1. Metal mostly consist of iron atom referred as iron metal (metal ferrous).

Metal which do not contain

iron referred as metal of non iron (non metal ferrous).

Iron metal can be divided to become 3 kinds of that are:

 Cast Iron

 Wrought iron

 Steel

Metal forming process by casting technique, forming technique, machining technique, welding
technique, is a process that changes the shape of the workpiece.The hot working process, used for
repairs, makes it easy to correct plastic deformation in the process and not to melt the metal of the
workpiece.

2. When viewed from its shape, bricks that comply with the standard must be formed rectangular prism.
In addition it has sharp right angles and a flat or not easy surface to take.

Each brick has a certain standard size which is divided into three categories:

 Module M-5a: 190x90x65 mm

 Module M-5b: 190x140x565 mm

 Module M-6: 230x110x55mm

 the next requirement is that the bricks are divided into 6 strength classes between class 25, class
50, class 150, class 200, and class 250. Discussion is needed about this strength class which
shows the average compressive strength of at least 30 bricks that have been activated.

 One more requirement that must be discussed is that red bricks do not contain more salt which can
be released than can be Christianized more than 50% of its brick surface

3. Wood has the following advantages:

 Easy to get at material stores.

 Much controlled by local articans

 Wood can be shaped ,cut and use flexibility

The following are the shortcomings of wood

 Flammable, and can be eaten by termites

 Can expand and infiltrate.

 Spans of roofs with wooden construction are often limited because the size of wood on the
market is 4 meters.

 The price of wood is getting more and more expensive due to the decreasing supply of wood from
nature.
SKIN

Is the part that is in the outer portion,

CAMBIUM

Is a network of thin and clear layers, encircling wood, outward forming new wood. With the cambium
the tree gradually grows.

PAPER WOOD

The young part of the wood consists of living cells, located inside the cambium and functions as a
liquid distributor and a place to store food substances. The sapwood usually has a bright color.

WOOD TERRACE

consists of cells formed through changes in living cells in the inner sapwood circle, due to the cessation
of function as a fluid distributor and other life processes. Space in a wooden patio can contain a variety
of substances that give a darker color.

HEART

Is a piece of wood that is located at the center of the circle (not absolute at the center of baldos). The
liver originates from early wood, the part of wood that was first formed by cambium. Therefore
generally have fragile or soft nature.

YEAR CIRCLE

The boundary between wood formed at the beginning and at the end of a season. Through this year's
circles, age can be determined

4. Nama nama unsur :

 limestone is the result of combustion of natural limestone whose composition is
mostly calcium carbonate (CaCO3) at temperatures above 900 degrees Celsius.
 The process of calcination occurs with the release of CO2 gas until it can be
removed by solid CaO or can also be called quick lime
CaCO3 (limestone) -> CaO (lime tohor) + CO2
 Extinguished lime is the result of extinction of lime with water and forming
hydrates
CaO + Water (H2O) —–> Ca (OH) 2 (lime goes out) + heat
 Air lime is extinguished lime that is stirred with water after a while the mixture
can harden in the air due to the binding of carbon dioxide
Ca (OH) 2 + CO2 ——-> Ca CO3 + H2O

Chalk can use for as follows :

 Upon which fasten at mortal
 Upon which fasten at concrete. If it uses together Portland cement in character
become better and can lessen requirement of cement of Portland
 As rock if in form of limestone
 Upon which whitening.
LIME MAKING PROCESS FOR BUILDING MATERIALS:
 Mining
 Combustion
 Cooling down


5. OPC,PCC,PPC
 Portland Composite Cement (PCC)
The use of Portland Composite (PCC) is a binder for general concrete construction,
masonry, pre-cast concrete, pre-pressed concrete, paving blocks, plastering and acian,
and so on. The characteristics of Portland Composite Cement (PCC) are easier to do,
airtight, sulfate resistant, and not easily taken back. This material consists of several
non-slag, gypsum, and anoraganic ingredients.
 Super Portland Pozzolan Composite Cement (PPC)
The use of super portland composite pozzolan is made of concrete, construction on
the beach and swamp soils that must have resistance to sulfate, withstand moderate
heat hydration, pair work and plastering. Some types of buildings that use these
products are housing, highways, docks, plantations, and so on. This cement is a
hydraulic binder such as PCC which consists of a mixture of slag, gypsum and
pozzolan.

 Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), is a hydraulic cement that is widely used for
general construction, such as building construction that does not require special
requirements, including residential buildings, high rise buildings, runways, and
highways.
Portland Cement Type I
The uses of Portland Type I Cement include building construction for residential
houses, high rise buildings, and highways.

Portland Type Cement Type II

Usability of Portland Type II Cement in general as a building material that is located
alongside the sea, marshlands, docks, irrigation channels, and dams.

Portland Cement Type III

Portland type III cement is used for the construction of high-rise buildings, concrete
roads or highways, to airports and buildings in water that do not require sulfuric acid
resistance.

Portland Cement Type IV

The use of Portland Type IV is used for dams to airfields.

Portland Cement Type V

The use of Cement Potrtland Type V is designed to meet the needs in areas with high
sulfuric acid levels such as swamps, sea water or beaches, and mining areas.