Mekflu 02 SD Uas v191026 v3 PDF

Fluid Mechanics
Part II
Fluid In Motion
herr soeryantono Ph.D.,

herr soeryantono and dwinanti
Dr. dwinanti r.m.,

Dr. jessica sjah
Fluid in Motion
Fluid in Motion
𝑑 𝑑(𝑚𝑣)
𝑑𝑝 = −𝜌𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝜌𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝜌 𝑎𝑧 + 𝑔 𝑑𝑥 +
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑡
Static pressure Velocity pressure
𝑉2
Total motion pressure→ 𝑝𝑇 = 𝑝1 + 𝜌 2
Fluid in Motion
𝑑 𝑑(𝑚𝑣)
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝑉2
1 2
𝐹𝑀 = න 𝑝𝑇 𝑑𝐴 𝐹𝑆 = න 𝑝1 𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾𝐻
2
𝐹𝑀 > 𝐹𝑆
𝐹𝑀
Fluid in Motion
𝑑 𝑑(𝑚𝑣)
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑡
𝑉2
1 2
𝐹𝑀 = න 𝑝𝑇 𝑑𝐴 𝐹𝑆 = න 𝑝1 𝑑𝐴 = 𝛾𝐻
2
𝐹𝑀
Fluid in Motion
Clasification:
Assumption about the number of
• 1D, 2D dan 3D dominant cartesious velocity dirextin
• Viscous vs Inviscid
• Laminar vs Turbulent
• Compressible vs Incompressible
𝜇≠0
𝜏
𝜇 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑟
𝜇=0
Fluid in Motion
Clasification:
• 1D, 2D dan 3D
• Viscous vs Inviscid
• Compressible vs Incompressible 𝐷𝜌
=0
𝐷𝑡
• Laminar vs Turbulent
Fluid in Motion
𝑉2
Total motion pressure→ 𝑝𝑇 = 𝑝1 + 𝜌
2
• In motion
→ Poses movement
→ Velocity: 𝑉 ≠ 0
• Need to understand V
Fluid in Motion
Velocity V is
1. Lagrangian: property of (belong to) a system (particle)
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
𝑉𝑖 (𝑡) = lim
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
2. Eulerian: Velocity is property of (belong to) a point in

flux of vector field space inside some finite
analysis domain (control volume) at certain time
𝑚
∀
𝑉= 𝑉=
𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡
Fluid in Motion
Fluid in Motion: Lagrangian
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
Vi (t) the ∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
velocity of
particle i at t. Si (t) is a trajectory function
that locate the position of
particle i at time t. This
function is formulated in
vector position coordinate.
i denote a single particle as
the system that we interested
in
pp. 23
Lagrangian
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Si (t) is a trajectory function

Lagrangian: Vector Notation
Magnitude Yes Magnitude Yes
Direction Yes Direction Yes
Position No Position Yes
Vektor Notation Vector notation Position Vector
using position
vector
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎1 𝑖Ԧ + 𝑎2 𝑗Ԧ 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑠(𝑥,
Ԧ 𝑦)
𝑠Ԧ = 𝑠1 − 𝑠2 𝑠(𝑥,
Ԧ 𝑦) = 𝑥Ԧ𝑖 + 𝑦Ԧ𝑗
Trajectory
Velocity vector function
Position as a
function of time
𝑠(𝑡
Ԧ + ∆𝑡) − 𝑠(𝑡)
Ԧ
𝑣(𝑡)
Ԧ = lim 𝑠Ԧ 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑡 𝑖Ԧ − 𝑦 𝑡 𝑗Ԧ
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Lagrangian: Trajectory Function
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Trajectory function
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡) Can we use streamline as the
𝑉𝑖 (𝑡) = lim trajectory function ?
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Streamline as the
trajectory function
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
and use it as the trajectory

function 𝑠 𝑡 .
as the trajectory function 𝑠 𝑡 .
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
velocity of
particle i at t. Si (t) is a trajectory function
in
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
velocity of
particle i at t.
Without system it is
impossible to define
velocity
System gives no clear
trajectory
in
System gives no trajectory
of velocity
Lagrangian: System is essential
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
𝑉𝑖 (𝑡) = lim No system, no velocity
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Time 𝑡
Particle
or
Systems
Observe velocity of systems A, B and C
distance 𝑠
Lagrangian: system gives no clear trajectory
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
hard to identify
streamline
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
hard to identify
streamline
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
hard to identify
streamline
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
hard to identify
streamline
Lagrangian: system gives no velocity
trajectory
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
𝑉𝑖 (𝑡) = lim trajectory is not 𝑠(𝑡)
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
trajectory
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
PathLine
trajectory
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Streak Line
• Can we define what so call a “particle” in fluids?
• Can we formulate the function S(t) for that particle?
Almost impossible…
1. Lagrangian: property of (belong to) a system (particle
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡
Might not the best choice for fluids

….. alternatively …. ?
Fluid in Motion
Fluid in Motion: Eulerian
2. Eulerian: Velocity is property of (belong to) a point in flux of vector
field space inside some finite analysis domain (control
volume) at certain time
𝑚 ∀
𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) = 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡) =
𝐴𝑡 𝐴𝑡
m is mass and is volume

A is the area that perpendicular to the V
V is flux of fluid velocity vector field

V is property of point in the space at time t.
Analysis space domain is refered as control volume.

