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♦Why Nations Have Their Heroes
Erection of monuments and naming of
Played a crucial role in the history of their streets and buildings after him
country Acclaimed long after his death and by
Can be mythical or legendary people who are not of his generation
Helped form the country Appreciation of his life and achievements
Responsible for inspiring people to fight for goes beyond his lifetime
their freedom To be considered a hero his life and
Involved in the struggle achievements need to be studied carefully
They merit the admiration of their National Historical Institute (now, the
National Historical Commission of the
countrymen and are considered worthy of
emulation Philippines), prescribes the passage of fifty
years before a person is finally confirmed as
Source of inspiration an public worship
a hero
National icons
Demonstrate the best of what a person can ♦The Definition of a Hero
be
Placed the welfare of their countrymen ◘National Heroes Commission
above their own and work for the general
Released a criteria on the definition of a
good
national hero
Developed and manifested strong
Approved by Director Carlos Quirino of the
conviction which aimed to save his country
National Library
from severe challenges
Never self-seeking or seeks reward “An admirable leader towering over his peers, who
Preferred humility and anonymity serves a noble cause, possessing exceptional
talent, distinguished valor and/or hold enterprise,
♦The Humanity of Heroes
exercising a determinative influence over the
Heroes are made and no one was born a spiritual life of his people in a particular remarkable
hero event”
A product of his time “the hero must, during extreme stress and
Product of his environment which includes difficulties, project himself by his own fortitude, by
his society, his surrounding and the his own sacrifices to be the inspiration of his
conditions happening at his time countrymen in leading them to their rightful destiny.
Responded to the call of the times and their He must exhibit self-denial and abandon his
response had a decisive effect personal interests to place those of his country
Heroes are ordinary human beings who before and other and whose deeds and acts are
faced challenges with an extraordinary proudly emulated by a grateful people who, after
response his death, render him singular tributes, honor him
Students should be guided on the with public worship and acknowledge his
contributions of the hero to the betterment meritorious services to mankind by spontaneous
of his country rather than on his national recognition”
shortcomings
“a hero must exercise a determinative influence
♦The Criteria for Heroes over the spiritual life of his people in an event of
great significance”
Rizal’s hero status was made by the
acclamation of the Filipino people
“one must project himself by his own fortitude, The person must identify himself with the
effort, and sacrifices to be the beacon of light of his nation and would be willing to sacrifice for
oppressed countrymen to their rightful destiny” its benefit
Those who contribute to the quality of life
◘Characteristics of a hero
and destiny of a nation
1. Extent of the person’s sacrifices for the welfare
◘Dr. Corpuz
of the country
Those who made the country’s constitution
2. Motive and methods employed in the attainment
and laws can be heroes
of ideal
Apolinario Mabini and Claro M. Recto
3. Moral character of the person
◘November 15, 1995
4. Influence of the person to his age or epoch and
NHC decided to adopt a criteria stating that
the succeeding eras
“a hero is part of the people’s expression”
◘On heroism A process of people’s internalization is
needed to develop the recognition of who is
Ensure that the person who would be a hero
conferred the mantle of a hero is truly “a hero thinks of the future, especially the
deserving future generations”
“involves not only the recounting of an
◘President FVR
episode or events in history but of the entire
Issued Executive Order No. 75 creating the process that made this person a hero”
National Heroes Committee on March Understanding of the historical conditions in
28,1993 which the hero had lived
“to study, evaluate and explicitly
◘Dr. Serafin Quiason
recommend Filipino national personages as
national heroes in due recognition to their “a hero is an event-making man who helps create
sterling character and remarkable the fork in the historical time that he faces. Heroes
achievements for the country” in a democracy should be great figures in the
pantheon of thought, the men of ideas, and social
◘Round table
vision of scientific and artistic power”
June 3, 1993 – attended by historians
◘Proclamation of heroes
Definition of a hero drafted by Dr. Corpuz
Imitates the practice of canonization of
“Heroes are those who have a concept of nation
saints
and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s
Heroes should not be declared by
freedom”
legislation
“Heroes are those who define and contribute to a
◘Commemoration of some heroes
system of life and freedom and order for a nation.
