EAF and secondary dust characterisation

M. C. Mantovani*1, C. Takano1 and P. M. Büchler2

The basic knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of the electric arc furnace (EAF)
and secondary dust (SD) obtained by the characterisation provides important information on the
potential problems that could be encountered during the processing of such materials. EAF dust
consists mainly of very fine spherical particles. The most common phases in the EAF dust are
solid solution of iron spinels generally enclosed into a matrix of calcium–iron silicate glass.
Leaching tests show that as the Zn/Fe ratio increases, there is an increase in the zinc extraction,
whereas the iron extraction decreases as the Zn/Fe ratio increases. It was possible to produce a
SD containing 55.8% zinc by means of charging EAF primary dust–coal composite pellets into an
induction furnace. SD consists of very fine particles presenting a mean particle size of 0.26 mm. In
Published by Maney Publishing (c) IOM Communications Ltd

addition, SD contains significant levels of iron, chloride and fluoride. The iron content in the SD
was identified as being iron droplets ejected from the bath caused by high intensity gas
generation during the smelting of the EAF primary dust–coal composite pellets.
Keywords: Electric arc steelmaking, Dust, Characterisation, Recycling, Zinc, Leaching I&S/1805

Introduction the molten steel at concentrations higher than permis-

One of the most important problems encountered in
minimill steel plants throughout the world is the
disposition of dusts (EAF dusts) generated during the
production of steel in an electric arc furnace (EAF). In a
typical EAF operation, approximately 1–2% of the
charge is converted to dust, which is collected in the
baghouse.1–3 Dusts generated during carbon steelmak-
ing tend to be richer in zinc and lead, while EAF dusts
from stainless steelmaking are relatively low in zinc and
lead, but richer in alloying elements such as chromium
and nickel.4
EAF dust has been classified by various government
regulatory agencies as a hazardous waste, because of the
leachability of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and
chromium.5 This classification means that the EAF dust
cannot be disposed of in an ordinary landfill site.
EAF dust recycling to the EAF can be repeated only
for a limited number of cycles. The following possible
operating problems can occur:6 (a) increase in the energy
requirement for reducing and melting of the components
from the EAF dust; (b) with repeated recycling, the
nonferrous metal content of the dust increases to the
point where their return to the steel bath adversely
affects the steel melting operation; (c) the slag formed
during recycling can attack the refractory lining of the
furnace; and (d) in reduced form, some of the
components from the dust can be incorporated by
1
Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Polytechnic
School, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes 2463, CEP:
05508–900 Cidade Universitária, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnic School – University of
São Paulo, Av. Prof. Mello Moraes 2463, CEP: 05508–900, Cidade
Universitária, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
*Corresponding author, e-mail mariocm@uol.com.br
sible to meet specifications for proper mechanical and
physical properties of the steel. In spite of these
difficulties, a variable amount of the dust is usually
recycled to the EAF. With this treatment, a new dust
with higher zinc and lead content can be obtained and
iron is recovered. However, there is still a disposal
problem because not all of the dust can be recycled to
the EAF.
There are many different EAF dust treatment
processes used in commercial operations or at a
developmental stage. These can be categorised into the
following:7–14 (a) high temperature metal recovery
(HTMR) processes; (b) hydrometallurgical processes;
and (c) vitrification or chemical stabilisation treatments.
Zinc can be extracted from EAF dust by the use of a
number of different methods. In pyrometallurgical
processes the zinc is vaporised and recovered as zinc
oxide or metallic zinc. The most commonly used practice
for treatment of EAF dust is by means of a Waelz
kiln,15–17 a technology employed since the early 1900s
for the beneficiation of oxidic zinc ores. There are
several kilns operating worldwide, with the EAF dust
being mixed with a carbonaceous material (coal fines
and coke) and a flux (lime and silica). Dust processing in
a kiln generates two marketable products: a mixed zinc/
lead oxide (zinc content of 55–60% and iron in the range
of 2.5–7.5%) generated as the dust of the process and a
solid reduced iron. The concentration of halides and
other impurities in crude zinc oxide limits its market-
ability as a zinc raw material. Generally, as a minimum
requirement, the halogens must be removed significantly
by washing and/or calcining. Even after preprocessing,
the only significant outlet for the crude zinc oxide is as
raw material for pyrometallurgical zinc plants, such as
the Imperial Smelting Furnace or the Electrothermic

