RF Basic

RF
Basics and Components
TELCOMA
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved
Course Content

Index
❏ RF Basics
❏ Transmitters and Receivers
❏ Analog Signals
❏ Frequency
❏ Digital Signals
❏ RF Behaviour
❏ Loss and Gain
❏ Insertion Loss
Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
Index
❏ Skin Effect
❏ Free Space Loss
❏ Reflection
❏ Basic System Components Part I
❏ Transmitters and Receivers
❏ Antennas

Index
❏ Basic System Components Part II

❏ Amplifiers
❏ Fundamental Properties of an Amplifier
❏ Special Amplifiers
❏ Filters
❏ Special Filters
❏ Mixers
❏ Sources
Index
❏ Circuits and Signals

❏ Semiconductors
❏ Diodes and Transistors
❏ Integrated Circuits (MMIC)
❏ Circuit Technologies
❏ Lumped and Distributed Circuits
❏ Discrete, Hybrid, and MMIC Circuit Technology
❏ Subassemblies
Index
❏ Cavities
❏ Modulation
❏ Introduction
❏ Types of Modulation
❏ Modulators and Demodulators
❏ Other Components Part I
❏ RF Adapters
❏ ADC
Index
❏ Attenuators
❏ Capacitors
❏ Other Components Part II
❏ Charging and Discharging of Capacitors
❏ Stray Capacitance
❏ Capacitors in Parallel
❏ Capacitors in Series
❏ Alternating Current in a Capacitor
Index
❏ Capacitive Reactance
❏ Quality Factor
❏ Other Components Part III
❏ RF Chokes
❏ RF Circulators
❏ RF Connectors
❏ RF Couplers
❏ RF Circulators
Index
❏ Other Components Part IV

❏ Crystal Oscillators
❏ DC Blocks
❏ RF Delay Lines
❏ RF Detectors
❏ RF Diplexer
❏ Other Components Part V
❏ Frequency Doublers
Index
❏ RF Front End Modules

❏ Hybrid Couplers
❏ Impedance Matching Pads
❏ RF Inductors
❏ RF Isolators
❏ RF Limiters
❏ RF Mixers
❏ Frequency Multipliers
Index
❏ Other Components Part VI

❏ Phase Shifters
❏ Power Dividers
❏ RF Switch
❏ RF Terminations
❏ RF Transistors
❏ VCO
❏ Wireless Charging Receiver IC
Index
❏ Wireless Charging Transmitter IC

❏ RF Filters
❏ Introduction
❏ Passive Filters
❏ Active Filters
❏ Key Parameters to Describe Filter Response

RF Basics

Transmitters and Receivers
❏ One of the two ways are used by the electrical energy to move from place
to place i.e. as current along a conductor or in the air as invisible waves.
❏ The electrical energy starts flowing as a current along the conductor, then
converted into waves to transmit through the air and then again converted
back to current.

❏ The figure shows that the electrical
signal flows as a current in the
transmitter, T, which is then
converted from electrical signal to
airborne waves and travelled at the
speed of light and then again
converted back to electrical signal
at the receiver, R.
Analog Signals
❏ The information can be stored in an electrical energy if it varies over time.

❏ When there is a variation of electrical energy over time in a controlled
manner, is called signal.
❏ There are two general categories of a signal
❏ Analog Signal
❏ Digital Signal
❏ An example of analog signal is a sine wave.

Analog Signals
❏ The figure shows that the sine wave
has maximum intensity at point B,
then back to zero at point C, and
minimum at point D and then again
returned to zero before repeating
the whole process over and over
again.
❏ The intensity of RF signal is a
measure of power in watts.Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
Frequency
❏ The frequency of the signal is the number of times a signal goes through a
complete up and down cycle.
❏ One RF signal can be separated from another and one wireless application
can be distinguished from another with the help of frequency.
❏ Different electrical and wireless activities can be performed at different
frequencies as shown in the table.

Frequency

Frequency
❏ Some of the frequency range definitions are shown in the table below:

Frequency
❏ Some of the frequency band definitions are shown in the table below:

Digital Signals
❏ Digital signal is another type of electrical signal.

❏ Unlike the analog signal in which there is a gradual variation between its
high points and low points, there is an instantaneous variation between
two electrical values in digital signals.
❏ Digital signal don’t have any values between the high and low levels.
❏ Digital signals have two signal levels: up and down (high and low).

Digital Signals
❏ Figure shows a digital signal.
❏ The pattern of highs and lows
indicate the information in the
digital signals.
❏ The information is represented by
using digital signals but not carried
over the air.

Digital Signals
❏ The information is carried by analog signals only through the air.

❏ Either analog or digital information signals can be carried by these analog
signals.
❏ The information signal is carried on the top of an analog signal so that
signal can travel through air and the analog signal is called an RF or the
carrier.

