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A Critical Discourse Analysis of Imran Khan's First Speech in the Parliament

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Perspectives in Language, Linguistics and Media 2 (2017) 149-167

A Critical Discourse Analysis of Imran Khan’s First Speech in the Parliament

Shazia Akbar Ghilzai 1, Ayaz ud din, Muhammad Asghar

______________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

The way we perceive language is the foundation of our social construction and individual or

group relationship. Studies in sociolinguistics attempt to explain this relationship between the

use of language and the importance of perception. A distinct discourse, spoken or written, can

stem from different sources such as power, culture, social background, ethnicity and social

status. The objective of the current study is to examine the persuasive tactics of Imran Khan's

political speeches as well as the covert ideology of his party’s manifesto, his political maturity;

enrich linguistics possessions and his aim for democracy in Pakistan in his first speech in the

parliament. Our analysis is based on Norman Fairclough’s conceptions in critical discourse

analysis, claiming that “ideologies reside in the texts “that” it is not possible to ‘read off’

ideologies from texts” and that “texts are open to diverse interpretations” (Fairclough: 1995).

The discourse analysis method from CDA is adopted to assess the selected corpus. The present

study analyzes the ‘ideological and persuasive components used in Imran Khan’s speech to

reveal Imran khan’s persuasive strategies. Van Dijk, T. A. (1997) Suggests to locate the

discourse in public sphere to include the various recipients in political communicative event such

1
Corresponding author: Shazia Akbar Ghilzai, department of Linguistics, QAU. A Doctoral student at USPC
Paris13. Research Lab TTN Paris 13.

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as the public, the citizens and masses. Therefore, the present study analyzed the discourse in the

framework of the recipients.

Keywords: Critical discourse analysis, politics, ideology, power, political speech

Introduction

Imran Khan is a renowned former cricketer and head of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), one of

the most successful and emerging political parties in Pakistan. Born on November 25, 1952, to a

Niazi Pashtun family In Lahore, Imran attended Aitchison College in Lahore before heading to

Keble College, Oxford University where he studied Philosophy, Politics, and Economics and

graduated in 1975.

Politics is an effort for power in order to put certain political, economic and social ideas into

practical application. In this process, language plays a vital role, for every political action is

prepared, accompanied, influenced and delivered by language. This paper analyzes discourse of

political speech, namely by Imran Khan during his first speech in the parliament. Given the

enormous economic and political significance of the said speech in Pakistan’s current situation, it

is crucial to decipher ideological traits typical of Imran’s possessed in his political discourse. The

aim of this paper is to examine to figure out the hidden ideologies and future agendas and other

linguistics components of his speech. For a parliamentary speech, Van Dijk, T. A. (1997, pg.19)

describes the brief categorization of the structures, the processes of the political domain and it’s

characteristics as follows:

-Domain: politics.
-Systems: Democracy.
-Institution: Parliament.
-Values and ideologies: Democracy, group and party ideologies.

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-Organizations: Political parties, lobbyists.

Political actors: Members of parliament, cabinet ministers.
-Political relations: Legislative power.
-Political process: Legislation.
-Political action: Political decision making.
-Political cognitions: Attitudes about the relevant issue (e.g. about abortion,
affirmative action or nuclear energy)

Theoretical Components

Discourse

Discourse is a broad term with many definitions; one is discourse "integrates the whole palettes

of meanings" (Titscher et.al.1998:42), ranging from linguistics, through sociology, philosophy,

and other existing social sciences disciplines. For the purpose of this paper we are also applying

the definition of discourse grounded Van Dijk's (1977:3), and his general conception of

discourse as text in context, seen as “data that is liable for empiric analysis” (Titscher

et.al.1998:44) with focus being put on discourse as it is an action and whole process. From that,

it is linked to this statement that "discourse" is a wider term than "text": I shall use the term

discourse to refer the whole process of social interaction of which a text is just a

part.”(Fairclough 1989:24). Discourse being the language beyond the sentences is with wider

approach and text is the ground for interpretations.

