D.A.

V SENIOR SECONDARY
SCHOOL

BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
REPORT

Topic: Eye Disorders in Children and

Adolescents.

Submitted by:
A.Mohammed Hashim
Class: XII-Science Roll No. : 10
l
Acknowledgement

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have

best owned upon me their blessings and the
heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people
who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project
with success.
Then I would like to thank my Biology teacher Mr.S.P
Madhavan, whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped
me patch this project and make it full proof success his suggestions
and his instructions has served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project. Last
but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped
me a lot.
INDEX
ABSTRACT

Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment

by processing information that is contained in visible light. The resulting
perception is also known as eyesight, sight, or vision.
Eyes are the organs of vision. They detect light and convert it into electro-
chemical impulses in neurons.
Eyes can be prone to many diseases and disorders.
This project is focused on eye disorders: how it is caused, why it is caused,
how to prevent/treat it are inscribed here.
In addition, a survey was taken among 50 patients, each having an eye
disorder. The data and other features are attached to the report as well.

INTRODUCTION

EYE
The human eye is a spheroid structure that rests in a bony cavity
(socket, or orbit) on the frontal surface of the skull.
The thick wall of the eyeball contains three covering layers: the
sclera, the choroid, and the retina.
The sclera is the outermost layer of eye tissue; part of it is visible as
the "white" of the eye. In the center of the visible sclera and
projecting slightly, in the manner of a crystal raised above the
surface of a watch, is the cornea, a transparent membrane that acts
as the window of the eye.
A delicate membrane, the conjunctiva, covers the visible portion of
the sclera.
Underneath the sclera is the second layer of tissue, the choroid,
composed of a dense pigment and blood vessels that nourish the
tissues.

Near the center of the visible portion of the eye, the choroid layer
forms the ciliary body, which contains the muscles used to change
the shape of the lens (that is, to focus).

The ciliary body in turn merges with the iris, a diaphragm that
regulates the size of the pupil.

The iris is the area of the eye where the pigmentation of the choroid
layer, usually brown or blue, is visible because it is not covered by
the sclera.

The pupil is the round opening in the center of the iris; it is dilated
and contracted by muscular action of the iris, thus regulating the
amount of light that enters the eye.

Behind the iris is the lens, a transparent, elastic, but solid ellipsoid
body that focuses the light on the retina, the third and innermost
layer of tissue.

The retina is a network of nerve cells, notably the rods and cones,
and nerve fibers that fan out over the choroid from the optic nerve
as it enters the rear of the eyeball from the brain. Unlike the two
outer layers of the eye, the retina does not extend to the front of the
eyeball.
 Between the cornea and iris and between the iris and lens are small
spaces filled with aqueous humor, a thin, watery fluid.

The large spheroid space in back of the lens (the center of the
eyeball) is filled with vitreous humor, a jellylike substance.

SOME COMMON EYE DISORDERS

• Myopia (Nearsightedness)
Nearsighted individuals
typically have problems
seeing well at a distance
and are forced to wear
glasses or contact
lenses. The
nearsighted eye is
usually longer than a
normal eye, and its
cornea may also be
steeper. Therefore, when light passes through the cornea and lens, it is
focused in front of the retina. This will make distant images appear
blurred.

• Hypermetropia (Farsightedness)
 Farsighted individuals typically develop
problems reading up close. The farsighted
eye is usually slightly shorter than a
normal eye and may have a flatter
cornea. Thus, the light of distant objects
focuses behind the retina unless the
natural lens can compensate fully. Near
objects require even greater
focusing power to be seen clearly and
therefore, blur more easily.

• Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis is a condition in
which the tissue that lines the
eyelids and covers the cornea
becomes inflamed. It is
sometimes called "pink eye" or
"red eye." It can cause redness,
itching, burning,
tearing, discharge, or a feeling of
something in the eye. Conjunctivitis occurs in people of all ages and
can be caused by infection, exposure to chemicals and irritants, or
allergies.

• Amblyopia
 Amblyopia is the medical term used
when the vision of one eye is reduced
because it fails to work properly with
the brain. The eye itself looks normal,
but for various reasons the brain
favors the other eye. This condition is
also sometimes called lazy eye.
Amblyopia can occur when one eye is
more nearsighted, more farsighted, or
has more astigmatism

• Asthenopia

Asthenopia or eye strain manifests

itself through nonspecific symptoms
such as fatigue, pain in or around the
eyes, blurred vision, headache and
occasional double vision. Symptoms
often occur after reading, computer
work, or other close activities that
involve tedious visual tasks.