Thanks

RF Behaviour

Loss and Gain
❏ Devices
❏ Many different objects known as components or devices are
encountered by an electrical signal while it is in the form of a current
inside a transmitter or receiver.
❏ There are two categories of all the components i.e. active or passive.
❏ If power supply is required by the component to work properly, it is
called an active component, otherwise, a passive component.

Loss and Gain
❏ Two properties are exhibited by all the components i.e. loss or gain.
❏ Gain is exhibited by the device if bigger signal came out than the
signal went in.
❏ The device that exhibits gain is called amplifier which are active
devices.
❏ Attenuation
❏ Loss is exhibited by the device if smaller signal came out than the
signal went in.
Loss and Gain
❏ The signal is said to be attenuated if loss is exhibited by any signal that

passes through a device.
❏ Loss is exhibited by many different devices that may be active or
passive.
❏ The RF signal that is not used can be converted to heat.

Loss and Gain
❏ Figure shows a summary of loss
and gain.

Loss and Gain
❏ Figure shows the simple
multiplication of gain.

Insertion Loss
❏ The exactly opposite behavior is exhibited by the passive devices of the

active devices.
❏ A loss of 100 is possessed by the device if a signal as big as 1/100th is
coming out from the device than going in and the magnitude of output
signal can be found by dividing the input signal by 100.
❏ The loss experienced by the signal through a passive component is called
insertion loss.

Skin Effect
❏ The RF signal hangs out on the metal object’s surface when conductor is
used.
❏ The presence of RF signal is not detected by the detector if it is placed
inside a conductor.
❏ This behaviour is called skin effect.

Free Space Loss
❏ Free space loss is experienced by an RF signal when it travels in the air by

escaping the bounds of the conductor.
❏ The receiver receives the smaller signal if a receiver is away from the
transmitter due to free space loss.
❏ The measure of the strength of an airborne signal is called power density.

Reflection
❏ RF energy is not absorbed by
everything encountered by an RF
wave.
❏ The RF signal is sent by some
things encountered by RF waves in
another direction is called
reflection.
❏ Figure shows direct and angular
reflection. Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
Thanks

Basic System Components
Part I

❏ The same basic functions are
performed by all the transmitters
and receivers that have many
internal components and are
complex.
❏ Simple block diagrams are used to
describe both of them.

❏ There are just five basic building
blocks that are consisted in all
transmitters and receivers.

Antennas
❏ Antenna is the first device.
❏ The electrical signals that are
flowing down a conductor are
converted into the airborne waves
or vice-versa by the antenna.
❏ The airborne waves are said to
radiate out from antenna when they
leave an antenna.
Antennas
❏ Antennas can be active or passive.

❏ There are three things on which the shape and size of any particular
antenna depends.
❏ The frequency that can be handled by an antenna is the first thing on
which the physical characteristics depend.
❏ The direction of the airborne signal is the second thing.
❏ The power is the third thing that determines the size of an antenna.

Antennas
❏ Antennas may be omnidirectional or directional.

❏ There must be an even division of all the of the RF energy in all directions
when using an omnidirectional antenna.
❏ But if the RF energy has to be radiated in any particular directions, then
directional antennas are to be used.
❏ The amount of RF energy coming out of both of these antennas will be
same but in case of directional antennas the energy is divided over the
smaller areas.
Antennas
❏ An antenna pattern is a tool used by the RF engineers to know the design

of the antenna.
❏ In antenna pattern, the antenna is represented by a solid dot in the middle
and the power radiating out from the antenna is represented by a line
drawn around the antenna.
❏ The one half drop in the power radiating out from the antenna than that of
the power at the antenna itself is represented by a drawing a line.

Antennas
❏ The figure shows the two
representative antenna patterns.

Antennas
❏ One-dimensional Antennas
❏ A hunk of wire is used to make one-dimensional antennas that is
arranged in a straight line or any other shape.
❏ The monopole and the dipole are the two most basic
one-dimensional antennas.
❏ A straight wire antenna is a monopole that is one quarter in length of
the wavelength of the RF signal that has been radiated by it.

Antennas
❏ The two monopoles connected together in a straight line make a dipole.

❏ A dipole antenna has a length of one half of wavelength.
❏ Two-dimensional antennas
❏ A lot more variety is offered by two-dimensional antennas from patches
and arrays to horns and dishes.
❏ A square hunk of metal is comprised in a patch antenna whereas a bunch
of patches are there in an array in an organized, two-dimensional pattern.

Antennas
❏ Smart antennas
❏ Mobile telephony uses smart antennas that have three sets of
antennas.
❏ There is a division of the cell into three 120° sectors.
❏ 120° of coverage has been provided by each set of antennas and
therefore, 120° of beamwidth is there.
❏ The problem in using single antenna for 120° of coverage is wastage of
RF energy and interference.
Antennas
❏ Hence, the 120° sector should be broke into a number of smaller

sectors each of having its own antennas and the users can be tracked
by them as they move within the sector which is known as spatial
division multiple access or SDMA.
❏ Switched beam and adaptive array are two types of smart antennas.
❏ Many narrow beam antennas are used in switched beam, each of
them are pointed in a slightly different direction so that the entire 120°
sector can be covered.
Antennas
❏ A single array antenna can be used by adaptive array in which the

antenna beam can swing electronically from one position to the next.