ß 2004 Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining

Published by Maney on behalf of the Institute
Received 20 May 2003; accepted 25 May 2004
DOI 10.1179/030192304225018163 Ironmaking and Steelmaking 2004 VOL 31 NO 4 325
 Mantovani et al. EAF and secondary dust characterisation
1 Schematic representation for de-zinc treatment
Process. In fact, most Waelz kiln operations are
integrated or closely aligned with a zinc smelter. The
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iron-rich slag has been sold as a road base, antiskid
agent, Portland cement additive and an aggregate in
highway blacktop.18
These treatment processes (pyrometallurgical or
hydrometallurgical) are greatly enhanced by knowledge
of the main physical and chemical properties of the EAF
and secondary dust (SD). In the present study, the
techniques employed to determine some properties of
the dusts were: (a) particle size analysis; (b) Brunauer–
Emmet–Teller (BET) specific surface area; (c) density
(pycnometer); (d) optical microscopy; (e) scanning
electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy
(SEM–EDS); (f) X-ray diffraction; (g) chemical analyses
(atomic absorption spectroscopy – AAS and ion
chromatography); and (h) leaching tests using two kinds
of leach liquors (1 M H2SO4 and 4 M NH4Cl).
Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the
main characteristics of the EAF and SD in order to
identify economically viable ways for its utilisation.
Experimental
Sampling
Five EAF dust samples used in this study were collected
at the baghouse and kindly donated by Aços Villares
SA, a producer of carbon and low alloy steels. EAF dust
(EAFD) samples 1–4 were generated when only scrap
was charged in the furnace. However, sample EAFD-5
was generated by recycling EAFD-1 to the EAF, i.e.
charging EAFD-1 together with scrap. SD was gener-
ated after charging of EAFD-1 dust–coal composite
pellets into the high frequency induction furnace
previously containing a cast iron bath (Fig. 1). In this
case the EAFD-4 was mixed with 5 wt-% Portland
cement as a binder, and with 19.4 wt-% coal fines. In
order to make cold bonded pellets as the agglomerates
(about 12 mm in diameter), the mixture was pelletised,
cured for 28 days and dried until reaching 0.3% final
moisture. The pellets (10 kg) were then slowly charged
into a cast iron bath. Zinc oxide, zinc ferrite and other
oxides are reduced by carbon contained in the agglom-
erates. Metals with high vapour pressures (Zn, Pb and
Cd) are volatised at temperatures around 1873 K, and
further react with air forming the so-called SD that will
326 Ironmaking and Steelmaking 2004 VOL 31 NO 4
be collected in a gas cleaning system (baghouse) as
shown in Fig. 1.
Particle size analysis
Particle size analyses of the EAF dust and SD were
determined by a laser granulometer (MALVERN 2600).
The sample was soaked in deionised water overnight and
dispersed ultrasonically for 3 min before the measure-
ment was carried out.
Morphology and microtexture of the particles
Scanning electron microscopy (Cambridge Stereoscan
240) with X-ray energy dispersive analysis (SEM–EDS)
and optical microscopy were used to verify the
morphology and microtexture of the particles. The
samples of the dusts were mounted on metallic dish
plate or in cold setting epoxy. Further, the samples were
sputtered with carbon or gold and the images were
generated from both secondary and backscattered
electrons.
Specific surface area (BET) and density
Specific surface area (SSA) of the dusts was obtained by
nitrogen gas adsorption using a Strönhlein Area Meter
II surface area analyser. Density was determined by
pycnometer (bottle).
Chemical analysis and X-ray diffraction
Chemical analyses were carried out using atomic
absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Chlorine and fluorine
were analysed by ion chromatography, and the carbon
and sulphur contents were determined by the LECO
method. The X-ray diffraction was performed using a
Philips PW 1710 diffractometer. In the last case, the
samples were packed into a flat aluminium tray and the
upper surface was pressed flat. Cu Ka radiation was used
for the analysis.
Leaching procedure
EAF dust samples of 40 g were used for each experi-
ment. EAF dusts were leached using 1 M H2SO4 (room
temperature) and 4 M NH4Cl (80uC) as leach liquors.
The agent leaching into a beaker (400 ml) was main-
tained in a thermostated water bath, which was covered
in order to keep the solid–liquid ratio during the
experiments. The EAF dust was gradually added to
the leach liquor while the stirring was made using a
magnet stirrer. The beaker was removed from the
thermostated water bath after the reaction time and
the slurry was immediately filtered. Further, the slurry
was washed several times in order to remove any
residual content of the liquor. After drying of the
samples, chemical analysis (AAS) was performed to
verify the iron and zinc content of the solid fraction.
Results and discussion
EAF and SD characterisation
Particle size analysis and texture characterisation
The EAF dust particles consist primarily of spheres
(Fig. 2), but broken spheres, cenospheres and angular
particles (Fig. 3) are also observed in all samples.
Cenospheres are formed because of the presence of gas
within the particles at the time of their solidification.

