Syllabus

• Introduction
• Types of Disasters & Vulnerability profile of India(Hazard zones)
• Disaster management cycle(Pre-disaster & Post-disaster)
• Hyogo and Sendai framework(Disaster risk reduction)
• Disaster management in India
• Disaster managemaent Act of 2005
• DM Architecture and Institutions(Capacity Building)
• Case Studies of recent Disasters
Indian Government itself is capable to deal with its disasters. So Govt.
of India refused to take any financial or technical assistance from
outside. India itself is a part of HADR, to help other neighbouring
countries dealing with disasters, and it's became a party of its Foriegn
policy. It can be a part of India's Soft power.

Disaster- a catastrophic event or calamity to cause huse loss of both

human life as well as property.
Instantanenous event
significant economic loss amd environmental loss(specially on Flora and
Fauna)
community will not be able to cope with disasters using its own
resources because every possible infrastucture of the community can
stand destroyed during a large scale devastation and the community will
require external assistance in the areas of search and rescue, relief,
medical aid and even financial & technical assistance. National and State
authority should play very important role.
i) Developing countries(20 times greater impact of its GDP as compared
with the developed nations)
ii) weaker sections(vulnerable sections: elderly,women & children,
disabled, minorities & poor) will have maximum impact.

Overview of DM:
Prior to 1994--- Traditional model(Rescue, Relief, Aid)----was Ad-hoc
in nature.
Yokohama declaration:
1) Creating a 'Disaster Management Cycle' to holistically cover the
pre-disaster and post-disaster phase through an integrated approach
2) Make a paradigm shift from traditional method of DM and adopt
'Disaster Risk Reduction' as the key pillar.

Pre-disaster phase:
• Understanding Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability
• Capacity Building: Prevention, Mitigation & Preparedness
Hazard is just a threat. There is no such thing as natural disasters, there
are all natural hazards, it is an event that posing a threat to the
community. The Hazard will turn into a disaster when the community
will be severely affected by it. A hazard in itself will not cause a disaster
if it takes place in an uninhabited region.
Vulnerability profile of a country: Hazard map
It will help the capacity building measures which in turn reduces the
risks of a hazards.

Prevention(Lanslides-AFFORESTATION-Hazard MAP)
Mitigation will help us to reduce impact of an ongoing
diasters(Earthquake resistant construction-the region prone to
earthquakes)
Preparedness is the last aspect under capacity building measures in pre-
disaster phase. This includes early warning & forcasting of a disaster.
The NDRF can be appropiately stationed in the region more prone to
disasters even before the disaster takes place.Enough time for Training
of local authorities and govt. for upcoming disasters.

Steps taken during disaster phase-short term measures,immediate

interim measures
• Emergency response system by civilian govt. & defence
• search and rescue(SAR)
• medical aid
• Food, water & shelter
Post-Disaster phase-MEDIUM to LONG term measures
• damage assessment
• recovery
• rehabilitation
• reconstruction
• compensation(also cover material damage)
Govt. have to workout a plan through which livelihood opportunities are
restored as well.
Disaster risk reduction
throughout the disaster management cycle,i.e., All the three phases
Knowledge, Awareness creation and capability building are the basic
elements of DM.

Classification of disaster:
1) Natural disasters
• Geophysical(Plate Tectonics)- Earthquake, Volcano, Tsunami
• Hydrological(by flow of water or drainage system)- Floods,
Landslides, Wave Action
• Meteorological(Changes in the atmospheric processes, short-lived
events)- Cyclone, Cold Wave, Heat-wave, Lightning
• Climatological(long-term events)- Drought, Forest fires.
 • Biological(triggered by Pathogens)- Epidemics(e.g. Nipah virus,
H1N1 Influenza, SARS)
2) Man-made disasters:
• Industrial disasters- Hazardous Industries
High temp. & high pressure(Boilers & Furnaces)
toxic substance(Bio-tech, Poisonous gases and chemicals)
1984- Bhopal Gas tragedy(Methyl IsoCyanate leakage)
Collapse of mines & Flooding
Oil spills(impact on coastal environment)- 1)Ennore port 2) Mumbai
coast
• Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear(CBRN) hazards-
requires special attention
Defence Ministry & Armed forces also has a role to play
outcome of warfare & conflicts
Uses of Chemical & Biological weapons
Deployment of chemical weapons for Syrian conflict- Chemical warfare
Vietnam War(AGENT Orange)
World WAR(Nerve AGENTS)
2001- Post 9/11, US faced a biological threat in the form of Anthrax
which is a deadly biological agent
Plague( World war & Cold war)
Bombing of Hirosima & Nagasaki, Chernobyl disasters, Three mile
Island incidents
Radioactive leakage in Mayapuri market,Delhi, 2010
Fukushima Disaster, Japan, 2011

