BIOLOGY 1

Practice Question CHAPETER WISE

CHAPTER- 1 REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM
1. What do you mean by the term life span?
2. Single celled microbes are immortal. Justify the statement.
3. Give any two factors that responsible for the modes of reproduction in an organism.
4. Why asexually reproduce organism are genetically identical?
5. What kind of division is observed in yeast?
6. Give the asexual reproductive structures in penicillium, hydra and sponge.
7. What are vegetative propagules?
8. Why some plants become problems for the ecosystem?
9. Give one agricultural importance of asexually reproducing plants.
10. Write the phases in life cycle of an organism.
11. Write the common feature in living organism from birth to death.
12. What is a juvenile phase? Which term is use for the same phase in plants?
13. What are major changes in primates and non-primate called before sexual reproduction?
14. Define the term seasonal breeders. How do they differ from the continuous breeders?
15. Write the factors regulate the phases of life cycle of an organism.
16. Distinguish between monoecious and dioceious plants
17. A plant is said to be heterothallic. Give other terms use for the same plant.
18. How diploid organism produce haploid gametes? Name the structure found in these organism
which form gametes
19. Why haploid parents produce gamete by mitotic division?
20. Chromosome no. of gametes of dog is 39. Find the chromosome no. of meiocytes
21. How some female gametes develop into new organism with out fertilization?
22. Large no. of egg produces in frog. Why it is so?
23. Write the motility of male gametes in plant and animal. Why are they produce large in number?
24. Write the events during the embryogenesis?
25. Distinguish between oviparous and viviparous animals with two examples of each.
26. Why the chance of survival in viviparous is more than the oviparous animals?
27. Give the function of pericarp. Mention it composition.
28. Write the advantage of asexual reproduction.
29. Mention how sexual reproduction play major role in evolution process.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 2

CHAPTER- 2 SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONS IN PLANT.

30. Write the essence of sexual reproduction in plants.
31. What is meant by the term flower primordium?
32. What does gynoecium represent in a flower? Mention its function.
33. Write any two features of angiosperm anther.
34. Where do microsporangia located in anther?
35. Brief explain the anatomy of microsporangium?
36. Name the term that provide nutrients to the developing pollen grains. Mention the type of cells
found in such structure.
37. A group of compactly arranged cells found in the centre of the microsporangium is otherwise
called…………
38. What would the ploidy of microspore mother cell and tetrad?
39. Draw a labeled diagram to show the dehisced anther.
40. How microspores develop into pollen grains? What is the ploidy of the cells found in the pollen
grain?
41. Explain the chemical nature of different layers of pollen grains. Give their function.
42. Pollen grain germinated in presence of suitable condition though there is hard protective
covering. How?
43. Write the nos. of cell at which pollen grain shed.
44. Why vegetative cell in the pollen sacs is bigger than the other?
45. How pollen grain of some species cause health hazard in human?
46. What is meant by the viability of pollen grain?
47. What are pollen banks? Mention its importance.
48. Draw a labeled diagram of anatropous ovule.
49. In which condition a gynoecium is said to be multicarpillary and syncarpous?
50. Give the functions of different part of pistil.
51. Which part of flower represents the megasporangia?
52. Name the junction between ovule and funicle.
53. Which structure of the ovule represents the basal part?
54. What kind of cell division involved in the formation of megaspore?
55. What are the identifying features of a microspore mother cell?
56. Why an angiosperm embryo sac is 7-celled though it 8-nuclei.
57. Where does egg apparatus located? Write the function of egg apparatus.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 3

