3
5

(6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 9𝑥 + 6)(6𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 𝑥 + 12) − 7 = 0

13±√143𝑖 1 5
(6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 6)(6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 + 12) − 7 = 0 The roots are , ,
12 2 3
Let 6𝑥 2 − 13𝑥 = 𝐴
Then, (𝐴 + 6)(𝐴 + 12) − 7 = 0
𝐴2 + 12𝐴 + 6𝐴 + 72 − 7 = 0

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 EXERCISE 3.4 (ii) (𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 16.

1. Solve : (i) (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 4) = 504 Solution:

(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 16
Solution:
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 1) = 16
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 6)(𝑥 + 4) = 504
(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 7) = 16
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 7)(𝑥 + 6) = 504
(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 8)(𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 7) − 16 = 0
(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 20)(𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 7𝑥 − 42) = 504

(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 20)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 42) − 504 = 0 Let 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 𝐴

Then, (𝐴 + 8)(𝐴 − 7) − 16 = 0
Let 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 𝐴
Then, (𝐴 − 20)(𝐴 − 42) − 504 = 0 (𝐴2 − 7𝐴 + 8𝐴 − 56) − 16 = 0
𝐴2 − 42𝐴 − 20𝐴 + 840 − 504 = 0 𝐴2 + 𝐴 − 72 = 0
𝐴2 − 62𝐴 + 336 = 0 (𝐴 + 9)(𝐴 − 8) = 0
2
𝐴 − 56𝐴 − 6𝐴 + 336 = 0
(𝐴 + 9) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = −9
𝐴(𝐴 − 56) − 6(𝐴 − 56) = 0
and (𝐴 − 8) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = 8
(𝐴 − 56)(𝐴 − 6) = 0
(𝑖) When 𝐴 = −9
(𝐴 − 56) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = 56
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = −9
and (𝐴 − 6) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = 6
(𝑖) When 𝐴 = 56 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 9 = 0

Hence, 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 56 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 3) = 0

𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 56 = 0 𝑥 = 3, 3

(𝑥 − 8)(𝑥 + 7) = 0 (𝑖𝑖) When 𝐴 = 8

𝑥 − 8 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 7 = 0 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 = 8

𝑥−8= 0⇒𝑥 =8 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 8 = 0
𝑥 + 7 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −7 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
(𝑖) When 𝐴 = 6 2𝑎

Hence, 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 = 6 6±√36 −4(1)(−8)

=
2(1)
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 6 = 0
6±√36 + 32
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 =
2

𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0 6±√68
=
𝑥−3= 0⇒𝑥 =3 2

𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 6±√4×17
=
2
The roots are 𝑥 = 8, −7, 3, −2

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 19
6±2√17 (𝑖𝑖) When 𝐴 =
= 4
2
19
2(3±√17) 𝑥2 + 𝑥 = 4
=
2 19
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − =0
4
= (3 ± √17)
Multiplying by 4
The roots are 𝑥 = 3, 3, 3 + √17, 3 − √17
4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 19 = 0

2. Solve : (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 3) + 20 = 0 −𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐

𝑥=
2𝑎
Solution:
−4 ±√16−4(4)(−19)
(2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 3) + 20 = 0 =
2(4)

(2𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2) + 20 = 0 −4 ± √16 + 304

=
8
(4𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 6) + 20 = 0
−4 ± √320
(4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6) + 20 = 0 =
8
[4(𝑥 2 2
+ 𝑥) − 3](𝑥 + 𝑥 − 6) + 20 = 0
−4 ± √64×5
=
Let 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 = 𝐴 8

−4 ± 8√5
Then, (4𝐴 − 3)(𝐴 − 6) + 20 = 0 =
8
2
4𝐴 − 24𝐴 − 3𝐴 + 18 + 20 = 0
4(−1±2√5)
2 =
4𝐴 − 27𝐴 + 38 = 0 8

4𝐴2 − 8𝐴 − 19𝐴 + 38 = 0 =
(−1±2√5)
2
4𝐴(𝐴 − 2) − 19(𝐴 − 2) = 0
(−1−2√5) (−1+2√5)
(𝐴 − 2)(4𝐴 − 19) = 0 The roots are 𝑥 = 1, −2, ,
2 2

(𝐴 − 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 Example 3.25
and (4𝐴 − 19) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 =
19 Solve the equation: 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 20 = 0
4
Solution: 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 20 = 0
(𝑖) When 𝐴 = 2
2 is a solution hence (𝑥 − 2) is a factor.
𝑥2 + 𝑥 = 2 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 20 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 10)
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 2 = 0 Equating the 𝑥 term,

(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0 −4 = −10 − 2𝑝
−4 + 10 = −2𝑝
(𝑥 + 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2
6 = −2𝑝
and (𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1
𝑝 = −3
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0 is another factor.