Critical Discourse Analysis

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in its easy manner, not a homogenous model, nor a school or

a paradigm, but it is more than that, at most a shared perspective on doing linguistics, semiotics

or discourse analysis. (Van Dijk 1993b:131).

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Given the power of written and spoken texts, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is influential for

describing, interpreting critiquing social life reflected in the text (Luke 1997).

The objective of CDA is elaborate language use as social practice. The speakers of a language

don't function in isolation, but inset of culture, social and psychological structures. CDA accepts

all these social contexts and figure out the connections between textual structures and takes this

social context into account and explores the links between textual structures and their function in

interaction with the society. Such an analysis is a complex, diverted one, given the obvious lack

of direct, one to one correspondence between text structure and social function. Especially, when

it comes to creating and maintaining differences in power relations. The relatedness of the

complex mechanism of discursive practice and social function is frequently and willingly left

opaque, especially when the need occurs to create and maintain differences in power relations.

One of the objectives of CDA is to create a paradigm for decreasing this said opacity. Fairclough

(1993:135) in his definition perceives CDA as

“Discourse analysis which aims to systematically explore often opaque relationships of causality

and determination between (a) discursive practice, events and texts, and (b) wider social and

cultural structures, relations and processes; to investigate how such practice, events, and texts

arise out and are ideologically shaped by relations of power and struggles over power; and to

explore how the opacity of these relationships between discourse and society as itself a factor

securing power and hegemony.”

While studying this one should keep in mind that the relationship is two-directional. Not only is

the language affected by its groundedness with many frames of cultural or social practice but

also the use of language influence and shapes the social and cultural context it finds itself in. it

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can be summarized that discursive practices are constitutive of social structures, the same way as

social practices determine discursive practices.CDA recognizes both directions and in particular

it “explores the tension between these two sides of language use, the socially shaped and socially

constitutive." (Ibid: 134) language is the basic part of the society on various levels. A division

proposed by Fairclough (Ibid: 134-136) is that of social identity social relations and systems of

knowledge and belief. All of these levels are affected, only with a variation as for as the

strengthening is concerned.

The one element of CDA which by which it is differentiated from other forms of discourse

analysis lies in its attribute of ‘critical’. “Critical ‘implies showing connections and causes which

are hidden; it also implies intervention, for example providing resources for those who may be

disadvantaged through changed” Fairclough (1992:9). It is really important to figure out the

hidden things since they are not evident for the individuals involved, and because of this, they

cannot be fought against.

Of the theoreticians of discourse linguistics, who, in the world of Van Dijk contributed "many

articles and books that establish CDA as a direction of research and that focus on various

dimensions of power", it is the work of Norman Fairclough (1989, 1992). It is for him CDA is

perceived as a research tactic rather than a direction of thought or a model of analysis. What the

followers of CDA try to achieve has been summarized by Batstone (1995).

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) seeks to reveal how text is constructed so that particular

perspectives can be expressed delicately and covertly; because they are covert, they are elusive

of a direct challenge, facilitating what Kress calls the "retreat into mystification and

impersonality".(Batstone 1995:198-199).

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The definitions, as proposed above, are quite enough but they would need further some

description of how CDA is undertaken. Norman Fairclough, in his work language and power

(1989), wishes to "examine how the ways in which we communicate are constrained by the

structures and forces of those social institutions within which we live and function."(Fairclough

1989: vi). In the same publication, the possible procedure of analyzing the texts are suggested.

Fairclough (Ibid: 24-26) gives the opinion in actual nature of discourse and text analysis. In his

opinion, he mentioned three levels of discourse, firstly, social conditions of production and

interpretation, i.e. the social factor, which contributed or lead to the origination of a text, and, at

the same time, how the same factors affect interpretation. Secondly the process of production and

interpretation, i.e. in what way the text was produced and how this effect interpretation. Thirdly,

the text is the product of first two stages, commented on above. Fairclough gives three stages of

CDA which are according to the three above-mentioned levels of discourse:

• The description is the stage which is totally concerned with the formal proprieties of the

text.

