https://en.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Smartphone
Smartphones are a class of mobile phones and of multi-purpose mobile computing devices. They
are distinguished from feature phones by their stronger hardware capabilities and extensive mobile
operating systems, which facilitate wider software, internet (including web browsing[1] over mobile
broadband), and multimedia functionality (including music, video, cameras, and gaming), alongside
core phone functions such as voice calls and text messaging. Smartphones typically include
various sensors that can be leveraged by their software, such as a magnetometer, proximity
sensors, barometer, gyroscope and accelerometer, and support wireless communications protocols
such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and satellite navigation.

https://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/smartphone

A smartphone is a cellular telephone with an integrated computer and other

features not originally associated with telephones such as an operating
system, web browsing, and the ability to Smartphones can be used by individuals
in both a consumer and a business context, and are now almost integral to
everyday modern life.

Popular uses

Many consumers use their smartphones to engage with friends, family and brands on
social media.

Social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and LinkedIn all have
mobile apps that a user can download from their phone's app store. These apps make
it possible for smartphone users to post personal updates and photos while on the go.

Another common use for smartphones is health and wellness tracking. The Health app
for iOS, for instance, can keep track of sleep behavior, nutrition, body measurements,
vital signs, mental health exercises and more.

Mobile payment is another widespread use for smartphones. Wallet features allow users
to save credit card information on their phones to use when purchasing items at retail
stores. Apps such as Apple Pay also enable users to pay other iOS users directly from
their phones.
Smartphone use in the enterprise

BlackBerry devices were the first popular smartphone many organizations offered to their
employees for business use due to BlackBerry's history with strong security. As
smartphones added more advanced productivity features, security techniques and
integrations with IT management tools, they began gaining popularity in the enterprise.

IT professionals in many organizations today support employees that want to use their
smartphones for work. Businesses can adopt enterprise mobility management (EMM)
tools to control this use, and can develop a bring your own device (BYOD) policy to
govern what users can do with their devices. Apple and Google have both worked to
improve the enterprise capabilities of their mobile operating systems (OSs), enabling IT
to better support iPhone and Android devices in businesses.

Because the smartphone form factor is typically smaller than a desktop computer,
business users typically use it for quick tasks, such as sending an email. Tablets and 2-in-
1 devices have also joined the mobile device market as alternatives to both smartphones
and PCs for enterprise use.

Get to know the features that make up a smartphone.

Important features

One of the most important elements of a smartphone is its connection to an app store. An
app store is a centralized portal where users can search for and download software
applications to run on their phones. A typical app store offers thousands of mobile
apps for productivity, gaming, word processing, note-taking, organization, social media
and more.

The following are some of the other key features of a smartphone:

 Internet connectivity.
 A mobile browser.

 The ability to sync more than one email account to a device.

 Embedded memory.

 A hardware or software-based QWERTY keyboard.

 Wireless synchronization with other devices, such as laptop or desktop computers.

 The ability to download applications and run them independently.

 Support for third-party applications.

 The ability to run multiple applications simultaneously.

 Touchscreen.

 Wi-Fi.

 A digital camera, typically with video capability.

 Gaming.

 Unified messaging.

 GPS.

A smartphone also has the ability to support accessories,

including Bluetooth headphones, power charging cables and extra speakers. Because of
the fragile outer casing of most smartphones, users often also purchase screen protectors
and more durable cases to put their phones in.

Because they run an OS and applications, smartphones get consistent software updates.
Vendors update their mobile OSs a few times a year. Individual mobile apps in an app
store also get constant software updates that users can either choose to install or ignore.

Popular vendors, manufacturers and prices

Some top smartphone hardware manufacturers are Apple, Samsung, Huawei,
Lenovo (which includes Motorola), Oppo, OnePlus and Google.

Vendors have started selling smartphones in different tiers, or entry prices. Flagship, or
premium smartphones have started to rise in price-- with a common approximation
around $800-$1,000. Upper/mid-range smartphones cost approximately $500-$700;
while under this price point are budget phones. Original equipment manufacturers
(OEMs) that make and sell smartphones may commonly sell versions of a smartphone
that meets each, or two of those price points.