Thanks

Basic System Components
Part II

Amplifiers
❏ An amplifier is a device that
amplifies a signal i.e. makes a signal
bigger.
❏ The figure shows the block diagram
of an amplifier.

Fundamental Properties of An Amplifier
❏ Gain
❏ It is a measure of how bigger the output signal is from the input signal
and is measured in dB.
❏ Noise Figure
❏ It is a measure of quietness of a low noise amplifier.
❏ Noise figure is a fundamental property of an LNA.
❏ Lower the NF, better the range of a cellular device.

❏ Output Power
❏ The RF signal has been boosted up by the high power amplifier before
shooting it out of the antenna.
❏ Farther distance is travelled by a bigger signal and greater range is
provided.
❏ Output power is a fundamental property of an HPA.
❏ The higher the power, the better the signal strength.

❏ Linearity
❏ Linearity is a measure of how much the shape of the signal can be
distorted by the amplifier.
❏ The intercept point of an amplifier is used to measure the linearity of
an amplifier.
❏ The higher the intercept point, the more linear the amplifier.

Special Amplifiers
❏ Figure shows the output power
versus input power of an
amplifier.

Special Amplifiers
❏ Limiting Amplifiers
❏ The output power is limited by the limiting amplifiers.
❏ The places where the component will be damaged due to high input
power use limiting amplifiers so that the next component can be
protected.

Special Amplifiers
❏ Balanced Amplifiers
❏ Two amplifiers are used in
balanced amplifier that are
connected in parallel.
❏ The figure shows the block
diagram of a balanced
amplifier.

Special Amplifiers
❏ The first advantage of this amplifier is that as two amplifiers are used if
one gets damaged other can be still working.
❏ The second advantage is a better match (lower VSWR) has been
provided than regular amplifiers and hence, better performance is
provided due to less leakage.

Special Amplifiers
❏ Variable Gain Amplifiers
❏ The gain of the VGA can be
varied over some predefined
range by using an external
control.
diagram of VGA.

Filters
❏ All the unwanted signals can be
filtered out by the filter.

Filters
❏ Different types of filters are shown in the figure:

Filters
❏ Filters are passive devices that do
not require any power supply.
❏ The variation in insertion loss as a
function of frequency is used for its
operation.
❏ The frequency response of the
bandpass filter is shown in the
figure.
Special Filters
❏ Duplexers
❏ In duplexers, two filters are combined in a single component.
❏ The same antenna can be used as transmitter and receiver by
combining both the transmitter and receiver filters into the same
device and therefore, the number of antennas required at the base
station can be reduced.

Special Filters
❏ SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) Filters

❏ The RF signal is first converted into sound signal, then that sound
signal can be filtered, and finally, the sound signal is converted back
into an RF signal.
❏ SAW filters are practical between 10 MHz and about 3 GHz.
❏ Superconducting Filters
❏ The insertion loss is almost negligible or very little in the
superconducting filters.
Mixers
❏ The frequency of a signal can be
changed keeping same the other
parameters of the signal.
diagram of a mixer.
❏ Mixers are also known as
upconverters or downconverters.

Mixers
❏ Conversion Loss
❏ It is the name given to the insertion loss in the mixers.
❏ The lower the CL, the better the performance of the mixer.
❏ Frequency Doublers
❏ These are closely related to mixers.
❏ Its output frequency is twice to that of its input.

Sources
❏ A source or an oscillator is the
major building block of a network.
diagram of a source.
❏ Local oscillator or LO provides one
of the inputs to a mixer.

Sources
❏ Voltage-controlled oscillators are
the special subset of oscillators.
❏ The oscillator by which the
frequency of its output sine wave
can be varied in response to a
change in input voltage.
diagram of a VCO.
Sources
❏ There is change in the output frequency of the VCO as there is change in

the voltage applied to the VCO.
❏ VCOs operate over a range of frequencies.
❏ The cost of the VCOs increase with the wider range of the frequency and
their performance become poorer.

Thanks

Circuits and Signals

Semiconductors
❏ Solid state technology

❏ Semiconductor technology is oftenly known as solid state technology
as these are solid materials.
❏ Tube technology is another type of technology in which vacuum is
used for all the electrical stuff.
❏ Semiconductors are very small and cheap.

Semiconductors
❏ Silicon and Gallium Arsenide

❏ The two primary semiconductor materials that are used to
manufacture RF components are silicon (Si) and gallium arsenide
(GaAs).
❏ For higher frequency applications, GaAs is used.
❏ Silicon device is always preferred over GaAs because it is less
expensive.