58. What kind of flower show pure self pollination? Why?

59. Distinguished between the floral structure of water pollinated and wind pollinated plants.
60. Some plants are found in water still they adapted the methods of wind pollination. How?
61. How pollen grain resist from decay in water?
62. What types of adaptation found in the animal pollinated flower
63. Some structures that prevent the self pollination and favour cross pollination explain how?
64. How wrong type of pollen grain rejected by the stigma? What type of mechanism shown by the
flower of a plant?
65. Give the significance of the knowledge of pollen pistil interaction in plant breeding programme?
66. Briefly explain the process of artificial hybridization? Mention its significance in agriculture.
67. What type of cell division found in the primary endosperm nucleus? What type of endosperm do
the liquid and solid parts of coconut represent?
68. What is embryogenesis? Compare the early development in the monocot and dicot.
69. How do the seeds of monocot differ from the dicot?
70. What is the functional role of nucellus in seed? Mention the type of nucellus found in black
pepper and beet. Give term use for such type of nucellus.
71. Seeds may undergo a period of inactive before germination. Name the phenomenon. What
changes observed during this period.
72. Starw berry is not a fruit. Justify.
73. Imagine the situation earth with out seed?
74. What happened when seed germinate immediately after formation?
75. Name the asexual mode that mimics sexual reproduction. List the methods adapted in some
species.
76. Give the advantage and disadvantages of hybrid seeds. Mention the significance of apomixes in
hybrid seed industry.

Long type Question

77. Describe detail of development of male gametophytes.
78. Describe the development of female gametophytes with suitable diagram.
79. What is the objective of pollination? Write a brief account of the kinds of pollination.
Differentiated between abiotic and biotic pollinated flowers.
80. Double fertilization if unique feature in angiosperms. Explain with well labeled diagram.
81. Describe the developmental changes takes place in the ovule after fertilization.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 4

CHAPTERS 3- REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN BEING.

1. What are the reproductive events in human?
2. Why do testes found out side the body?
3. Name the compartments found in the testis.
4. What types of cells found in the somniferous tubule?
5. X a cell found in the testis produce testicular hormones. Name the X and give its function.
6. What are the functions of the region outside the semniferous tubules?
7. What is the function of rete testis?
8. What are the functions of ejaculatory ducts?
9. Name the external opening of penis.
10. What are the constituents of seminal plasma?
11. Secretion of which part of reproductive system help in the lubrication of the penis.
12. Where does ovary located in human being.
13. Why female reproductive system is more complicated than male reproductive system?
14. Ovary in female performs dual process. Justify.
15. Write the location of ovary in female body. Mention the anatomy of ovary.
16. What are the accessory ducts in female body? Give their functions.
17. Write the various region of the fallopian tube. Mention where does fertilization takes place?
18. What is the location of ovary in human body? Name the supportive tissues.
19. Which part of the uterine wall undergoes cyclic changes during menstrual cycle? Mention
why?
20. Name the tissue of uterus that play important role during parturition.
21. Name the partial covered membrane of the vaginal opening.
22. Name the homologous part found in the female external genital as glans penis in male.
23. Differentiate between labia majora and labia minora.
24. Why the presence or absence of hymen is not a reliable indicator of virginity of woman?
25. Explain the structure of the human mammary glands with suitable diagram..
26. Name the process by which sperm release from the semniferous tubules.
27. Name the hormone the regulate the function of lyedigs cells and sertoli cells in testis.
28. What types of division observed in the formation of secondary spermatocytes from primary
spermatocytes?
29. Where does sperm head embedded before release from the tubules?
30. Which part of the hypothalamus secretes GnRH? Give its function.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 5