2 Secondary electron image (SEM) showing common
morphology of EAF dust
Generally, broken spheres and angular particles are the
result of disintegration of larger particles through CO
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gas explosions.
Most of the individual EAF dust particles are less
than 10 mm, but particles of 20–80 mm are not uncom-
mon. It is possible to observe that in some cases very fine
particles are agglomerated forming multiple particle
aggregates. From Table 1, it is noted that the sample
EAFD-1 presents a mean particle size higher than other
samples. In this case, during their storage at the steel
plant the EAFD-1 was exposed to air moisture and, as a
consequence, particle agglomerates were formed because
of hydration reactions.
a dusts. In spite of the small particle size, the specific
b
a cenosphere; b angular particle
3 Optical micrographs showing the ordinary morpholo-
gies of the EAF dust particles (section polished)
Mantovani et al. EAF and secondary dust characterisation
4 Optical micrograph showing a halo consisting of very
fine particles formed around large ones
According to Lopes et al.,19 magnetic separation was
used for separating the ferrous and non-ferrous compo-
nents for subsequent treatment by other technologies. At
room temperature, magnetite is ferromagnetic while zinc
ferrite is paramagnetic and zincite is diamagnetic. It is
therefore possible in theory to achieve useful separations
on the basis of magnetic properties. However, owing to
fine particle size and the mode of occurrence of zinc and
iron, as will be seen in more detail later, it was very
difficult to obtain a significant fraction of a non-
magnetic zinc rich product.
From Fig. 4, it can be observed that the finest particles
are magnetically and electrostatically attracted to one
another and they commonly form halos around the large
particles. According to Hagni and Hagni,20 the orange–
red internal reflections (reflected light microscopy) of
these halos indicate the presence of zincite in this
fraction of fine particles.
SD consists of very fine particles presenting a mean
particle size of 0.26 mm (commercial zinc oxide has a
mean particle size around 0.21 mm). From Fig. 5, it can
be seen that the SD consists mainly of multiple particle
aggregates. In addition, it was observed the presence of
iron droplets in the SD. In this case, during the smelting
reduction process of the EAF dust–coal composite
pellets there was the ejection of the iron droplets from
the bath, which were collected together with the zinc
oxide by the gas cleaning system (baghouse).
Table 1 gives the specific surface area of the EAF
surface area is limited in the range from 0.59 to
4.32 m2 g21, mainly because of the spherical morphol-
ogy of the particles. SD collected from the baghouse
presents a specific surface area of 4.7 m2 g21, very
similar to that presented by commercial zinc oxide (4–
5.9 m2 g21).
As can be seen in Table 1, EAF dust densities range
from 2.96 to 4.12 g cm23 and are consistent with those
reported earlier by Wu and Themelis.21 Although the
Table 1 Physical properties of the dusts
EAFD-1 EAFD-2 EAFD-3 EAFD-4 EAFD-5 SD
D50 (mm) 20.07 4.06 3.55 3.91 4.38 0.26
SSA (m2 g21) 3.62 5.09 0.59 1.14 4.32 4.70
Density
(g cm23) 4.12 3.76 2.96 3.05 3.41 5.02
Ironmaking and Steelmaking 2004 VOL 31 NO 4 327
 Mantovani et al. EAF and secondary dust characterisation

