

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
224
  224  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ?   ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

1
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 4W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬K‫א‬

  K   ،  ،    ‫א‬  
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K








-2-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

RENEWABLE ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬
 SOLAR ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪55٪42‫א‬٪3
1350(W)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬100(W)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EPhotovoltaic cells )


 Photovoltaic Cells‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Silicon)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(Phosphorus)‫א‬‫א‬

 K(P-type Silicon)‫א‬‫א‬(Boron)‫א‬(N-type Silicon)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N-Type ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ksilicon

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(holes)‫א‬
 KP-Type silicon
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1.1)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Photons) ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1.2)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 25‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K25%‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ___________________Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(N-type)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(P-type)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 o
C +125-65 oC‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J 
K2mV/1oC2mV ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K0.5mA/1oC0.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0.3 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{(1.3)‫א‬
‫א‬(1.4)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-5-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬K(1.5) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-6-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 


 24x‫א‬x‫א‬   
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 Z‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬   


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 


 ‫א‬‫א‬   
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 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

 ‫א‬‫א‬
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 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WIND ENERGY‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 15km ‫א‬    ‫א‬       ‫א‬  20km

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE1.6‫א‬F
     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K(1.7)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

 ، 100W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 50  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬ ( 4MW )‫א‬
K‫א‬ 1000kW 100 kW 50 20 m‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
    K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬٪10
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-9-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 GEOTHERMAL ENERGYE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(1.8) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(1.9)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




- 10 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 TIDAL ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬
  
‫א‬‫א‬ 71%‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE1.10‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1.11‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 12 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 HYDRO-ELECTRIC ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K(1.12)‫א‬
W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 5.9 x F x HZEkWF‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬H 
٪15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

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

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 NONRENEWABLE ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬

 FUEL ENERGY‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬        ‫א‬     K
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬     K(1.13‫א‬F    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬{‫א‬٪50٪35
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬F‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CO2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬CO‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE1.2 ‫א‬FENitrous oxides NOxF‫א‬ESulfur dioxide SO2F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


E‫א‬F‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 100 Ton  250MW  ‫א‬‫א‬
50 Ton  250MW  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 30000m 3
 125 MW  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.1  



‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬

CO2 SO2 NOX  CO  ‫א‬
1090 9.26 3.54  0.11  ‫א‬‫א‬
 781 5.08
‫א‬ 2.02 0.19  ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
 490 0.004 2.32  0.20  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1.2
 .(g/kWh)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1.13F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1.1

24‫א‬‫א‬Repeater‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K24V2A‫א‬
25oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6‫א‬‫א‬
2A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K 25oC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬12V
 K1.15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–3
 K‫א‬

  W‫א‬
 24x‫א‬x‫א‬
____________________________________________________
 Z‫א‬‫א‬ J 1

 ‫א‬‫א‬  
2 × 24
 I t = 125
. × = 10 A    
6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 2

 ‫א‬‫א‬   
____________________________
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
24
  2 = Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
12
 ‫א‬‫א‬
_________________________
 Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
10
  5 = Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬

  10 = 5 × 2 Z‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 3

- 18 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



‫א‬16 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1.2
I=1A‫א‬48VI=4A‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬1.2‫א‬‫א‬
 24‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 12VZ‫א‬2.7AZ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

- 19 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

- 15 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬J 2

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 12W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






- 20 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Steam-turbine plants‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EFurnaceF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،(2.1F ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 ،٪30  ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬ {{‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 Boiler‫א‬Furnace‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 Steam Turbine‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(2.3F‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(2.4) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Condenser‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

Electrical Generator ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
120
 E2.1F   ωm = f
p
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wωm(rpm) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wp(poles)   
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wf(Hz)  
p=2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬60Hz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3600 rpm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬1800 rpm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2.5‫א‬F
- 25 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2.6‫א‬F‫א‬



- 26 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2.7)‫א‬



Qout‫א‬‫א‬Pout‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Vs‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 VS = E f − jI a X S
 W‫א‬‫א‬
3VS E f sin δ
 Pout = 3VS I a cos Φ R = XS

