326 IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 9, NO.

2, JUNE 2015

RFID-Based Automatic Scoring System for

Physical Fitness Testing
Sekyoung Youm, Yongwoong Jeon, Seung-Hun Park, and Weimo Zhu

Abstract—The purpose of this paper was to develop a radio-

frequency identification (RFID)-based autoscoring system for the
Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER)
and 6-min walk tests, which are two popular aerobic fitness tests.
RFID is a commonly used technology for tracking and tracing,
and is replacing the barcode in various industries. However, its
measurement advantages have not yet been taken up in the field of
physical fitness testing, in which human errors often occur due to
the difficulty in tracking and scoring test takers simultaneously.
An RFID-based automatic scoring system can eliminate errors
by automatic tracking and scoring. A preliminary system was
developed for the PACER and 6-min walk test scoring, and it
was evaluated during pilot testing. The RFID-based system is a Fig. 1. PACER test and the 6-min walk test.
successful example of the application of RFID technology to the
field of physical fitness testing, showing great potential in physical
fitness and activity tracking and scoring. The proposed system Since RFID technology was first used for military purposes
enables the mass testing of many students or examinees accurately,
and it could significantly reduce the burden of test administers. during World War II, there have been many efforts to apply it in
This system also has great potential to extend into the physical many industries. Despite these efforts, many government pilot
activity monitoring and promotion area. programs have yet to be effective, and many businesses are still
Index Terms—Automatic scoring systems, Progressive Aerobic trying to find a profitable business model using RFID [4]. As
Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test, radio-frequency one of many possible applications, the field of physical fitness
identification (RFID) technology, six-min walk test. testing makes good use of RFID technology and can apply it
widely in a short period.
Aerobic capacity is one of the most important areas of any
I. I NTRODUCTION
fitness program [5]–[8]. Maximum oxygen uptake capacity

R ADIO-FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) tech-

nology is one of the most popular technologies for track-
ing and tracing, whereby a person or an object is identified
using RF transmission using a special kind of sensor network.
Unlike a barcode system, RFID can recognize many tags simul-
taneously and quickly since RFID tags do not need to be phys-
ically read [1], [2]. Therefore, RFID technology can enable the
ubiquitous deployment of wireless devices that have virtually
unlimited lifetimes without incurring management costs [3].
Manuscript received June 26, 2012; revised December 23, 2012; accepted
August 9, 2013. Date of publication February 7, 2014; date of current version
May 22, 2015. This work was supported by the Ministry of Culture, Sports
and Tourism (MCST), Korea, under the Sports Industry Technology (SIT)
R&D program supervised by the Korea Sports Promotion Foundation (KSPO)
(Grant APP01201204112008).
S. Youm is with Dongguk University, Seoul 100-715, Korea (e-mail:
sekyoungyoum@gmail.com).
Y. Jeon is with the Bureau of HT R&D Planning and Budget Management,
The Korea Health Industry Development Institute, Seoul 156-800, Korea
(e-mail: ywjeon@khidi.or.kr).
S.-H. Park is with the Korea Institute for Educational Policy, Seoul 137-900,
Korea, and also with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyunghee
University, Yongin 446-701, Korea (e-mail: parkshkhu@gmail.com).
W. Zhu is with the Department of Kinesiology and Community Health,
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820 USA
(e-mail: weimozhu@illinois.edu).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/JSYST.2013.2279570
1932-8184 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
(VO2max) measured during a stress test is considered the
criterion measurement of aerobic capacity, but it cannot be used
for mass testing as it is too expensive and time consuming.
Rather, a field test is used as a viable substitute in practice.
The Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run
(PACER) and 6-min walk tests are two good examples of
aerobic tests, in which up to a dozen students or test takers can
be tested simultaneously. While these tests have been shown to
be valid, reliable, and practical, scoring many test takers at the
same time can be a challenge and can generate certain scoring
errors. The scoring subjectivity challenges are as follows:
1) considerable time and labor are wasted;
2) human errors are likely to be high in score recording;
3) the aerobic capacities of examinees are misestimated;
4) a high level of concentration is required of the testers;
5) data management is difficult.