The impact or frequency of Natural disasters can be amplified due to

man-made factors.
According to IPCC, Global Warming or Emmision of GHG have
directly contributed to an increase in the magnitude and frequency of
natural disasters. Extreme weather events.
Anthropogenic factors have clearly overwhelmed Ecological carrying
capacity. Our Ecosystem are no longer sustainable
Disaster Risk Reduction- Earthquakes
Early Warning & Forecasting- cannot be predicted
only Probablistic Assessment- Long Term
Pre-disaster phase- Preparedness & Mitigations
During Disaster- Emergency response
Post-disaster phase- Reconstruction, Rehabilitation & Compensation
1) IMD: Measuring earthquakes in India
Coordinate with other stakeholders(such as, NDMA, INCOIS,MHA)
Develope hazard map & assessment
2) NDMA: coordinate with SDMA, NDRF, dist. authorities
 • Vulnerability profile & Hazard Assessment(Zonal maps)
• land use planning based on Zonal classification
• Earthquake resistant engineering(Building standard, Model code
construction)
• Effective Response Machinery
• Earthquake insurance
• Awareness generation, Mock drills/Exercises, Community-based
Disaster Management

Volcanos:
Bali(INDONESIA, Mt. Agung)- currently active- part of Pacific Ring of
Fire
Barren island(A&N Islands)
Mt. Fuji(Japan)

Tsunamis:
extrmely long wavelength, few inches height of waves and so hardly can
be noticed in the deep sea/ocean
shallow water- height increases
speed 800 km/hr till it reaches the coast and when it reaches the coast
the velocity decreases and height of the wave increases.
landslides can take place in the seabed
volcanic activity
meteor strike
most common cause is Earthquake
Risks: Coastal location
Proximity to fault lines
Instantaneous events
Flooding-drowning
destroy infrastructure
Water pollution- Diseases
Both West & East coast are vulnerable to tsunamis
A&N, TN, AP, Pondicherry & Kerala(2004 Indian ocean Tsunami)
Disaster Risk Reduction-Tsunami
1) Early Warning & Forecasting: INCOIS, Hyderabad-disseminating the
information
3 km peripherrial area to the coast be evacuated
RIMES- Headquarter in Thailand.

Flood:
Natural factors
reduced carrying capacity of the water bodies
Excessive rainfall
Cyclones, Tsunamis
Landslides-Blocking the river
Human Induced factors
Encroachment of Drainage Area
Urban flooding
Flood control v/s water management
Waste disposal in an unscientific manner
Ganga causes severe flooding in BIHAR & WB
Brahmaputra causes flooding in ASSAM
Pamba & Periyar causes flooding in KERALA
10% of Indian geographical area witnesses frequent and regular flooding
during monsoon
Gujarat & Rajasthan also witness flood due to poor drainage system
Flood control & management:
Early warning: CWC-Flood alerts
Forecasting: IMD, ISRO
Disaster management: NDMA, MoWR, STATE & LOCAL authorities
Pre-disaster- Risk management & Hazard mapping
- Early Warning & forecasting
- Embankments, dykes, check dams
- Judicious Water management
Enforcement of Land use & regulations, Zonal maps
During disaster- Emergency response
Post-disaster- rehabilitation & reconstruction