 W‫א‬‫א‬
3VS E f cos δ 3VS2
 Qout = 3VS I a sin Φ R = XS − XS

Excitation Voltage ‫א‬ EfW

 
 Synchronous reactance ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ XS

 Load current‫א‬Ia




- 27 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2.8F ‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬
power ‫اﻟﻘﺪرة‬

‫א‬‫א‬ Electrical system
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Automatic Frequency ‫اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ Loads ‫א‬
Generation Control ‫א‬ 
Transmission line

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
Other generators
‫א‬ 
Energy supply system:
Steam ‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬ 

‫ﻣﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ h‫א‬ ‫א‬
Speed changer Speed governor Turbine Generator

Valve

Speed ‫اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(2.8) ‫א‬








- 28 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KExciter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(2.9)‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(2.9) ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WRegulator‫א‬E1F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WExciter‫א‬E2F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WTransducer‫א‬E3F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WProtective circuits‫א‬‫א‬E4F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- 29 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬WPower system Stabilizer‫א‬‫א‬E5F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 E2.10J F–‫א‬FDC Exciter‫א‬‫א‬ -
 E2.10J F–‫א‬FAC Exciter‫א‬‫א‬ -
E2.10J F–‫א‬FStatic Exciter‫א‬‫א‬ -

‫א‬‫א‬
DC Exciter ‫א‬‫א‬
Main Generator
Field Armature
Field Armature
‫א‬ CT Vs
If
PT
‫ א‬ ‫א‬
‫ א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ I
 ‫א‬ U
Voltage
Regulator Uref  ‫א‬

 DC Exciter‫א‬‫א‬W2.10J EF‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



AC Exciter ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Diode Main Generator
Rectifier Field Armature
Field Armature
‫א‬ CT
IF
PT
‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬

Controlled  I
Rectifier  ‫א‬
U
Voltage
Regulator Uref ‫א‬

 AC Exciter‫א‬‫א‬2.10.(F‫א‬



Controlled ‫א‬‫א‬
Rectifier Main Generator
‫א‬  Field Armature
IF
‫א‬ CT

PT
Exciter ‫א‬
transformer
I
‫א‬
Static Exciter U
Voltage
Regulator Uref ‫א‬

 Static Exciter‫א‬‫א‬W 2.10KEF‫א‬




- 31 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

K ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬
CO2‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KENitrous oxides NOxF‫א‬E..Sulfur dioxide SO2F‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Gas-turbine plants‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
   ،(2.11) ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬       { ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬

 WTurbine compressor unit‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
{ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(2.1.EF‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WBurner‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 KE2.12.EF‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

- 34 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WElectrical generator‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ K٪30‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬CO2‫א‬‫א‬
E..Sulfur dioxide SO2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KENitrous) oxides NOx‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Combined cycle steam-gas power plant‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪50‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K1700MW‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٪35‫א‬٪40‫א‬J
 K‫א‬٪50
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J






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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫اﻟﻮﻗﻮد‬
‫اﻟﻬﻮاء‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ‬

‫اﻟﻐﻼﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮرﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻐﺎز‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬

‫ﻣﺎء اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
% 50 ‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﺤﺮارﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﻣﺎء اﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬

 KJ ‫א‬‫א‬W(2.13)‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Diesel power plants‫א‬


 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
KE2.14‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10MW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE2.15‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K10MW
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬W(2.14)‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬–
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬–
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(the SelfF‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬
، ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬-
 K‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٪35
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ -

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2.1
10MVAZE‫א‬F‫א‬J

YJ

f=60HzW‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬J

US=13.8 kVZE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬J

XS= 20ΩW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 WQout‫א‬Pout‫א‬‫א‬Ef ‫א‬

13.8kV 30o‫א‬Ia= 300A
 ‫א‬‫א‬J

 13.8kV 30o‫א‬Ia= 300A‫א‬‫א‬J 

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬Y‫א‬–2.2
 KXS=5Ω‫א‬‫א‬11kV‫א‬2000kVA
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LagEFP.F.=0.8‫א‬
 KU=11kV‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KLeadP.F.=0.8