• Interpretation is concerned with the relationship between text and interaction. With

seeing the text is the product of a process of production, and as a resource in the process

of interpretation.

• The explanation is concerned with the relationship between interaction and social-

context- with the social determinants of the process of the production and interpretation

and their social effects.

(Fairclough 1989:26)

Conceptual basis

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Our conceptual is adopted from the Norman Fairclough’s ideas in discourse and power and

discourse and hegemony. Our effort is to link social and linguistic practices as well as macro and

micro level of discourse (Fairclough 1989:97). At the same time, analytical part of this paper

analyzes the possible interrelatedness of textual traits and power relations, which is also

discussed in Fairclough’s conceptual work. Furthermore this paper attempts to deconstruct covert

ideology which is hidden in the text, stemming from the theoretical conceptualization of

Batstone who claims "critical discourse analysis seeks to reveal how text is constructed so that

particular perspectives can be expressed delicately and covertly; because they are covert, they are

elusive of direct challenge, facilitating what Kress calls the "retreat into mystification and

impersonality". (Batstone 1995:198-199). The main analytical tool of our paper is the "three-

dimensional method of discourse analysis". Introduced by Norman Fairclough namely the

"language text, written or spoken, discourse practice (text production and text interpretation) and

the social culture practice" (CDA: 97). The conceptions of Fairclough transform into an

analytical method including "linguistics description of the language text, interpretation of the

relationship between the discursive processes and text, an explanation of the relationship

between the discursive processes and social and the social processes. (Fairclough 1989:97)

Data collection

The script of Imran Khan’s (19th June 2013) speech was taken from the internet.

https://www.scribd.com/doc/149550607/IMRAN-KHAN-First-Speech-in-Parliament-19-June-

2013-in-English

This speech was delivered soon after Imran Khan's selection as opposition leader and it is his

first speech in the parliament. Therefore this speech has an important role in Pakistani politics

and Pakistan Imran Khan's political party's future steps in government's democracy.

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Methodology

Two paradigms namely qualitative and quantitative research approaches determine the direction

of a research project, from the beginning to the last step of writing the research report. The

distinction between qualitative and quantitative is basically the distinction between non-

numerical and numerical data. For the current study, both paradigms are used for complete

understanding of Imran's Discourse.

Outlines of the speech

The first speech of Imran Khan in the parliament can be divided into following internal parts:

• Congratulations to the Speaker of the house and Prime Minister(paragraph 1)

• Comparison Pakistan’s past and present (paragraph 2) mentioned all the potential

Pakistan have and also stated that Pakistan was the role model for nations in the 60s.

• Referring to Pakistan’s Economy (paragraph 3-5) highlighted the economic crises,

stressed on revenue collection, making policies and point out the loopholes in the system.

• Pointing towards the curse of terrorism (paragraph 6-11)bravely spoke on foreign

policy issues with America, Drone Attacks, Domestic issues regarding this issue and give

an open invitation to all Parties to sit for solving this big obstacle.

• Raise hand for corruption free Pakistan(paragraph 12-13)

• Governance(paragraph 14-16)

• Commenting on recent held Elections (paragraph 17-19) stated elections were not fair

and for better democracy, we should depoliticize the Election Commission.

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• Direct appeal to Chief justice for taking review in elections results(paragraph 20)

• Ended with hope of collaborative efforts(paragraph 22-23)

Analysis

Ideological analysis

Our analysis and interpretations of Imran Khan's first speech in the parliament are to link it with

Pakistan's Democracy, current political situation and PTI's manifestation of new Pakistan. Only

the most relevant and important chunks of the speech are given below but the idea and theme are

elaborated with sincerity.