31. Name the cap like structure that en able the sperm to enter into the ovum.
32. Why middle piece of the spermatozoa possess numerous mitochondria?
33. Which hormone maintains the structure and function of accessory glands?
34. Why sperm need a medium? Name the parts that contribute the medium.
35. Where does the process of oogenesis begin?
36. What are the constituents of secondary follicles?
37. Name the fluid filled cavity in the tertiary follicles.
38. At which stage the Meiosis I ceased during the oogenesis? When do the division progress?
39. How many ovum and polar bodies produce during the process of oogenesis?
40. Draw a labelled diagram of graffian follicle.
41. Define menstrual cycle. Mention its average period.
42. What is menstrual flow? In which condition this process continues.
43. What happened to the menstrual cycles when fertilization takes place in the fallopian tube?
44. Name the structure formed after ovulation in ovary. What happened to the structure when
there is fertilization in the oviduct?
45. Why only one sperm penetrate in to the ovum? What happened when more than one sperm
enter in to the ovum.
46. What are blastomeres? At which stages the embryo embedded in endometrium? Mention the
types of cells found the structure.
47. How the basic unit between the foetus and mother formed after implantation? Name the
structure.
48. Which structure act as an endocrine gland after implantation? Name the hormones release
from this gland.
49. Why the hormones level increase during the pregnancy?
50. What are the germinal layers found in the inner mass cell?
51. How different tissue and organs developed from a small mass of tissue during development?
52. What is gestation period? Define the term parturition.
53. What is foetal ejection reflex? How Oxytocin stimulate birth process?
54. Why breast feeding considered as best for a healthy baby?

Long Question
1. What is gametogenesis? Discuss the major events during spermatogenesis. How do the process
regulated by hormones?

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 6

2. Describe the process of oogenesis with diagram. Mention how it is distinguish from
spermatogenesis?
3. Describe the structure of reproductive system in human male
4. Describe the structure of reproductive system in human female.
5. Primates show cyclic change in female reproductive system. Explain the stages and its regulation.
6. What its fertilization? Where does it take place? Mention the consequence if fertilization not takes
place.
7. Describe the post fertilization change in the zygotes till birth.
8. What is pregnancy? Explain the hormonal regulation in female during pregnancy.

Chapter 4
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
1. What is meant by reproductive health?
2. When did family planning started?
3. Expand RCH. Write one objective of RCH.
4. How audio-visual aids help in family planning?
5. List the areas reproductive health for which we must create awareness in any community.
6. What are the objectives of sex education in school?
7. Why fertile couple and marriageable age group must be educated about the reproductive health?
8. How can we implement the actions plans associated with reproductive health?
9. Name the process by which is misuse in our society to detect the sex of fetus. hould this process be
banned?
10. Expand CDRI. Name the product for the contraceptive in female.
11. What are MMR & IMR?
12. Do you think that small family is essential for the development of a nation like India? Why?
13. What is the population growth rate as per 2001 census in India?
14. How one can adopt one child norm?
15. Which period of reproductive cycle is highly fertile? Mention the term use for the period.
16. How can any couples prevent conception with out contraceptive devices?
17. Name the term use for the less chances of conception during intense lactation following parturition.
18. Why there are almost nil side effects in natural methods of birth control?
19. What is meant by periodical abstinence?
20. Give one objective of the barrier methods of birth control.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 7

21. Besides birth control use of condom prevents us form various diseases. How?
22. Name any three barrier made up of rubber that are inserted into the female reproductive tract to
cover cervix during coitus.
23. How IUDs and Cu ions reduce the fertilizing capacity of the sperms?
24. What are the chemical compositions of oral pills?
25. Name the non-steroids, once a week, very few side effects, highly contraceptive value oral pills
developed by CDRI.
26. With in how many hrs of coitus hormone should administrate to avoid the unwanted pregnancy?
27. What is sterilization? Is this reversible?
28. Make a list of side effects of adopting contraceptive methods.
29. Expand MTP? When did MTP legalized in India?
30. What are the conditions when MTP is legal?
31. Give one misuse of MTP. Why should this be avoided?
32. What are venereal diseases? Give any three examples with their causal agents.
33. Give primary symptoms of STDs. How the complicacy appears in the later stages
34. List the principles of controlling STDs.
35. How can your prevent reproductive tract infections?
36. Define the term infertility? Who is responsible for the infertility: - male /female?
37. What is ART? Mention its objective.
38. Give one difference between in vitro and in- vivo fertilization.
39. Expand ZIFT. How does it differ from the IUT. Mention the condition when this method can be
adopted.
40. What is GIFT? In which condition this method adopted?
41. Write the importance of ICSI.
42. Name process in which the semen collected from the husband or a healthy donor is artificially
introduced into the vagina or uterus of mother.
43. Write the factors that deter in adoption of ART in India. Mention its alternative method.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 8

