CHAPTER 1
example
♦Why Nations Have Their Heroes
 Played a crucial role in the history of their
country
 Can be mythical or legendary
 Helped form the country
 Responsible for inspiring people to fight for
their freedom
 Involved in the struggle
 They merit the admiration of their
countrymen and are considered worthy of
emulation
 Source of inspiration an public worship
 National icons
 Demonstrate the best of what a person can
be
 Placed the welfare of their countrymen
above their own and work for the general
good
 Developed and manifested strong
conviction which aimed to save his country
from severe challenges
 Never self-seeking or seeks reward
 Preferred humility and anonymity
♦The Humanity of Heroes
 Heroes are made and no one was born a
hero
 A product of his time
 Product of his environment which includes
his society, his surrounding and the
conditions happening at his time
 Responded to the call of the times and their
response had a decisive effect
 Heroes are ordinary human beings who
faced challenges with an extraordinary
response
 Students should be guided on the
contributions of the hero to the betterment
of his country rather than on his
shortcomings
♦The Criteria for Heroes
 Rizal’s hero status was made by the
acclamation of the Filipino people
 Through the hero’s achievements and
 Erection of monuments and naming of
streets and buildings after him
 Acclaimed long after his death and by
people who are not of his generation
 Appreciation of his life and achievements
goes beyond his lifetime
 To be considered a hero his life and
achievements need to be studied carefully
 National Historical Institute (now, the
National Historical Commission of the
Philippines), prescribes the passage of fifty
years before a person is finally confirmed as
a hero
♦The Definition of a Hero
◘National Heroes Commission
 Released a criteria on the definition of a
national hero
 Approved by Director Carlos Quirino of the
National Library
“An admirable leader towering over his peers, who
serves a noble cause, possessing exceptional
talent, distinguished valor and/or hold enterprise,
exercising a determinative influence over the
spiritual life of his people in a particular remarkable
event”
“the hero must, during extreme stress and
difficulties, project himself by his own fortitude, by
his own sacrifices to be the inspiration of his
countrymen in leading them to their rightful destiny.
He must exhibit self-denial and abandon his
personal interests to place those of his country
before and other and whose deeds and acts are
proudly emulated by a grateful people who, after
his death, render him singular tributes, honor him
with public worship and acknowledge his
meritorious services to mankind by spontaneous
national recognition”
“a hero must exercise a determinative influence
over the spiritual life of his people in an event of
great significance”
“one must project himself by his own fortitude,
effort, and sacrifices to be the beacon of light of his
oppressed countrymen to their rightful destiny”
◘Characteristics of a hero
1. Extent of the person’s sacrifices for the welfare
of the country
2. Motive and methods employed in the attainment
of ideal
3. Moral character of the person
4. Influence of the person to his age or epoch and
the succeeding eras
◘On heroism
 Ensure that the person who would be
conferred the mantle of a hero is truly
deserving
◘President FVR
 Issued Executive Order No. 75 creating the
National Heroes Committee on March
28,1993
 “to study, evaluate and explicitly
recommend Filipino national personages as
national heroes in due recognition to their
sterling character and remarkable
achievements for the country”
◘Round table
 June 3, 1993 – attended by historians
 Definition of a hero drafted by Dr. Corpuz
“Heroes are those who have a concept of nation
and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s
freedom”
“Heroes are those who define and contribute to a
system of life and freedom and order for a nation.
