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A Comparison Between MIL-STD

and Commercial EMC


Requirements – Part 1
By
Vincent W. Greb
President, EMC Integrity, Inc.
OVERVIEW
• Compare and contrast military (i.e., MIL-STD) and
commercial EMC test requirements and test methods
• Commercial requirements will be limited to the standard
requirements for Information Technology Equipment
(ITE)
• Military requirements will focus on requirements for
Space Systems
• This will be a top-level treatment, as a comprehensive
study would be a one-week short course
• Further research…“Introduction to the Control of
Electromagnetic Interference” by Ken Javor (EMC
Compliance) provides an excellent, comprehensive
history of commercial and military EMI/EMC
MILITARY EMC
• EMC requirements for military applications have existed
since the 1940s.
• The evolution of military/aerospace EMC requirements
has resulted in numerous standards encompassing for
different applications/environments.
• Most military (DoD) procurements require compliance
with MIL-STD-461x, the first version of MIL-STD-461
was published in 1967.
• This document has been revised and/or amended many
times since that time.
• Although the current version of MIL-STD-461 is the “F”
version, this presentation will focus on the “E” version,
published on 20 August 1999.
MIL-STD REQUIREMENTS
MATRIX*
Equipment and Subsytems Installed Requirement Applicability
In, On or Launched From the

CE101
CE102
CE106
CS101
CS103
CS104
CS105
CS109
CS114
CS115
CS116
RE101
RE102
RE103
RS101
RS103
RS105
Following Platforms or Installations

Surface Ships A L A S S S A L A A A L A A L
Submarines A A L A S S S L A L A A A L A A L
Aircraft, Army, Including Flight Line A A L A S S S A A A A A L A A L
Aircraft, Navy L A L A S S S A A A L A L L A L
Aircraft, Air Force A L A S S S A A A A L A
Space Systems, Including Launch A L A S S S A A A A L A
Vehicles
Ground, Army A L A S S S A A A A L L A
Ground, Navy A L A S S S A A A A L A A L
Ground, Air Force A L A S S S A A A A L A

*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 27.


OVERVIEW OF MIL-STD TESTS*
Requirement Description
CE101 Conducted Emissions, Power Leads, 30 Hz to 10 kHz
CE102 Conducted Emissions, Power Leads, 10 kHz to 10 MHz
CE106 Conducted Emissions, Antenna Terminal, 10 kHz to 40 GHz
CS101 Conducted Susceptibility, Power Leads, 30 Hz to 150 kHz
CS103 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Intermodulation, 15 kHz to
10 GHz
CS104 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Rejection of Undesired
Signals, 30 Hz to 20 GHz
CS105 Conducted Susceptibility, Antenna Port, Cross-Modulation, 30 Hz to
20 GHz
CS109 Conducted Susceptibility, Structure Current, 60 Hz to 100 kHz
CS114 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, 10 kHz to 200 MHz
CS115 Conducted Susceptibility, Bulk Cable Injection, Impulse Excitation
CS116 Conducted Susceptibility, Damped Sinusoidal Transients, Cables and
Power Leads, 10 kHz to 100 MHz
RE101 Radiated Emissions, Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
RE102 Radiated Emissions, Electric Field, 10 kHz to 18 GHz
RE103 Radiated Emissions, Antenna Spurious and Harmonic Outputs, 10 kHz
to 40 GHz
RS101 Radiated Susceptibility, Magnetic Field, 30 Hz to 100 kHz
RS103 Radiated Susceptibility, Electric Field, 2 MHz to 40 GHz
RS105 Radiated Susceptibility, Transient Electromagnetic Field

*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 26.