UNIT II GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

Chapter 5- PRINCIPLE OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION
1. What is genetics? What might be the criteria of domesticatication?1
2. Name the term use for the difference between progenies.1
3. What kind of characters Mendel selected in his study?1
4. Why Mendel selected pea plant as an experimental material in his experiment?
5. What is meant by contrasting traits? Identify the dominant character of flower position- I) axial or
II) terminal. 1
6. What is the process that Mendel adopted in his experiment?2
7. What are P, F1 and F2? 1
8. What did he observed in the F1 generation? Which terms was used by him for such observation?
9. What happened to the ratio in F2 generation in Mendel Expt?
10. What are alleles? Compare it with gene.
11. Define homozygous and heterozygous with suitable notation.
12. What would be the phenotype of a plant with genotype Tt? Why?
13. What is hybrid? Name the term use for the genes controlling one character.
14. How gametes possess one allele of pairs from the parents?
15. Write the sign use to denote male and female in Punnet square. Who proposed the scheme? Give its
application in genetics.
16. ‘X’ is dominant over ‘x’. What does it means?
17. Express the F2 products as mathematically to form of the binomial expression.
18. What do you think about the appearance of dwarf plants in F 3 and F4 generation?
19. Name the process by which a F1 product hybridized with any one of the parents? What would be
the result of the test?
20. Which law of Mendel explains the expression of only one parental character in a monohybrid cross
in F1 but express in F2?
21. Explain the genetics basis of law of segregation.
22. The inheritance of flower color in dog flower not follows the law of dominance. How? Write the
scientific name of the dog flower.
23. Explain the theory to explain the concept of dominance.
24. What happened to the phenotype of on organism when modified allele equivalent to unmodified
allele?

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 9

25. What happened to the phenotype of an organism when modified allele produces nonfunctional
enzyme or no enzyme?
26. What is co-dominance? Give the relation between multiple allele and co-dominance.
27. If a mother having homozygous ‘B’ blood group and father having heterozygous ‘A’ blood group
then find out the possible blood group of the offspring.
28. What would be the possible blood group of the parents if an offspring having blood group ‘O’
positive?
29. Can you study multiple alleles in an individual? Give reason.
30. What is the size of the grain if the genotype of the plants is Bb?
31. Dominance is not an autonomous feature of gene or the product that it has information for. Give
reason.
32. What is dihybrid cross? Which law of Mendel was based on this cross? Make a cross between pea
plants having violet flower, green pod and white flower, yellow pod.
33. State the law on Mendel based on dihybrid cross.
34. What is meant by independent segregation? How two pairs of gene segregation during cell division
explain by Punnet square?
35. Write phenotype of the following RrYY, RRyy, Rryy and RrYy.
36. What would be the phenotypic ratio when F 1 cross with recessive parents? Name such crossing and
give its significance.
37. Which laws of Mendel are universally accepted?

CHROMOSOMAL THEORY OF INHERITANCE

38. Why did Mendel works not recognized by science society at that time?
39. Who rediscovered the Mendel theory of inheritance?
40. Where do the factors proposed by Mendel found?
41. Writhe work of Sutton and Boveri on relation between chromosome and gene.
42. Who discovered Mendel law in 20th century?
43. Write the work of the W. Sutton and T. Boveri on chromosome and gene.
44. What are reductional and equational cell divisions? Why are they called so?
45. Write the behavior of chromosome during cell division.
46. Give relation between two alleles and homologous chromosome.
47. Who coined the terms chromosomal theory of inheritance. State the theory.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 10