Semiconductors
❏ Silicon Germanium and Indium Phosphide

❏ The linear performance of SiGe is lower than GaAs but it’s efficiency is
more.
❏ More the efficiency, longer is the battery life.
❏ InP has high frequency
❏ Power amplifiers are made using InP

Diodes and Transistors
❏ Diodes and transistors are two basic semiconductor building blocks.

❏ RF system uses the following diodes and transistors shown in the
table.

Diodes
❏ Many different components use diodes in the RF world.

❏ Three components primarily use diodes that are switches, mixers, and
voltage variable attenuators (VVA).
❏ The higher RF frequencies are generated in oscillators using Gunn, Tunnel,
and Impatt diodes.
❏ The voltage controlled oscillators (VCO) use Varactor diodes which are
variable diodes.

Transistors
❏ RF uses transistors from low noise amplifiers to high power amplifiers to

switches, attenuators, mixers, oscillators.
❏ There are two different ways to fabricate the transistors i.e. bipolar junction
transistors (BJT) also called bipolars or field effect transistors (FETs).

Transistors
❏ Figure shows the representation of
circuit of a bipolar and FET
transistor.

Transistors
❏ HBT transistors
❏ The heterojunction bipolar transistor or HBT is the new type of bipolar
transistor.
❏ A single material, usually silicon is used to make BJT transistors.
❏ BJT made from more than one material is HBT.
❏ HBT is made from GaAs.

Transistors
❏ Transistor Usage
❏ At least one transistor is needed if there is gain.
❏ The transistors of one kind or another are used by all solid state
amplifiers.
❏ Two or more transistors are required for an amplifier for producing a lot
of gain.
❏ The MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor),
made from silicon, is the lowest frequency transistor.
Transistors
❏ The bipolar transistors and MESFETs (Metal Semiconductor Field

Effect Transistor) are used above 1 GHz.
❏ More RF power is produced by bipolar transistors than MESFETs while
a lower noise figure (NF) is provided by the MESFETS than bipolars.
❏ Bipolars are less expensive and produce high power while GaAs
MESFETs are more expensive.

Transistors
❏ HEMT transistors
❏ For super high frequency applications, a new type of transistors is
used called HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) and PHEMT
(Pseudomorphic HEMT).
❏ HEMT transistors are just MESFETs in which layer of some super-fast
semiconductor material, like InP has been added.

Integrated Circuits (MMIC)
❏ Integrated Circuit (IC) is a circuit in which more than one electrical device is
combined onto a single piece of semiconductor.
❏ MMIC Performance
❏ MMICs have two drawbacks in their performance.
❏ Firstly, they are very expensive.
❏ Secondly, their performance is worse than the same device made out
of individual components.

Thanks

Circuit Technologies

Lumped and Distributed Circuits
❏ Several different electrical components called discrete components are

used to make RF components.
❏ diodes, transistors, resistors, capacitors, and inductors are used to make an
RF amplifier.
❏ The electrical signals are shaped using small, inexpensive passive
electrical components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
❏ The components are said to form a circuit when they are combined
together to perform any function in a defined area.
❏ The same semiconductor devices are used to design the lumped element
and distributed circuits.
❏ They differ in the use of the nature of the passive components like
resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformers and couplers.

❏ Lumped Element Circuits

❏ The capacitors and inductors are used to design the lumped element
circuit.
❏ The couplers are used as a transformers.
❏ Distributed Circuits
❏ In distributed circuits, the metal traces can be shaped in very specific
ways so that they behave like capacitors, inductors, transformers, and
even couplers.
Discrete, Hybrid, and MMIC Circuit Technology

Subassemblies
❏ When more than one basic function is performed by a box of RF stuff, it is

known as subassembly.
❏ A long time is required to develop subassemblies as they are very specific.

Cavities
❏ Conductors are not used by cavity type components to carry the RF signal.
❏ Whereas, RF signals travel in the form of wave in a cavity component.
❏ A cavity circuit is some sort of hollow container made out of metal with the
RF signal bouncing around on the inside.
❏ An amplifier of cavity type is known as a traveling wave tube amplifier or
TWTA or TWT.

Cavities
❏ High power is the only reason of using the cavity component.

❏ Cavity components are used to couple a high-power signal or filter a
high-power signal.

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Modulation

Introduction
❏ The way by which the information signal (analog or digital) is carried on the
back of the carrier signal (the RF) is called modulation.
❏ This is done by superimposing the information signal onto the RF signal.
❏ The device that is used to superimpose the information signal on the RF
signal is called modulator.
❏ In RF systems, there is modulation of RF signal which is then sent through
the transmitter, out the antenna.

Introduction
❏ At the receiver, the signal is received and reverse process has taken place
which is called as demodulation and get the information signal from the
modulated signal.

Types of Modulation
❏ There are three general types of modulation:

❏ Amplitude modulation (AM)
❏ Phase modulation (PM)
❏ Frequency modulation (FM)

Types of Modulation

Types of Modulation

Types of Modulation
❏ Some common phase modulation types are shown in the table.