1. "BISMILLA HI REHMANI RAHEEM Mr. Speaker, First of all, I would congratulate you on

your victory in the elections. I also congratulate Mr. Prime minister."

Starting with the name of Allah is the sign of Islamic identity. Congratulating the two influential

personals, sitting in the very high posts of the political system is the act of friendly joining the

root which takes the system to the right path.

2. “Mr. Speaker I do not want to speak today as a leader of the opposition party, rather, I want

to speak as a Pakistani.”

After gaining a prestigious designation in a political system and having with the ultimate power

of opposition leader, considering himself as an only Pakistani is the trademark of his patriotism

and eager for the better Pakistan. Only the people make best decisions who level themselves as

normal mass.

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3. “When I was growing up in the 60s, ---- led us to all this is an injustice."

“All the problems in Pakistan--- we did injustice to the people of East Pakistan.”

Knowing about nation's history is the best weapon for a leader is to run a system in a smooth

way. Here Imran khan mentioned that Pakistan was the role model for many countries in the

world. South Korean ministers words that how they adopted Pakistani economic model.

Pakistan's industrial production was equal to 4 Asian Tigers i.e. Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines,

and Thailand. With the standard government and educational institutions, besides rich in natural

resources Pakistan was future Asian California, as predicted a writer named Gunnar Myrdal in

his book The Asian miracle. The kind of memories and his awareness of their failure surely be

part of the mind who has the enthusiasm for making room for the development. This is the way

which politics work for the recovery of the system, a man should have the strategies which are

based on previous failure results, and could be merged accurately in the future. Imran Khan

gives the easiest way to recover which is the Justice, his movement and first in his parties

manifesto. The reason behind the failure of two nation theory, Baluchistan controversy and

separation of East Pakistan is an injustice. Only way strengthen the system and avoid future

dangers is giving justice to everyone is Imran Khan's only vision.

4. “Today the biggest problem that you are facing is revenue collection. Today--- Those are the

real estate people.”

The economy is considered the backbone of any country. Imran khan raises it in front of the best

minds who plan the economic issues and openly indicate that after finance the defense we don't

have that budget which runs the system according to the need. He questioned on the existence of

no taxpayers in our country in large numbers, the inactive performance of government

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departments in tax collection and funding in irrelevant sectors is the reason of least GDP of the

country. Again arising the very key issue and pointing out the responsible institutions and

peoples behind the crises is proving him a legitimate leader in opposition.

5. “On the issue of terrorism, the time has come, that--- We have our own suggestions and

ideas.”

“We think there is a solution. To find the--- entire country knows where we are today.”

“So my first and foremost request is to tell the nation the truth--- we say that we are sovereign

then we must emphasize our sovereignty.”

“And these drone attacks what they are doing is they are linking us--- biggest hurdle in the path

of country’s development.”

Imran khan acknowledged the truth behind the Drones attacks, roots of terrorism, the reason

behind the slow efforts of foreign affairs and American linkage in all these matters. He calls

everyone to take account to this and force the Government to tell the truth to mass and class. He

used to say that we are fighting a war which is not ours. Arising the most critical issue in his first

speech and unleash the realities pushing that in our society, questioning on the most important

pillar of the system Foreign Affairs is the brave effort of an opposition leader. If he is

questioning all of them and there isn't any positive and negative replay, it means they have

nothing to say. He points out every linked part of this crucial issue and forced to negotiate the

parties involved in this matter. He further stated that the instability in Baluchistan and Karachi,

KPK's sufferings all are the cause of this terrorism, this issue should be solve out quickly he

reiterated many times.

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6. “Now I want to direct your attention towards the third biggest issue facing Pakistan--- well as

for fighting the corruption.”

