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File Processing Systems Database Approach
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Database
Management
System
a general, easy-to-use system to store general files
is used when security constraints are high.
which require less security and constraints.
Data Redundancy is more in file management system. Data Redundancy is less in database management system.
Data Inconsistency is more in file system. Data Inconsistency is less in database management system.
Centralization is hard to get Centralization is achieved easily
User locates the physical address of the files to access. user is unaware of physical address where data is stored.
Security is low. Security is high.
stores structured data having well defined constraints and
stores unstructured data as isolated data files/entities.
interrelation.
Three Level Architecture
External level
It is also called view level. The reason this level is called “view” is because several
users can view their desired data
Conceptual level
It is also called logical level. The whole design of the database such as relationship
among data, schema of data etc. are described in this level.
Internal level
This level is also known as physical level. This level describes how the data is
actually stored in the storage devices.
Mappings
Process of transforming request and results between three level it's called mapping.
There are the two types of mappings:
q Conceptual/Internal Mapping
q External/Conceptual Mapping
Conceptual/Internal Mapping:
The conceptual/internal mapping defines the correspondence between the
conceptual view and the store database.
External/Conceptual Mapping:
The external/conceptual mapping defines the correspondence between a particular
external view and conceptual view.
Example: fields can have different data types; fields and record name can be changed;
several conceptual fields can be combined into a single external field.
Data Independence
It is property of DBMS that helps you to change the Database schema at one level of a database
system without requiring to change the schema at the next higher level.
Logical Data Independence
characteristic of being able to change the conceptual schema without having to change the external
schema.
If we do any changes in the conceptual view of the data, then the user view of the data would not be
affected.
Logical data independence occurs at the user interface level.
Physical Data Independence
capacity to change the internal schema without having to change the conceptual schema.
changes in the storage size of the database system server, then the Conceptual structure of the
database will not be affected.
Physical data independence occurs at the logical interface level.
Data Models
Data modeling is the process of creating a data model for the data to be stored in
a Database. integrated collection of concepts for describing and manipulating
data, relationships between data, and constraints on the data in an organization.
A data model comprises of three components:
• A structural part: consisting of a set of rules according to which databases can be
constructed.
• A manipulative part: includes the operations that are used for updating or
retrieving data from the database and for changing structure of the database).
• Possibly a set of integrity rules: The purpose of a data model is to represent
data and to make the data understandable.
Types of Data Model
Object Based Data Models
use concepts such as entities, attributes, and relationships. An entity is a distinct
object in the organization that is to be represented in the database.
Physical Data Models
how data is stored in the computer, representing information such as record
structures, record ordering, and access paths.
Record Based Logical Models
used in describing data at the logical and view levels. they are used to specify the
overall logical structure of the database.
Data, Database, Data Model and DBMS
interact End users
Software
Application
Application Programs Programmers
develop
Users