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

22
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 2

 ‫א‬‫א‬J 3


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 4W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

{‫א‬  { ‫א‬  W  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٪40 ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    K    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ،  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

















- 44 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  3.2 ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 3.1 ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K3.3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.1

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 EKWhF  EKWhF
220  EF 112  EF
11 E‫א‬F‫א‬ 3.5  EF‫א‬
20  E‫א‬F‫א‬ 500  EF
36 EF‫א‬ 16 EF‫א‬
1680 EF‫א‬‫א‬ 230  EF
1770 E1000m3F 25  EF


- 45 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 WEF‫א‬W3.2

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 VA/m2
120  
100 
 
140  
50  
75  ‫א‬
35  


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.3

‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 VA/m2
70  
50 - 30  
60  
60  
80  




- 46 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Average Load (Demand) DavE‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬،
 
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬

  24‫א‬  
    ___________________________________________
 Z‫א‬‫א‬
  24    
 
  Dav = ∑
Di

T

  12‫א‬  
 _____________________________
Z‫א‬‫א‬
 12    




 EMaximum Demand (Dmax‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬ 30 15‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EDemand Factor (DF‫א‬


   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  __________________________________________
   Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

Dmax
 DF = n

∑ Li
i =1
 

 ELoad Factor (FLd‫א‬



K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
80 kW 24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.8‫א‬100kW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬ 
   _______________________________________Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Dav
   FLd =  
Dmax
 E‫א‬F‫א‬DavJ W
  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬DmaxJ 


 Diversity Factor (FDiv) E‫א‬F‫א‬


K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

    ‫א‬‫א‬  
 __________________________________________
   Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

n
∑ Di max
  FDiv = i =1

Dt max
 Di‫א‬‫א‬DimaxJ W
  Dt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DtmaxJ 

 Dt=D1+D2+……+DiW‫א‬J


 Coincidence Factor (Fc)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
1
 Fc =
FDiv

 EUtilization factor (Fu‫א‬‫א‬

   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Dmax
 Fu =
Drated
 ‫א‬‫א‬DmaxW
 ‫א‬‫א‬Drated

 ELoad diversity (LD‫א‬EF
 W{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

n
 LD = ( ∑ Di max ) − Dt max
i =1

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KkWh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 EhF‫א‬XEkWF‫א‬‫א‬ZEkWhF‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1.51.15‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬{{ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 1

 KEKVAkWF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬J 2

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 4

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 5

 K‫א‬
 KJ 6

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 Plant Capacity Factor ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    EKWhF‫א‬‫א‬   
 _________________________________________
   Z‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬XEKWF‫א‬   

 Reserve Factor‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    EKWF‫א‬‫א‬  
________________________________
   Z‫א‬
 EKWF‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Utilization Factor ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

    EKWF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
_________________________________
   Z‫א‬‫א‬
 EKWF‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬3.1‫א‬3.1
11‫א‬8‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬K2000kW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
9‫א‬‫א‬12‫א‬6‫א‬
 WK2000kW
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(3.1)‫א‬   
 W‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬  
2000 + 2000
 FDiv = FDiv ≈ 1.33 E
3000
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
2
  LD = (∑ Di max ) − Dt max = (2000+2000)-3000 = 1000kW
i =1

 K‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬E
3 1
 Fc = = 0.75   Fc =   
4 FDiv

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3.2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E -
‫א‬‫א‬E -
 EkWF‫א‬  ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ E‫א‬F
200 200 100  A.M12
200 200 100 1
200 200 100 2
200 200 100 3
200 200 100 4
200 200 100 5
200 200 100 6
200 400 100 7
300  200 0 8
500 500 0 9
1000  500 0 10
1000 500 0 11
1000 500 0 Noon12
1000 500 0 1
1200 500 0 2
1200 500 0 3
1200 500 0 4
1200 600 100 5
800 700 100 6
400 800 100 7
400 1000 100 8
400 1000 100 9
200 800 100 10
200 600  100  11

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3.4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3.4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3.3
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

