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ECOLOGY – SESSION II
Pollution
• Harmful amounts of substances
released into the environment.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Active vs. Inactive Volcano’s
Monitored by PHILVOCS
Setting of danger zones
Pyroclastic flow
Dense, fast-moving flow of
solidified lava pieces, volcanic
ash, and hot gases
Eutrophication
Nutrients in the water (phosphate and nitrate feed algae),
Fish dies
Biological Magnification
• Chemical (e.g. Pesticide) are taken up by plants and animals either by:
1. Contaminated soil 2. Contaminated food
• Effects: Human Health and Species Reproduction
3
Bioaccumulation
• Occurs within a trophic level
• in concentration of a substance in certain tissue of organisms bodies due to food absorption from food
and the environment.
Greenhouse gases
• with human activity.
• Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere
• Major long lived Greenhouse gases:
1. Carbon dioxide 3. Nitrous Oxide
2. Methane 4. CFC
Note: Carbon dioxide, Methane and Nitrous Oxide are from Fossil fuels burning
Acid Rain
• Released into the atmosphere by the
burning of fossil fuels.
• Rain that is contaminated by sulphuric,
nitric and other acids
Flooding
Most common natural disaster
40% of all disasters
Mitigation: Pumping Station
Rise in level of a body of water
until it overflows its natural or
artificial confines.
Affected by climate change:
1. Sea level rise
2. Increased / Intensified rainfall
3. Increased intensified river flooding
4
Watershed
Channel rainfall to creeks, streams, and
rivers, and eventually to outflow points such
as reservoirs, bays, and the ocean.
E.g. La Mesa Watershed Reservation
EARTHQUAKE
Magnitude – measures the energy released at the source
Intensity – strength of shaking at a particular source.
Earthquake Myths:
• Triangle of Life
• Running outside
• Standing in the doorway
Fall due to doorway.
• Ground “open” up and “swallow” people
Not spontaneously opens when people comes in contact.
• Small earthquakes prevent larger earthquakes
5
Earthquake Management:
Seek higher ground (especially coastal areas)
Hide under tables
Avoid elevators
Keep cool
Evacuate to open areas
STORM SURGE
• Offshore rise of water associated with a tropical cyclone.
• Affected: Near coastal areas
• Cause: High winds that push on the ocean surface.
TSUNAMI
• Series of sea waves commonly generated by under-the-sea
earthquakes and whose heights could be > 5 meters.
• Natural signs of Approaching Local Tsunami:
1) A felt earthquake.
2) Unusual sea level change: sudden sea water retreat
or rise.
3) Rumbling sound of approaching waves.
LANDSLIDES
– Collapse of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain.
– Cherry Hill Subdivision in Antipolo (1999)
– Landslide types:
1. Mudflow
2. Rock and Debris slides
3. Creep
SINKHOLES
• Vacuum or cavern beneath the ground or topsoil
• After earthquake and heavy rain
FAMINE
• Most extreme form of food shortage
Lack of access of food
Cause of Malnutrition or even death
May precipitate from Natural disaster
6
FOREST FIRE
FIRE TRIANGLE
Biological indicators
• Species used to monitor the health of an ecosystem.
• E.g. Copepods (foods for many types of fishes)
Bioremediation
• Process that uses microorganism, fungi, green plants or
their enzymes to return the natural environment altered
by contaminants to its origination condition.
Ecological Footprint
• Measure of human demand (consumption & excretion) on Earth’s ecosystem.
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Conservation
• Management of earth’s resources.
• Aim: Restore and maintain the balance (Human requirements & other species.)
• Need for conservation
– Pressure on Wildlife.
– Maintaining the biodiversity
• Includes:
– Captive breeding grounds
Resort in the conservation of species
– Re-introduction
Species re-introduction from captive breeding into the wild
– Design of nature reserves
– Maintenance of conservation areas
Sustainability
• Continually evolving process
• Resolving conflicts
• 1992 Earth Summit
– Comprises global program of action for sustainable development
Sustainable Development
• Development that meets the need of the present without compromising the ability for future generations to
meet their own needs.
• Integrates:
1. Local, National & Global
2. Social, Economic & Environmental objectives.
Philippine Agenda 21
• National agenda for sustainable development
• Aims to integrate social, economic, ecological and environment sustainability.
Project NOAH
• Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards.
• 600 automated rain gauges (ARG) and 400 water level monitoring stations (WLMS) all over the country