Freedom without order will only lead to anarchy” 1. Rizal Day
Important element in considering heroism is Comes from the decree issued by General
the person’s nationalism Emilio Aguinaldo on December 20, 1898
A person who aspires and struggles for the Commemorated on December 30
nation’s freedom
Must be guided by conviction of national 2. Bonifacio Day
identity
In honor of Andres Bonifcaio who is one of Made it obligatory for college and university
the founders of Kataastaasang students to study the life and works of Jose
Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Rizal
Bayan
Commemorated on November 30 ♦The Catholic Church and Opposing Party
Act No. 2946 by the Philippine Legislature Assailed the Rizal Bill as anti-church
on February 16, 1921 because it forced the students to read
3. National Heroes Day Rizal’s works like Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo which contained passages
Every last Sunday of Agust that were anti-church
Public Act No. 3827 passed by the Made use of lobbyists as well as priests in
Philippine Legislature on October 28, 1931 opposing the Rizal Bill
Catholic organizations such as the Accion
4. Ninoy Aquino Day Catolico which was formerly head by
Senator Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo
Created by PGMA on December 25, 2004
Fr. Jesus Cavanna commented that Rizal’s
Republic Act 9256
novels belonged to the past and it would be
Commemorated on August 21
harmful to read them because it presented a
CHAPTER 2 false picture of the conditions of the country
at the time
The Story of the Rizal Law Noli Me Tangere – contained only 25
patriotic statements compared to 120 anti-
♦Rizal Law
Catholic statements
Passed in 1956 Jesus Paredes said that the novels
The original author saw the need for the contained objectionable matter and
Rizal Law to instill heroism among the youth Catholics had the right to refuse to read
1950s was a time of uncertainty in the them as to not to endanger their faith
country; ravaged by the Hukbalahap Narciso Pimentel speculated that politics
insurgency was involved in Recto’s motive in drafting
his Rizal Bill
♦Economic condition of the Philippines Congressman Miguel Cuenco and Senator
Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo voiced the
US still reigned supreme with the opposition of the church in both houses of
enforcement of the Bell Trade Act in 1947 Congress
Parity rights granted in the Philippine Rodrigo said that would not let his teenage
Constitution allowed the Americans to son read the Noli Me Tangere and El
exploit the country’s national resources Filibusterismo lest he endangers his
Laurel-Langley Agreement ensured the free Catholic faith
entry of American products thus ensuring The novels should be footnoted or
the preference of Filipinos for American annotated versions of the novels be used
goods instead
The country was buffeted by corrupt party The Church called all Catholic voters to
politics and news of political corruption was reject lawmakers who supported Recto’s
rampant Rizal bill
♦Recto’s Bill Bishops threatened to close down Catholic
schools if the bill was approved
♦Result
After a month-long standoff, a compromise Royal Patronage
bill was filed, authored by Senator Jose P. Agreement between King Carlos VII and
Laurel and was based on the proposals of Pope Pius
Gave right to owning properties and lands
Senators Roseller Lim and Emmanuel
Pelaez ♦Triumvirate of the Propagandists
On June 12, 1956, the Republic Act No. Rizal, del Pilar, and Marcelo
1425 came into effect Philippines will be assimilated as a province
The law accommodated the objections of of Spain
the Catholic Church; allows students to Equality and Freedom
seek exemption from reading Rizal’s works
♦July 6, 1892
for religious reasons Rizal was sent to exile
La Liga fell
CHAPTER 3
♦Mason
RIZAL
Enemies of the Church
Enlightened thinking
♦Proposed Bill
Sen. Claro M. Recto Jr.
♦Katipunan
Wanted independence
♦Senate Bill
1896 Revolution
R.A. 1425 or Rizal Law
Nationalism and Freedom ♦June 12, 1898
Aguinaldo went back from Hong Kong to
Executive declare Philippine Independence
↑
Judiciary
♦August 13, 1895
↑
Mock Battle between Spain and US
Legislative
↙↘ ♦December 10, 1898
Congress Senate Treaty of Paris
$20 million was paid by US to Spain to give
♦Bill Law them Philippines
Needs ¾ vote from congress and senate,
and approval of president ♦George Dewey
¾ ½+1 On the harbors of China and Japan in May
1898
♦15th-16th Century American Industrialization
Rebellion, revolts, oppression, etc.
Failed due to personal interests ♦William McKinley
Working on how to enter China and Japan
♦Secularization vs. Regulars Reported about the Philippines
Secularization – Filipino priests
Regulars – Friars ♦1899
Americans entered the Philippines
♦Friars Benevolent Assimilation
Religious Orders Military Rule
Franciscans Tone down revolutionists
Augustinians
Dominicans ♦1900s
Recoletos Taft Commission
As soon as a stable government is
♦Jesuits established, independence will be
Missionaries, not friars given to the Filipinos
♦Patronato Real
♦1907
Philippine Assembly ♦1946-1947
First taste of Philippine Elections MacArthur asked Roxas to make amends to
the 1935 Constitution
Philippine Commission Gave the US rights to explore, use,
Upper house Lower house navigate, and exploit the natural
Commissioners Senators resources of the Philippines
Taft Congressmen US lend the Philippines $500 million
Mutual Defense Treaty
♦1916 Training of soldiers
Philippine Autonomous Act/Jones Law Rebuilding military bases
Abolished the commission
Senator – upper house ♦1956
Congressmen – lower house Laurel-Langley Agreement
US can import without quota
♦Civil Governor Francis Burton Harrison Philippines can export only a few
Wanted the Filipinos to lead at that time selected products with quota
Department of Finance Abolished by Marcos 1973
Department of Defense Free Trade
Department of Public Works and Highways World Trade Agreement
These three are still under American General Agreement on Tariff and Trade
rule Globalization