4
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 10W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air-insulated outdoor  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬Substation
Gas-Insulated  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KSubstation

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Transformer Substation‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Transmission substation‫א‬ -
Distribution substation‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Air-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kinsulated outdoor Substation
SF6 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
Gas-  ‫א‬‫א‬ ( Sulfur hexafluoride 
 ‫א‬)
 KInsulated Substation

 ‫א‬ •
  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ( 6.6kV, 11kV,13.8kV,20kV and 33kVF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

750kV, 400kV, 380kV, 220kV, 132kV,110kV and F      ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E66kV
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
 K(4.1)‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.1)‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬ •

‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K(33kV,20kV,13.8kV,11kV 6.6kV, 380V and 220VF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  Step-up or step-down transformers‫א‬‫א‬ -
 Bus-bars         ‫א‬ -
Circuit Breakers and Relays   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
Disconnect switch and grounding switch ‫א‬‫א‬ -
Voltage and current transformers   ‫א‬ -
 measurement and protection instruments   ‫א‬‫א‬ -
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
Alert and protection instruments  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
Batteries         ‫א‬J
Earthling systems       ‫א‬J
 Control systems        ‫א‬J
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 •


 W(4.2)‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


(a) Central tower design



‫א‬(b) Special layout for single busbars up to 145kV
 (a)WW(4.3)‫א‬
‫א‬(b)     
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    Generator transformers ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KDistribution transformers‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
800kV‫א‬500MVA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPower transformers‫א‬
K36kV2500KVA50KVA‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬K(Delta ∆ dF EWye Y y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬        ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E11 5-1-0F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  30o  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  11=11x30o=330o W F   30 o 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4.4)‫א‬KE‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.4)

   Dry-type transformers   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   
 E4.5) F Oil filled transformers ‫א‬     ،C2F6 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Silicone fluid‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 W (4.5)EF




W(4.5)EF

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K4.5.EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K
 KONAN: Oil-natural, air-natural cooling ‫א‬ ‫א‬  Non-direct flow
‫א‬   direct flow ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
 OFAF: Oil-forced, air-forced cooling‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   forced circulation  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 300oC (Flash point) O   
 300oC(Flash point) K  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  L E‫א‬F  ‫א‬
 
 (Natural Convection)‫א‬‫א‬ N  
 (forced Circulation)‫א‬‫א‬ F ‫א‬‫א‬
(Directed ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  D  E‫א‬F
flow) 
Air‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Water ‫א‬ W E‫א‬F 
 (Natural Convection) N ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (forced Circulation) F  E‫א‬F 

 


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KOil-natural, air-natural cooling‫א‬WONAN
 KOil-natural, air-forced cooling‫א‬WONAF
 
OAK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
KONAN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ODAF OFAF   ‫א‬ FOA  ONAF  ‫א‬  FA   
Multiple   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
   ONAN/ONAF ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ratings
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫– ﺠﺩﺍﻭل ﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﺤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬4.2 ‫ﺠﺩﻭل‬

 - 67 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

(Bus-bars Schemes)‫א‬

 W‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

 Single Bus‫א‬‫א‬ K1
Double bus, double breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
Main and transfer (inspection) bus K3
Double bus, single breaker‫א‬‫א‬ K4
Ring bus K5
 one-and-half circuit breaker bus‫א‬K6





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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 Single BusE 4.8 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K1
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻃﻊ‬

‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬W4.8‫א‬

 Double bus, double breakerE4.9‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬       ‫א‬    ‫א‬  K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



(4.10)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.9)‫א‬
 

Main and transfer (inspection) busE4.10‫א‬FK3
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ Bus tie breaker‫א‬ ‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(tie breakerF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬      ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Double bus, single breakerE4.11‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬
‫رﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫راﺑﻂ‬
‫ﻗﻀﺒﺎن‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬
‫أﺣﺘﻴﺎﻃﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬W(4.11)‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Ring busE4.12‫א‬F K5

K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬






 Ring busW(4.12F‫א‬






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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 one-and-half circuit breaker busE4.13‫א‬F‫א‬K6

‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE750400F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2 ‫داﺋﺮة‬ 1 ‫داﺋﺮة‬

‫ﺳﻜﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻃﻊ‬
‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﻴﺐ‬
‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬
2‫رﻗﻢ‬ 1‫رﻗﻢ‬

 one-and-half circuit breaker bus‫א‬W(4.13)‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬    ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

EF‫א‬ ƒ

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫א‬
   J     ‫א‬  –   
   E‫א‬F‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
 Single Bus
  ‫א‬‫א‬ J  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ –   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  E‫א‬F‫ א‬  ‫א‬  J ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ Double bus, double breaker

   –    – 

   E‫א‬F‫ א‬‫א‬    ‫ א‬    
 K‫א‬‫א‬ Main and transfer  
 (inspection) bus
   –      – ‫א‬  
   E‫א‬F  K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
Double bus, single breaker
   –   ‫א‬– 
     E‫א‬F  K‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Ring bus

   –   ‫א‬‫א‬– 

    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬ one-and-half circuit
breaker bus










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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Voltage and current transformers‫א‬


 Current transformer ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   (Ammeter and Wattmeter)
 KE4.14)‫א‬E400/1AF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.14)‫א‬

voltage transformer ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    E‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Voltmeter and Wattmeter)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W Induction transformer ‫א‬ ‫א‬  -
 KE4.14‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬     WCapacitive transformer ‫א‬ ‫א‬  -
K
F‫א‬‫א‬WOptical transformer ‫א‬‫ א‬-
 (Pockels effect
 KE110000/100VF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 Circuit Breakers and Disconnectors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


Circuit Breakers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
      E‫א‬ F    ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، SF6،‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Electrical arcF
 K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
Air magnetic circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
Oil circuit breaker ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
Air blast circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 Vaccuum circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
Gas circuit breaker‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEFW(4.15)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEF 

     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ EoC)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE4.15EF‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(SF6 technology)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (Dead tank Breakers) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬ Elive tank Breakers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬      ،‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬ (SF6 breakers)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬








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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.16)‫א‬

 ‫א‬     (Vacuum circuit breaker) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Sulfur hexaflouride) SF6
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K  ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬      ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ SF6 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SF6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Compressor‫א‬ -
K‫א‬،63kA‫א‬ -
EEHV)(Cycles) 2.52،‫א‬ -
K25‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫ א‬-
K‫א‬‫א‬ -

 Disconnect switch‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬  
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 Vertical break‫א‬‫א‬J
Double break switchesJ
 (V switchesFVJ
(Center-break switches)J
 (Grouding switchesF‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Grounding switch‫א‬

K(4.17)‫א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K63kA‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺘﺄرﻳﺾ‬
( ‫ ﻣﻔﺘ ﻮح‬on)

‫ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﺘﺄرﻳﺾ‬
( ‫ ﻣ ﻐﻠﻖ‬off)



 110kV W(4.17)‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬     K‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(Fire protection measures)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Active   ‫א‬‫א‬  (passive measures)  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K  measures)
IEEE  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬979
    ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  K      ‫א‬    ‫א‬   K‫א‬
 ، (Deluge valves) ‫א‬   (Sprinklers valves) ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    IEEE 979  K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Batteries ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  UPS system ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 K
 W‫א‬
W    ‫א‬  K‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

disch arg e
Pb + PbO2 + 2 H 2 SO4 ↔
ch arg e
2 PbSO4 + 2 H 2 O

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫أﻣﻴﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺮدد‬

‫ﻣﺤﻮل‬


 
 ‫א‬‫א‬(4.18)

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 J W‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬    W‫א‬ ‫א‬  -
 KEJ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE21F‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 J W‫א‬
 ‫א‬J W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 ‫א‬J W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J W
 K








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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Substation Earthing‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    Kearthing impedances  ‫א‬  transformer neutrals
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTouch Voltage‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (4.19)‫א‬
K