Types of Modulation

Modulators and
Demodulators
❏ Modulator is a device that
modulates a signal as shown in the
figure.
❏ Demodulator performs the exact
opposite task.

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Other Components Part I

RF Adapters
❏ An adapter is a device by which the attributes of one device or system are

converted into those of an incompatible device or system.
❏ There is a modification of power or signal attributes by some adapters.
❏ Whereas, the physical form of one connector to another is adapted by the
others.

RF Adapters In Series RF Adapters
❏ RF adapter types
❏ In Series RF Adapters
❏ Between Series RF Adapters
Between Series RF Adapter
❏ Coax to Waveguide Adapters
Coax to Waveguide Adapters

Analog-to-Digital Converter
❏ ADC is a system that converts the analog signal into the digital signal.
❏ An input analog voltage or current may be converted into a digital number
that represents the magnitude of the voltage or current.
❏ The reverse function is performed by the digital-to-analog converter that
is the digital signal is converted into the analog signal..
❏ The conversion process includes two steps:
❏ Sampling and Holding
❏ Quantizing and Encoding
Analog-to-Digital
Converter
❏ This figure shows the whole ADC
conversion process.

Attenuators
❏ RF attenuators reduce the amplitude level of an incoming signal.

❏ The systems are protected from receiving a signal level that is too high for
processing.

Attenuators
❏ Types of attenuators
Fixed Attenuators
❏ Fixed Attenuators
❏ Variable Attenuators
❏ Step Attenuators
Variable Attenuators

Attenuators
❏ Key parameters to select an attenuator:

❏ Attenuation
❏ Attenuation Accuracy
❏ Frequency
❏ Impedance

Capacitors
❏ Capacitor is a device that contains two oppositely charged parallel

conducting plates that are separated by a small distance.
❏ It can store electrical energy in an electric field.
❏ Capacitance is defined as the effect of a capacitor.
❏ The capacitance can be added by a capacitor to a circuit.

Capacitors
❏ Figure shows the uncharged, charging and charged capacitors.

Capacitors
❏ The importance of capacitor is that even after removing the the voltage
source(battery), the charge, electric field, and corresponding voltage
remain.
❏ The system will not be discharged even when an earth ground connection
is attached to one of its plates.
❏ For instance, the electrons within the plate to which an earth ground is
attached will never escape to the earth ground where neutral charge is
assumed.
Capacitors
❏ Figure shows the uncharged and charged capacitor and
grounding of one plate.

Capacitors
❏ But in real life, when the capacitor is charged and removed from the
voltage source, its charge would eventually be lost.
❏ This happens due to the imperfect insulating nature of the gas or dielectric
that is placed between the plates which is known as leakage current.
❏ The two plates can be joined together with a wire, so that conductive path
for electrons can be created from the negative plate to flow to the positive
plate to neutralize the system.

Capacitors
❏ This form of discharge occurs almost instantaneously.
❏ Various symbols used to represent capacitors are shown in the figure.

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Other Components Part II

Charging and Discharging of Capacitors
Charge
9V



Stray Capacitance
❏ Capacitance exists between any two surfaces at different electrical

potential that are close enough together for generating an electric field
and acts like capacitor.
❏ Even circuits possess such effects and this unintended capacitance is
known as stray capacitance.
❏ This will produce a disruption of normal current flow within a circuit.

Capacitors in Parallel
❏ Just like resistors, the
capacitances of the capacitors
connected in parallel has
been added as
Ctot = C1+C2+......+Cn

Capacitors in Series
❏ The total capacitance of the
capacitors connected in
parallel is less than that of the
smallest capacitor in the
group, as shown
1 = 1 + 1 +.......1
Ctot C1 C2 Cn

Alternating Current in a Capacitor
❏ In a dc circuit, the current flow will be blocked by the capacitor but in an

ac circuit, depending upon the frequency, the current flow will either be
passed or limited.
❏ The electrical energy is stored by a capacitor and returned to the circuit.

Alternating Current in a Capacitor

Capacitive Reactance
❏ The amount of charge on a capacitor is equal to the voltage drop across

the capacitor times the capacitance.
❏ In every cycle of the circuit, the charge moves back and forth and the rate
of movement of charge (current) is proportional to voltage, capacitance,
and frequency.
❏ A quantity similar to resistance can be formed when the effect of
capacitance and frequency are considered together, which is known as
capacitive reactance.
Quality Factor
❏ There is a comparison of components that store energy such as capacitors

in terms if quality factor also known as the merit.
❏ The quality factor of a component is defined as the ratio of its ability to
store energy to the sum total of all energy losses within the component.
❏ It can be expressed as:
Q = Reactance (X)/ Resistance (R)

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Other Components Part III

RF Chokes
❏ The component that blocks the RF
frequencies from passing to the DC
signal path is called a choke.
❏ The entry of the EMI
(Electromagnetic Interference) and
RFI (Radio frequency Interference)
to the DC supply lines can be
minimized by using it.
RF Circulators
❏ A 3 Port ferromagnetic device is
called an RF circulator that is used
to regulate the signal flow within a
circuit.
❏ An input signal is transmitted by it in
one direction.