Freedom without order will only lead to anarchy”
 Important element in considering heroism is
the person’s nationalism
 A person who aspires and struggles for the
nation’s freedom
 Must be guided by conviction of national
identity
 The person must identify himself with the
nation and would be willing to sacrifice for
its benefit
 Those who contribute to the quality of life
and destiny of a nation
◘Dr. Corpuz
 Those who made the country’s constitution
and laws can be heroes
 Apolinario Mabini and Claro M. Recto
◘November 15, 1995
 NHC decided to adopt a criteria stating that
“a hero is part of the people’s expression”
 A process of people’s internalization is
needed to develop the recognition of who is
a hero
 “a hero thinks of the future, especially the
future generations”
 “involves not only the recounting of an
episode or events in history but of the entire
process that made this person a hero”
 Understanding of the historical conditions in
which the hero had lived
◘Dr. Serafin Quiason
“a hero is an event-making man who helps create
the fork in the historical time that he faces. Heroes
in a democracy should be great figures in the
pantheon of thought, the men of ideas, and social
vision of scientific and artistic power”
◘Proclamation of heroes
 Imitates the practice of canonization of
saints
 Heroes should not be declared by
legislation
◘Commemoration of some heroes
1. Rizal Day
 Comes from the decree issued by General
Emilio Aguinaldo on December 20, 1898
 Commemorated on December 30
2. Bonifacio Day
  In honor of Andres Bonifcaio who is one of
the founders of Kataastaasang
Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan
 Commemorated on November 30
 Act No. 2946 by the Philippine Legislature
on February 16, 1921
3. National Heroes Day
 Every last Sunday of Agust
 Public Act No. 3827 passed by the
Philippine Legislature on October 28, 1931
4. Ninoy Aquino Day
 Created by PGMA on December 25, 2004
 Republic Act 9256
 Commemorated on August 21
CHAPTER 2
The Story of the Rizal Law
♦Rizal Law
 Passed in 1956
 The original author saw the need for the
Rizal Law to instill heroism among the youth
 1950s was a time of uncertainty in the
country; ravaged by the Hukbalahap
insurgency
♦Economic condition of the Philippines
 US still reigned supreme with the
enforcement of the Bell Trade Act in 1947
 Parity rights granted in the Philippine
Constitution allowed the Americans to
exploit the country’s national resources
 Laurel-Langley Agreement ensured the free
entry of American products thus ensuring
the preference of Filipinos for American
goods
 The country was buffeted by corrupt party
politics and news of political corruption was
rampant
♦Recto’s Bill
 Made it obligatory for college and university
students to study the life and works of Jose
Rizal
♦The Catholic Church and Opposing Party
 Assailed the Rizal Bill as anti-church
because it forced the students to read
Rizal’s works like Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo which contained passages
that were anti-church
 Made use of lobbyists as well as priests in
opposing the Rizal Bill
 Catholic organizations such as the Accion
Catolico which was formerly head by
Senator Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo
 Fr. Jesus Cavanna commented that Rizal’s
novels belonged to the past and it would be
harmful to read them because it presented a
false picture of the conditions of the country
at the time
 Noli Me Tangere – contained only 25
patriotic statements compared to 120 anti-
Catholic statements
 Jesus Paredes said that the novels
contained objectionable matter and
Catholics had the right to refuse to read
them as to not to endanger their faith
 Narciso Pimentel speculated that politics
was involved in Recto’s motive in drafting
his Rizal Bill
 Congressman Miguel Cuenco and Senator
Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo voiced the
opposition of the church in both houses of
Congress
 Rodrigo said that would not let his teenage
son read the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo lest he endangers his
Catholic faith
 The novels should be footnoted or
annotated versions of the novels be used
instead
 The Church called all Catholic voters to
reject lawmakers who supported Recto’s
Rizal bill
 Bishops threatened to close down Catholic
schools if the bill was approved
♦Result
  After a month-long standoff, a compromise  Royal Patronage
bill was filed, authored by Senator Jose P.  Agreement between King Carlos VII and
Laurel and was based on the proposals of Pope Pius
 Gave right to owning properties and lands
Senators Roseller Lim and Emmanuel
Pelaez ♦Triumvirate of the Propagandists
 On June 12, 1956, the Republic Act No.  Rizal, del Pilar, and Marcelo
1425 came into effect  Philippines will be assimilated as a province
 The law accommodated the objections of of Spain
the Catholic Church; allows students to  Equality and Freedom
seek exemption from reading Rizal’s works
♦July 6, 1892
for religious reasons  Rizal was sent to exile
 La Liga fell
CHAPTER 3
♦Mason
RIZAL
 Enemies of the Church
 Enlightened thinking
♦Proposed Bill
 Sen. Claro M. Recto Jr.