Landslides:
natural factors:
• earthquakes
• floods
• heavy rainfall
human factors:
• deforestation
• overexploitation of ecosystem
• rampant construction
• unsustainable agriculture
Himalayan region(J&K,Uttarakhand,HP and Himalayas are very
youngfold mountains and prone to landslides), North-Eastern
states(Rainfall is primary factor), Western ghats(Karnataka,TN,Kerala &
Nilgiri region) & Eastern ghats are VULNERABLE to Landslides.
Disaster-risk reduction:
Hazard maps
Zonal classifications- land use, constructions, agriculture
Afforestation
Retention walls

Cyclones: extreme weather events

when cyclones make landfall it cause very extensive damage in coastal
areas
The Bay of Bengal witnesses more cyclone as well as their intensities
are very high than the Arabian sea
1. May-June
2. September
3. Oct-Nov(very high intensity)
58% developed cyclones make landfall to INDIAN EAST COAST,
whereas 25% to West Coast
Damages:
life & property
infrastructure
crops, fishing, tourism
pollution, coastal erosion
biodiversity in wetlands & mangrove forests damaged
Preventive steps:
IMD(Early warning and forecasting)
disseminate alerts
cyclone shelters creations in the secure higher grounds
Readiness & response of DM Machinery
Reconstruction & rehabilitation
2013- cyclone Phalin
2014- cyclone Hudhud
2018- cyclone Ockhi(Palk Strait- Gulf of MANNAR)
Naming of Cyclones:
WMO- North INDIAN OCEAN region
8 countries
IND, BAN, SRI, MAL, MYANMAR, PAK, OMAN, THILAND (8
NAMES each)
name of super cyclones completely retired from the list

Dust-Storms:
Meterological event
Frequent occurence during summer months in Northern India,
WESTERLIES also trigger these

Forest Fires:
tropical countries-Decidous forest(Dry)
Western Ghat(Nilgiri biosphere reserve,Bandipur tiger reserve,
Wayanad sanctuaries), Eastern Ghats, Central India
On Dec 23, 2005, the GoI took a defining step by enacting the Disaster
Management Act, 2005 to spearhead and adopt a holistic and integrated
approach to DM.
By this India took a Pro-active approach to deal with disasters from a
Relief-centric approach.
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT POLICY-2009
NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT POLICY-2016
Vision of the DM Act:
To build a safe and disaster resilient India by developing a holistic,
proactive, multi-disaster oriented and technology driven strategy through
a culture of prevention, mitigation, preparedness and response.
DM Act 2005:
It created a 3-tier structure to usher in a paradigm shift in DM
• NDMA(Policy making body)
Apex body for disaster management
It is headed by the Prime Minister
NDMA enjoys superintendence over:
i. NDRF
ii. NIDM
Functions of NDMA:
a. laying down policies, plans and guidelines
b. coordinating their enforcement and implementation for ensuring
timely and effective response to disasters.
 c. Approving the National Disaster Management plans and DM plans
of the Central ministries/departments.
d. The NDMA is mandated to deal with all types of disasters; natural
or man-made, except disasters related with national security,
warfare or terrorism those are dealt with Cabinet committee on
Security with assistance from National Crisis Management
Committee
e. In the domain of CBRN, NDMA also enjoys jurisdiction
National Executive Committee(NEC):
The NEC is headed by Union Home SECRETARY
Secretaries of all relevant ministries including the NDMA are part of it.
It has representation from the Armed Forces(Integrated Chief of Staff)
as well.
The NEC is the executive organ of the NDMA.

• SDMA
It is headed by the CM of the respective state
It will lay down policies and plans for DM in the state
State Executive Committee(SEC):
The STATE govt. shall constitute a SEC to assist the SDMA in the
performance of its function.
Headed by Chief Secretary
• DDMA
It is headed by District collector
The elected representative of the local authority will be the Co-
Chairperson
Planning, co-ordination and implementation
Local Authorities:
It would incluse PRI, Muncipalities, Cantonment boards and Town
Planning Authorities.
NDRF:
The DM act provides for a specialised,well-trained,well-equipped and
technology driven force to deal with NATURAL AND MAN-MADE
DISASTERS
It functions under the NDMA and under the command of a DG(IPS
Officer) appointed by the Centre.
NDRF- Paramilitary lines
As of today NDRF has 12 Battelions(3 BSF, 3 CRPF, 2 ITBP, 2 CISF &
2 SSB)