RF Circulators
❏ A signal that enters port 1 is transmitted to port 2 and is isolated from port
3, a signal incident at port 2 is transmitted to port 3 and is isolated from
port 1, a signal incident at port 3 is transmitted to port 1 and is isolated from
port 2.
❏ When an input signal is transmitted from one port to the next, minimal loss
is produced in the circuit by using a circulator.

RF Circulators
❏ Key parameters for selecting an RF circulator are:

❏ Frequency (MHz)
❏ Insertion Loss (dB)
❏ Isolation (dB)
❏ Power (W)
❏ Package Type

RF Connectors
❏ A RF coaxial connector which is an
electrical connector is designed to
work at radio frequencies ranging
from a few MHz to over 100 GHz.
❏ Key specifications:
❏ Type
❏ Gender
❏ Geometry
RF Connectors
❏ Mounting
❏ Cut off Frequency

RF Couplers
❏ RF & Microwave couplers are
passive devices that sample the
high frequency signals.
❏ The one signal is taken as input and
the two outputs are provided by it.
❏ One output is the regular output
and the other is the coupled output.

RF Couplers
❏ When the device is designed, the power level of the coupled signal can be
varied on the basis of the required application.
❏ There are number of applications of couplers and are used for sampling
signals, signal injection, signal generation, to measure incident/reflected
power for determination VSWR and so on.
❏ Types of RF couplers are:
❏ Directional Coupler

RF Couplers
❏ Dual Directional Coupler

❏ 90° Hybrid Coupler
❏ 180° Hybrid Coupler
❏ Key specifications are:
❏ Frequency (MHz)
❏ Coupling (dB)
❏ Coupling Variation (dB)

RF Couplers

❏ Directivity (dB)
❏ Average Power (W)
❏ Impedance (Ohms)

Thanks

Other Components Part IV

Crystal Oscillators
❏ Crystal oscillator is an oscillator by
which the resonant property of a
quartz crystal has been used for
creating an electric signal at a
particular frequency.

Crystal Oscillators

❏ Frequency (MHz)
❏ Output Waveform
❏ Supply Voltage (V)
❏ Stability (ppm)

DC Blocks
❏ A DC Block is a coaxial component
that is used to prevent the DC
current flow into the path of RF
Signal due to which interference
can be minimized.
❏ Three types of DC blocks are:
❏ Inner DC Blocks
❏ Outer DC Blocks
DC Blocks
❏ Inner/Outer DC Blocks
❏ Frequency (MHz)
❏ Breakdown Voltage (V)
❏ Impedance
❏ Power Rating (W)

RF Delay Lines
❏ A device that is used to provide
delay in the input signal by a
certain amount of time is called a
delay line.
❏ A number of applications like
radars, communication channel
simulation, FM signal generation,
signal processing etc use delay
lines. Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)
RF Delay Lines
❏ Following are some of the key specifications of delay lines:

❏ Frequency (MHz)
❏ Delay
❏ Insertion loss (dB)
❏ Power Level

RF Detectors
❏ The output of an RF system is
monitored and sampled by an RF
detector to develop a dc output
voltage proportional to the power
at that point.
❏ In wireless systems, RF power is
measured and controlled by them.

RF Detectors
❏ For the most commercial transmitters where the output power level must
not exceed certain values, RF detectors are critical.
❏ Feedback is provided by the power detectors to the wireless systems on
the basis of the regulation of the output power.
❏ Types of detectors:
❏ Logarithmic
❏ RMS

RF Diplexer
❏ A diplexer is a 3-port device that is
used to provide a common
transmit channel to two
transmitters or two receivers on
different bands.
❏ It is basically a combiner that have
a set of low pass and high pass
filters with a common feed line.
RF Diplexer
❏ The frequencies of both of the signals should be different by a significant

percentage so that they can be easily sorted by the filter.
❏ The desired results are achieved by using the low-pass, high-pass or
band-pass filters which are ideally used in communication.

Thanks

Other Components Part V

Frequency Doublers
❏ The devices that are used to double the frequency of the input signal are
called frequency doublers.
❏ It is a non linear circuit by which the input signal is distorted for generating
the harmonics of the signal.
❏ Hence, the frequency can be selected by using a band pass filter that is
two times the input signal.

Frequency Doublers
❏ Input Frequency (MHz)
❏ Output Power (dBm)
❏ Conversion Loss (dB)

RF Front End Modules
❏ One of the most important parts of
an RF System is front end modules
that is placed between the antenna
and the digital baseband section of
a wireless system.
❏ Front end modules are available in
various configurations on the basis
of the application.
RF Front End Modules
❏ Power amplifiers, low noise amplifiers, switches, Filters, Power detectors,

baluns, etc. are consisted in them.