Eulerian: Velocity Vector Field
𝒗 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝒗𝑥 + 𝒗𝑦
𝒗 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 2𝑥 𝒊Ԧ + 𝑦𝑡 𝒋Ԧ
𝑣Ԧ𝒙 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 2𝑥 𝑣Ԧ𝒚 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝑦𝑡
2𝑥
𝒗 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 =
𝑦𝑡
𝒗 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝒊Ԧ − 𝑦𝑡 𝒋Ԧ
𝑣Ԧ𝒙 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑣Ԧ𝒚 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = −𝑦𝑡

2𝑥
𝒗 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 =
𝑦𝑡
𝒗 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑦 𝒊Ԧ − 𝑦𝑡 2 𝒋Ԧ
𝑣Ԧ𝒚 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = − 𝑦𝑡 2
𝑣Ԧ𝒙 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑦
𝒗 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 2
− 𝑦𝑡
2. Eulerian: Latihan
Fluid in Motion
Lagrangian Velocity to Eulerian Velocity
Lagrangian Eulerian
Trajectory function Flow field flux
Control volume
Flow field
Streamline
Trajectory function
Lagrangian Eulerian
Control volume
Flow field
Streamline
Trajectory function
Lagrangian Eulerian

11
10
Control volume 9
Flow field ul( 10 , t)
ul( 4.1 , t)
7
ul( 4.09 , t) 6
ul( 4.07 , t)
Streamline ul( 4 , t)
5
Im( VF) 4
Im( P)
3
Trajectory function 2
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Lagrangian Eulerian

Lagrangian Eulerian

Lagrangian Eulerian
∀= න 𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝐴
𝑣 = FLUX
∀ 𝑄
𝑣= 𝑣= 𝑄 =𝑣𝐴
𝐴 ∆𝑡 𝐴
1
𝑣 = න 𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
Lagrangian Eulerian
∀= න 𝑣.
𝑣 = FLUX
∀ 𝑄
𝐴 ∆𝑡 𝐴
1
𝑣 = න 𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
Lagrangian Eulerian
∀= න 𝑣.
𝑣 = FLUX
∀ 𝑄
𝐴 ∆𝑡 𝐴
1
𝑣 = න 𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
Lagrangian Eulerian
∀= න 𝑣.
𝑣 = FLUX
∀ 𝑄
𝐴 ∆𝑡 𝐴
1
𝑣 = න 𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
Lagrangian Eulerian
∀= න 𝑣.
𝑣 = FLUX
∀ 𝑄
𝐴 ∆𝑡 𝐴
1
𝑣 = න 𝑣.
Ԧ 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐴
∀ 𝝆∀ 𝒎
Eulerian: 𝒗 = , 𝒐𝒓 𝒗= =
𝑨𝒕 𝑨𝒕 𝑨𝒕
∀ 𝝆∀ 𝒎
∀
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 =
𝐴𝑡
𝐴
∀= 𝐴 ℎ
ℎ
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 = ℎ
𝑡
∀ 𝝆∀ 𝒎
ℎ
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 =
𝑡
Rainfall hourly intensity, 𝑖 = 4 𝑚𝑚
Intensitas hujan jam-jaman 𝑖 = 4 𝑚𝑚
5 yr reurn period hourly storm, 𝑖 = 4 𝑚𝑚
𝐴
Average daily rainfall, 𝑅 = 30 𝑚𝑚
January maximum daily rainfall, 𝑅 = 102 𝑚𝑚
Average monthly rainfall, 𝑅 = 120 𝑚𝑚
2019 monthly rainfall, 𝑅 = 120 𝑚𝑚
2019, 𝑅 = 120 𝑚𝑚
ℎ
∀ 𝝆∀ 𝒎
ℎ
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 =
𝑡

2019, 𝑅 = 120 𝑚𝑚
∀ 𝝆∀ 𝒎
ℎ
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 =
𝑡

2019, 𝑅 = 120 𝑚𝑚
∀ 𝝆∀ 𝒎
ℎ Rainfall 𝑅24 = 30 𝑚𝑚
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 = Evaporation 𝐸𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑛 = 120 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 Infiltration 𝑓 = 120 𝑚𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
Ground water flow 𝑞 = 25 𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑖

∀ 𝝆∀ 𝒎
ℎ Rainfall 𝑅24 = 30 𝑚𝑚
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑡 = Evaporation 𝐸𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑛 = 120 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 Infiltration 𝑓 = 120 𝑚𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
Ground water flow 𝑞 = 25 𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑖

∀ 𝝆∀ 𝒎
𝑄 = න 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 𝑄 = 𝑉 න 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝐴
𝑄=𝑉𝐴
∀ 𝝆∀ 𝒎
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝒗𝑥 + 𝒗𝑦
𝑽(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)Ԧ𝒊 + 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)Ԧ𝒋
𝑑𝑽 𝑽 𝒕 + ∆𝑡 − 𝑽 𝒕
𝒂= = lim
𝑑𝑡 ∆𝑡→∞ ∆𝑡
𝑑𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑽 𝑑𝑦 𝜕𝑽 𝑑𝑡
𝒂= = + + 𝑽 𝒕
𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑽 𝒕 + ∆𝑡
𝒂
𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽 𝜕𝑽
𝒂=𝑢 +𝑣 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑡
∀ 𝝆∀ 𝒎
Substantial derivative atau