♦Katipunan
 Wanted independence
♦Senate Bill
 1896 Revolution
 R.A. 1425 or Rizal Law
 Nationalism and Freedom ♦June 12, 1898
 Aguinaldo went back from Hong Kong to
Executive declare Philippine Independence
↑
Judiciary
♦August 13, 1895
↑
 Mock Battle between Spain and US
Legislative
↙↘ ♦December 10, 1898
Congress Senate  Treaty of Paris
 $20 million was paid by US to Spain to give
♦Bill  Law them Philippines
 Needs ¾ vote from congress and senate,
and approval of president ♦George Dewey
 ¾  ½+1  On the harbors of China and Japan in May
1898
♦15th-16th Century  American Industrialization
 Rebellion, revolts, oppression, etc.
 Failed due to personal interests ♦William McKinley
 Working on how to enter China and Japan
♦Secularization vs. Regulars  Reported about the Philippines
 Secularization – Filipino priests
 Regulars – Friars ♦1899
 Americans entered the Philippines
♦Friars  Benevolent Assimilation
 Religious Orders  Military Rule
 Franciscans  Tone down revolutionists
 Augustinians
 Dominicans ♦1900s
 Recoletos  Taft Commission
 As soon as a stable government is
♦Jesuits established, independence will be
 Missionaries, not friars given to the Filipinos
♦Patronato Real
♦1907
 Philippine Assembly ♦1946-1947
 First taste of Philippine Elections  MacArthur asked Roxas to make amends to
the 1935 Constitution
Philippine Commission  Gave the US rights to explore, use,
Upper house Lower house navigate, and exploit the natural
Commissioners Senators resources of the Philippines
Taft Congressmen  US lend the Philippines $500 million
 Mutual Defense Treaty
♦1916  Training of soldiers
 Philippine Autonomous Act/Jones Law  Rebuilding military bases
 Abolished the commission
 Senator – upper house ♦1956
 Congressmen – lower house  Laurel-Langley Agreement
 US can import without quota
♦Civil Governor Francis Burton Harrison  Philippines can export only a few
 Wanted the Filipinos to lead at that time selected products with quota
 Department of Finance  Abolished by Marcos 1973
 Department of Defense  Free Trade
 Department of Public Works and Highways  World Trade Agreement
 These three are still under American  General Agreement on Tariff and Trade 
rule Globalization

♦1919-1933 ♦Bill 5561  RA 1425

 Independence Missions  Claro M. Recto Jr.
 Os-Rox Mission  Main proponent of the Rizal Bill

♦1933 ♦Ang Pilipinas Noong Panahon ni Rizal

 Hare-Hawes Cutting
 10 year transition 1. Di Matatag na Administrasyong Kolonyal
 Before Suez Canal opened
♦Sen. Manuel L. Quezon  Napoleon Bonaparte
 Rejected the HHC  Joseph – Liberal governor generals
 Lacking provisions on naval and  Ferdinand/Isabela – Governor
fueling station generals follows the friars
 Governor generals are always changed
♦1935
 Tydings-McDuffie Law 2. Mga Tiwaling Opsiyal
 Copy of HHC with provisions on  Corrupt
naval and fueling station
3. Kawalan ng Represenstayon ng Pilipinas sa
♦1936-1646 Cortes
 Commonwealth Government  Friars and Gov. Gen. report to the king and
 Manuel L. Quezon as president queen about the colony
 Ventuar de Los Reyes
♦Manchuria  Ilustrado
 China, women were raped by Koreans  Philippine representative to Spanish
Court
♦MacArthur  Isabela abolished the agreement
 Australia
 Said that they are prepared for Japan in 4. Pagkakait ng mga Karapatang Pantao sa mga
summer 1942 Pilipino
 Human rights of Indios
♦Roxas
 Directly reported to MacArthur during the 5. Kawalan ng Pagkakapantay-pantay sa Mata ng
war Batas
  10 years younger than Don Kikoy
6. Tiwaling Pagpapatupad ng Sistema sa Hustisya  Bunsong anak nina Lorenzo Alberto at
 Favored the Spanish Brigida de Quintos
 Baptized, Sta Cruz, Nov. 18, 1827
7. Diskriminasyon ng mga Lahi  Studied at Colegio de Santa Rosa