Hybrid Couplers
❏ 90° Hybrid Couplers

Hybrid Couplers
❏ 180° Hybrid Couplers

Impedance Matching Pads
❏ The circuits with different
impedances are matched by using
Impedance Matching
Pads/networks.
❏ These pads are available in
connectorized and surface mount
configurations.

RF Inductors
❏ An Inductor is a passive
component that stores energy in a
magnetic field.
❏ They are designed in such a way
that they can work at higher
frequencies than regular inductors.

RF Inductors
❏ There are some of the key specification of rf inductors, such as:

❏ Mounting
❏ Inductance
❏ DC Resistance
❏ Self Resonant Frequency

RF Isolators
❏ A two port device that is used to
protect the RF components in a
system from excessive signal
reflection is called an RF Isolator.
❏ It is a non-reciprocal device that
ensures that all the power is
transmitted from port 1 to port 2,
while isolating absorbing/isolating
any power incident at port 2.
RF Isolators
❏ Isolators selection parameters:

❏ Isolation (dB)
❏ Power (W)
❏ Configuration

RF Limiters
❏ The components are protected
from stray signals by using the RF
Limiters by limiting their amplitude
to a level that can be handled by
them.
❏ The receive chain usually use them
to protect against the high power
incoming signals.
RF Limiters
❏ The receive chain comprises the components like an LNA (low noise
amplifier) that are small, highly sensitive devices and handle low power
levels from the antenna.
❏ Such devices are protected by limiters from a sudden surge in input
power.
❏ Key parameters to select a limiter:
❏ Input Power (dBm) or Threshold Level

RF Limiters
❏ Flat Leakage (dB)

❏ Spike Leakage (dB)
❏ Type

RF Mixers
❏ A RF Mixer is a non linear component
that up-converts or down-converts
the frequency of an input signal.
❏ The frequency of an input signal (RF)
is mixed with that of a Local
Oscillator (LO) by an RF mixer to
produce two new signals at the sum
RF + LO and difference RF – LO of the
original frequencies.
RF Mixers
❏ The receivers use the RF mixers to down-convert a high RF frequency to a

lower frequency for easy processing.
❏ Similarly, the transmitters use it for up-conversion to a particular higher
frequency.
❏ Key parameters to select RF mixers are:
❏ Frequency
❏ Conversion Loss/Gain

RF Mixers
❏ Isolation
❏ LO Drive Power

Frequency Multipliers
❏ The device that is used to produce
an output signal whose frequency
is a multiple of the input signal is
called frequency multiplier.
❏ Input Frequency (MHz)
❏ Multiplying Factor
❏ Output Power (dBm)
Frequency Multipliers
❏ Two types of multipliers are there, such as:

❏ Active multipliers
❏ Passive multipliers

Thanks

Other Components Part VI

Phase Shifters
❏ RF Phase Shifters change the
phase angle of an input signal that
has to be transmitted.
❏ An output signal provided by a
phase shifter has an equal
amplitude to the input signal.

Phase Shifters
❏ There is a shift in the phase of the input signal at the output on the basis of
the configuration of the phase shifter that has been selected.
❏ Phase shifters have three main types, that are:
❏ Digital Phase Shifter
❏ Analog Phase Shifter
❏ Mechanical Phase Shifter

Phase Shifters
❏ Key parameters to select a phase shifter are:

❏ Phase Range (Degrees)

Power Dividers
❏ RF Power Dividers are passive RF
devices that are used to divide an
input signal into two or more
output signals with minimal losses.
❏ The wireless systems widely use
power dividers to divide power
equally across the system.

Power Dividers
❏ The amplitude and phase of the output signal generated by the power
divider are equal.
❏ Configuration
❏ Power
❏ Insertion Loss
❏ Package Type
❏ Impedance
RF Switch
❏ An RF Switch is a device that
routes high frequency signals
through one or more signal paths.
❏ There is an availability of the
switches in a number of
configurations by which the
number of input and output signal
paths can be specified.
RF Switch
❏ Almost every RF and Microwave system use them.

❏ Key parameters to select a switch are:
❏ Type
❏ Configuration
❏ Insertion Loss
❏ Isolation
❏ Power

RF Terminations
❏ The incident power at a port with
minimal reflection can be absorbed
by RF Terminations or loads.
❏ The signal reflection can be
minimized back into the circuit or
system.

RF Terminations
❏ To achieve this the port is terminated in its characteristic impedance.

❏ There can be a termination of the ports of any multi-port RF system whose
all ports are not being used so that there will be absorption of any signal
incident on these ports.
❏ Couplers, hybrids, isolators, test equipment and many systems whose
ports are to be terminated use them.