Material deivatif:
∀ 𝝆∀ 𝒎
pp 94
Fluid in Motion
Fundamental Laws: Lagrangian
The Conservation of:
𝑑
Mass න 𝜌 𝑑∀ = 0
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝑆𝑌𝑆
𝑑
Energy න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑑∀ = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ
𝑑
Momentum න 𝑉𝑖 𝜌 𝑑∀ = ෍ 𝐹𝑖
𝑑 𝑀=1
Mass න 𝜌 𝑑∀ = 0
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝑆𝑌𝑆 𝑁=0
𝑑 𝑀=𝑒
Energy න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑑∀ = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝑆𝑌𝑆 𝑁 = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ
𝑀 = 𝑉𝑖
𝑑
Momentum න 𝑉𝑖 𝜌 𝑑∀ = ෍ 𝐹𝑖 𝑁 = ෍ 𝐹𝑖
𝑑 𝑀=𝜌
Mass න 𝑀 𝑑∀ = 𝑁
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝑆𝑌𝑆 𝑁=0
𝑑 𝑀 =𝜌𝑒
Energy න 𝑀 𝑑∀ = 𝑁
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝑆𝑌𝑆 𝑁 = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ
𝑀 = 𝑉𝑖 𝜌
𝑑
Momentum න 𝑀 𝑑∀ = 𝑁 𝑁 = ෍ 𝐹𝑖
Fundamental Laws
𝑑
න 𝑀 𝑑∀ = 𝑁
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝑆𝑌𝑆 Lagrangian
𝑑 𝑑 Reynold Transport
න 𝑑∀ = න 𝑑∀ + න 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝑆𝑌𝑆 𝑑𝑡 ∀𝐶𝑉 𝐴𝐶𝑉 Transformation
𝑑
Eulerian
න 𝑀 𝑑∀ + න 𝑀 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑁
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝐶𝑉 𝐴𝐶𝑉
Reynold Transport Transformation
Fundamental Laws
The Conservation of Mass:
𝑑
න 𝑑∀ = න 𝑑∀ + න 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑
Eulerian
Fundamental Laws
The Conservation of Mass:
𝑑
න 𝜌 𝑑∀ = 0
න 𝑑∀ = න 𝑑∀ + න 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑
Eulerian
න 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 0
Fundamental Laws
The Conservation of Energy:
𝑑
න 𝑑∀ = න 𝑑∀ + න 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑
Eulerian
Fundamental Laws
The Conservation of Energy:
𝑑
න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑑∀ = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ
න 𝑑∀ = න 𝑑∀ + න 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑
න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ Eulerian
Fundamental Laws
The Conservation of Momentum:
𝑑
න 𝑑∀ = න 𝑑∀ + න 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑
Eulerian
Fundamental Laws
𝑑
න 𝑉𝑖 𝜌 𝑑∀ = ෍ 𝐹ശ𝑖
න 𝑑∀ = න 𝑑∀ + න 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑
Eulerian
න 𝑉𝑖 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 𝑉𝑖 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = ෍ 𝐹ശ𝑖
Fundamental Laws: Eulerian
𝑑
Mass න 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝑑
Energy න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ
𝑑
Momentum න 𝑉𝑖 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 𝑉𝑖 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = ෍ 𝐹ശ𝑖
Fluid in Motion
Conservation of Mass
𝑑
න 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 0
Langkah penerapan
1. Tetapkan batas ruang control volume (CV). Pilih batas dimana
kecepatan V diketahui, sehingga integrasi ‫𝐴׬‬ 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 dapat
𝐶𝑉
dhitung.
Lakukan integrasi‫𝐴׬‬ 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 diseluruh permukaan ruang CV.
𝐶𝑉
𝑑
2. Lakukan integrasi ‫𝜌 ∀׬‬ 𝑑∀ didalam ruang CV
𝑑𝑡 𝐶𝑉
𝑑ℎ
𝐴3
ℎ
𝑉1 𝑉2
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑑ℎ
𝑉1 ℎ
𝑉2
𝐴1
𝐴2
1. Difine the CV
Alternative 1: the box of ABCD will not effective to be used as the CV since the V at
AB, BC, CD and DA are unknown:
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 =? න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 =?
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 =? න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 =?
𝐷𝐴 𝐶𝐷
𝑉1 D C
𝑉2
𝐴1
A B 𝐴2
1. Penetapan ruang CV
Alternatif 2: Ruang CV adalah kotak 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐹𝐺𝐻𝐽𝐾𝐿𝑀𝐴 efektif untuk dipakai karena V
disisi ABC … KLMA semuanya diketahui sehingga
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 𝑉1 . 𝑛𝑀𝐴 𝑑𝐴 = −𝑉1 𝐴1
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐴
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐴𝐺 𝑑𝐴 = 0 න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐻𝐽 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐾𝑀 𝑑𝐴 = 0

𝐴𝐺 𝐴𝐺 𝐻𝐽 𝐾𝑀
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 𝑉2 . 𝑛𝐺𝐻 𝑑𝐴 = +𝑉2 𝐴2
𝐺𝐻 𝐺𝐻
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 𝑉𝐽𝐾 . 𝑛𝐽𝐾 𝑑𝐴
𝐽𝐾 𝐽𝐾
𝑑ℎ
=න 𝜌 . 𝑛𝐽𝐾 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 K J
𝐽𝐾 M
𝑑ℎ 𝑉1 L
= 𝜌 𝐴3 I H 𝑉2
𝑑𝑡 𝐴1 B
A F G 𝐴2
C D
Alternatif 3 Ruang CV adalah kotak 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐹𝐺𝐻𝐽𝐾𝐿𝑀𝐴 efektif untuk dipakai karena V
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 𝑉1 . 𝑛𝑀𝐴 𝑑𝐴 = −𝑉1 𝐴1
𝑀𝐴 𝑀𝐴
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐴𝐺 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝐴𝐺 𝐴𝐺
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 𝑉2 . 𝑛𝐺𝐻 𝑑𝐴 = +𝑉2 𝐴2
𝐺𝐻 𝐺𝐻
න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐻𝐽 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝐻𝐽
K J
න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐽𝐾 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝐽𝐾
M
න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐾𝑀 𝑑𝐴 = 0 𝑉1 L
𝐾𝑀 I H 𝑉2
𝐴1 B
A F G 𝐴2
C D
Alternatif 4 Ruang CV adalah kotak 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻 efektif untuk dipakai karena V disisi
HABC, CD,DEFG, GH semuanya diketahui sehingga
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 𝑉1 . 𝑛𝐺𝐻 𝑑𝐴 = −𝑉1 𝐴1
𝐺𝐻 𝐺𝐻
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐻𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝐻𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐻𝐴𝐵𝐶
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 𝑉2 . 𝑛𝐶𝐷 𝑑𝐴 = +𝑉2 𝐴2
𝐶𝐷 𝐶𝐷
F E
න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺 𝑑𝐴 = 0
𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺 𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺
G
𝑉1
D 𝑉2
𝐴1 C
H 𝐴2
A B
𝑑
1. Integrasikan integrasi ‫𝜌 ׬‬
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝐶𝑉
𝑑∀ didalam ruang CV
Alternatif 1: Ruang CV adalah kotak ABCD tidak efektif untuk dipakai karena V disisi
AB, BC, CD dan DA tidak diketahui sehingga:
𝑑 𝑑∀𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
‫𝜌 ׬‬
𝑑∀ =
𝑑𝑡
=0
𝑉1 D C
𝑉2
𝐴1
A B 𝐴2
𝑑
Alternatif 2: Ruang CV adalah kotak 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐹𝐺𝐻𝐽𝐾𝐿𝑀𝐴 efektif
𝑑 𝑑∀𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐹𝐺𝐻𝐼𝐽𝐾𝐿𝑀𝐴
‫𝜌 ׬‬
𝑑∀ =
𝑑𝑡
=0
K J
M
𝑉1 L
I H 𝑉2
𝐴1 B
A F G 𝐴2
C D
𝑑
Alternatif 3 Ruang CV adalah kotak 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐹𝐺𝐻𝐽𝐾𝐿𝑀𝐴 efektif untuk dipakai karena V
𝑑 𝑑∀𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐹𝐺𝐻𝐼𝐽𝐾𝐿𝑀𝐴 𝑑 ℎ 𝐴3 𝑑ℎ
‫𝜌 ׬‬
𝑑∀ =
𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐴3
𝑑𝑡
K J
M
𝑉1 L
I H 𝑉2
𝐴1 B
A F G 𝐴2
C D
𝑑
Alternatif 4 Ruang CV adalah kotak 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹𝐺𝐻 efektif untuk dipakai karena V disisi
HABC, CD,DEFG, GH semuanya diketahui sehingga
𝑑 𝑑∀𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐹𝐺𝐻 𝑑 ℎ 𝐴3 𝑑ℎ
‫𝜌 ׬‬
𝑑∀ =
𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐴3
𝑑𝑡
F E
G
𝑉1
D 𝑉2
𝐴1 C
H 𝐴2
A B
Conservation Of Mass
Luas = A3
a l
Luas = A1 dh
c b
V1 h(t)
d e k j Q
2 h(t+dt)
h i
f g
(a) (b)
 