‫ ﻣﺘﺮ‬1

‫اوﺿﺎع اﻟﺼﺪﻣﺎت اﻻﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.19)‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Step Voltage‫א‬ J 
 K4.19 J 4.20‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     W Mesh Voltage ‫א‬   J 
 KE4.19‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.20‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 :Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬      K‫א‬   ground resistivity
 KEarthing voltage‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Earthing MaterialsW‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  WConductors ‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬ 95mm2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K3-7m‫א‬0.25-0.50 m
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    WConnections ‫ א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬W Earthing Rods‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬W Switchyard Fence Earthing‫א‬ J
K‫א‬K1.5 m 0.5m‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ground grid‫א‬J
Overhead ground wires‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
 Neutral conductorsE‫א‬F‫א‬-
 Underground cables ‫א‬‫א‬J
 Foundations‫א‬J

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Step  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Touch voltage‫א‬voltage
 W‫א‬
ρ.K .K .I
 E = m i G
m L
m
 W
 WStep voltage‫א‬WEm
 WSoil resistivity‫א‬‫א‬Wρ
 The geometrical factor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WKm
 The correction factor‫א‬WKi
The average current in the   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W IG(p.u)
 grounding system
The length of the conductor that makes up the ‫א‬‫א‬W Lm
 grounding system
(IEEE-80 Guide for safety in AC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   substation grounding
 K














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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

Components of a substation automation system‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
{‫א‬Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) J
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ,(PLC) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.Conventional remote terminal unit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (RTU)
 K‫א‬
SCADA System Master Station    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   :SCADA  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.21)‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.22)‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(4.23)‫א‬
 (Gas Insulated Switchgear for substation)‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE4.27 4.25  ‫א‬F SF6

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬SF6 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ J
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J









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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  



GIS substation‫א‬‫א‬W4.25‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 KGas Insulated Switchgear for substation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.26‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  224  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W4.27‫א‬
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    224  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬12‫א‬‫א‬J 1
‫א‬K‫א‬48VI=4A‫א‬ ‫א‬K ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬8‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.5‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 24‫א‬‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 12VZ‫א‬G 1.5AZ‫א‬G

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
  E24EF9AEF2AEFW‫א‬F

 ،Υ‫א‬ J 2
P=10MW
‫א‬KXS=0.66Ω ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KU=11kV(Lag.)P.F.=0.85
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 3
 30.5%Z‫א‬ J
18000kWZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
7500kW, 5000kW, 3400kW, 4600kW, 2800 kWW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
   K‫א‬‫א‬J 
E1.3EF48.09x106 kWhEFW‫א‬F



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    224  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

10MW, 5MW, 8MW W

 ‫א‬J 4
 WK٪60‫א‬‫א‬1.5‫א‬‫א‬K7MW
 K‫א‬‫א‬J 
     K‫א‬‫א‬J 
E105.12x106 kWhEF20MWEFW‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬ ، 43000kW ‫א‬J 5
 W‫א‬K61500000kWh‫א‬‫א‬20000kW
 K‫א‬E
 K‫א‬E
 E35.1%EF46.5%EFW‫א‬F         
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 6
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
200W a.m.6 p.m.12
3000W  noon12a.m.6
100W p.m.1noon 12
4000W p.m.4p.m.1
2000W p.m.9p.m.4
1000W p.m.12p.m.9

 ‫א‬E
 E46.1%EFW‫א‬F

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 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 Symbols‫א‬

Temperature, Cycle ‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬ : T
Voltage per phase‫א‬ : V
Line to line Voltage ‫א‬ : U
Reactance‫ א‬: X
Admittance‫ א‬: Y
Impedance‫ א‬: Z
Angular Velocity‫א‬‫א‬ : ωm
Ohm ‫ أوم‬: Ω
Efficiency‫ א‬: η
 WStep voltage‫א‬WEm
 WSoil resistivity‫א‬‫א‬Wρ
The ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W Km
 geometrical factor
 The correction factor‫א‬WKi
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W IG(p.u)
The average current in  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 the grounding system
The   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W Lm
length of the conductor that makes up
 the grounding system

