LEBANESE UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Science II
Fanar

Introduction to Computer Science

I1100

Ralph El Khoury
2017 - 2018
 Outline
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Hardware
Chapter 3: Software
Chapter 4: Operating System
Chapter 5: Internet
Chapter 6: Networking
Chapter 7: Database
Chapter 8: Privacy, Security and Ethics

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 References
Textbook
 Computing Essentials, Timothy and Linda O'Leary,
McGraw-Hill, Irwin.
Supplemental Reference
 Computer Science: an Overview, Glenn Brookshear,
Pearson - Addison Wesley
Course web site
 https://sites.google.com/site/ralphelkhouryclass/i1100

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Chapter 1: Introduction
 Outline
Information system:
people, procedures,
software, hardware, data, connectivity
Careers in IT
The evolution of the computer age

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 Information System
 It is a set of resources to
 collect, store, manipulate and communicate information
 It is constituted by:

5. Data
unprocessed facts
including text, numbers,
3. Software images and sound
or Programs : provides step by
1. People step instructions to control 4. Hardware 6. Connectivity
the computer to convert data Physical equipments allows computers to
making them connect and share
to information
more productive information
2. Procedures
Software
rules and guidelines for
computer operations

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 Example of Information System
Supermarkets and any shop: Spinneys, Fahed,
Charcutier Aoun, etc
Banks: Audi, BOB, BLOM, etc
Hospitals: Hotel Dieu, Saint Charles, BMC, etc
Enterprises: cars, contracting, engineering,
advertising, etc
Universities and Schools : UL, USJ, USEK, AUB,
etc

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 1. People
People: users or administrator of computers
More productivity
Who may use computers ? Everyone!
Programmers and IT (Information Technology)
team
Users of different applications
Scientists: engineers, mathematicians, statistician,
physicians, physicists and chemist, electronics
engineer
• solving scientific problems (e.g. equations) using
software or simulators, or writing programs, and
drawing graphs
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 2. Procedures
Procedures: rules and guides to follow to use
a computer
Manuals and catalogs
Ethics: respecting copyright

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 3. Software
Immaterial part of the computer
Programs
the instructions that tell the computers how to
process data
Two types of software
1. Application software
Basic software
• Browser (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome),
• Microsoft Office: Word, Excel, Access, Powerpoint
• OpenOffice: Writer, Calc, Base, impress
• Google Docs
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 3. Software
 Specialized software
• Image editing: modify bit map images
– Adobe Photoshop, Corel Paint Shop Pro
• Illustration programs: modify vector files
– Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw
• Desktop publishing programs: mix text and graphics
– Adobe InDesign, Microsoft Expression
• Web authoring programs: creating web pages
– Adobe Dreamweaver
• Audio editing: Sony’s ACID
• Video editing: Windows Movie Maker
• Multimedia Authoring: combines text, graphics, audio, video
– Adobe Director, ToolBook
 Mobile apps
• At Google Play
• At Apple’s App Store I1100_ch1.11
 3. Software
2. System software: enables application
software to interact with computer
 Operating system
• coordinate the computers resources,
– File, memory, process and peripherals management
• provide a user interface, and
• run applications
• e.g., Windows XP, vista, 7, 8, 10, MAC OS X,
Linux
 Utilities
• perform specific tasks related to managing
computer resources.
– ex: disk defragmenter, backup, scan disk, antivirus
 Device drivers
• Specialized programs that allow input/output
devices to communicate with the rest of the
computer system
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 4. Hardware
Equipment to manipulate data
Controlled by programs
Physical equipments
Keyboard
Mouse
Screen
Printer
Hard Disk
Others
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 4. Hardware: Computer types
Servers – Powerful computers
Called also supercomputers or mainframes
Produce a lot of work in short time
• manipulate a large quantity of information
Used in enterprises and in industries
• Calculator (math, simulations), Web, email and
database servers

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 4. Hardware: Computer types
 Micro-computers Desktop Notebook
1. Desktop computer
2. Notebook or laptop
3. Tablet PC or tablet
4. Handheld or
smartphones

Tablet PC Handheld
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 4. Computer Hardware
 Classified in 4 categories
1. System unit
• Microprocessor (CPU),
memory (RAM)
2. Input/Output devices
• Input: keyboard, mouse
• Output: monitors, printers
3. Secondary storage
• hard disks, optical discs,
USB keys
4. Communication devices
• Modems, and network
cards
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 5. Data
 Latin origin of the word "data":
 Datum : something given
 Raw unprocessed facts
 Manipulating data using software produce information
 Data is stored in files  Presentation
 Many types of files:  Database
 Document files
 Worksheet
• created by word processors
 Worksheet files, e.g. excel  Document
• created by electronic spreadsheets
 Database files, e.g. access
• created by database management systems
 Presentation files
• created by presentation graphics applications
 Picture files, audio and video files
 Each type of file is manipulated by a specific software
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 6. Connectivity
 Ability of your computer to share information with other computers
 A network is the central concept of connectivity – when two or more
computers are connected
 Network cards are needed and wire or wireless links
 Communication protocols assure a software link between computers
 The Internet is a largest computer network in the world.
 Wireless communications and mobility is the next generation revolution
 Cloud computing uses the Internet and the Web to shift many activities from
users’ computers to computers on the Internet.