COMMERCIAL EMC
• Commercial EMC requirements were established in the
late 1970s.
• Initial commercial standards dealt with electromagnetic
emissions
• Immunity standards came into being in the mid-1980s as
IEC documents.
• The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) deals
with controlling EM emissions from digital devices under
CFR 47, FCC Part 15, Subpart B.
• The European Union deals with both electromagnetic
emissions and immunity of electronic devices through
the EMC Directive, the Medical Device Directive, etc. as
well as numerous “European Normative” (EN) standards.
OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL
EMC EMISSION TESTS (ITE)
Requirement Description

EN 55022: 2006 Radiated electric field emissions, 30 MHz to 1 GHz

EN 55022: 2006 Conducted emissions on AC mains, 150 kHz to 30 MHz

EN 55022: 2006 Conducted emissions on telecomm ports, 150 kHz to 30 MHz

EN 61000-3-2 AC Power Line Harmonics

EN 61000-3-3 AC Power Line Flicker


OVERVIEW OF COMMERCIAL
EMC IMMUNITY TESTS (ITE)
Requirement Description

EN 55024: 1998 + A1: Information Technology Equipment – Immunity Characteristics – Limits and Methods of
2001 + A2: 2003 Measurement

IEC 61000-4-2 Testing and measurement techniques – Electrostatic discharge immunity test

IEC 61000-4-3 Testing and measurement techniques – Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field immunity
test

IEC 61000-4-4 Testing and measurement techniques – Electrical fast transient/burst immunity test

IEC 61000-4-5 Testing and measurement techniques – Surge immunity test

IEC 61000-4-6 Testing and measurement techniques – Immunity to conducted disturbances, induced by radio-
frequency fields

IEC 61000-4-8 Testing and measurement techniques - Power frequency magnetic field immunity test

IEC 61000-4-11 Testing and measurement techniques - Voltage dips, short interruptions and voltage variations
immunity tests
EMISSIONS COMPARISON
Military (461E) Commercial (EN 55022)

Radiated E-field Emissions, Radiated electric field emissions, 30 MHz to 1 GHz


10 kHz to 40 GHz

Conducted emissions, Conducted emissions on AC mains, 150 kHz to 30 MHz


10 kHz to 10 MHz

No 461E equivalent Conducted emissions on telecomm ports, 150 kHz to 30 MHz

No 461E equivalent AC Power Line Harmonics

No 461E equivalent AC Power Line Flicker


IMMUNITY (SUSCEPTIBILITY)
COMPARISON
Military (461E) Commercial (EN 55022)

No 461E equivalent Electrostatic discharge

RS103 Radiated RF immunity

CS115 Electrical fast transient

CS116 (loosely) Surge immunity

CS114 Conducted RF immunity

RS101 (Note 1) Power frequency H-field immunity

No 461E equivalent Voltage dips and interruptions

Note 1: RS101 is not required for the space environment


COMPARISON OF CONDUCTED
EMISSIONS (POWER)
• Both standards are given in terms of voltage and are made using a
50 Ω/50 uH Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN).
• The LISNs are not interchangeable.
• Commercial limits are given in terms of Class B environments
(“domestic”) and Class A environments (everywhere else, i.e., office,
commercial, industrial).
• Each class of commercial limit is further broken down into a “quasi-
peak” or “QP” and an “average” limit
• MIL-STD-461E limits are given as a basic curve for 28 V (AC or DC)
applications, with various levels of relaxation for higher voltages
• MIL-STD uses a “peak” detector, a single limit and specified
bandwidths and sweep times, which are dependent on frequency.
• MIL-STD provides for a pre-test verification.
MIL-STD-461E LISN*

To 50 µH
Power
To 50 µH To EUT
Power
Source To EUT
Source 8 µF 0.25 µF
8 µF 0.25 µF

To 50 Ω Termination
50Ω
Or 50
To Ω Termination
Input Of
Measurement
Or 50 Ω Input Of
Receiver
Measurement
Receiver
5Ω 1k Ω
5Ω 1k Ω

Signal Output
Port Output
Signal
Port

*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 23.


COMMERCIAL (ANSI C63.4)
LISN*

*Ref. ANSI C63.4: 2003, p. 10.