 Mestizong bangus  Married June 28, 1848
 Teodora Morales Alnzo Realonda y Quintos
8. Paghahari ng mga Prayle  Donya Lolay
 Frailocracy, Frailocracia
♦Rizal and his Siblings
9. Sapilitang Paggawa 1. Saturnina
 Panganay na anak
10. Pag-aari ng mga Prayle ng mga Hacienda  Neneng
 Kinasal kay Manuel T. Hidalgo ng Tanawan,
11. Ang mga Guardias Civiles Batangas
♦Pagsilang ng Pambansang Bayani  Nagkaroon ng 5 anak
 June 19,1861 (Wednesday)
 Baybayin ng bayan ng Calamba, Laguna 2. Paciano
 Sa pagitan ng ika-11 ng gabi hanggang  Katulong sa hacienda
bago ang kabilugan ng buwan  Matangkad, matipuno, namumulang pisngi
 June 22, 1861 at sakon
 Baptized by Padre Rufino Collantes  Sumama sa rebolusyon matapos bitayin
 Pedro Casanas  ninong ang kapatid
 Mercado
 Ginamit ni Domingo Lamco noong 3. Narcisa
1731  Kinasal kay Antonio Lopez
 Pamilya ni Rizal ay may-ari ng mga lupa
4. Olimpia
♦Pamumuhay  Kinasal kay Silvestre Ubaldo, operator ng
 Principalia telegrapo
 Napag-aral ang mga anak sa mga  Nagkaroon ng 3 anak
kolehiyo sa Maynila
 Bahay na bato 5. Lucia
 Life-size saints  Kinasal kay Mariano Herbosa, na namatay
sa kolera
♦Juan Mercado  Di binigyan ng “church funeral” ang asawa
 Landowner in Biñan dahil sa bayaw nya si Jose Rizal
 Gobernadorcillo, naging kapitan municipal
ng tatlong beses 6. Maria
 Cirila Alejandro, 22 years old  Kinasal kay Daniel Faustino Cruz
 13 kids, Francisco Mercado is 13th, one out  Palayaw ay Biang
of eight boys
7. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda
♦Francisco Mercado
 Pinalaki ni Potenciana noong mamatay ang 8. Concepcion
magulang  Palayaw ay Concha
 Nag-aral ng Latin sa Biñan, nagtapos sa  Namatay sa gulang na tatlo
Colegio de San Jose  1 taon lang ang pagitan kay Jose
 Inquilinos ng hacienda  Kalaro ni Jose Rizal
 Humingi ng karapatang mag may-ari ng
lupa sa Calamba 9. Josefa
 Francisco Engracio Rizal Mercado y  Sila ni Trinidad ay tumandang dalaga
Alejandro  Palayaw ay Panggoy
 Don Kikoy  Namatay sa edad na 80, noong 1945

♦Teodora Alonzo 10. Trinidad

  Namatay sa eded na 83
 Pinagbigyan ng lutuang lampara
 Palayaw ay Trining
11. Soledad
 Kinasal kay Pantaleon Quintero, nagkaroon
ng 5 anak
 Palayaw ay Choleng
Execution of Gomburza
♦GOMBURZA
 Executed on February 17, 1872
 Had the habit of playing a card game called
panguinge
♦Father Jacinto Zamora
 Examiner of priests at the Manila Cathedral
and campaigns for reform in the Catholic
Church of Philippines
 Authored a note saying “Meeting tonight,
bring powder and shot”
 “meeting” meant gambling session and
“powder and shot” meant money to be used
in gambling
 Showed no emotion and was pale before
being executed; had become insane
♦Father Mariano Gomes
 Parish priest of Bacoor, Cavite
 Second to be executed, then aged 73
♦Father Jose Burgos
 Prominent member of the secularization
movement
 Last to be executed
 Cried out that he was innocent during
execution
♦Cause of the execution
 January 20 – a mutiny by soldiers and
workers of Cavite which was caused by the
slashing of their salaries
 The mutineers were led by Sergeant
Lamadrid
 Suspicion fell on native priests seeking
secularization of parishes and laymen who
were fighting for free speech and
association
◘Francisco Zaldua
 Bicolano soldier who said that the three
priests have an alleged plot to overthrow
Spanish rule
 Fr. Burgos was to become king
◘Jose Arrieta
 Counsel of Fr. Burgos
 Said that his client confessed his guild and
was asking for mercy
♦After the execution
◘Meliton Martinez
 Archbishop of Manila
 Was ordered to defrock the priests but
refused to do so
 Believed that GOMBURZA was innocent
◘Rafael de Izquierdo
 Governor General at the time