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Careers in IT http://www.computing2014.com/careers
1. Webmaster – earns $56,000 to $80,000 annually
 Develop and maintain web sites
2. Computer technician and support specialist – earns $31,000 to $58,000
 Technician that repairs and maintains computers or systems annually
3. Software engineer – earns $53,000 to $97,000 annually
 Analyze the need of clients to conceive and design a software
4. Programmer – earns $49,000 to $89,000 annually
 Write, test and repair programs
5. Network administrator – earns $46,000 to $84,000 annually
 Create and manage a network
6. IT security analysts – earns $62,000 to $101,000 annually
 responsible for maintaining the security of a company’s network, systems,
and data
7. Database administrator – earns $67,000 to 98,000 annually
 Manipulate and organize data with a specialized software
8. Technical writer – earns $41,000 to $78,000 annually
 Prepare technical reports, manuals and guides
9. Computer Trainer – earns $56,000 to $80,000 annually
 Instructs end users on the latest software or hardware. I1100_ch1.19
1st Generation: Vacuum tube The evolution of the
Computer architecture
Fortran programming language computer age
3rd Generation: Integrated circuits
ARPANET and the beginning of the Internet

≈1950+/- ≈1960+/- ≈1965+/- 1970-1990

4th Generation: microprocessor,

using large-scale integration
Unix,
Intel,
2nd Generation: Transistors Apple computer,
ASCII code MS-DOS and IBM PC,
MAC (graphical interface),
Windows 3.0 I1100_ch1.20
HTML
LINUX
The evolution of the
Pentium microprocessor computer age
PDA from apple
Windows 95, 98, ME, 2000 5th Generation:
GSM, WiFi, bluetooth, satellite
Napster and music piracy battle Connectivity

1991-2000 2000-2005 2005-2010

Windows XP Windows Vista, 7

32bit and 64bit Youtube
processor iphone
Amazon.com ipad
MAC OS X 4G
3G
Gmail
Facebook
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 The evolution of the computer age
First generation (~1951-57)
 Electronic system uses thousands of vacuum tubes
made of glass and each has the size of light bulbs
 1957 – Introduction of the first high-level
programming language : FORTRAN (FORmula
TRANslator)
Von Neumann architecture (1947)
vacuum tubes: used in
electrical circuit to switch
on/off electricity

architecture of a computer
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 The evolution of the computer age
Second generation (1958-63)
 Computers are built with transistors
• small electronic devices that transfer electronic
signals over resistor
• use less power and less heat than vacuum tubes
• made by semiconductor material
• can act as amplifiers or switch
 The new computers were faster, smaller and
more reliable
 1963 – Introduction of the first computer
industry standard character set ASCII
• It enables computers to exchange data

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 The evolution of the computer age
Third generation (1964-69)
 Integrated circuits (IC) replaces transistors
 An IC is a complete electronic circuit on a small chip made
of silicon
• consisting mainly of many transistors and electronic circuits
 These computers are faster and compact, they cost less to
manufacture
Events
 1965 – Introduction of the BASIC programming language
 1969 – Introduction of ARPANET and the beginning of the
Internet

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 The evolution of the computer age
Fourth generation (1970-90)
 Evolution of integrated circuits leads to a specialized
chip: microprocessor
• using "large-scale integration“
– with tens of thousands of transistors per chip

Some events
 1970: UNIX operating system was introduced
 1971 – Intel Corporation develops the first
microprocessor: Intel 4004
 1977 – Apple computer appears
 1980 – IBM asks Microsoft founder, Bill Gates to
develop an operating system: MS-DOS
 1981 – Introduction of the IBM PC (Intel
microprocessor and MS-DOS) The first IBM PC
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The evolution of the computer age
1984 – Apple introduce the
Macintosh Computer with a
unique easy-to-use graphical user
interface
1985 – Microsoft introduces its
Windows graphical user interface The first Macintosh
1989 – Introduction of Intel 80486
• the first 1 million transistor
microprocessor
1990 – Windows 3.0 appears
• with an enhanced graphical user
interface and which has the ability to
run multiple applications
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 The evolution of the computer age
Fifth generation (1991-2005++)
 It is referred to a "Connected generation"
• Effort to increase the connectivity of computers with new
technologies
 Expansion of the Internet and the Web.
Events
 1991 – Release of the World Wide Web standards for
linking documents through the Internet – HTML
 1991 – Linux operating system appears
• It was developed by a graduate student Linus
 1995 – Microsoft releases Window 95
 2002 – a 32 bits processor appears
 2004 – a 64 bit processor appears and accelerates the
speed of computing…
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 Revision Questions
1. Explain the five parts of an information system.
What part do people play in this system?

2. What is system software? What kinds of programs

are included in system software?

3. Define and compare general-purpose, specialized,

and mobile application software. Describe some
different types of general-purpose applications.
Describe some types of specialized applications.

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 Revision Questions
4. Describe the different types of computers.
What is the most common type? What are
the types of microcomputers?

5. What is connectivity? What are wireless

devices and the wireless revolution? What is
a computer network? What are the Internet
and the Web? What is cloud computing?

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