RF Terminations
❏ Key parameters to select RF terminations are:

❏ Impedance
❏ Power (W)
❏ VSWR and Return Loss
❏ Package Type

RF Transistors
❏ An RF Transistor is a
semiconductor device that
amplifies and switches electronic
signals.
❏ Key parameters for selecting the
transistors:
❏ Type
❏ Frequency
RF Transistors
❏ Power (dBm or Watts)

❏ Gain (dB)
❏ Voltage

VCO
❏ Voltage Controlled Oscillators are
oscillators whose oscillation
frequency is controlled by varying
the voltage applied to the device.
❏ Frequency (MHz)
❏ Tuning Voltage (V)
❏ Tuning Sensitivity (MHz/V)
VCO
❏ Output Power (dbm)

❏ Phase Noise (dBc/Hz)
❏ Supply Voltage (V)
❏ Pulling (MHz)
❏ Pushing (MHz/V)

Wireless Charging Receiver IC
❏ Wireless charging receivers
receives wireless power from the
transmitters for charging a battery.
❏ There is a connection of the
wireless Power receivers with the
coil that receives the
Electromagnetic signals.

Wireless Charging Receiver IC
❏ This received signal is then converted by the receiver IC into a

voltage/current in order to charge the battery.
❏ There is an integration of these receivers into phones, tablets and other
mobile devices.

Wireless Charging
Transmitter IC
❏ The wireless power sent to the coil
can be controlled by using the
wireless charging transmitter.
❏ There is a limitation of the wireless
power transmissions to about 15
watts.
❏ There is an integration of transmitters
into charging pads, tables and other
fixed surfaces.
Wireless Charging Transmitter IC
❏ These are used to charge wireless charging receivers integrated in to

phones, tablets and other mobile devices.

Thanks

RF Filters

Introduction
❏ A circuit that allows the specific range of frequencies to pass through it

and blocks all other frequencies is known as a filter.
❏ The four major types of filters are:
❏ Low-pass filters
❏ High-pass filters
❏ Bandpass filters
❏ Notch filters (or band-reject filters)

Introduction
❏ All of these filters are shown in the
figure.

Introduction
❏ There are number of practical applications of the filters in electronics.

❏ The unwanted high-frequency noise present within the ac line voltage in a
dc power supply can be eliminated by using filters and the pulsing dc
voltages can be flattened out that are generated by the rectifier section of
the supply.
❏ In radio communications, the listener at the radio receiver is provided with
only the desired signal while all others can be rejected.

Introduction
❏ Only one signal is allowed to be generated at a radio transmitter by filters

while the other signals that might interfere with different signals of the
different radio transmitters are attenuated.
❏ In audio electronics, the low audio signals are diverted into woofers,
middle-range frequencies to midrange speakers, and high frequencies to
tweeters by using filter networks which are also known as crossover
networks.

Passive Filters
❏ The passive elements (e.g., resistors, capacitors, and inductors) are used to
design the passive filters and are responsive to frequencies between
around 100 Hz and 300 MHz.
❏ There is increase in the number of sections of inductor and capacitor when
passive filters are designed with very steep attenuation falloff responses.
❏ More the sections added for getting the desired result, greater the
chances of loss of a signal.

Passive Filters
❏ There is a need for taking into consideration the source and load
impedances when designing passive filters.

Active Filters
❏ Op amps, resistors, and capacitors are used to construct the active filters
without any need for inductors.
❏ Very low frequency signals are handled by the active filters and voltage
gain can be provided if needed.
❏ The designing of the filters can be such that their performance should be
comparable to LC filters.
❏ The construction of active filters is easy, less finicky and there is no need
for large-sized components for their designing.
Active Filters
❏ A desired input and output impedance, independent of frequency, can be

provided with active filters.
❏ The active filters provide relatively limited high-frequency range which is
their major drawback.
❏ Active filters become unreliable above 100 kHz.
❏ Passive filters provide reliable performance at radio frequencies.

Key Parameters to Describe Filter Response
❏ -3-dB Frequency (f3dB)

❏ Center frequency (f0)
❏ Passband
❏ Stop-band frequency (fs)
❏ Quality factor (Q)

Thanks

RF Basic

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Basics and Components

Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)

❏ Basic System Components Part II

❏ Circuits and Signals

❏ Other Components Part IV

❏ RF Front End Modules

❏ Other Components Part VI

❏ Wireless Charging Transmitter IC

Copyright © TELCOMA. All Rights Reserved (contd...)

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❏ The information can be stored in an electrical energy if it varies over time.

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❏ Digital signal is another type of electrical signal.

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❏ The information is carried by analog signals only through the air.

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❏ The signal is said to be attenuated if loss is exhibited by any signal that

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❏ The exactly opposite behavior is exhibited by the passive devices of the

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❏ Free space loss is experienced by an RF signal when it travels in the air by

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❏ Antennas can be active or passive.

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❏ Antennas may be omnidirectional or directional.

❏ An antenna pattern is a tool used by the RF engineers to know the design

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❏ The two monopoles connected together in a straight line make a dipole.

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❏ Hence, the 120° sector should be broke into a number of smaller

❏ A single array antenna can be used by adaptive array in which the

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