As shown in Fig. 1, one tester must observe many subjects
when performing a PACER test. Individual score sheets, as
shown in Fig. 2, should be filled out simultaneously for testing.
Because it is difficult for the tester to observe every subject and
fill out the score sheets with the results of each lap in real time,
the accuracy of the information may be poor.
Fortunately, these challenges and limitations can be elimi-
nated by employing RFID technology.
YOUM et al.: RFID-BASED AUTOSCORING SYSTEM FOR PHYSICAL FITNESS TESTING
Fig. 2. PACER individual score sheet.
The purpose of this paper is therefore to develop an RFID-
based autoscoring system for the PACER and 6-min walk tests,
which are two commonly used tests for assessing aerobic ca-
pacity in schools and clinical and community settings. By using
the system developed from this paper, the time and cost spent
on aerobic capacity testing can be minimized, and the system
can mitigate the stress and labor of the tester during testing. In
addition, the system can minimize possible human errors during
score recording; therefore, accurate aerobic capacity tests can
be performed free of concern about erroneous scoring.
In Section II, previous researches on RFID technology and
some sport applications are reviewed. In Section III, an RFID-
based automatic scoring system for a physical fitness test is pro-
posed. In Section IV, the developed system and pilot testing are
introduced. Finally, a summary and some concluding remarks
are presented in Section V.
II. R ECENT R ESEARCH P ROGRESS
A. Introduction of RFID
RFID uses a smart tag capable of transmitting data by radio.
RFID technology has two major areas of application: The
first concerns handheld noncontact IC cards for pay phones,
commuter rail passes, etc., and the second concerns the field
of supply chain management, in which RFID tags are used to
manage the flow of products during physical distribution and
are attached to containers, pallets, or products. RFID tags may
be categorized into two types, i.e., passive and active, depend-
ing on the presence or lack of a battery [9]. While an active tag
relies on an internal battery for power, a passive tag uses the
electromagnetic energy which receives from a RFID reader.
327
Fig. 3. RFID system.
RFID is an automatic identification method that relies on
storing and remotely retrieving data using RFID tags or
transponders, as shown in Fig. 3 [10], [11]. A passive RFID
transponder is composed of a transponder chip and an antenna
in a compact package [12]. An RFID system consists of three
parts, a tag, a reader, and applications (e.g., middleware and
servers), and is connected to a wire/wireless communication
network [13].
Recently, several interesting approaches have emerged in
which the batteryless feature of passive RFID technology has
been adopted in a variety of other compelling applications,
rather than as an alternative to barcodes [3]. An RFID tag
is more effective than a barcode system in tracking due to
its unique features, such as reading distance, durability, and
storage capability [14]. In Fig. 3, the RF reader sends out a
signal via an RF. The tag is tuned to the reader’s RF, and the
reader receives the signal with an antenna after the tag transmits
its data.
The reader receives the tag’s signal with its antenna. The
antennas are used for sending and receiving radio signals, and a
transceiver and a processor are used to encode and decode data
[15]. There are various types of readers. Readers also provide
power to passive tags by transmitting an energy field to wake up
passive tags, thus powering chips and enabling them to transmit
and store data [16]. Finally, the reader transfers the data to
the information system, which shows the information on the
screen. The application consists of middleware, a server, and a
computer. The data is processed, stored, and displayed by this
application.
Unlike a barcode system, with which we are very familiar
in our daily life, RFID can quickly recognize many tags at the
same time since RFID tags do not need to be physically read
[1], [2]. RFID information is more specific to an individual
item. An RFID can be read from a distance, which means
tags are scanned easily. Furthermore, it can be read through
paper, fabric, and other materials, except metal, and can store
hundreds or thousands of bytes of information. Due to these
advantages, RFID technology is replacing barcodes in various
industries.
B. Applications in Sports
RFID Sports Scoring System: RFID technology has, in fact,
been utilized by the sporting world, and a number of interesting
applications have been developed. For example, the IPICO
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Fig. 4. IPICO sports scoring system.
Fig. 5. RFID chip in a ball.
sports timing system (see Fig. 4) has been proven to work flaw-
lessly in timing over 6100 runners during extremely adverse
weather conditions on a loop course. The IPICO system was
utilized for the marathons at the 2012 London Olympic Games.