48. Why Morgan choose fruit flies as his experimental material?

49. What is the basis of the Morgan theory?
50. What was the phenotype of Drosophila used by the Morgan in his experiment?
51. Name the term use for the inheritance of two genes physically associated with each others. In which
condition this can be possible.
52. Which terms is used for the formation of a generation of non-parental combination?
53. What is the importance of measuring the distance between two genes in a chromosome? Who
proposed this?
54. What result did Morgan obtain from the crossing between genes w and m?
55. What is X body? Who identify it? Give its significance.
56. Write the system of sex determination in animals with one example each.
57. Differentiated between male heterogamety and female heterogamety with examples..
58. Why a sperm carrying Y chromosome produce male in human beings?
59. Females in our society are blamed for producing female child and ill-treated. How can you them in
the context.
60. What are chromosomal aberrations? Gives its results.
61. Name the terms use for the loss and the gain of the chromosomal segment in cell.
62. What is induced mutation? How can you induce mutation? Give any three agents.
63. What is pedigree analysis? How can be this useful to prevent some diseases?
64. Draw the symbols to show i) female ii) sex unspecified, iii) consanguineous mating, iv) parents
with female child affected.
65. What is Mendelian disorder? Give any four Mendelian disorders.
66. Write the cause and symptoms of hemophilia.
67. What kind of female transmits hemophilia to their sons?
68. Why there are extremely rare cases of female hemophilic?
69. What kind mutation found in sickle cell anemia? What is meant by carriers in Sickle Cell Anemia?
70. Why the biconcave disc shaped RBC changed into elongated sickle cell in sickle cell anemia?
71. What is inborn error metabolism? Give one example with brief explanation.
72. A person show excess amount of ketone bodies in his urine. What may be the reasons?
73. What is chromosomal disorder? How it is different form Mendelian disorder?
74. What is the condition for the formation of polyploidy in animals?
75. Distinguish between triosomy and monosomy.
76. Write the cause, sign and symptoms in chromosomal disorders (any three).
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 11

77. A diploids organism is heterozygous for 3 loci, how many types of gametes can be produced?
78. When a cross made between a round and yellow seed (RrYY) with round and green seed (Rryy).
What would be the proportion of i) round and yellow ii)wrinkled and green
79. If a Tt mated with tt what would the % of characteristic of offspring?
80. What is the genotype of B-group father of an O group child?
81. Write the phenomenon for the two genes are present at same locus and after interacting with each
other produce different effects
82. If F1 selfed for red color what would be the genotype ratio?
83. Where does segregation of two genes occur during cell division?
84. Which law states the purity of gametes by Mendel?
85. What are the genotypes of parents if the genotypic ratio of offspring is 1:2:1?
86. What is the term use for the cross between offspring and parents to identify the F 1 genotype?
87. How many possible phenotypes are there in ABO blood groups?
88. When a red flowered cross with a white flowered plants the F2 generation gives a ratio of 3:1. What
do you conclude?
89. Write any two points for the difference among the four daughters cell though they derived from
single meiosis.
90. What is the number of gametes produced by an individual with the Pp Ss Tt genotype?
91. If a couple has 11 girls what will be the probability of 12 th to be a boys?

CHAPTER 6

MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

1. What are the principle functions of RNA?
2. How lengths of a DNA define in the term of nucleotides?
3.
4.
5.
6. What are the bonds found in DNA?
7.
8. Explain the structure of a DNA molecule with well labeled diagram 3
9. What are the bases of propositions of double helical model of DNA?
10. Draw the central dogma of expression of gene.
11. How is DNA with length aprox 2.2 m packed in a cell?