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(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 This is an odd degree reciprocal equation of

𝑥 − 5 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0 Type I. Thus −1 is a solution and hence
𝑥−5= 0⇒𝑥 =5 (𝑥 + 1) is a factor.
𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 7𝑥 3 − 43𝑥 2 − 43𝑥 + 7 = (𝑥 + 1)(7𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 7)
The roots are 2, 5 and−2. Equating the 𝑥 term,
Example 3.26 −43 = 7 + 𝑝
Find the roots of 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 −43 − 7 = 𝑝
Solution: 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 −50 = 𝑝
𝑡1 = 𝑎𝑛 = 2, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑡𝑙 = 𝑎0 = 3 𝑝 = −50
𝑝 𝑎0 3 7𝑥 2 − 50𝑥 + 7 = 0 is another factor.
the root = =
𝑞 𝑎𝑛 2
7𝑥 2 − 49𝑥 − 𝑥 + 7 = 0
as (𝑝 , 𝑞 ) =1 𝑝 must divide 3 and 𝑞 must
7𝑥(𝑥 − 7) − 1(𝑥 − 7) = 0
divide 2. Clearly, the possible values of p are
(𝑥 − 7)(7𝑥 − 1) = 0
−1, 1, −3, 3 and the possible values of q are
(𝑥 − 7) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 7
−1, 1, −2, 2 1
(7𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =
3 7
We find − is the root. 1
2 Hence, 𝑥 = −1, 7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑖𝑒. , (2𝑥 + 3) is a factor.
Example 3.28 Solve the following equation:
2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 = (2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 26𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0
Equating the 𝑥 term,
Solution: 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 26𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0
2 = 2 + 3𝑝
This equation is Type I even degree reciprocal
2 − 2 = 3𝑝
equation. Hence it can be rewritten as
0 = 3𝑝 10 1
𝑥 2 [𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 26 − + 𝑥2] = 0
𝑝=0 𝑥
1 10
𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 is another factor. [𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − + 26] = 0
𝑥
𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 gives, 1 2 1
2
[(𝑥 + 𝑥) − 2 − 10 (𝑥 + 𝑥) + 26] = 0
𝑥 = −1
𝑥 =±𝑖 1 2 1
[(𝑥 + ) − 10 (𝑥 + ) + 24] = 0
𝑥 𝑥
3
− , −𝑖, 𝑖 are the roots. 1
2 Let 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝐴

then, 𝐴2 − 10𝐴 + 24 = 0
Example 3.27
(𝐴 − 6)(𝐴 − 4) = 0
Solve the equation 7𝑥 3 − 43𝑥 2 = 43𝑥 − 7
Solution: (𝐴 − 6) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = 6
3 2
7𝑥 − 43𝑥 = 43𝑥 − 7 and (𝐴 − 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = 4
3 2
7𝑥 − 43𝑥 − 43𝑥 + 7 = 0

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 (𝑖) When 𝐴 = 6 4 ± √4×3
=
2
1
𝑥+𝑥 =6
4 ± 2√3
𝑥 2 +1 =
2
=6
𝑥
2(2 ± √3)
𝑥 2 + 1 = 6𝑥 =
2
2
𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 1 = 0
= 2 ± √3
−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎 Hence, 𝑥 = (3 ± 2√2 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2 ± √3)

6 ±√36−4(1)(1)
= Example 3.29 Find solution, if any, of the
2(1)
equation 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 9 cos 𝑥 + 4 = 0
6 ± √36 − 4
= Solution:
2

6 ± √32 Substitute 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝐴 , then

=
2
2𝐴2 − 9𝐴 + 4 = 0
6 ± √16×2
= 2𝐴2 − 8𝐴 − 𝐴 + 4 = 0
2

6 ± 4√2
2𝐴(𝐴 − 4) − 1(𝐴 − 4) = 0
= (𝐴 − 4)(2𝐴 − 1) = 0
2

2(3 ± 2√2) (𝐴 − 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = 4
= 1
2
and (2𝐴 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 =
2
= 3 ± 2√2
(𝑖) When 𝐴 = 4
(𝑖𝑖) When 𝐴 = 4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝐴 gives,
1
𝑥+𝑥 =4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 4
𝑥 2 +1 There is no possible solution
=4
𝑥
for 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 4
𝑥 2 + 1 = 4𝑥 1
2
(𝑖𝑖) When 𝐴 = 2
𝑥 − 4𝑥 + 1 = 0
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = 𝐴 gives,
𝑥= 1
2𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 =
2
4 ±√16−4(1)(1)
= for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 3 are
𝜋
2(1)

4 ± √16 − 4 solutions, but repeat the steps by

=
2 taking the given equation, we find that
4 ± √12 there is no solution.
=
2

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 24

 EXERCISE 3.5 (3𝑥 − 2)(4𝑥 + 1) = 0
1. Solve the following equations 2
(3𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =
3
(i) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 5 sin 𝑥 + 4 = 0 1
and (4𝑥 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −
4
Solution: 2 1
The roots are 2, 3, − 4
Substitute 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝐴 , then

𝐴2 − 5𝐴 + 4 = 0 2. Examine for the rational roots of

(i) 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1
(𝐴 − 4)(𝐴 − 1) = 0
Solution: 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1
(𝐴 − 4) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = 4 The sum of the coefficients of the
and (𝐴 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1 equations is 0
(𝑖 ) When 𝐴 = 4 Hence 1 is a root of the polynomial.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝐴 gives, (𝑥 − 1) is a factor.
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 4 2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 1)
There is no possible solution Equating the 𝑥 term,
for 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 4 since the range is [−1,1] 0=1−𝑝
(𝑖𝑖) When 𝐴 = 1 1−𝑝 =0

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝐴 gives, 𝑝=1

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 1 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 is a factor.
𝜋 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = 0
for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑥 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± 2 is solution.
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
(ii) 12𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 = 29𝑥 2 − 4
−1 ±√1−4(2)(1)
Solution: 12𝑥 3 + 8𝑥 = 29𝑥 2 − 4 =
2(2)
3 2
12𝑥 − 29𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 4 = 0
−1 ± √1− 8
2 is a solution hence (𝑥 − 2) is a factor. =
4
12𝑥 3 − 29𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4 = (𝑥 − 2)(12𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 − 2)
−1 ± √−7
Equating the 𝑥 term, =
4
8 = −2 − 2𝑝 −1 ± √7 𝑖
=
4
8 + 2 = −2𝑝
∴ 𝑥 = 1, is a rational root.
10 = −2𝑝
𝑝 = −5 (ii) 𝑥 8 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0.
12𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2 = 0 is another factor. Solution: 𝑥 8 − 3𝑥 + 1 = 0
12𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2 = 0 𝑡1 = 𝑎𝑛 = 1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑡𝑙 = 𝑎0 = 1
𝑝 1
12𝑥 2 − 8𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 2 = 0 the root = = 1, then as (𝑝 , 𝑞 ) =1
𝑞 1
4𝑥(3𝑥 − 2) + 1(3𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑝 is a factor of 𝑎0 = 1

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 25

 www.nammakalvi.in

and 𝑞 is a factor of 𝑎𝑛 = 1 (𝑖) When A =2

1
Since 1 has no factor, the given equation 𝑥 2𝑛 = 𝐴, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
has no rational roots. 1
𝑥 2𝑛 = 2
3 −3 Raising to the power of 2𝑛
3. Solve: 8𝑥 2𝑛 − 8𝑥 2𝑛 = 63
𝑥 = 22𝑛
Solution:
3 −3 = (22 )𝑛
8𝑥 2𝑛 − 8𝑥 2𝑛 = 63
∴ 𝑥 = 4𝑛
3 −3
8 (𝑥 2𝑛 − 𝑥 ) = 63
2𝑛 1
(𝑖𝑖) When A = −
2
1 3 −1 3
1
8 [(𝑥 ) − (𝑥 ) ] = 63
2𝑛 2𝑛
𝑥 2𝑛 = 𝐴, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
1 −1 1 1
1
Let 𝑥 2𝑛 = 𝐴, then 𝑥 2𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑥 2𝑛 = −
2
1 3 Raising to the power of 2𝑛
8 [(𝐴)3 − (𝐴) ] = 63
1
3 1 𝑥 = − 22𝑛
8 [𝐴 − 𝐴3 ] = 63
1
1 63 = − (4)𝑛
3
𝐴 − 𝐴3 = 8
1
𝐴6 −1 63 ∴ 𝑥 = − 4𝑛
=
𝐴3 8