 Ordered Martinez to defrock the priests
◘Effects
 Marked the beginning of Filipino nationalism
 Reason of reformists and revolutionists to
fight for social and political change
 Rizal dedicated his second novel, El
Filibusterismo in their memory
 The execution was mentioned in the
Philippine Declaration of Independence
Chapter 4: The Childhood Years
 “Memorias de un Estudiante de Manila”
 Written by Rizal at the age of 17 which is
about his pleasant memories of his childhood
 Written under the name P. Jacinto—
pseudonym used to keep details of his life
private
 He revealed himself by signing his name at
the end of his work
 Contents:
 Memories of his birthplace
  Laguna de Bay- found in the east, the
country’s largest lake which was called by the
locals as “Dagat Tabang” or the freshwater
sea
 Talim Island- found at the middle of the lake
 Mt. Makiling- a mountain that resembles a
sleeping woman found at the south and
thought to be guided by a spirit named
Mariang Makiling
 Rizal’s home had a large yard with plants
 He imagined that the stories of his yaya about
duwendes, ghosts, and aswangs were true
 “ Un Recuerdo de Mi Pueblo”
 Where Rizal immortalized the town of his birth
 Written at age 15
 Rizal’s Family
 Full of joy tempered with reverence
 Francisco Mercado- father; man who was
already in forties when Rizal was born, a
“model of fathers” who gave his children an
education commensurate
 Francisco was able to build a stone house,
buy another and erect a small nipa hut in the
middle of the orchard under the shade of
banana trees
 Teodora Alonzo- mother; a “cultured woman of
Manila” who knew literature and spoke better
Spanish and was a mathematician
 Paciano- brother; studied at the Colegio de
San Jose which was managed by the Society
of Jesus
 The sisters were educated at the Colegio de la
Inmaculada Concepcion, a fashionable
boarding school in suburban Manila
 Siblings were tightly bound by love and
companionship
 Ute or Moy- other nicknames given to Rizal by
his siblings
 Pepe or Pepito- his nickname outside the
house
 How Rizal was described
 Small and had fragile physique
 His head was rather large
 He developed love for sculpture when his
sisters joked about the head of his sculpture
disproportionately large compared to the body
 Paciano was Rizal’s second father who respected
the potentials of Rizal and supported him in his
endeavors
 Rizal experienced sadness after Concha’s
(Concepcion) death who was 4 years old because
of a disease
 Rizal’s Tutors
 Lucas Padua and Leon Monroy- taught him
Latin
 Rizal’s Passions
 Poetry
 Something new—discovery
 He drew things
 He would make his own ink using charcoal
and the juices of plants
 Jose lit up a bottle of gunpowder and the resulting
explosion burned Josefa’s face
 Spanked by his mother using a fearsome
slipper
 Rizal realized that “Surely a man owes
everything to God”
 Memorable anecdote between Rizal and his
mother
 Teodora read “El Amigo de los Ninos” (The
Child’s Friend) and noticed that Rizal was not
paying attention
 Rizal was attracted to a pair of moths circling
the flame of an oil lamp—one was larger
(assumed to be the mother), one was smaller
 The small moth flew too close that its wings
got burned and fell into the oil and died
 Rizal realized that to sacrifice one’s life for an
ideal is worthwhile
 Rizal’s Uncles
 Jose Alberto- lover of books who taught Rizal
to work hard, to think of himself, and to
observe life keenly
 Uncle Jose- educated in Calcutta, India and
encouraged him to sketch, paint and sculpt
 Uncle Manuel- looked after his physical
development; taught him swimming, fencing,
wrestling, and other sports
 Rizal made various statuettes made of clay and
wax