 dCV =   d ( A3 h )
d d d
  dCV = -   V  n dACV 
dt CV ACV
dt CV dt
Level Pool Routing
Live Storage Water Surface
elevation
inflow Dead Storage

I (t )
I (t + t )
S (t ) Water depth
S (t + t ) at the crest
outflow
Q(t )
Q(t + t )
Crest
Elevation
Average bed
elevation
Level Pool Routing
d

dt CV
( )
 d  +   V .n dA = 0
ACV
d

dt
(
+  Vi .ni Ai = 0 )
dS
+ Qi = 0
dt
dS + Qi dt = 0
dS = -Qi dt
t + t
 dS = - 
St +t
Qi dt
St t
t + t t + t

St +t
dS =  I dt - -  Q dt
St t t
t + t t + t
=Itt - Qt t
St +t
S St
Level Pool Routing
t + t t + t
=Itt - Qt t
St +t
S St
St + t - St = I ( t + t ) - t  - Q ( t + t ) - t 
St + t - St = I t - Qt
 I t + t + I t   Qt + t + Qt 
St + t - St =   t -   t
 2   2 
2St + t 2St
- = ( I t + t + I t ) - ( Qt + t + Qt )
t t
 2St + t   2 St 
 + Qt + t  =  + Qt  + ( I t + t - I t )
 t   t 
Level Pool Routing
Live Storage Water Surface
elevation
inflow Dead Storage

I (t )
I (t + t )
S (t ) Water depth
S (t + t ) at the crest
outflow
d Q(t )
- I (t ) + Qout (t ) = 0
dt Q(t + t )
 2St + t   2 St 
Crest
 + Qt + t  =  + Qt  + ( I t + t - I t ) Elevation
 t   t 
Average bed
elevation
Level Pool Routing
 2St + t   2 St 
 + Qt + t  =  + Qt  + ( I t + t - I t )
 t   t 
Calculate Known at t
Q  2S 
S  + Q 
 t 
h h h
Level Pool Routing
S
S = A(h)  h
inflow
h
Level Pool Routing
Q
h
Level Pool Routing
 2St + t   2 St 
 + Qt + t  =  + Qt  + ( I t + t - I t )
 t   t 
Calculate Known at t
Q  2S 
S  + Q 
 t 
h h h
Level Pool Routing
Q  2S 
S  + Q 
 t 
h h h
t h S Q hitung Didapat h
t=0 h0(t=0) S(h0) Q(h0) 2S(h0)/dt+Q(h0)+(I1-I0) 2S(h1)/dt+Q(h1) h1(t=1)

T=3 dst dst
Level Pool Routing: Example
Hydrologic River Routing
• The Muskingum method is a commonly used hydrologic
routing method for handling a variable discharge-storage
relationship.
Hydrologic River Routing
• KQ is the volume of prism storage and KX (I-Q) is the volume
of wedge storage, where K is a proportionality coefficient and
X is a weighting factor having the range 0 < X < 0,5.
Muskingum Method
S = KQ + KX ( I - Q )
S = K Q + XI - XQ 
S = K  XI + ( I - X ) Q 
St = K  XI t + ( I t - X ) Qt 
St + t = K  XI t + t + ( I t + t - X ) Qt + t 
Muskingum Method
St = K  XI t + ( I t - X ) Qt 
St + t = K  XI t + t + ( I t + t - X ) Qt + t 
St + t - St = K  XI t + t + ( I t + t - X ) Qt + t  - K  XI t + ( I t - X ) Qt 
Muskingum Method
St + t - St = K  XI t + t + ( I t + t - X ) Qt + t  - K  XI t + ( I t - X ) Qt 
I t + t + I t Q + Qt
St + t - St = t - t + t t
2 2
I t + t + I t Qt + t + Qt
t - t = K  XI t + t + ( I t + t - X ) Qt + t  - K  XI t + ( I t - X ) Qt 
2 2
• Change in storage:
It +t - It Q - Qt
t - t +t t = K  XIt +t + ( It +t - X ) Qt +t  - K  XI t + ( I t - X ) Qt 
2 2
• By rearrangement we get Routing equation of