8 (𝐴6 − 1) = 63𝐴3 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 6𝑎
4. Solve: 2√ + 3√ = +
6 3 𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
8𝐴 − 8 = 63𝐴
𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 6𝑎
8𝐴6 − 63𝐴3 − 8 = 0 Solution: 2√𝑎 + 3√𝑥 = +
𝑎 𝑏

8𝐴6 − 64𝐴3 + 𝐴3 − 8 = 0 𝑥
3 (𝐴3 3
Let √𝑎 = 𝐴
8𝐴 − 8) + 1(𝐴 − 8) = 0
1 𝑏 6𝑎
(𝐴3 − 8)(8𝐴3 + 1) = 0 2𝐴 + 3 𝐴 = +
𝑎 𝑏
3 3
𝐴 − 8 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8𝐴 + 1 = 0 3 𝑏 6𝑎
2𝐴 + 𝐴 = +
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴3 − 8 = 0
2𝐴2 + 3 𝑏2 + 6𝑎2
⇒𝐴 =8 3 =
𝐴 𝑎𝑏

⇒𝐴=2 𝑎𝑏(2𝐴2 + 3) = 𝐴(𝑏 2 + 6𝑎2 )

and 8𝐴3 + 1 = 0 2𝐴2 𝑎𝑏 + 3𝑎𝑏 = 𝐴𝑏 2 + 6𝐴𝑎2
⇒ 8𝐴3 = −1 2𝐴2 𝑎𝑏 − 𝐴𝑏 2 − 6𝐴𝑎2 + 3𝑎𝑏 = 0

⇒ 𝐴3 = − 8
1 𝑏𝐴(2𝐴𝑎 − 𝑏) − 3𝑎(2𝐴𝑎 − 𝑏) = 0

1 (2𝐴𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑏𝐴 − 3𝑎) = 0

⇒ 𝐴 = −2
(2𝐴𝑎 − 𝑏) = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑏𝐴 − 3𝑎) = 0
2𝐴𝑎 − 𝑏 = 0, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
2𝐴𝑎 = 𝑏

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 26

 𝐴 = 2𝑎
𝑏 1 2 1
[6 (𝑥 + 𝑥) − 35 (𝑥 + 𝑥) + 50] = 0
(𝑏𝐴 − 3𝑎) = 0, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 1
Let 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝐴
𝑏𝐴 − 3𝑎 = 0
𝑏𝐴 = 3𝑎 then, 6𝐴2 − 35𝐴 + 50 = 0
3𝑎
𝐴= 𝑏 6𝐴2 − 20𝐴 − 15𝐴 + 50 = 0
𝑏
(𝑖) When A = 2𝐴(3𝐴 − 10) − 5(3𝐴 − 10) = 0
2𝑎

𝑥
√𝑎 = 𝐴, becomes (3𝐴 − 10)(2𝐴 − 5) = 0

3𝐴 − 10 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝐴 − 5 = 0
𝑥 𝑏
√𝑎 = 2𝑎 10
(3𝐴 − 10) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 =
3
Squaring, 5
and (2𝐴 − 5) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 =
𝑥 𝑏2 2
= 4𝑎2 10
𝑎
(𝑖) When 𝐴 =
𝑏2 3
𝑥 = 4𝑎
1 10
𝑥+ =
3𝑎 𝑥 3
(𝑖𝑖) When A =
𝑏
𝑥 2 +1 10
𝑥 =
√𝑎 = 𝐴, becomes 𝑥 3

3(𝑥 2 + 1) = 10𝑥
𝑥 3𝑎
√𝑎 = 𝑏
3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0
3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3 = 0
Squaring,
𝑥 9𝑎2
3𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 1(𝑥 − 3) = 0
=
𝑎 𝑏2
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
9𝑎3
𝑥= 𝑏2 3𝑥 − 1 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 3 = 0
𝑏 2 9𝑎3
∴ 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 , 1
4𝑎 𝑏2 (3𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =
3

and (𝑥 − 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3
5. Solve the equation: 5
(𝑖𝑖) When 𝐴 = 2
(i) 6𝑥 4 − 35𝑥 3 + 62𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 6 = 0
1 5
Solution: 6𝑥 4 − 35𝑥 3 + 62𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 6 = 0 𝑥+𝑥 =2
This equation is Type I even degree reciprocal 𝑥 2 +1 5
=2
equation. Hence it can be rewritten as 𝑥