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 12

12. What is the composition of nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?

13. Define the term chromatin? How many unit of protein present in a unit?
14. Why are some proteins called non-histone chromosomal proteins thought they are found in
chromosome?
15. Name the terms use for the light stain region and dark stain region of chromatin. Mention their action.
16. Describe Griffith experiment. Give is significance. What was the lacuna of his finding?
17. Who discovered the biochemical nature of transforming principle? Mention how.
18. Discuss the Hershey-Chase experiment to determine the biochemical nature of genetic materials.
19. Differentiate the chemical nature of DNA and RNA.
20. X is a genetic material. What criteria must be present in the X?
21. Compare the reactivity of DNA and RNA. Mention the reasons for this.
22. How DNA depend up on RNA? Why?
23. What was the first genetic material? What were its functions? Give the essence of modification of that
genetic material.
24. Who postulated the possible copying of genetic materials? Why the copying otherwise called semi-
conservative in nature?
25. Discuss the experiment performed by Messelson and Stahl’s to show the semi conservative nature of
replication.
26. What type of nucleotides was used in faba beans to show the semi-conservative in nature of replication?
Who performed the experiment?
27. What happened when any mistake occurs during replication?
28. Give the function of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate inn replication of DNA.
29. Write the enzymatic system and their function in the copying of DNA.
30. How continuity maintain in both strand of DNA?
31. The enzymes are site specific. What does it means. How you replicate a desired piece of DNA during
recombinant DNA technology.
32. What happened when a cell replicate it DNA in S-phase but that cell do not progress beyond this stage
of cell cycle?
33. What is transcription? How it differ from replication?
34. What happened when both strand of DNA copied during transcription? 2 marks
35. What are the regions of transcription unit? Draw a schematic diagram of transcription unit.
36. Why the polymerization of Nucleotides is only one direction during transcription?
37. Give the location of promoter with respect to the polarity of coding strand. Where does terminator
located? Mention the function of terminator.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 13

38. What is cistron? Mention its composition. What type of transcription unit found in eukaryotes?
39. Classify RNA found in bacteria and give their importance in the protein synthesis.
40. Where does the polymerization of amino acid stop? Why?
41. RNA polymerase is only capable of elongation process. Then how initiation and termination catalyze
by same enzyme?
42. Why some time in bacteria the translation begins before the completion of mRNA transcription?
43. Why the transcription in eukaryotic cells is much complex? Give the significance of this complexity.
44. How many RNA polymerases involve in the transcription in eukaryotes? Write their function.
45. The primary transcript of RNA is non-functional. Describe the processing in brief with suitable
diagram.
46. What is genetic code? How the triplet nature of genetic code be proved? Name the scientist who had
great contribution in this field.
47. List six salient features of genetic code.3
48. How genetic codes help in the study of mutation?
49. Write a short note on the frame shift mutation.
50. Draw a labeled diagram of tRNA. Write the function of each part. Why it is called as adapter molecule?
51. What is charging of tRNA? What happened when two charged RNA brought closed together. Where do
this possible?
52. What is the composition of ribosome? What is meant by active and inactive state of ribosome? Write
the function of ribosome in protein synthesis.
53. Why some untranslated region found in the mRNA sequence? Write their location.
54. Explain the termination and releasing of mRNA during protein synthesis.
55. Describe the lac operon model to show the regulation of gene expression with suitable diagram 5
56. Give any two examples of operon model besides lac operon. What type of operon does lac represent –
ve or +ve. Mention the reason.
57. Why is human genome project called as mega project?
58. Give the role of bioinformatics in the development of human genome.
59. List the major objectives of human genome project.
60. What type biological problems can be solved through the understanding human genome?
61. Name the term use for the identification of all the genes that are express as RNA during HGP.
62. What is sequence annotation? How can this be made? Write any two commonly use vectors use in this
process.
63. What the contribution of F. Sanger is in filed of HGP?