5 Secondary electron image (SEM) showing common

1 calcium–iron–manganese silicate glass; 2 solid solution
morphology of the SD: an iron spherical particle can
of iron spinels
also be seen
6 Backscattered electron image (SEM) showing a particle
with a shape of a drop
densities of the EAF dusts are significantly lower than
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the major components (5.2 g cm23 for magnetite and
5.6 g cm23 for zincite), the discrepancies are explained
by the presence of occluded pores and by the lower
densities of the others components contained in the EAF
dusts.
Chemical and mineralogical analysis
Table 2 gives the chemical composition of the EAF dusts
used in the present study. EAF dusts 1–4 were generated
when only scrap was charged in the furnace. The content
of zinc is low because scrap in Brazil contains a low
percentage of galvanised steel. However, EAFD-5 was
generated by recycling EAFD-1, i.e. charging EAFD-1
together with scrap. The composition of the EAF dust
varies considerably.22 It is dependent not only on the
scrap used, the type of steel being made, but also on the
operating conditions and procedures. Even a minor
change in the operating procedures from heat-to-heat
could result in a variation in the composition of the dust.
Because the ratio of galvanised to regular steel scrap
used in automobiles has been increasing, then the zinc
content has also been increasing and this trend will likely
continue. It is important to mention that the recycling of
the dust to the EAF also contributes for increasing the
zinc content in the EAF dust.
According to several studies,23–26 the main mechan-
isms of EAF dust formation are: (a) volatilisation of
metals such as zinc, lead, and cadmium with a high
vapour pressure at steelmaking temperatures; (b) CO
bubble bursting and ejection of metal droplets that
subsequently ‘explosively’ oxidize to form fume; (c)
vaporization of iron under the electric arc; and (d)
entrainment of solid particles. It is important to mention
that the second mechanism is in agreement with the
spherical morphology of the particles as shown in Fig. 2.
Scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy
dispersive analysis (EDS) was utilised to obtain more
details of the mineralogical species contained in the EAF
dusts. Figure 6 shows a particle that presents a shape of
a drop. In zone 1 the elements detected in significant
amounts were Ca, Fe, Mn and Si (calcium–iron–
manganese silicate glass). The polygonal phase (zone
2) contains Fe as the main element together with Mn, Ca
and Zn (solid solution of iron spinels). It is important to
mention that chromium is concentrated in these poly-
gonal phases, and they commonly contain small

Table 2 Chemical analysis of the dusts

Dusts

Component, wt-% EAFD-1 EAFD-2 EAFD-3 EAFD-4 EAFD-5 SD

FeT 49.10 35.10 48.75 39.20 29.79 3.12

Zn 3.54 19.76 10.85 14.49 27.07 55.80
Pb 0.51 3.02 0.94 1.51 2.55 3.81
K 1.08 1.42 0.73 0.83 1.98 3.65
Na 1.26 1.04 0.54 0.39 1.13 0.89
C 2.90 1.67 2.30 1.80 1.09 1.33
S 0.22 0.46 0.43 0.58 0.36 0.38
Cl 1.55 2.94 1.75 1.63 3.29 4.40
F 0.55 0.40 0.34 0.31 0.61 0.66
SiO2 3.80 2.40 2.40 2.71 1.96 0.32
CaO 8.40 1.42 0.90 1.78 0.90 0.50
Al2O3 0.84 0.11 0.06 0.14 0.05 0.15
MgO 1.18 1.16 0.86 0.75 1.03 0.35
MnO 3.17 3.18 4.57 4.72 2.38 0.28
Cr2O3 0.59 0.58 0.49 0.61 0.43 ,0.05
Ignition loss 2.82 8.75 2.42 2.56 9.77 14.2