Apple is the only vendor that builds the iPhone and its iOS operating system. The most
recently released iPhone is the iPhone 11, 11 Pro and the 11 Pro Max. The base price of
the iPhone 11, $700, makes it into an upper/mid-range phone, as it compromises on some
technical aspects such as having an LCD instead of OLED display. The 11 Pro is Apple’s
Flagship at $1,000, while the Pro Max—a mostly just larger version of the 11 Pro. Apple
still sells the iPhone XR, and 8; which fit in the budget phone market in price.

Multiple OEMs can produce smartphones that run the Android operating system—
smartphones that use the Android OS are typically known under the “Android device”
moniker.

Google is another smartphone vendor, offering the Google Pixel series. Within the Pixel
line up there is currently the Pixel 3 and 3a. The Pixel 3 is currently Google’s flagship
smartphone, at $800, with the 3a being Google’s $400 budget phone. Both 3 and 3a have
a larger “XL” version as well.

Samsung offers two different popular lines of smartphones: The Galaxy S series, and the
Note. As an example, the Galaxy S10 is currently the flagship for the S series, at $900,
with a larger variant, the S10 Plus. The cheaper mid-tier version of the S10 is the S10e at
$750.
Other smartphone vendors include OnePlus, with the OnePlus lineup; Asus, with the
ROG and Zen smartphones; Redmi, with the K20 Pro smartphone, Huawei Mate and P
series. Many smartphone companies follow the same trends in terms of flagship, budget,
midrange and “Plus” smartphone variants.

Designs and trends

Smartphones have been following distinct trends, including moving certain parts around
the phone to make more room for the display. Some trends include:

 Offering two or three versions of a phone to fit flagship, mid-tier and budget entry
points.

 Having the display take up more room on the phone.

 Removing as much of a phone’s bezel as possible.

 Moving away from the “notch” style implementation of keeping the camera, speaker,
and other sensors on a top section of the phone.

 Moving the camera inside the body to be pushed up by a mechanical motor.

 Moving the camera to a hole-punch in the display.

 Moving the earpiece speaker grill to areas such as a top slot of the phone.

 Implementing under-screen fingerprint readers.

 Face unlock.

 90-120 Hz refresh rate.

 IP68 water resistance ratings.

 Glass backs for wireless charging.

 Reverse wireless charging.

 Fast charging.

 Virtual assistants.
 Night mode for cameras.

 Phasing out the implementation of the headphone jack.

 Dual SIM card support.

Displays

Smartphones commonly use LCD screens in their displays; however, OLED

displays are becoming more common, and are preferred by most smartphone
manufacturers.

An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of flat panel display that uses liquid crystals
as its primary form of control. LCDs are lit with a backlight as pixels are switched on and
off electronically while using the liquid crystals to rotate polarized light. Polarizing glass
filters are placed in front and behind the pixels, and the front filter is situated at 90
degrees.

LCDs are beginning to be outpaced by other display technologies, but still have a place in
the smartphone market. Now, LCDs can be commonly found in budget to mid-tier
smartphones- as the OLED is a bit more costly.

LCDs have been being replaced in a lot of flagship smartphones by OLED displays, or
organic light-emitting diodes. OLEDs are very flexible in terms of how they can be
implemented.

OLEDs use a single glass or plastic panel, compared to LCDs which use two. In addition,
an OLED doesn’t need a backlight like an LCD. Because of this, smartphones with an
OLED display can be thinner and have much deeper blacks, as each pixel in an OLED
display is individually lit. If a display in an LCD screen is mostly black with only a small
portion lit, the whole back panel is still lit, which causes some light leakage on the front
of the display. An OLED screen will avoid this issue, since it lacks the larger backlight.
OLED displays also have better contrast and viewing angles with less power
consumption, making for a more premium device.
With a plastic panel, an OLED display can be bent and folded over itself. This can be
seen in smartphones, such as the Galaxy Fold in which the entire device folds; or in the
iPhone X, which will bend the bottom of the display over itself so the display’s ribbon
cable can reach in towards the phone-- eliminating the need for a bottom bezel. In cases
where a device folds, the front screen also has to be made out of plastic, so it can bend
with the screen-- this means that the display will be much easier to scratch, however.