CONDUCTED EMISSIONS
LIMITS FOR MIL-STD-461E
110

100

90
Amplitude (dBuV)

80

70

MIL-STD-461E (115 V)

60 MIL-STD-461E (Basic)

50

40
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Frequency (MHz)

MIL-STD-461E (Basic) MIL-STD-461E (115 V)


CONDUCTED EMISSIONS
LIMITS FOR EN 55022, CLASS B
110

100

90
Amplitude (dBuV)

80
EN 55022 Class B (QP)

70

EN 55022 Class B (Ave)

60

50

40
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Frequency (MHz)

EN 55022 Class B (QP) EN 55022 Class B (Ave)


COMPARISON OF CE LIMITS
110

100

90

80
EN 55022 Class B (QP)

70

MIL-STD-461E (115 V)

60 EN 55022 Class B (Ave)

50

40
0.01 0.1 1 10 100

MIL-STD-461E (115 V) EN 55022 Class B (QP) EN 55022 Class B (Ave)


RADIATED EMISSIONS
METHODOLOGY - COMMERCIAL
• Standard is given in terms of field strength (dBuV/m).
• Commercial limits are specified for a distance of 10 meters.
• Site can be either semi-anechoic or open area, but must meet
normalize site attenuation requirements specified by ANSI C63.4:
2003.
• Exploratory measurements are taken for different azimuth position
and antenna heights.
• Positional maximization, QP and cable maximization are performed.
• Quasi-peak measurements are taken for highest six signals.
• Final measurements are tabular; show azimuth position, antenna
height and polarization
COMMERCIAL TEST SETUP FOR
TABLE TOP EQUIPMENT*

*Ref. ANSI C63.4: 2003, p. 37.


Overview of Commercial RE*

*Ref. ANSI C63.4: 2003, p. 18.


MIL-STD TEST SETUP FOR
TABLE TOP EQUIPMENT*

*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 19.


Basic MIL-STD RE Setup*
TEST SETUP BOUNDARY

Antenna

Path for
Measurement

Signal
Generator

Path for
System Check
Shielded Enclosure

Coaxial
Cable

Measurement
Receiver

Data
Recording
Device

*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 99.


Antenna Positioning for MIL-STD*
Test Setup Bonding
Boundary Strap

ROD

80-90 cm
Counterpoise
Ground Plane or Bonding Strap for
Non-Conductive Non-Conductive Tables
Table
Floor

Test Setup
Boundary

BICONICAL

120 cm
80-90 cm

Ground
Plane

Floor

Test Setup
Boundary

DOUBLE
RIDGE HORN

120 cm
80-90 cm

Ground
Plane

Floor

1m

*Ref. MIL-STD-461E, 20 August 1999, p. 100.


RADIATED EMISSIONS
METHODOLOGY – MIL-STD
• Standard is given in terms of field strength
(dBuV/m).
• MIL-STD-461E limits are specified for a distance
of 1 meter.
• Site must be semi-anechoic chamber.
• MIL-STD uses a “peak” detector, a single limit
and specified bandwidths and sweep times,
which are dependent on frequency.
• MIL-STD provides for a pre-test verification.
MIL-STD-461E RADIATED
EMISSIONS LIMIT
MIL-STD-461E

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

MIL-STD-461E
EN 55022 CLASS B RADIATED
EMISSIONS LIMIT
EN 55022 Class B

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10
10 100 1000 10000

EN 55022 Class B
COMPARISON OF RE LIMITS
80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000

MIL-STD-461E EN 55022 Class B (1 m)


Conclusions
• While there are a number of similarities between
commercial and MIL-STD conducted emissions,
the there are some significant differences.
• Far fewer similarities exist between commercial
and MIL-STD radiated emission tests.
• No MIL-STD equivalent for the commercial
conducted emission requirement on telecom.
• No MIL-STD equivalent for the commercial
harmonics and flicker testing.

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