This system offers the latest technology in timing and tracking
solutions, i.e., from tags, mats, readers, and software to a variety
of real-time communication options [17]. This system was used
in passive tags, which are light and cheap.
A similar sports scoring system has been developed for
skiers and utilized in Sweden’s Vasaloppet cross-country skiing
competition, which has as many as 15 800 participants. Every
skier has an attached RFID tag, enabling an electronic reading
of their time as they pass through various checkpoints. In 2004,
Vasaloppet’s official website received nearly 19 million hits on
the race day alone [18].
RFID Tags in Balls and Player Shin Pads: Using RFID
tags, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute have developed a
wireless ball and player location system that can immediately
tell referees and game analysts where the soccer ball or striker
is at any point in time. The chips, which are implanted in
balls and player shin pads, read their position up to 2000 times
per second. The data are collected by antennas placed around
the field and sent to a central computer, which processes the
statistical information, as shown in Fig. 5 [19].
Another ball-tracking application is a golf-ball-tracking sys-
tem. One of the biggest problems golfers face is searching
for their balls after their shots have gone awry. This problem
was solved by having golf balls embedded with RFID chips.
This system helps in tracking balls when they are lost during
play. Not only does it save money, but it also speeds up the
game. A handheld device helps in tracking these RFID balls to
IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 9, NO. 2, JUNE 2015
Fig. 6. CASIO Fitness wristbands with an RFID chip and a PDA with an
RFID reader.
within a range of 10–30 m [20]. The majority of ball-tracking
applications use an active tag, which is heavy and expensive.
RFID-Enabled Fitness Wristbands: To monitor a workout,
Casio has developed rubber wristbands that can track a workout
during a training session, as shown in Fig. 6. Each wristband
contains an RFID chip filled with the wearer’s information.
When the wearer steps up to a workout machine, his or her at-
tached personal digital assistant (PDA) begins to read the RFID
information, and the workout machine begins a personalized
training session. In addition to being able to control the training
sessions, the wristbands can also check in/out, track member
activities, monitor attendance, alert staff to emergencies, and
even act as a form of payment [21]. This system uses a
passive tag.
However, existing autoscoring systems are unable to estimate
VO2max or exercise ability; they can only check the score. In
addition, there are still many difficulties with commercializing
the RFID ball-tracking system.
C. Aerobic Capacity Testing
Aerobic capacity is one of the most important areas of any
fitness program [5]–[8]. The 1-mi run/walk, PACER, and step
tests are just a few examples of these field tests, of which the
PACER and 6-min walk tests are the most commonly used.
PACER is a multistage fitness test adapted from the 20-m
shuttle run test developed by Leger and Lamber in 1982
and revised in 1988 [22], [23]. Currently, it is one of the
major aerobic field tests employed in FITNESSGRAM®,
which is a health-related fitness testing and education program.
FITNESSGRAM® includes health-related tests recommended
by the National Association for Sport and Physical Education
and the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education,
Recreation and Dance, and is used in state-mandated fitness
testing in California, New York, Texas, and South Carolina.
Because it requires less space and is fun to administer, PACER
has been embraced by physical educators. The validity and
reliability of PACER are also well established and described
in the research literature [24]–[26].
Walk tests are an alternative method of estimating aerobic
fitness, and may be preferable in some situations and for certain
populations. The 6-min walk test is the most popular one used
in practice, particularly for adults [27], the elderly [28], and
clinical populations [29]. For example, the 6-min walk test is
YOUM et al.: RFID-BASED AUTOSCORING SYSTEM FOR PHYSICAL FITNESS TESTING
Fig. 7. Concept of RFID-based autoscoring system.
a part of the Senior Fitness Test [30], which is a well-known
physical fitness test for older adults. The validity and reliability
of the 6-min walk test have also been well established and
described [31].