 Apparent power‫א‬‫ א‬: S

 Ampere or area‫א‬ : A
Capacitance‫ א‬: C
Diameter, Distance‫א‬{‫א‬: D
Voltage of cell‫א‬‫א‬ : E
Frequency‫ א‬: f
Farad‫א‬ : F
Conductance‫א‬‫ א‬: G
Head, Henry{‫א‬{‫ א‬: H
Current‫ א‬: I
Vector operator ‫א‬‫ א‬: j
Permittivity of air‫א‬‫א‬ : εο
Relative permittivity‫א‬‫ א‬: εr
Inductance‫ א‬: L
Length‫ א‬: l
Mass‫ א‬: m
 Speed‫ א‬: n
Active power‫א‬‫ א‬:P
Number of ‫א‬‫א‬ : p
poles
Reactive power{‫א‬‫ א‬: Q
Resistance‫ א‬: R
Radius‫ א‬: r

  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬

1. Katrina O’Mara and Mark Rayer, “The Australian renewable Energy”,
Mordoch University, June 1999.
2. Ontario Hydro, “Alternative Energy Review”, September 200
3. Walter C. Patterson, “ The Energy Alternative, Boxtree Ltd, London,
1990
4. Ruth Howes & Anthony Fainberg, “The energy Sourcebook: A guide to
technology”, Resources and Policy, American Institute of Physics, 1991.
5. Ken Zweibel, “Harnessing Solar Power: The Photovoltaics Challenge,
New York, Plernum Publishing, 1990.

6. P. Kundur , “Power system stability and control”, McGraw-Hill, New

York,1994.
7. Takasago Machinery Works, Mitsubitshi Heavy Industries,
(http:/www.mhi.co.jp/tmw/products/).
8. B.L. Theraja, A.K. Theraja, “A textbook of ELECTRICAL
TECHNOLOGY” S.CHAND 22 Ed 1997.
9. Siemens Power Generation: Product line Features
(http:/www.siemens.com ).

10. Toran Gonen," Electric Power Distribution System Engineering", Mc

Graw-Hill 1986

??‫א‬‫א‬??،‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬

11. Leo. L. Grigsby," The electric power engineering Handbook", CRC

PRESS IEEE PRESS 1998.
12. Siemens, “Power engineering guide : Transmission and Distribution”,
siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 1999.
13. http//www.abb.com/highvoltage
14. http//www.ev.siemens.de

  224  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
.‫ ﺧﻄﺄ! اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮّﻓﺔ‬..................................................................................... 
- 3 - ................................................................RENEWABLE ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬
- 3 - ................................................................................. SOLAR ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬
- 8 - ....................................................................................... WIND ENERGY‫א‬
- 12 - ................................................................................ TIDAL ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬
- 14 - .................................. HYDRO-ELECTRIC ENERGYE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
- 14 - .................................. HYDRO-ELECTRIC ENERGYE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
- 16 - .................................................. NONRENEWABLE ENERGY‫א‬‫א‬
- 16 - ....................................................................................... FUEL ENERGY‫א‬
- 22 - .................................................................. Steam-turbine plants‫א‬
- 33 - ..................................................................... Gas-turbine plants‫א‬
- 36 - ....................... Combined cycle steam-gas power plant‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
- 38 - ............................................................................... Diesel power plants‫א‬
45 .............................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
47 ............................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
52 ................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬
- 57 - .......................................................... Transformer Substation‫א‬‫א‬
- 57 - .................................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬
- 59 - ........................................................................................................ ‫א‬
- 62 - ................................................................................................ ‫א‬
- 68 - .................................................................... (Bus-bars Schemes)‫א‬
- 75 - .......................................... Voltage and current transformers‫א‬
- 76 - ............................ Circuit Breakers and Disconnectors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 83 - ........................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 84 - ...................................................................................................... Batteries‫א‬
- 87 - ................................................................................. Substation Earthing‫א‬
- 91 - ...................................... Components of a substation automation system‫א‬
- 94 - .............................(Gas Insulated Switchgear for substation)‫א‬‫א‬
104 ............................................................................................................. 
106 ........................................................................................................... Symbols‫א‬
107 ........................................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