Muskingum Method:
Qt +t = C1I t +t + C2 I t + C3Qt
t - 2 KX
C1 =
2 K (1 - X ) + t
t + 2 KX
C2 = 0,5t ( I t +t + I t ) - ( Q t +t +Q t ) 
2 K (1 - X ) + t K=
2 K (1 - X ) - t
X ( I t +t - I t ) + (1 - X )( Q t +t -Q t )
C3 =
2 K (1 - X ) + t
C1 + C2 + C3 = 1
Muskingum Method
Procedure:
1. Prepare Inflow I and the related outflow Q hydrographs data for
calibration to obtain K ada X.
0,5t ( I t +t + I t ) - ( Q t +t +Q t ) 
K=
X ( I t +t - I t ) + (1 - X )( Q t +t -Q t )
2. Use the obtain K ada X to generate outflow Q hydrograph for
any given Inflow I hydrograph
t - 2 KX
C1 =
2 K (1 - X ) + t
t + 2 KX
C2 =
2 K (1 - X ) + t
Qt +t = C1I t +t + C2 I t + C3Qt
2 K (1 - X ) - t
C3 =
2 K (1 - X ) + t
C1 + C2 + C3 = 1
Muskingum Method
Procedure:
0,5t ( I t +t + I t ) - ( Q t +t +Q t ) 
K=
X ( I t +t - I t ) + (1 - X )( Q t +t -Q t )
140 In…
120
100
Aliran (m3/s)
80
60
40
20
0
0 30 60 90 Waktu
120 150 180 210 240
(menit)
350 If X = 0.26 350 If X = 0.28 350

If X = 0.30
300 300 300

250 250 250
200 200
200
150 150
Storage
Storage
150
Storage
100 100
100
50 50
50
0 0
0
-50 0 50 100 -50 0 50 100
0 50 100
-50
X.I + (1-X).Q X.I + (1-X).Q
X.I + (1-X).Q
Muskingum Method
Procedure:
0,5t ( I t +t + I t ) - ( Q t +t +Q t ) 
K=
X ( I t +t - I t ) + (1 - X )( Q t +t -Q t )
2. Use the obtain K ada X to generate outflow Q hydrograph for
any given Inflow I hydrograph
t - 2 KX
C1 =
2 K (1 - X ) + t
t + 2 KX
C2 =
2 K (1 - X ) + t
Qt +t = C1I t +t + C2 I t + C3Qt
2 K (1 - X ) - t
C3 =
2 K (1 - X ) + t
C1 + C2 + C3 = 1
Home Work
Ch3:
8, 9, 17, 25, 28, 30, 33, 37,48, 52, 56, 63,64
Ch 4:
33, 34,35, 43c, 43d, 50, 74, 79, 88, 91, 93
Home Work
Home Work
Home Work
Home Work
Fluid in Motion
The Conservation of Energy
𝑑
න 𝑑∀ = න 𝑑∀ + න 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑
Eulerian
Energy per unit mass : 𝑒 = 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 + 𝑢
𝑑
න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑑∀ = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ
න 𝑑∀ = න 𝑑∀ + න 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑
න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ Eulerian
𝑑
න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 𝑒 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ
𝑑
න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 + 𝑢 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 + 𝑢 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑄ሶ − 𝑊ሶ
𝑑
න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑊ሶ
𝑑
= 𝑄ሶ − ‫𝑢 ׬‬ 𝜌 𝑑∀-‫𝐴׬‬ 𝑢 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑉
𝑑
න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑊ሶ = 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑑
න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑊ሶ
𝑑
= 𝑄ሶ − ‫𝑢 ׬‬ 𝜌 𝑑∀-‫𝐴׬‬ 𝑢 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑
𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 𝑄ሶ − ‫𝑢 ׬‬ 𝜌 𝑑∀-‫𝐴׬‬ 𝑢 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝑑

𝑑
𝐹ശ 𝐹𝑁𝑂𝑅𝑀𝐴𝐿
Externa work per unit time
𝑊ሶ = 𝐹𝐸𝐾𝑆𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑁𝐴𝐿 𝑉
𝐹𝐸𝐾𝑆𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑁𝐴𝐿 = 𝐹𝑁𝑂𝑅𝑀𝐴𝐿 + 𝐹𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 +𝐹𝑆𝐻𝐴𝐹𝑇

𝐹𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅
𝑊ሶ = 𝑊ሶ 𝑁𝑂𝑅𝑀𝐴𝐿 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐴𝐹𝑇
𝑊ሶ 𝑁𝑂𝑅𝑀𝐴𝐿 = න 𝑝 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝐴𝐶𝑉
𝑊ሶ = න 𝑝 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐴𝐹𝑇
𝐴𝐶𝑉
𝑑
𝑊ሶ = න 𝑝 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐴𝐹𝑇
𝐴𝐶𝑉
𝑑
න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 +
න 𝑝 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐴𝐹𝑇 = 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝐴𝐶𝑉
𝑑

𝐴𝐶𝑉
𝑑
𝐴𝐶𝑉
𝑑
න 𝑝 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠ሶ − 𝑊𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 − 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐴𝐹𝑇 𝐹𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅

𝐴𝐶𝑉
𝑑
න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝑑∀ +
1 2 𝑝
න 2𝑉+𝑔𝑧+ 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 +
𝐴𝐶𝑉 𝜌
= 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠ሶ − 𝑊𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 − 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐴𝐹𝑇
𝑑 1 2 1 2 𝑝
න 2𝑉 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝑑∀ + න 2
𝑉 +𝑔𝑧+ 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝐶𝑉 𝐴𝐶𝑉 𝜌
𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠ሶ − 𝑊𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 − 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐴𝐹𝑇
𝑑 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑝
න + 𝑧 𝑑∀ + න +𝑧+ 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝐶𝑉 2𝑔 𝐴𝐶𝑉 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔
V2  V2 p 
d


dt CV  2 g
+ z 

d  + ACV

 2g
+ z + 
g 
( )
V .n dA =
(elosses - WSHEAR - WSHAFT )

0
V2  V2 p 
d


dt CV  2 g
+ z  d +  
 ACV
 2g
+z+ 
g 
( )
V .n dA =
0 0 0
V2 p 
( )
ACV  2 g + z +  g   V .n dA =0
V2 p 

 2g
+z+
g 
( )
  V .n ACV dA =0
1 2
V2 p 

 2g
+z+
g 
( )
  V .n ACV dA =0
 V12 p1   V22 p2 

 2g
+ z1 +
g 
( )
  V1.n A1 dA + 
 2g
+ z2 +
g 
( )
  V2 .n A2 dA = 0
 V12 p1   V22 p2 
 + z1 +   ( -V1 A1 ) +  + z2 +   ( -V2 A2 ) = 0
 2g g   2g g 
 V12 p1   V22 p2 
 + z1 + Q - + z2 + Q = 0
 2g g   2g g 
 V12 p1   V22 p2 
 + z1 + - + z2 + = 0
 2g  g   2g g 
1 2
0
V2  V2 p 
d


dt CV  2 g
+ z   d +  
 ACV
 2g
+z+ 
g 
( )
 V .n dA =
0 0 0
V2 p 
( )
ACV  2 g + z +  g   V .n dA =0
z = surface
V2 p 

z =0

 2g
+z+
g 
( )
  V .n dz = 0
V2 p 
( )
ACV  2 g + z +  g   V .n dA =0
z = surface
V2 p 

z =0

 2g
+z+
g 
( )
  V .n dz = 0
V p  V2 p 
zF zC
( ) ( )
2
z  2 g + z +  g   V .n dz + z  2 g + z +  g   V .n dz = 0
A B
V2 p  V2 p 
zF z
( ) ( )
C
z  2 g + z +  g   V .n dz + z  2 g + z +  g   V .n dz = 0
A B
zF
 VAF    zC
 VBC  p 
( ) ( )
2 2
p
z  2 g +  z +  g    V .n dz + z  2 g +  z +  g    V .n dz = 0
A B
zF
 VAF  p 
zC
 VBC  p 
( ) ( )
2 2
z  2 g +  z +  g    V .n dz + z  2 g +  z +  g    V .n dz = 0
A B
 VAF   VBC 
zF z
( ) ( )
2 C 2
z  2 g + zF   V .n dz + z  2 g + zC   V .n dz = 0
A B
 VAF
2
  VBC2

- + zF   q +  + zC   q = 0
 2g   2g 
 VAF
2
  VBC2

- + zF  +  + zC  = 0
 2g   2g 
 VAF
2
  VBC2

 + zF  =  + zC 
 2g   2g 
V2
 V 2


AF
+ zF  = BC
+ zC 
 2g   2g 
The
0
Conservation of Energy
V2  V2 p 
d


dt CV  2 g
+ z   d +  
 ACV
 2g
+z+ 
g 
( )
 V .n dA =
0
(e - WSHEAR - WSHAFT )
0 0
losses
 V12 p1   V22 p2 
 + z + -
  + z + = 0  VAF
2
  VBC 2

 2g
1
 g   2g
2
g   + z F  =  + z C 
 2 g   2 g 
1 2
𝑑 𝑉2 𝑉2 𝑝
න + 𝑧 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න +𝑧+ 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 =
𝑑𝑡 ∀𝐶𝑉 2𝑔 𝐴𝐶𝑉 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔
 V12 p1   V22 p2 
 + z1 + - + z2 + = 0
 2g  g   2g g 
 V12 p1   V32 p3 
 + z1 + - + z3 + = 0
 2g  g   2g g 
0
V2  V2 p 
d
dt CV

 2g
+ z   d +  
 ACV
 2g
+z+ ( )
  V .n dA =
g 
 V12 p1   V22 p2 
 AV
1 1 + z +  -  1 1
AV + z +  + WSHEAR = WSHAFT
 2g
1
g   2g
2
g 
0
V2  V2 p 
d
dt CV

 2g
+ z   d +  
 ACV
 2g
+z+ ( )
  V .n dA =
g 
(e losses - WSHEAR - WSHAFT )
 V12 p1   V22 p2 
 AV
1 1 + z +  -  1 1
AV + z +  = WSHAFT
 2g
1
g   2g
2
g 
 V12 V22   p1   p2  
 gQ  -  +  z1 +  -  gz2 +   = WSHAFT
 2 2       
 V12 V22   p1   p2  
 -    z1 +  -  z2 + 
 2 g 2 g    g    g   gQH = WSHAFT
 p1   p2 
H =  z1 +  -  z2 + 
  g    g 
WSHAFT =  QH
Energy PLTA
H
ead (𝑚)
𝑚3
Debit ( )
𝑑𝑒𝑡
𝑊=𝜂𝛾𝑄𝐻
Energi (Power) dalam satuan daya
(watt)
Efisiensi jenis dan instalasi turbin
Berat jenis air

𝑡𝑜𝑛
( 3)
𝑚
Efisiensi
Efisiensi
Efisiensi
H
ead (𝑚)
𝑚3
Debit ( )
𝑑𝑒𝑡
Energi (power) dalam satuan daya
(watt)
Berat jenis air

𝑡𝑜𝑛
( 3)
𝑚
Tipikal Jenis Turbin Air Berdasarkan 𝑸 vs 𝑯
H
ead (𝑚)
𝑚3
Debit ( )
𝑑𝑒𝑡
Energi (Power) dalam satuan daya
(watt)
Berat jenis air