Imran Khan again claimed for accountability of big fishes in the system. He declared that he will

introduce new accountability department in KPK which will be independent department and

work in a transparent way. He suggested making policies for officials and politicians to not take

part in the business. It seems that Imran Khan has an eye on what's going on internally in the

name of the business. He has the solution it is the sign of his political maturity and example of

his future plan for stable and corruption-free Pakistan. He also questioned on the performance of

related institutions.

7. “And another issue is governance. Our most precious asset is overseas Pakistanis. The human

capital is sitting out of the country and they have the money too. If we want to attract that capital

we will have to improve our governance system.”

“We can fix the governance system by depoliticizing--- We are trying to use biometric system for

holding the elections.”

Imran Khan promised to bring out the KPK as a full well-systemized province. Again he refers

to the issue which is almost forgotten by the others is holding the local bodies election. He

believes to transfer the powers to the least levels for well and appropriate results in the

development field. He also promised to correct the criteria for recruitment of high official posts.

The interest of these matters is admirable. It is his political zeal that he has the awareness every

important part of political system or government.

8. “The last point that I want to discuss is the elections--- in the allegations once again that the

elections were rigged.”

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“It is so important to depoliticize the election commission. After the passage of 18th amendment

people had confidence in the Chief Election Commission but then political appointees were

selected. It should be depoliticized. But above all, today, while ending my speech I appeal to the

Chief Justice of Pakistan that Mr. Chief Justice for you I spent time in jail boycotted the elections

in the APDM. Twice we became a part of the long march for your reinstatement, held many

political gatherings for an independent judiciary. I have never met the Chief Justice except for

once when he was on his way to Data Darbar where we greeted each other. I do not even know

him. But we had a dream that there would be an independent judiciary (under you) that would

dispense justice.”

Imran Khan very nicely turned the attention of the members of parliament towards the suspicious

results of recently held elections. In a very acceptable manner, he demanded the independent

committee for the investigation of election results in some places. Free elections are the first step

in the way to democracy. The way he points out the matter of elections is the result of his

political consciousness.

9. “Mr. Chief Justice you have taken a number of great actions and taken suo-moto notices. You

have taken action--- might spare ourselves from the foolishness that we got into.”

Imran khan's direct appeal to the chief justice of Pakistan to take suo-moto action is the belief on

the judiciary and the last hope for Pakistan's Democracy. Appealing standing in front of the

entire parliament member is the act of being real and it is the punch on the face who are present

and might be responsible. A great leader has such qualities as Imran Khan.

10. “In the end Mr. Speaker I would like to congratulate for the second time as I have a case

against you in the tribunal so I might congratulate you for the third time.”

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Congratulating a person which is your political rival and with have a case pending in court about

corruption, is the real practice of Democracy. And a question for the listeners selects that

member for the Speakers seat.

Analysis of Islamic references

Religion has a great influence on peoples and the politics, therefore, politicians have quoted

many references regarding religious thoughts; they are for motivation, inspiration and to the

eradication of inappropriate acts. Imran Khan also referred to Islamic teachings they are under:

“Allah says in Quran a number of nations I destroyed because they did not follow my command.

What is that command of Allah. The foundation of first Muslim state that was established in

Medina was laid on equality and justice.”

Being a Muslim we have a believe Allah and we have to follow all his commands. Therefore

Imran khan let the people recall the teachings of Quran. Bound someone to the religion is a way

to get him/her in the right way.

“When Hazrat Abu Bakr (RA) became a Khalifa, the first thing he did was he closed down his

business”

Officials and politicians linked with business are the most corrupt one because they haven't

anyone to compete and to cross if they did anything wrong. Therefore Imran khan quoted the

references from the life of Hazrat Abu Bakar (RA). For a better leader, it is necessary to avoid

business activities.

Analysis of International references

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“If you compare Pakistan with Switzerland you would realize there is nothing great in

Switzerland as compared to Pakistan. Pakistani northern areas are double the size of that of

Switzerland.”