III. RFID-BASED AUTOSCORING S YSTEM FOR PACER
AND 6-M IN WALK T EST
A. Concept of RFID-Based Autoscoring System
The scoring of the PACER and 6-min walk tests can be a
challenge due to the high degree of subjectivity involved. For
example, the tester judges whether the test taker has succeeded
in the task. In PACER, the scorer records the first lap in which
the student does not reach the line and lets out a beep; the test
stops at the next beep when the student fails to cross the line
again, with the number of laps the student did complete being
the final score. Thus, one tester/observer is needed for each
student tested. If the tester administers the PACER test to ten
people, the tester should record the data on ten sheets. However,
it is difficult for the tester to note down all scores at the
same time. Similarly, in the 6-min walk, a tester has to record
the distance (often a set lap) that an examinee has completed
within a fixed testing area. Although the measurement of 6-min
walking test is easier than PACER test, the tester/observer has to
carefully record the distances completed in order to accurately
estimate the examinees’ aerobic capacity. Due to the subjective
nature of scoring in these tests, human errors will likely be high
in score recording, which may result in a misestimation of the
examinees’ aerobic capacity.
To resolve the many problems occurring in physical fitness
testing, we have proposed the RFID-based autoscoring system
shown in Fig. 7.
In this paper, we used two RFID readers, which can be
connected with a maximum of four antennas each. The reader
range is about 2–3 m, which can be controlled by increasing
the number of antennas, as shown in Fig. 7. The square in the
figure is the running space for the PACER test. People with tags
attached to them test the automatic scoring of the PACER and
6-min walk tests.
In Fig. 8, when the runner’s attached RFID tag arrives at the
finish line, the antenna can read the tag’s information through
329
Fig. 8. RFID-based autoscoring system for PACER.
Fig. 9. RFID-based autoscoring system for the 6-min walk test.
the RF channel automatically. Each antenna has a unique num-
ber, and the tag can be recognized by the reader as the runners
arrive at the antenna.
The PACER test has 21 levels and a total of 239 shuttle laps.
The running time for each level ranges from 9 to 4 s. These
runs are synchronized with a prerecorded audio tape or compact
disk, which emits beeps at set intervals (see Wikipedia, http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacer_Test#Calculations). This system
determines whether the runner succeeds in each shuttle lap.
Fig. 9 shows the 6-min walk test. The track and the system
for this test can test many people at the same time. In addition,
the RFID system can track the walkers even if they start at a
different point (under the RFID reader) on the track.
The records are sent to the information system, which can
then calculate the score in real time. The types of collectable
data are the subject’s identification, the antenna’s identification
number, the lap time (start point and finish point), the number
of laps completed, the running distance, etc. Along with other
entered information (e.g., age, gender, height, and weight),
this system can calculate the related scores, e.g., estimated
VO2max. The prediction equations of the PACER and 6-min
walk tests are as follows [10].
The prediction equation for PACER test is
VO2 max = −3.238(Max. Speed) − 3.248 (Age)
+ 0.1536 (Max. Speed ∗ Age) + 31.025 (1)
where Max. Speed is the speed of the latest success.
The prediction equation for the walk test is
VO2 max = −3.877(Max Speed) + 6.315(Gender)
− 0.0769(Weight) − 3.2649(Time) − 0.1565(bpm) (2)
where bpm is beats per minute.
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Fig. 10. System architecture for the PACER and 6-min walk tests.
B. System Design and Implementation
For the PACER and 6-min walk tests, this paper utilized
RFID middleware that observes Electronic Product Code (EPC)
global standards and developed a capturing application that
stores the tag ID, time, and location information from the
middleware in a database.
The user program consists of three parts: registration,
PACER test, and Walk/Run test. The user program consists
of three parts: registration, PACER test, and Walk/Run test. A
graphic user interface (see Fig. 10) was put together to store the
user’s identification information and to show the test results.
RFID Middleware. The RFID middleware is middleware that
follows the standards of Application Level Events [32],
[33]. The user can customize the data reader in the ECSpec
format, and start/stop specifications and grouping/filtering
of TagID. In a specified reporting format, RFID middle-
ware can transfer data to the capturing application.
Capturing Application. When the user registers ECSpec, the
middleware works based on ECSpec and reports the rel-
evant information in the user-specified ECReport format.
The capturing application plays the role of a repository
in which the time, TagID, and logical reader ID from the
middleware are stored [34].
Repository. The repository is a database that stores user infor-
mation and test results. The information stored includes
user name, age, weight, and TagID, as well as the Pacer
and 6-min walk tests (see Table I).