Smartphone displays have started taking up more space on the front of a device- some
smartphones now have edge-to-edge displays. Normally this is measured with a screen-
to-body ratio. As an example, the iPhone 11 Pro has an 82.1% ratio. The Samsung
Galaxy Note 10 Plus has a 91% ratio. With companies pushing the display to higher and
higher percentages, the Chinese company, Xiaomi, announced a phone with a screen-to-
body ratio of 180.6%. The Mi Mix Alpha is a smartphone with an OLED screen bent
around nearly the entire phone, having a small non-screen band reach around the back for
the 108 megapixel camera and 12 megapixel telephoto lens. The device can be turned
around, where the user can take a selfie, using the back of the display to see themselves.

Most smartphone displays have a normal, 60 Hz refresh rate; however, some smartphones
have started increasing the display’s refresh rate, like the OnePlus 7 Pro, at a 90 Hz. The
higher refresh rate makes for a smoother experience because there is less time between
each frame. This, however, will consume more battery life.

Camera

Cameras on a phone commonly include a normal camera lens, a telephoto lens and a
wide-angle lens. A telephoto lens allows users to take a photo of a faraway subject while
a wide-angle lens allows the user to take a photo at a wide field of view with a short focal
length. On the front-facing screen, there is usually a selfie camera and, in some cases, a
wide-angle lens.

Some phones, like the iPhone 11 Pro has three rear-facing cameras, while others, like the
Pixel 3 will have just one camera-- relying primarily on computational photography.
All smartphones use some level of computational photography, since they don’t operate
the same way shutter-based cameras do.

Computational photography is the use of computer processing in cameras to make a

better-looking image beyond what the lens and sensor could traditionally pick up in one
shot.

Computational photography is used in smartphones since there is less space for a large
lens that can enhance pictures. Smartphones also have more processing power over the
typical digital camera; meaning smartphones can automate many settings and provide
additional photo editing tools. These allow for a better photo-taking experience for the
end user. Using image processing algorithms, computational photography can improve
images through methods such as reducing motion blur and adding simulated depth of
field. Other settings and tools allow users to improve color, contrast and light range.

Some features in digital photography are based on both hardware and software. Take, for
example, image stabilization, where the camera’s lens will move to compensate small
movements and shakes. The software-side of image stabilization cross-references the
picture with data from the gyroscope to make more broad movement stabilization.
Smartphone cameras can also take video which makes use of image stabilization. Videos
can commonly be taken at 720p at 30 frames per second (fps), up to 4K at 60 fps.

Some smartphones like the Pixel 3 will also use machine learning to implement features
like a depth estimation technique which is used to estimate the depth of elements in an
image.

Some front-facing cameras tend to be pushed up to the top of a screen with a notch. The
notch will commonly hold the front-facing camera, speaker and other sensors which can
be used for features like face unlock. The common trend in smartphones today has been
eliminating bezels and the notch to leave as much room for the display as possible. To do
this, phone companies have been slowly and steadily implementing new smartphone
designs to find the best implementation. Some smartphones such as the Samsung Galaxy
Note 10, will have a centered hole-punch cutout for a single front-facing camera. The
Galaxy S10 and S10+ will have a hole-punch cutout for its camera and cameras
respectively, located in the upper right corner of the display.

Some smartphones will include a feature to flip the rear camera around to become the
front-facing camera, such as the Asus ZenFone 6. A mechanical motor is sometimes
implemented to eliminate the font notch, such as in the OnePlus 7 Pro. The mechanical
motor inside the phone will push the camera up through the top of the phone.