328 Ironmaking and Steelmaking 2004 VOL 31 NO 4

 Mantovani et al. EAF and secondary dust characterisation

7 Backscattered electron image (SEM) showing a particle

where the solid solution of iron spinels is present in a
dendritic form (white) enclosed in calcium–iron silicate a
glass (grey)
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amounts of magnesium and aluminium. As can be seen

in Fig. 7, solid solution of iron spinels can also be
present in a dendritc form enclosed in calcium–iron
silicate glass.
Figure 8 shows a particle containing three phases. In
zone 1 only iron was detected. Although metallic iron
particles are not especially abundant in the EAF dusts, it
is possible to find them enclosed within a matrix
containing very complex phases. In zone 2 the main
elements detected were Ca, Si and Fe (calcium–iron
silicate glass). In zone 3 Fe, Mn, Ca, Zn and Cr were
detected (solid solution of iron spinels).
In general, the EAF dust particles are polymineralic
and exhibit a variety of internal crystalline configura-
tions that are specially characterised by skeletal textures
as a result of the rapid cooling of the particles. The
b
crystal morphology of the iron spinel solid solution,
depending on the cooling rate, varies from the dendritic a dendritic; b rhombohedron
9 Optical micrographs showing the texture configura-
tions of iron spinel particles

texture to well developed rhombohedron morphology

8 Backscattered electron image (SEM) of a particle con-
taining three phases: (1) metallic iron; (2) calcium–iron
silicate glass and; (3) solid solution of iron spinels
(Fig. 9). It is important to mention, that the textures and
therefore the crystallization process is the same for
spinels from the large particles to the sub-sieve particles.
Therefore, it seems reasonable to suppose that CO
bubbles rising through the steel bath can burst and eject
droplets of metal and slag from the bath into the furnace
atmosphere. According to Badger,27 as the gas rises
through the melt and into the slag interface, the bubble
possesses a ‘skin’ of steel. As this bubble rises through
the slag, additional material from the slag is added to
CO bubble. The slag layer adds the CaO and SiO2
necessary to produce the calcium–iron silicate glass,
while the molten iron contributes to formation of spinel-
ferrite and magnetite phases. In addition, it is important
to consider that when the temperature of the gas phase
drops in the roof or hood of the furnace and in the ducts
conveying it, the fumed material oxidises and condenses,
largely, on particles mechanically carried out of the
bath. Interaction of the particles leads to formation of
chemically complex phases. According to another
study,28 the solid solution of iron spinels is produced

Ironmaking and Steelmaking 2004 VOL 31 NO 4 329

 Mantovani et al. EAF and secondary dust characterisation
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a 10.85% Zn; b 14.49% Zn; c 27.07% Zn
10 X-ray diffraction patterns of EAF dusts with different zinc contents
by atomising of several oxide layers formed on the
molten steel such as: (Mn,Zn)Fe2O4, (Mn,Zn)Fe2O4–
Fe3O4, Fe3O4–(Mn,Fe)O and (Mn,Fe)O.
The mineralogy of EAF dust as determined by X-ray
diffraction (XRD) shows a predominance of a solid
solution of iron spinels and zincite. The amount of
zincite varies with the percentage of zinc present in the
sample, i.e. dust with more zinc contains more zincite.
Figure 10 shows three XRD patterns selected to
illustrate the differences among the EAF dusts (low,
medium and high zinc content). The dust containing
27.1% zinc has a primary ZnO peak almost as great as
the (Zn,Fe,Mn,Ca)Fe2O4 primary peak. Zincite is
significantly reduced in the EAF dust containing 14.5%
zinc and barely present in the EAF dust with low zinc
content (,10%).
Chemical analysis and XRD of the SD are shown in
Table 2 and Fig. 11, respectively. It is clear that the SD is
enriched in zinc as compared to the EAFD-5, and it can
also be seen that the chlorides and fluorides concentrate
in the SD. The XRD pattern of the SD shows that the
330 Ironmaking and Steelmaking 2004 VOL 31 NO 4
predominant phase is the zincite with minor amounts of
NaCl and KCl.
According to Lindblom et al.,29 most of the halogen
bearing phases in the EAF dust and SD are mainly
soluble NaCl and KCl. In addition, the minor unleach-
able amount of halogens in the leached SD occurs as
CaF2 and an aluminate–silicate phase that contains up
to 10% chlorine. These two halogen bearing phases
originate from the carry over of materials from the
reactor furnace. Therefore, the lowest possible halogen
content in the SD depends on the amount of the carry
over material from the reactor furnace, which is
dependent on the stability of the process and the
operation conditions. In the same way, the carbon and
sulphur contents are also influenced owing to carry over
materials from the reactor furnace.
For electrolytic zinc producers (sulphate based leach-
ing) the chlorine and fluorine content of the electrolyte
must be less than 100 and 10 mg L21, respectively, to
avoid severe cathode and anode corrosion and cathode
sticking problems. The halide control methods used by