IV. D EVELOPMENT AND P ILOT T EST
A user program is an item of software that a user can use
to register his/her information and to check the results of the
PACER and 6-min walk tests. The program was written in the
Java computer language named Eclipse Rich Client Platform
(RCP) [35].
This system consists of three tabs, i.e., registration, a PACER
test, and a walk/run test. The illustration in the top-left side
of Fig. 11 shows the registration of user information and the
issuance of tags. Users can register their information to predict
their VO2max, since gender, age, height, and weight have to
be used to calculate VO2max (1). After registering the user’s
IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 9, NO. 2, JUNE 2015
TABLE I
C OMPONENTS OF S OFTWARE
information, this system issues a tag in order to use the main
functions of the system. The user can be registered or deleted
using the buttons on the right side. This information is saved
in an Excel file and can be recalled. After registering the
information and issuing a tag, the tester can select the tab for
a PACER test or run/walk test.
When the tester selects a PACER or walk/run test, the system
is ready to start the selected test, as shown in the top-right
side of Fig. 11. In this screenshot, the tester can see how
many examinees are ready for the testing. The ongoing test
is displayed in real time, as shown in the bottom-left side of
Fig. 11. When all the tests have been completed, the system
shows the results, which are saved.
In the pilot test of this system, we used a Mercury 4 reader,
which is a multiprotocol reader designed for Gen2 and has
the highest performance RFID capability. To collect an object
event, determining the data scope is first required. The required
data are the electric product code (EPC), the antenna number
(Antenna ID), the record of the first seen time (FirstSeenTimes-
tampUTC), the record of the last seen time (LastSeenTimes-
tampUTC), and the number of counted tags (TagCount) [36].
EPC is a kind of metacoding system that identifies a product by
giving it a unique serial number. Table II shows the results of a
query for an object event. When EPC is shown, it means that an
object event, which includes information on a product’s unique
ID, observed time, and observed location, has occurred.
Table III shows the RFID data. In the second column, the
range from the first to the 24th digit represents the ID, the range
from the 25th to the 26th digit represents the antenna number,
and the range from the 27th to the 40th digit represents the
reading time, i.e., 2008/08/12, 12:14:335. This coding system
is different from that of the reader provider.
Eight examinees (four males and four females) participated
in this pilot test (UIUC IRB Protocol Number: 09527). Be-
cause of the sensitivity of the RFID readers, the pilot test
was conducted in the gym (at the ARENA in the University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA). The test
environment was set up to be the same as the actual test.
The PACER test consists of 21 levels, of which only Levels 1
(seven shuttles) and 2 (eight shuttles) were accomplished. The
YOUM et al.: RFID-BASED AUTOSCORING SYSTEM FOR PHYSICAL FITNESS TESTING 331

Fig. 11. RFID-based autoscoring system screen shots. (a) Registration and tag issuance. (b) PACER test. (c) Records of the PACER test. (d) Records of the
walk/run test.

TABLE II
R ESULTS OF A Q UERY FOR AN O BJECT E VENT

recognition percentage for 100 and 20 records is 100%. All than the predetermined time. Therefore, this system needs a
examinees had to finish each shuttle in Level 2 within 8.5 s. This definition of the range for a successful time, which should be
system recognizes the record as a fail if the read time is longer addressed in future studies.
332
TABLE III
DATA F ROM THE RFID AUTOSCORING S YSTEM FOR THE PACER T EST
To evaluate the proposed system, we introduced our system
to three physical education teachers who have abundant expe-
rience in fitness testing. The experts discussed the accuracy of
the results, the ease of use, and the propriety of introducing this
system. The expertise evaluated that the mass testing of many
students or examinees accurately using the PACER or 6-min
walk test will become possible, e.g., millions of children and
youth in the U.S. were tested using this test; because of the
subjectivity involved in the scoring of PACER (e.g., recording
and remembering if one of the 20–30 students being tested
has failed twice to complete a lap by the timed beep), the
scoring error could be considerable, and the mental demands on
the test administrators could be very high. The system should
also significantly reduce the burden of test administrators. The
scoring and evaluation of most physical fitness and perfor-
mance tests are still done using old-fashioned methods (e.g., by
IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 9, NO. 2, JUNE 2015
recording the time by stopwatch and evaluating the result later
according to the published norms or criteria), which makes test
administration very inefficient. The proposed RFID autoscoring
system can help address these challenges. This system also has
great potential for extension to the physical activity monitoring
and promotion area. Its autoscoring and evaluation features will
allow the system to be applied to physical fitness and perfor-
mance assessment/testing in many other fields. The proposed
system can also be applied effectively to the physical fitness
test. However, most schools may not have a big enough budget
to be able to adopt this system. Although RFID technology is
still too expensive to apply to physical fitness applications on a
large scale at present, the cost-related barrier should be easily
overcome by devices designed specifically for physical fitness
testing applications and by the increasing adaptation of such
devices and applications.