“Once again I would point out Switzerland and I only bring Switzerland into comparison

because they have nothing, not even natural resources. That is one of the most prosperous

countries. In Switzerland not only Germans live but Swiss, French and Italian also are a part of

the country. But never have Germans ever claimed that they want to be a part of Germany nor

the French want to be a part of France. Though Germany and France are flourishing still their

natives are not interested in becoming a part of these countries as they keep prospering in

Switzerland. (The reason is) there is a system of justice in Switzerland. People want to remain

the part of that country because they get justice there.”

Imran khan referred twice towards Switzerland, he wants us to know the reason for their

development. All that is only possible they have justice and right utilization of their resources

and they have the tolerance for accepting the multi foreign ethnicities.

“In India, the government can confiscate any undeclared asset.”

Imran Khan gives the example of India, countries who have more domestic issues than us can

make such policies why we don't. Imran Khan is willing to make such kind of policies in

Pakistan as well.

Analysis of frequently used words and connotations

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In order to arrive at a more quantitative based result of this analysis, a keyword analysis of both

frequently used words and connotations in Imran Khan's speech was undertaken, yielding the

following results.

The speech consists of 6018 words. The pronoun “we” being the absolute champion of this

count, with its absolute occurrences being reaching 161, which can be attributed to an

inclusiveness of Imran.

Keyword Density Report for Imran's First speech

Words

Keyword Repeats Density

Pakistan 51 0.84%

Election 37 0.61%

Nation 24 0.39%

Terrorism 14 0.23%

Justice 14 0.23%

Corruption 11 0.18%

Power 10 0.16%

Drones 9 0.14%

NAB 8 0.13%

War 8 0.13%

Injustice 7 0.11%

Umpire 7 0.11%

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Policy 7 0.11%

World 7 0.11%

Governance 6 0.09%

Change 6 0.09%

Phrases

Keyword Repeats Density

We will 26 0.43%

We must 10 0.16%

National issues 5 0.18%

National consensus 3 0.03%

The result of keyword analysis can be interpreted as Imran's concentrate on Issues regarding

Pakistan and the recently held elections. The obstacles he uttered is his first priority to tackle.

“We will” is the kind of phrase which the sign of hope and promise and it is an excellent start.

Conclusion

The main objective of present study was to find out which linguistics resources were used to

project the political ideology by Imran Khan in his speech. The result drawn through the current

study reveals that the text of Imran's speech is very rich so far as CDA is concerned. The

following are our conclusions.

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1. The result of the first part our analysis have shown that the key ideological components

of Imran’s speech can be summarized into following concepts: Loyalty, modernism,

patriotism, inclusiveness, audacity, religious attraction, visionary and revolutionary.

2. The result of keyword analysis has shown that the most prominent words used by Imran

Khan are Pakistan, election, nation, terrorism, justice and corruption and overall most

utterances of the personal pronoun 'we' is showing the inclusiveness of Imran Khan. The

other most uttered words are most valuable in the matter of political system. Words like

Pakistan and nation are the first priority of his journey to overcome the corruption with

justice for Pakistan as a strong nation. Another word which is also part of his repeated

words is an election, because he is not quite sure that the results are fair, and his

conception that free and fair elections are the foundation of the democratic political

system. The analysis of phrases he used in his speech is shown his willingness and

enthusiasm for solving the critical issues and he openly invited everyone to come forward

and sit for better Pakistan.

3. The result of Islamic references analysis shown that he is impressed by Islamic rule and

regulations and Islamic leaders. This shows his religious intentions and the complements

which are the result of religious linkage.

4. The result of International references analysis shown that his acceptance and believe the

only way to development is to adopt the new trends and following the developed nations.

5. The overall theme of his first speech is to arise the crucial obstacles in the way of

Pakistan's development, highlighting the suspicious individuals and institutions which are

the part of the current running political system and promising to rebuild Pakistan with a

new shape through Justice which is delivered to each and every one.

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