11 X-ray diffraction pattern of the SD
most electrolytic zinc processors is to avoid, if at all
possible, the use of any chlorine and fluorine bearing
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feeds to the leaching circuit. If some primary or
secondary raw materials containing chlorine and fluor-
ine are used, they must be either treated to remove the
halides to an acceptably low level or fed at very low rates
to avoid exceeding critical chlorine and fluorine levels.
These latter practices, however, are the exception rather
than the rule.30
Therefore, for using the SD produced in this work as a
raw material for pyrometallurgical zinc plants (Imperial
Smelting Furnace or Electrothermic process), it is inter-
esting to find a method (washing and/or calcining) for
lowering the halogen content to the acceptable level before
any pyrometallurgical application. However, the SD can
be used in the new hydrometallurgical processes specially
developed for treating zinc bearing materials.31–33
Leaching of the EAF dusts
It is remarkable to see from Figs. 12 and 13 that as the
Zn/Fe ratio increases there is an increase in the zinc
extraction, whereas the iron extraction decreases as the
Zn/Fe ratio increases. The amount of zinc extraction
depends strictly on the Zn/Fe ratio of the dust, i.e. high
zinc content means more zincite present in the dust
instead of zinc ferrite. Because the Zn/Fe ratio is related
to the level of iron and zinc extraction, such an aspect
must be considered mainly in hydrometallurgical
12 Effect of Zn/Fe ratio on the zinc extraction
Mantovani et al. EAF and secondary dust characterisation
treatments as an important factor in process design.
The new hydrometallurgical processes specially devel-
oped for treating these zinc bearing materials can
produce high purity metallic zinc or zinc oxide,33–36
but most of them cannot completely leach zinc ferrite
contained in the dust as a major phase. Therefore, it is
important to increase the Zn/Fe ratio by means of
recycling the EAF dust to the EAF, at least in some
extension in spite of the problems that can occur during
this procedure.
Conclusions
EAF dust characterisation
EAF dust consists mainly of very spherical particles, but
broken spheres, cenospheres and angular particles are
also present mostly in large fractions. Most of the
individual particles are less than 5 mm, but particles of
20–80 mm are not uncommon. Also, there are agglom-
erates predominantly composed of spherical particles of
less than 1 mm.
EAF dust densities range from 2.96 to 4.12 g cm23.
This physical property is influenced by the presence of
occluded pores and by the lower densities of the other
components contained in the dust.
Most of the EAF dust particles are very fine, but also
spherical in shape and, as a consequence, the specific
surface area is limited in the range of 0.59–4.32 m2 g21.
13 Effect of Zn/Fe ratio on the iron extraction
Ironmaking and Steelmaking 2004 VOL 31 NO 4 331
 Mantovani et al. EAF and secondary dust characterisation
The mineralogy of the EAF dust is complex. The most
common phases are solid solution of iron spinels, which
are generally enclosed into a matrix of calcium–iron
silicate glass. These structures commonly have a skeletal
internal crystalline configuration that forms from the
rapid cooling of the particles. Another important fact is
that the amount of zincite varies with the percentage of
zinc present in the sample, i.e. dust with more zinc
contains more zincite.
The leaching tests showed that as the Zn/Fe ratio
increases there is an increase in the zinc extraction, whereas
the iron extraction decreases as the Zn/Fe ratio increases.
Therefore, it is important to increase the Zn/Fe ratio by
means of recycling the EAF dust to the EAF in order to
increase the zinc content (ZnO) contained in the dust.
SD characterisation
It was possible to produce a dust containing 55.8% zinc
by means of charging EAF dust–coal composite pellets
into induction furnace. The mean particle size, specific
surface area and density of the SD are very similar to
that presented by commercial zinc oxide. Significant
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levels of iron, chloride and fluoride are present in the
SD. With regard to iron content, during the smelting
reduction process of the EAF dust–coal composite
pellets there was an ejection of iron droplets from the
bath, which were collected together with the zinc oxide
by the gas cleaning system (baghouse).
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the São Paulo State
Foundation for Research Support (FAPESP), the
Brazilian Council for Research (CNPq) and Aços
Villares SA for financial support.
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