YOUM et al.: RFID-BASED AUTOSCORING SYSTEM FOR PHYSICAL FITNESS TESTING
V. C ONCLUSION
The PACER and 6-min walk tests are widely used to assess
aerobic capacity. Scoring with these tests, however, can be a
challenge due to the highly subjective nature of their scoring
procedures (i.e., counting laps or determining distance). To
address this challenge, an RFID-based autoscoring system for
a physical activity test, which can record the test takers’ scores
automatically, was developed. In addition, a pilot study of the
developed system was conducted.
As aforementioned, the current scoring of a physical activity
test entails five problems: significant time and labor, human
error, misestimation, high concentration requirements, and dif-
ficulty of data management. To resolve these five problems, this
research successfully developed an RFID-based autoscoring
system.
First, when using this system, the time and labor required
for testing can be reduced. Second, human errors can be min-
imized. Third, by recording accurate data, precise VO2max
values can be predicted from the data. Fourth, the system
automatically stores measured data, which makes manual data
entry of the scores unnecessary. Finally, the system can reduce
the tester’s stress and workload when measuring individual
tests. The proposed system constitutes a successful example
of the application of RFID technology to the field of physical
fitness testing and shows great potential in terms of physical
fitness and activity tracking and scoring.
Future research will first focus on the implementation and
adaptation of the system in a real-world setting. Because RFID
readers are sensitive to their surroundings, they need to be
tested both indoors and outdoors, and the RF frequency needs
to be adjusted for an accurate setting for start and finish lines.
Moreover, we will evaluate the results using data collected in
the field. In addition, to access the results more easily and
readily, connection to a web site will be necessary.
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334
Sekyoung Youm received the M.S. degree in in-
dustrial engineering from Pohang University of
Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea, in 2001 and
the Ph.D. degree from Dongguk University, Seoul,
Korea, in 2007.
From 2008 to 2010, she was a Postdoctoral
Fellow with the University of Illinois at Urbana–
Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA. Since 2010, she
has been with Industry-Academic Cooperation Foun-
dation, Dongguk University. Her current research in-
terests include ubiquitous healthcare service, service
quality control, and interdisciplinary research.
Yongwoong Jeon received the Ph.D. degree in in-
dustrial system engineering from Dongguk Univer-
sity, Seoul, Korea.
He was a Postdoctoral Fellow with the Bell Engi-
neering Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville,
AR, USA. He is currently the Team Leader of the Re-
search and Development Policy Planning Team with
The Korea Health Industry Development Institute,
Seoul, Korea. His research interests include health
technology and national research and development
policies.
IEEE SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL. 9, NO. 2, JUNE 2015
Seung-Hun Park received the Ph.D. degree from the
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
He is currently a Professor with the Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University,
Seoul, Korea, and the Head of the Research Center,
HIMS Company, Ltd., Yongin, Korea. His research
interests include ubiquitous healthcare service.
Weimo Zhu received the Ph.D. degree from Univer-
sity of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
He is currently a Professor with the Department of
Kinesiology and Community Health, University of
Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
His main research interests include the study and ap-
plication of new measurement theories and statistical
models/methods) to the field of kinesiology.
Dr. Zhu is an Active Fellow of the U.S. National
Academy of Kinesiology and the American College
of Sports Medicine. He was a member of the Scien-
tific Board of the President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports between
2005 and 2008 and has served on the FITNESSGRAM/ACTIVITYGRAM
Advisory Committee since 2002. He has also served as a panel member of
the Committee on “Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth” of the
Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.