Identifying contaminated shallow aquifer distribution using resistivity and magnetic

susceptibility methods at rice field alongside Cikijing river

Nur Rachmad Madyantara, Widodo, Janet Ramot E., Agung Cahyo S., Agus Dwi S., Ali Gamal, and Wahyudi W.
P.

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1987, 020018 (2018); doi: 10.1063/1.5047303

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5047303
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1987/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 Identifying Contaminated Shallow Aquifer Distribution
Using Resistivity and Magnetic Susceptibility Methods at
Rice Field Alongside Cikijing River
Nur Rachmad Madyantaraa), Widodo, Janet Ramot E, Agung Cahyo S, Agus Dwi
S, Ali Gamal, Wahyudi W P

Geophysical Engineering, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

a)
Corresponding author: nurachmadm@gmail.com

Abstract. Cikijing river, which is located in Jelegong Village, West Bandung District, Indonesia, is alleged to
be polluted by the industrial wastewater. Based on observations, the water which passes through the
neighborhood is dark brown with bad odor. However, the water from Cikijing river is still used to irrigate the
nearby rice fields and for public consumption. The contaminated water allegedly seeps into the ground and
pollutes the shallow aquifer underneath. First, the magnetic susceptibility measurement is applied to the sample
taken from the riverbanks as an indicator to confirm the heavy metal contamination suspected to be contained
by the shallow aquifer. The soil samples collected from the river shows the high value of magnetic susceptibility
which reflects contamination by heavy metals. Heavy metals contained by the contaminated aquifer will induce
the water to be more conductive thus making the resistivity value lower than the uncontaminated water. With
electrical resistivity method, the distribution of the contaminated shallow aquifer can be detected. The
resistivity measurement is performed in the rice field nearby using Wenner-Schlumberger configuration. The
resistivity contrast indicates the association of the aquifer with the contamination. Through the resistivity and
magnetic susceptibility methods, the contamination of the shallow aquifer can be confirmed and its distribution
can be revealed.
Keyword. Resistivity, Magnetic Susceptibility, Aquifer, Contaminant.

INTRODUCTION

The worldwide rise of industries especially in Indonesia is currently evolving rapidly. This growth coincides with
not only the increasing of basic human needs but also the raising amount of pollution. Yet many important industrials
such as textile industry still have not handled the pollution in a proper way. Overlooked industrial waste that is not
well taken care of would still contain dangerous chemical materials which could potentially damage the industrial
surrounding neighborhood. Rancaekek is one example of a damaged area due to industrial activities. The textile waste
that is polluting Rancaekek affects the production quality of rice fields which are irrigated by the polluted water and
the condition of the good water. To observe the waste contamination distribution on the rice fields and the aquifer,
this research is going to use the magnetic susceptibility method by sampling and resistivity method by field
measurement. Low resistivity would indicate contaminated area due to porous and high saturated area [1]. However,
the above proposition does not have a firm fundamental on interpreting the observed data. Some geophysical methods
would be integrated and the measurement location will also be analyzed and compared. This research attempts to
identify the distribution of contaminated aquifer as well as the polluted rice field surface. We hope to establish leads
on selecting a water source area that is well appropriate and a scientific support to charge the involved parties to revise
their industrial waste management and be accounted for the current pollution.

International Symposium on Earth Hazard and Disaster Mitigation (ISEDM) 2017

AIP Conf. Proc. 1987, 020018-1–020018-4; https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5047303
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1703-8/$30.00

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 METHOD

Data Acquisition
In this study, the data used were obtained from the measurements directly using the Mc-Ohm tool. Field data
measurements were conducted around the Cikijing River in Linggar Village, Rancaekek Subdistrict, Bandung, West
Java. The research was conducted in September 2017. The location map of the study and the initial design of the
survey stretch can be seen in Figure 1. The design stretch for two trajectory paths with each path having a length of
60 m with a space of 5 m. Geoelectric data collection using Wenner-Schlumberger configuration (Figure 2). Sampling
was conducted at 5 points, is between the locations of Track I to Track II.

FIGURE 1. Research location and initial design of the stretch (yellow line) and samples location (orange star).

FIGURE 2. The configuration of Wenner-Schlumberger [2].

Geoelectric data processing is done by inversion process using the Res2DInv software. Data processing begins by
calculating the geometry factor (K) based on the configuration and the distance between the electrodes used. The
calculation is then performed to obtain the apparent type resistance value (ρa) of the current strong data (I) and the
potential difference (V) [6].

V
k (1)
I
1
 1 1   1 1 
k  2      (2)
 AM BM   AN BN 
While testing of soil samples conducted using low-frequency susceptibility meter in the Laboratory with 4 solid
samples dan 4 liquid samples.

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 RESULTS

Susceptibility Method

We can see that at location 2, 3 and 4 for a liquid sample, we have relatively high susceptibility than location
1. We interpret this as household waste near and along the river. Besides, in the location 4, as we observed in the
location, the susceptibility increases because of the branch with another river.

FIGURE 3. Result of plotting sample data low-frequency susceptibility for 4 location

Resistivity Method

a)

b)
FIGURE 4. a) Result inversion field data for line 1 and b) Result inversion data for line 2

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 In the line 1, contaminated water was identified in the depth 1-7 meter and normally distributed. Besides, in line 2 the
depth is approximately the same with the result in line 1. But, the distribution decreased. The low resistivity value was
identified in the line distant 15 meter which is near the river and distant 43 meter which is near the rice field.

DISCUSSION

The curve in Figure 3 shows that the value of susceptibility is fluctuating. Our hypothesis is the value of
susceptibility is going to be reduced due to location. The farther the location is, the lower susceptibility value it has.
But, the result cannot prove the hypothesis. The value in location 4 is increasing. As we know that location 4 is the
end of the river before having the branch to another river which is contaminated by other issues. As we have stated in
the abstract that the value of contaminated water is lower than soil water. Inspection based on the location also needed,
because the direct observation shows that contaminated water has been covered all the area. So, low resistivity is
discovered near the surface and it is expected to be the shallow aquifer that has been contaminated on figure 4a.
Besides, for figure 4b, we can see that the contaminated water has been decreased due to the distance from the source
of waste. Location line 2 is also influenced by another factor, the branch of another river and there is a river
embankment project near this location.

CONCLUSION

1. Susceptibility method can be used to identify the contaminated water only if the contaminant contains heavy metal
materials. Susceptibility measurement shows the farther the location of the sample, the susceptibility value will be
lower.
2. The contaminated shallow aquifer can also be identified with resistivity measurement method and the result shows
low value of resistivity (3-5 Ωm) on the area near the suspected source of contamination with 1-7 meter depth, which
can indicate that the water is contaminated. It is also confirmed that the distribution of contaminated water is also
depent on distance from the source and influenced by other issues.

REFERENCES

[1] Datunsolang, F and Gerald T. 2015. Identifikasi rembesan limbah cair dengan menggunakan metode geolistrik
resistivitas konfigurasi wenner-schlumberger studi kasus TPA Sumompo, Manado. Jurnal Ilmiah Sains Vol. 15 No.
2, Oktober 2015. Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado.
[2] Loke, M.H. 2014. Rapid 2D resistivity forward modelling using the finite-difference and finite-element methods.
Geotomo Software: Malaysia.

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