In 2019, the company Oppo announced an under-the-display, hidden selfie camera inside
the body of the phone. The phone will use a custom transparent material that has a
redesigned pixel structure that allows light to enter through the camera portion of the
display.

iPhone vs. Android

Many people may mistake the moniker of an Android device as a specific device similar
to the iPhone. However, Android devices tend to be a wide range of devices that all
support the Android OS. So, it would be more apt to compare device software. As an
example, iOS vs. Android OS.

iOS and Android Software

If a user is basing their smartphone purchase based on software, two of the most
prominent ones are iOS and Android. Many people may make a deciding purchase based
on the software, but what they decide on is up to preference-- as both OSs operate well.
iOS is consistent amongst all iPhones, with changes only taking place in software
updates. However, Android devices can vary much more in experience. OEMs have the
ability to put a “skin” around the operating system, which can customize the OS
experience.
iOS 13 and Android 10 are the most current versions of both OSs. Android has also
moved away from naming their OS updates after deserts. Popular past android food
updates included Pie, Cupcake, Éclair, Ice Cream Sandwich and Lollipop.

iOS 13 updated features included:

 Updated photo app user interface (UI)- which uses the iPhone’s AI to curate the
user’s photo library.

 A dark mode- which turns parts of the UI black or grey.

 Sign In with Apple- which allows users to use a unique, randomized email and
password generated by Apple, increasing security.

 Revamped Apple Maps- including new street level imagery.

 Swipe keyboards

Updated Android 10 features included:

 Dark mode

 Live captions- which uses machine learning to display audio as subtitles without the
need for an internet connection.

 Focus mode- which allows users to hide notifications and apps temporarily.

 Expanded Smart Reply- which now supports messaging apps such as Whatsapp and
Messenger.

 Support for folding phones

 Support for 5G

Android 10 will be available for devices such as the Google Pixel, Asus Zenfone 6,
Huawei Mate 20 Pro, the Xiaomi Pocophone F1 and OnePlus 6, 6T, 7 and 7 Pro.

Cellphone vs. smartphone

A cellphone is simply a telephone that doesn't need a landline connection. It enables the
user to make and receive phone calls. Some cellphones also offer text messaging.

A smartphone has more advanced features, including web browsing, software

applications and a mobile OS. In turn, a smartphone also offers capabilities such as
support for biometrics, video chatting, digital assistants and much more.

Smartphone history

The first smartphone was IBM's Simon, which was presented as a concept device --
rather than a consumer device -- at the 1992 COMDEX computer trade show. It was
capable of sending emails and faxes, as well as keeping a calendar of events for the user,
as opposed to simply making calls and sending messages.

run software applications.

Consumer smartphones evolved away from personal digital assistants (PDAs)

around the turn of the 21st century when devices such as the PalmPilot began to
include wireless connectivity. Several manufacturers, including Nokia and
Hewlett Packard, released devices in 1996 that were combinations of PDAs and
typical cellphones that included early OSs and web browsing capabilities.
BlackBerry released its first smartphones in the mid-2000s, and they became
very popular with consumers and in the enterprise.

Many of these early smartphones featured physical keyboards.

In 2007, LG released the Prada and Apple released the iPhone, the first
smartphones to feature a touchscreen. HTC released its Dream smartphone a
year later, which was the first to include Google's Android OS.

Other significant advancements in the history of smartphones include Sony's

release of the Xperia Z5 Premium phone with a 4K resolution screen in 2015.
Networking advancements in Wi-Fi and LTE have also progressed over the
years, improving the connectivity of smartphones for faster use. In 2019, folding
smartphones have started being released, such as Samsung’s Galaxy Fold.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212567116301216

Abstract
Mobile communication has made an impact towards interaction between
people while conducting business either locally or internationally. The
expansion of mobile communication technology e.g. wireless internet, mobile
phone and Global Positioning System (GPS) are constantly evolving and
upgrading as a result of consumers’ changing needs and preferences.
Therefore, this paper examines about factors influencing purchasing intention
of smartphone among university students. The result shows that three
variables that are product features, brand name and social influence have
significant relationship except one variable, product sacrifice that has no
significant relationship with purchasing intention.