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 14

64. Describe the salient feature of human genome. Mention its application and future prospects. 5
marks
65. What is repetitive DNA? How does it differ from the satellite DNA? Classify satellite DNA in to
different categories.
66. How polymorphism of DNA arises in nature? Mention the range of polymorphism in living system.
67. Who develop the process of genetic engineering? What is the key principle of this method?
68. Explain the process of genetic engineering with suitable diagram. Give its application. 5

Chapter 7 EVOLUTIONS
1. Write the concepts of Big Bang theory with respect to the origin of earth.
2. What were the sources of energy in primitive atmosphere of earth before origin of life?
3. What is spontaneous generation of life? Who dismissed this theory and how?
4. Write the proposition of Oparin and Haldane regarding the origin of life.
5. Explain Miller’s experiment with diagram. Mention its finding.
6. Theory of special generation is strongly criticized by he evolutionist. What are their criticisms?
Mention the contribution of Charles Robert Darwin in this field.
7. Briefly explain the Darwin Theory of Natural selection.
8. How can you correlate the geological history and biological history of earth? What does its
represents?
9. Fossils are direct evidence for evolution. How can you prove the statement?
10. How comparative anatomy and morphology are also strong evidences for evolution?
11. Give the importance of biochemical similarities in studying the relationship of two or more
organism.
12. Write a brief note on divergent evolution with suitable example.
13. Write a brief note on convergent evolution with suitable example
14. Natural selection is an important process in evolution. Explain the mechanism of formation of
different type of peppered moths as per prevailing conditions.
15. What are anthropogenic activities? How these activities cause the formation of resistant stains of
microorganisms?
16. What does Darwin observed in the beak pattern of finches found in the Galapagos Island?
17. What would happen when more than one adaptive radiation observed in an isolated geographical
area? Give the term use for this kind of evolution.
18. What type of evolution shown between the Australian Marsupials and placental mammals? Why?

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 15

19. Write the essence of variation during natural selection. What is fitness in natural selection process?
Mention the basis of fitness. What kind of fitness is selected by nature?
20. Who proposed that evolution is driven by use and misuse of organs? Give his explanation.
21. What was the work of Malthus? How that helpful to Darwin theory of evolution?
22. List the draw back of Darwin. What might be the reason behind this draw back?
23. What is the contribution of Hugo de Vries in the theory of evolution?
24. Diagrammatically represent the operation of natural selection on different traits.
25. What is genetic equilibrium? Explain Hardy-Weinberg Principle mathematically.
26. Disturbance of Hardy-Weinberg principle resulting evolution. How? 3 mark
27. Write a brief note on founder effects.
28. Explain how the preexisting advantageous mutation play major role in the speciation.
29. Write a brief account of evolution of photosynthesis process.
30. What do lobefins represents? Give their evolutionary lineage.
31. In which geological period giant reptiles were dominated? Mention the evolution of water and land
reptiles.
32. What were the first mammals? How the evolved on the earth? Give the most successful point of
evolution of human.
33. Prepare a chart of human evolution in details.

UNIT III BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE

Chapter: - 8 HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE-I
1. What is good humor hypothesis?
2. Define health as per WHO.
3. How health effected by genetics disorder?
4. What are the aspects of our life cycle that affect health of an individual?
5. List some important habits that necessary for maintenance of good health.
6. How pathogens caused disease in a living body?
7. A person showed symptoms like high fever, Weakness, stomach pain, headache, loss of appetite.
Identify the disease. Mention their causal agent and treatment.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 16

8. Name any two causal agents of pneumonia. How the disease manifested in human body? Mention
the mode of transmission.
9. Write the symptoms of common cold. Mention its methods of spread. How can you prevent this
disease?
10. Name the causal agents of malaria. Mention their species. Which of these sps cause malignant
malaria.
11. Name the toxin release in the RBC during malaria. Where does its take place? Give its
consequences.
12. Where sexual reproduction does takes place in life cycle of malarial parasites?
13. Malarial parasite required two host human and mosquito. At which stage the parasites enter into the
human host?
14. Why patients are advised to test for plasmodium during fever
15. Write the symptoms and mode of contamination of the disease amoebisis..
16. Name the disease caused due to round worm which is infect a healthy person by contaminated
water soil, vegetables fruits etc. Mention the name of the worm.
17. Why ascariasis is common among children? How can you prevent them as a caretaker?
18. Name the disease caused due to the mosquito bites having symptoms like edema in lower limbs,
genital organs, with fever. Give the causal agent.
19. Why some diseases appear on skin, nails and scalp? Write the necessary condition for their growth.
Mention how these agents are transmitted.
20. Write any five points to maintain your personal health.
21. Suggest five points to improve the community health.
22. Give any five steps to check vector-borne disease in our Vidyalaya Campus.
23. Suppose one of your roommate affect with chikungunya. What should you do in such case?