𝑡𝑜𝑛
( 3)
𝑚
Tipikal Jenis Turbin Air Berdasarkan Spesific Speed 𝑁𝑆
Nilai specific speed turbin.
𝑛 𝑃
𝑁𝑠 = (m-kW)
𝐻 5/4
𝑁𝑠 = kecepatan spesifik (m-kW)
𝑛 = putaran dalam rpm
𝑃 = daya keluaran turbin = 𝜂 𝑇 𝑔𝑄𝐻 (kW)
𝐻 = tinggi jatuh (head) (m)
𝑄 = kapasitas aliran (m3/s)
H
ead (𝑚)
𝑚3
Debit ( )
𝑑𝑒𝑡
Berat jenis air

𝑡𝑜𝑛
( 3)
𝑚
H
ead (𝑚)
𝑚3
Debit ( )
𝑑𝑒𝑡
Berat jenis air

𝑡𝑜𝑛 Turbin Pikohidro,
( 3)
𝑚 1 – 5 kW)
135
Sumber : (Penche & Minas, 1998)
Pico Hydroelectric Power Plant
Klasifikasi Turbin Air Kapasitas Daya
H
ead (𝑚) Type Capacity Typical
𝑚3
Debit ( ) Pico-Hydro 100 W – 5 kW Remote community
𝑑𝑒𝑡
Micro- Small community or

𝑊=𝜂𝛾𝑄𝐻 5 – 100kW
Hydro remote industry
Mini-Hydro 100 – 1000kW Grid or isolated industry

Small-
1 – 15 MW Feeding a grid
Berat jenis air Hydro
𝑡𝑜𝑛
( 3) Medium-
𝑚
15 – 100 MW Feeding a grid
Hydro
Large- Feeding large electricity

> 100 MW
Hydro grid
Identifikasi 𝑯
H
ead (𝑚)
𝑚3
Debit ( )
𝑑𝑒𝑡
Berat jenis air

𝑡𝑜𝑛
( 3)
𝑚
H
ead (𝑚)
𝑚3
Debit ( )
𝑑𝑒𝑡
Berat jenis air

Identifikasi Potensi Head
𝑡𝑜𝑛
( 3)
𝑚 Aliran Air Permukaan
Identifikasi 𝑯
H
ead (𝑚)
𝑚3
Debit ( )
𝑑𝑒𝑡
Berat jenis air

𝑡𝑜𝑛
( 3)
𝑚
Identifikasi 𝑯
H
ead (𝑚)
𝑚3
Debit ( )
𝑑𝑒𝑡
Berat jenis air

𝑡𝑜𝑛
( 3)
𝑚
Identifikasi 𝑯
Surveying Topography
H
ead (𝑚)
𝑚3
Debit (
𝑑𝑒𝑡
) Eksisting Peta Kontur
Google Earth
Berat jenis air

𝑡𝑜𝑛
( 3)
𝑚
Mengolah Digital Elevation Map
(DEM) secara GIS
Identifikasi 𝑯 dengan memakai Peta Kontur
Identifikasi 𝑯 dengan memakai Google Earth
Identifikasi 𝑯 dengan mengolah Digital Elevation Map (DEM) secara GIS
Angke
Cisadan
e
Peta DEM Cisadane, Angke dan

sekitar
Peta DAS
Sumber : webGIS kehutanan
http://appgis.dephut.go.id/appgis/download.aspx
Mengolah DigitalElevation Map (DEM) secara GIS

Sumber : https://remotepixel.ca/projects/srtm1arc-gl.html#5.87/41.369/-5.070/-1.2
Daerah Bergunung
Peta DEM Cisadane
Daerah berbukit
Daerah Datar
Daerah Datar
Identifikasi 𝑯 dengan mengolah Digital Elevation
Stream Grid
Map (DEM) secara GIS
Stream Definition Grid (Zoom)
Catchment Grid Raw Catchment Adjoint Catchent

Wilayah Studi DAS dan subDAS Angke Sungai dengan Alur Terpanjang di SubDAS Basin Centroid
Peta Hasil
Head: Head untuk PLTA Piko-Mikro
Head: Identifikasi Tipikal Mini-Large
Identifikasi
Peta
Kontur
Geologi
Digital Elevation Peta Topografi

Map
Survey Survei
Potensi H
Topografi Geologi
Penetapan Lokasi:
• Power House
• Penstock • Daya Dukung
• Surge Tank • Stabilitas Tebing
• Material
• Dam & Waduk

• Akses
• dll
Head: Head untuk PLTA Piko-Mikro
Identifikasi
Peta
Kontur
Geologi
Digital Elevation Peta Topografi

Map
Survey Survei
Potensi H
Topografi Geologi
Penetapan Lokasi:
• Power House
• Penstock • Daya Dukung
• Surge Tank • Stabilitas Tebing
• Material
• Dam & Waduk

• Akses
• dll
Ketersediaan aliran 𝑄
Baseflow dari Simpanan Air Tanah GW yang menyeimbangkan

aliran musim kemarau dan dimusim penghujan

Pengukuran Debit
• Ketersediaan aliran 𝑄
• Perkiraan secara hidrologis
• Perkiraan secara hidrolika
• Pengukuran 𝑄 sungai memakai current meter
• Pengukuran 𝑄 memakai bangunan ukur
• Pendugaan memakai tracer
• Pendugaan 𝑄 memakai pelampung
• Pendugaan 𝑄 memakai pendulum
Fluid in Motion
Conservation of Momentum
𝑑
d

dt SYS
d
dt CV
( )
d  =  d  +  V .n dA
ACV
Reynold Transport
Transformation
𝑑
Eulerian
d
 Vi  d  =  Fi Lagrangian

dt SYS i
d  =  d  +  (V .n ) dA
d d

dt SYS dt CV ACV
Reynold Transport
Transformation
d
 ( )
Vi  d  +  Vi  V .n dA =  Fi
Eulerian

dt CV ACV
i
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
𝑑
excercise
excercise
excercise
excercise
excercise
excercise
Differential form
Integral form
d

dt CV
( )
 d  -   V .n dA = 0
ACV
Differential form
D
-  .V = 0
Dt
Differential form: Conservation of Mass
Integral form
d

dt CV
( )
 d  -   V .n dA = 0
ACV
d

dt CV
( )
 d  =   V .n dA
ACV
dm
= mIN - mOUT
dt
dm
= mIN - mOUT
dt
 ( x, y , z , t )
   