35 6 2(𝑥 2 + 1) = 5𝑥
𝑥 2 [6𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 62 − + 𝑥2] = 0
𝑥
2𝑥 2 + 2 = 5𝑥
6 35
[6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 − + 62] = 0 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 = 0
𝑥

1 2 1 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0
[6 (𝑥 + 𝑥) − 12 − 35 (𝑥 + 𝑥) + 62] = 0
2𝑥(𝑥 − 2) − 1(𝑥 − 2) = 0

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 27

 (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) = 0 6. Find all real numbers satisfying

2𝑥 − 1 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 2 = 0 4𝑥 − 3(2𝑥+2 ) + 25 = 0

1 Solution: 4𝑥 − 3(2𝑥+2 ) + 25 = 0
(2𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =
2
4𝑥 − 3(2𝑥 )(22 ) + 25 = 0
and (𝑥 − 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2
4𝑥 − 3(2𝑥 )4 + 25 = 0
1 1
Hence, 𝑥 = 3 ,3, 2 , 2 4𝑥 − 12(2𝑥 ) + 25 = 0
(ii) 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0 (22 )𝑥 − 12(2𝑥 ) + 25 = 0
Solution: 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0 (2𝑥 )2 − 12(2𝑥 ) + 25 = 0
The sum of the coefficients of the equations is 0 Let 2𝑥 = 𝐴

Hence 1 is a root of the polynomial. 𝐴2 − 12𝐴 + 32 = 0

(𝑥 − 1) is a factor. (𝐴 − 8)(𝐴 − 4) = 0

By synthetic division we find −1 is a root 𝐴 − 8 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 − 4 = 0

of the polynomial. 𝐴−8 =0⇒ 𝐴 =8
(𝑥 + 1) is also another factor. and 𝐴−4=0⇒𝐴=4
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = (𝑥 2 − 1)is a factor. (𝑖) When 𝐴 = 8
4 3 (𝑥 2 2
∴ 𝑥 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 1 = − 1)(𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 1) 2𝑥 = 𝐴, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
Equating the 𝑥 term, 2𝑥 = 8
−3 = −𝑝 2𝑥 = 23
𝑝=3 𝑥=3
2
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 1 is a factor. (𝑖𝑖) When 𝐴 = 4
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 1 = 0 2𝑥 = 𝐴, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐 2𝑥 = 4
𝑥=
2𝑎
2𝑥 = 22
−3 ±√9 − 4(1)(1)
= 𝑥 =±2
2(1)
∴ 𝑥 = −2, 2, 3 are roots
−3 ± √9 − 4
= 7. Solve the equation
2
6𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 − 38𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 if it is
−3 ± √5
= 1
2 known that is a solution.
3
−3 ± √5
= Solution: 6𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 − 38𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
2
−3 ± √5 This equation is Type I even degree reciprocal
∴ 𝑥 = −1, 1 , are roots
2
equation. Hence it can be rewritten as
5 6
𝑥 2 [6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 38 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ] = 0