http://www.conscientiabeam.com/pdf-files/soc/1/ijass%203(12)-2426-2440.pdf

Smartphone is a mobile device which is more than merely make and receives phone calls, text messages,
and voice mail. The basic feature of a Smartphone is able to access to the internet. It can also access
digital media such as picture, music and videos. Also, Smartphone needs to have the ability to make use
of small computer programs called applications or apps (Weinberg, 2012). From 2007 to 2010, there are
more than 300,000 of mobile apps being developed and forecasted to have $35 billion of revenue by
2014 (International Data Corporation, 2010). With the increasing development in technology and
telecommunication sector, numbers of Smartphone users around the world is increasing. In Malaysia,
some of the popular Smartphone brands are such as Apple, Samsung, HTC, Sony, Motorola, Nokia, and
LG. Among these Smartphone brands, Samsung Galaxy and Apple iPhone have the strongest
competition in the market. In the third quarter of global Smartphone market 2012, Samsung successfully
overstepped Apple, according to a Reuter’s poll (The Star (a), 2012).

“Price is the amount of money charged for a product or service, or the sum of the values that customers
exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service” (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). Price
is basically the amount of money a consumer willing to pay for in exchange with products and services
that they think are valuable. The value of money varies from different people. Some might think it is
valuable for a high price but others might think it does not worth for the value of money. There are so
many methods of pricing, such as markup pricing, target-return pricing, perceived-value pricing, going
rate pricing and promotional pricing (Kotler and Keller, 2012). If the discount rate is low, it should be
presented in its value; whereas if the discount rate is high, it should be presented in percentage, so that
customers will have higher purchase intention (Isabella, 2012).

Product Features Concern Feature is an attribute of a product to meet the satisfaction level of
consumers’ needs and wants, through owning of the product, usage, and utilization of a product.
Product features including hardware and software. Hardware is the description for a device that can be
touched physically. The hardware of a Smartphone is the body of the phone itself, size and weight. Color
and design are also considered as hardware as it is the physical appearance of the Smartphone.
Software whereas is the general term for computer programs, procedure and documentation. The
software of a Smartphone is the operating platform, storage memory, or apps that run the phone. The
software for a phone in the market is such as iOS, Android, Windows, RIM Blackberry, Symbian, Bada
and maemo. Among the Smartphone user segment, Android users are the largest International Journal
of Asian Social Science, 2013, 3(12): 2426-2440 © 2013 AESS Publications. All Rights Reserved 2431
consist of 43%, IOS users come second with 28%, RIM Blackberry is 18% and the rest is others. Overall,
Android is still the most popular Smartphone operating system in the United State (Mobile, 2011).
Another study on operating system Malaysians used shows Android consist of 42%, Symbian 18%,
whereas iOS, RIM Blackberry and Windows are the same at 6% (Russell, 2012). According to a research,
factor affecting ones to acquire a Smartphone due to software consists of 33 % whereas hardware has
only 17.6%. It shows that software is much more important than hardware in making Smartphone
purchase decision. However, in the same research, Smartphone’s design gain the most importance of
the device specification, it consists of 56%, exceed the importance of wi-fi (38.5%), computing power
(34.2%), price (30.2%) and others (Osman, 2012)

Social Influence Concern “A consumer behavior is influenced by social factors, such as the consumer’s
small groups, family, and social roles and status” (Kotler and Armstrong, 2010). During the decision
making process, consumers tend to always influence by the social group, which is the people. Depending
on various factors, consumers might listen and believe in different social groups, perhaps to those who
are more professional in certain fields. In the purchasing of Smartphone for Generation Y, perhaps the
social influence might come from friends, peers, family members and spouse. According to a research,
consumers’ purchase behavior is shaped up by others, especially by family members while buying high-
involvement products (Farzana, 2012).