D = dx + dy + dz + dt
x y z t
D  dx  dy  dz  dt
= + + +
x dt y dt z dt t dt
Dt
D  u v w 
D     + + + =0
= u+ v+ w+ Dt  x y z 
Dt x y z t
D
+  .V = 0
Dt
Differential form
Integral form
d

dt CV ACV
( )
 Vi d  +   Vi V .n dA =  Fi
i
Differential form
D
 = -p +  g + 2 .V Navier-Stoke
Dt
D
 = -. p -  g Euler, neglecting the viscosity µ
Dt
Differential form: Conservation of Momentum
d
( )
i Fi = dt CV  Vi d  + ACV  Vi V .n dA
d
( )
i Fi = dt CV  Vi d  + ACV  Vi V .n dA
DV
 =  ij +  gi
Dt
  xx  xy  xz 
 
 ij =   yx  yy  yz 
  zx  zy  zz 
 
 p  xy  xz 
 
 xx =  yy =  zz = p  ij =  yx p  yz 
  zx  zy p 
 
 p 0 0   0  xy  xz 
 
Incompressible  ij =  0 p 0  +  yx 0  yz 
newtonian fluid  0 0 p   
   zx  zy 0 
 du du 
 0   
dy dz
 p 0 0  
Vi    dv dv 
 ij =   ij =  0 p 0  +   0  
x j  0 0 p 
   dw
dx dz

0 
dw
  dx  dy
 
 du du 
 0 dy dz 
 p 0 0  
 dv dv 
 ij =  0 p 0  +  
 0 0 p 
dx
0
dz 

 ij = p +  .V
   dw dw 0 
 dx dy 
 
DV
 =  ij +  gi
Dt DV
 =  ( p +  .V ) +  gi
Dt
 ij = p +  .V DV
 = p +   2 .V +  gi
Dt
DV
 =  ij +  gi
Dt
DV
 ij = p +  .V  =  ( p + 0 .V ) +  gi
Dt
Euler’s :  = 0 
DV
= p +  g i
Dt
Differential form: Conservation of Energy

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Fluid Mechanics

herr soeryantono Ph.D.,

Dr. dwinanti r.m.,

Static pressure Velocity pressure

Static pressure Velocity pressure

Static pressure Velocity pressure

2. Eulerian: Velocity is property of (belong to) a point in

Si (t) is a trajectory function

and use it as the trajectory

Might not the best choice for fluids

m is mass and is volume

V is flux of fluid velocity vector field

V is property of point in the space at time t.

Analysis space domain is refered as control volume.

𝑣Ԧ𝒙 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = 𝑥 𝑣Ԧ𝒚 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡 = −𝑦𝑡

Trajectory function Flow field flux

Trajectory function Flow field flux

Trajectory function Flow field flux

Flow field ul( 10 , t)

Trajectory function Flow field flux

Trajectory function Flow field flux

Trajectory function Flow field flux

Trajectory function Flow field flux

Trajectory function Flow field flux

Trajectory function Flow field flux

Trajectory function Flow field flux

Average daily rainfall, 𝑅 = 30 𝑚𝑚

Average daily rainfall, 𝑅 = 30 𝑚𝑚

Ground water flow 𝑞 = 25 𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑖

Ground water flow 𝑞 = 25 𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑖

𝑽(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)Ԧ𝒊 + 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡)Ԧ𝒋

Substantial derivative atau

න 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐴𝐺 𝑑𝐴 = 0 න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐻𝐽 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌 0. 𝑛𝐾𝑀 𝑑𝐴 = 0

inflow Dead Storage

inflow Dead Storage

t=1 h1(t=1) S(h1) Q(h1) 2S(h1)/dt+Q(h1)+(I2-I1) 2S(h2)/dt+Q(h2) h2(t=2)

• By rearrangement we get Routing equation of

350 If X = 0.26 350 If X = 0.28 350

300 300 300

න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝜌 𝑑∀ + න 12𝑉 2 + 𝑔 𝑧 𝜌 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑊ሶ = 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

𝐹𝐸𝐾𝑆𝑇𝐸𝑅𝑁𝐴𝐿 = 𝐹𝑁𝑂𝑅𝑀𝐴𝐿 + 𝐹𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 +𝐹𝑆𝐻𝐴𝐹𝑇

න 𝑝 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 + 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐴𝐹𝑇 = 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

න 𝑝 𝑉. 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠ሶ − 𝑊𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅 − 𝑊ሶ 𝑆𝐻𝐴𝐹𝑇 𝐹𝑆𝐻𝐸𝐴𝑅

(elosses - WSHEAR - WSHAFT )

Berat jenis air

Berat jenis air

Berat jenis air

Efisiensi jenis dan instalasi turbin

Berat jenis air

Efisiensi jenis dan instalasi turbin

Berat jenis air

Micro- Small community or

Mini-Hydro 100 – 1000kW Grid or isolated industry

Large- Feeding large electricity

Efisiensi jenis dan instalasi turbin

Berat jenis air

Efisiensi jenis dan instalasi turbin

Berat jenis air

Efisiensi jenis dan instalasi turbin

Berat jenis air

Efisiensi jenis dan instalasi turbin

Berat jenis air

Berat jenis air