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 28


6𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 38 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 0
6 5
[6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 𝑥 − 38] = 0
1 2
[6 (𝑥 + 𝑥) − 12 − 5 (𝑥 + 𝑥) − 38] = 0
1 2
[6 (𝑥 + 𝑥) − 5 (𝑥 + 𝑥) − 50] = 0
1
Let 𝑥 + 𝑥 = 𝐴
2
then, 6𝐴 − 5𝐴 − 50 = 0
6𝐴2 − 20𝐴 − 15𝐴 − 50 = 0
2𝐴(3𝐴 − 10) + 5(3𝐴 − 10) = 0
(3𝐴 − 10)(2𝐴 + 5) = 0
3𝐴 − 10 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝐴 + 5 = 0
(3𝐴 − 10) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 =
and (2𝐴 + 5) = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = −
(𝑖) When 𝐴 =
1 10
𝑥+𝑥 =
𝑥 2 +1
= = −9𝑥 9 − 2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 2
𝑥 3
3(𝑥 2 + 1) = 10𝑥
3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0
3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3 = 0
3𝑥(𝑥 − 3) − 1(𝑥 − 3) = 0
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) = 0
3𝑥 − 1 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 − 3 = 0
(3𝑥 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 =
3
and (𝑥 − 3) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3
(𝑖𝑖) When 𝐴 = − 2
1 5
𝑥 +𝑥 = −2
𝑥 2 +1
= −2
𝑥 There are no sign changes for 𝑃(−𝑥)
2
2(𝑥 + 1) = −5𝑥
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5 6 2𝑥 2 + 2 = − 5𝑥
2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 2 = 0
2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2 = 0
1
2𝑥(𝑥 + 2) + 1(𝑥 + 2) = 0
1 (2𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 2) = 0
2𝑥 + 1 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 2 = 0
1
(2𝑥 + 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −
2
and (𝑥 + 2) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2
1 1
Hence, 𝑥 = 3 ,3, − 2 , − 2
Example 3.30 Show that the polynomial 9𝑥 9 +
2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 2 = 0 has at least six
10 imaginary roots.
3
5
Solution:
2 𝑃(𝑥) = 9𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 2
10
There are 2 sign changes for 𝑃(𝑥)
3
Hence it has at most 2 positive roots.
3
𝑃(−𝑥) = 9(−𝑥)9 + 2(−𝑥)5 − (−𝑥)4 − 7(−𝑥)2 + 2
10
There is 1 sign changes for 𝑃(−𝑥)
Hence it has at most 1 negative root.
Since 𝑃(𝑥)s of degree 9, the 𝑃(𝑥) has
at least 6 imaginary roots.
Example 3.31 Discuss the nature of the roots of
the following polynomials:
(i) 𝑥 2018 + 1947𝑥1950 + 15𝑥 8 + 26𝑥 6 + 2019
1
Solution:
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 2018 + 1947𝑥 1950 + 15𝑥 8 + 26𝑥 6 + 2019
5 There are no sign changes for 𝑃(𝑥)
Hence it has no positive roots.
𝑃(−𝑥) = 𝑥 2018 + 1947𝑥 1950 + 15𝑥 8 + 26𝑥 6 + 2019
5 = 𝑥 2018 + 1947𝑥 1950 + 15𝑥 8 + 26𝑥 6 + 2019
Hence 𝑃(𝑥) has no negative root.
Page 29
 Since 𝑃(𝑥)s of degree 9, the 𝑃(𝑥) has
at least 9 imaginary roots.
(ii) 𝑥 5 − 19𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 11
Solution:
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 5 − 19𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 11
There are 2 sign changes for 𝑃(𝑥)
Hence it has at most 2 positive roots.
𝑃(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)5 − 19(−𝑥)4 + 2(−𝑥)3 + 5(−𝑥)2 + 11
= − 𝑥 5 − 19𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 11
There is 1 sign changes for 𝑃(−𝑥)
Hence 𝑃(𝑥) has at most 1 negative root.
Since 𝑃(𝑥)s of degree 5, the 𝑃(𝑥) has
at least 2 imaginary roots.
EXERCISE 3.6
1. Discuss the maximum possible number of
positive and negative roots of polynomial
equation 9𝑥 9 − 4𝑥 8 + 4𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 5
+𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2 = 0.
Solution:
9
𝑃(𝑥) = 9𝑥 − 4𝑥8 + 4𝑥7 − 3𝑥6 + 2𝑥5
+𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2
There are 4 sign changes for 𝑃(𝑥)
Hence it has at most 4 positive roots.
𝑃(−𝑥) = 9(−𝑥)9 − 4(−𝑥)8 + 4(−𝑥)7 − 3(−𝑥)6
+2(−𝑥)5 + (−𝑥)3 + 7(−𝑥)2 + 7(−𝑥) + 2
= −9𝑥 9 − 4𝑥 8 − 4𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 6 − 2𝑥 5
3 2
−𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 7𝑥 + 2
There are 3 sign changes for 𝑃(−𝑥)
Hence 𝑃(𝑥) has at most 3 negative roots.
Since the difference between the number of
sign changes in co- efficient 𝑃(−𝑥) and
number of negative roots of the polynomial
𝑃(𝑥) is even.
The number of imaginary roots at most 2.
By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS
2. Discuss the maximum possible number of
positive and negative roots of polynomial
equations 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 and 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 16
Also draw rough sketch of the graphs.
Solution:
Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 6
There are 2 sign changes for 𝑃(𝑥)
Hence it has at most 2 positive roots.
𝑃(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 − 5(−𝑥) + 6
= 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6
There are no sign changes for 𝑃(−𝑥)
Hence 𝑃(𝑥)has no negative root.
Let 𝑄(𝑥) = 𝑥2 − 5𝑥 + 16
There are 2 sign changes for 𝑄(𝑥)
Hence it has at most 2 positive roots.
𝑄(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)2 − 5(−𝑥) + 16
= 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 16
There are no sign changes for 𝑄(−𝑥)
Hence 𝑄(𝑥) has no negative root.
3. Show that the equation
𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 has at least 6
imaginary solutions.
Solution:
Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1
There are 2 sign changes for 𝑃(𝑥)
Hence it has at most 2 positive roots.
𝑃(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)9 − 5(−𝑥)5 + 4(−𝑥)4
+2(−𝑥)2 + 1
= − 𝑥 9 + 5𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1
There is 1 sign changes for 𝑃(−𝑥)
Hence 𝑃(𝑥) has one negative root.
Since the difference between the number
of sign changes in co- efficient 𝑃(−𝑥) and
Page 30
 number of negative zeros is even. EXERCISE 3.7
𝑃(𝑥) has one negative root. Choose the most suitable answer.
0 is not the zero of the polynomial𝑃(𝑥). 1. A zero of 𝑥 3 + 64 is . . . . .
So the number of real roots is at most 3. (1) 0 (2) 4 (3) 4i (4) − 𝟒