• Photokeratitis
 Photokeretitis or ultraviolet keratitis is a painful eye condition
caused by exposure of insufficiently protected eyes to the
ultraviolet (UV) rays from either natural (e.g. intense sunlight at
high altitudes) or artificial sources. Photokeratitis is akin to a
sunburn of the cornea and conjunctiva, and is not usually noticed
until several hours after exposure. Symptoms include increased
tears and a feeling of pain, likened to having sand in the eyes.

Methodology

The survey was taken from V.M hospital from the year 2015-2016

Total patients were 50 each having an eye disorder. The age range is <06 to
18.

Questions that were asked:

1)Name and age of the person
2)Information on their eye disorder
3)Age when the disorder was diagnosed

No specific tool was used. A friend to assist proved to be helpful.

DATA COLLECTION

Data is in the order of increasing age.

 DATA ANALYSIS

Pie Chart:
The pie chart shows relative percentage of people having certain
disorders.
• Myopia stands as the most common refractive disorder in children
and teens with a big 70%.
• 7 out of 10 people having a disorder are diagnosed with Myopia
• 1 out of 10 people have Hypermetropia.
• 1 out of 10 people have Amblyopia
• 1 out of 25 people have Asthenopia.
• 1 out of 25 people have the problem of eye pain.

Column Chart:
The Chart is used here to compare the age (when eye disorder was
detected) to number of people.
• It highlights that children below or at the age of twelve are more
prone to acquire an eye disorder.
• 35 persons are diagnosed with a disorder at/below the age of
12 and 15 above the age of 12.
The average age is 11.

TREATMENT
Myopia
If a person is nearsighted, the first number ("sphere") on the eyeglasses
prescription or contact lens prescription will be preceded by a minus sign (–).
The higher the number, the more nearsighted one is.

Nearsightedness can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses or

refractive surgery.

Refractive surgery can reduce or even eliminate the need for glasses or
contacts. The most common procedures are performed with an excimer
laser.

1. In PRK the laser removes a layer of corneal tissue, which flattens

the cornea and allows light rays to focus more accurately on the
retina.

2. In LASIK — the most common refractive procedure — a thin flap

is created on the surface of the cornea, a laser removes some
corneal tissue, and then the flap is returned to its original
position.

Hyperopia
If a glasses or contact lens prescription begins with plus numbers, like +2.50,
then the person is farsighted.

Farsightedness can be corrected with glasses or contact lenses to

change the way light rays bend into the eyes.

Refractive surgery, such as LASIK or CK, is another option for correcting

hyperopia. Surgery may reduce or eliminate your need to wear glasses
or contact lenses.
Amblyopia
The most common treatment for amblyopia is to force the brain to start
using the "bad" eye. This is done by putting a patch over the "good" eye.
It can take weeks or months for an eye patch to improve vision.

In cases of mild amblyopia, the doctor might recommend using an eye

drop called atropine in the "good" eye instead of a patch. Atropine
dilates the pupil and blurs the vision in the "good” eye, forcing the "bad"
eye to do most of the work.

Most children with amblyopia will also need glasses to help focus.

Amblyopia becomes much more difficult to treat after about 7-9 years of age

Asthenopia
Preventative measures, such as taking breaks from activities that cause
eye strain are suggested.
The most effective way to ease the pain or discomfort that the affliction
causes is to remove all light sources from a room, and allow the eyes to
relax in darkness.
Cool compresses also help to some degree, though care should be taken
to not use anything cool enough (such as ice) to damage the eyes
themselves.

Photokeretitis
Photokeratitis can be prevented by using sunglasses or eye protection
that transmits 5–10% of visible light and absorbs almost all UV rays.
Conjunctivitis
1. Bacterial Conjunctivitis
Antibiotic eyedrop
2. Viral Conjunctivitis
There is no treatment for most cases of viral conjunctivitis. Instead, the
virus needs time to run its course — up to two or three weeks.
3. Allergic Conjunctivitis
different types of eyedrops for different allergies
CONCLUSION

7 out of 10 people were diagnosed with myopia according to the survey

taken. Although Myopia is not a very harmful disorder for the eye and
can be treated easily but the numbers are alerting and we should take
preventive measures to avoid it.
A complete eye checkup once every one to three years is very beneficial.
Many sight-threatening diseases, if detected early, can be cured or
treated to prevent, or slow, the progression of any vision loss.
Eating green veggies, carrots, fish, etc. are essential for our eyes for
functioning well.

BIBLIOGRAPHY