The number of imaginary roots at least 6. 2. If f and g are polynomials of degrees m and
n respectively, and if ℎ(𝑥) = (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥),
4. Determine the number of positive and then the degree of h is
negative roots of the equation (1)mn (2) m + n (3) mn (4) nm
9 8 7
𝑥 − 5𝑥 − 14𝑥 = 0.
Solution: 3. A polynomial equation in x of degree n
Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 8 − 14𝑥 7 always has
(1) n distinct roots (2) n real roots
There is 1 sign change for 𝑃(𝑥)
(3) n imaginary roots (4) at most one root.
Hence it has at most 1 positive root.
𝑃(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)9 − 5(−𝑥)8 − 14(−𝑥)7 4. If α , β , and γ are the roots of the equation
1
= −𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 8 + 14𝑥 7 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0, then ∑ 𝛼 is
𝑞 𝒑 𝑞 𝑞
There is 1 sign change for 𝑃(−𝑥) (1) − 𝑟 (2) − 𝒓 (3) (4) − 𝑝
𝑟
Hence 𝑃(𝑥) has at most 1 negative root.
Clearly 0 is a root of 𝑃(𝑥). 5. According to the rational root theorem,
which number is not possible rational root of
The number of imaginary roots at least 6.
4𝑥 7 + 2𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 − 5 ?
𝟓 4
(1) −1 (2) (3) (4) 5
5. Find the exact number of real roots and 𝟒 5

imaginary of the equn. 𝑥 9 + 9𝑥 7 + 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥. 6. The polynomial 𝑥 3 − 𝑘𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 has three real

Solution: roots if and only if, k satisfies
Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑥9 + 9𝑥7 + 5𝑥3 + 3𝑥 (1)|𝑘| ≤ 6 (2) k = 0
(3) |𝑘 |> 6 (4) |𝒌 |≥ 6
There is no sign change for 𝑃(𝑥)
Hence it has no positive root. 7. The number of real numbers in
𝑃(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)9 + 9(−𝑥)7 + 5(−𝑥)3 + 3(−𝑥) [0, 2𝜋] satisfying 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 + 1 is
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3)1 (4) ∞
= −𝑥 9 − 9𝑥 7 − 5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥

There is no sign change for 𝑃(−𝑥) 8. If 𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 2 + 10𝑎𝑥 + 1999 definitely has a
positive root, if and only if
Hence 𝑃(𝑥) has no negative root.
(1) a ≥ 0 (2) a > 0 (3) a < 0 (4) a ≤ 0
Clearly 0 is a root of 𝑃(𝑥).

By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 31

 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS
9. The polynomial 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 3 has
(1) one negative and two real roots
SRI RAMAKRISHNA MHSS
(2) one positive and two imaginary roots
(3) three real roots
ARCOT
(4) no solution
VELLORE DT -632503
10. The number of positive roots of the
polynomial ∑𝑛𝑗=0 𝑛𝐶𝑟 (−1)𝑟 𝑥 𝑗 is
(1) 0 (2) n (3) < n (4) r

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By Manisekaran - SRKMHSS Page 32