Part II Immune System

1. What is immunity?
2. What happen when we affected with some disease causing organism?
3. What is innate immunity? Classify them.
4. Name any three physical barriers that provide innate immunity.
5. Write the role of acid and saliva in preventing the microbes.
6. What are PMNL? Give their function.
7. How macrophages protect us from microbes?

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 17

8. Name the proteins that are produce in viral infected cells.

9. Write any two characters of acquired immunity.
10. What is primary immune response? Name the term use for the subsequent encounter of microbes.
11. What are the cells involve in the both primary and secondary immune responses?
12. Draw a labeled diagram to show structure of antibody. 2
13. Write a short note on the structure of immunoglolbulin.
14. Why the antibody mediated response also called humoral immune response?
15. Why matching of tissue and blood group should be done before organ transplantation?
16. Name the types of immunity found in a) BCG b) Polio vaccine c) Colostrums d) serum form horse
for snake bite e) anti-tetanus serum.
17. Name the technique by which we can obtain vaccines in bacteria and yeast.
18. Which organism use for the production of Hepatitis-B vaccine.
19. Why do some people start sneezing when they exposed to polluted area with dust. Suggest one
method to check this.
20. What is allergy? Name the term use for the substances that cause allergy.
21. What are chemicals releases during allergic reaction? Name the cells that release such chemicals.
22. Give some anti-allergens that use for quick reduction of allergic responses.
23. Why do child of metropolitan cities more susceptible to asthma?
24. Some time immune system work against self tissue which cause disease. Why? Name the term use
for this and give one example.
25. An organ where formation or maturation or activation of lymphocytes occur. Name the organ.
26. Where do lymphocytes get mature?
27. What happened to the matured lymphocytes in human body?
28. Name the lymphoid organ found in small intestine and appendix.
29. How antigens trap in lymph nodes useful for immune response?
30. Where most of the lymphoid tissue does located in human body? Name the group.
31. What is the largest lymphoid organ? Mention its cellular constituents.
32. Why immune systems in our body gradually reduce after 50 yrs?
33. What is MALT? Mention the parts of your body where these systems found.

PART III - AIDS & CANCER

1. What is a congenital disease? Whether AIDS is congenital or others?
2. What is the genetic nature of HIV?

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 18

3. List the modes of transmission of HIV infection in human.

4. Why individuals having multiple sexual partners, drug addicts are high risk of HIV infection?
5. AIDS is not a disease but a group of diseases. justify
6. What is difference between HIV + ve and AIDS?
7. Write the means through HIV cannot infect to healthy person.
8. Describe the process of replication and released of retrovirus in human body.
9. What are AIDS related complex?
10. Write some symptoms of AIDS.
11. Why other infections are common in an AIDS patient?
12. Which cell of our body adversely affected by infection of HIV?
13. Name the test for the detection of HIV.
14. Name the organizations which educate people about AIDS.
15. Give some points of prevention of AIDS. (any five)
(1 out of 8 died due to cancer in 2025 it will be 1 out of 6.6)
16. Name the terms use for the modification of a normal cell into cancerous cell.
17. Differentiate between cancerous cell and normal cells in human body. 2 marks
18. Write two characteristic features of transformed cell.
19. How malignant cells damage the normal cells?
20. Which term is used for the circulation of detached cancerous cell to new area where it causes
tumor.
21. What are carcinogens? Make a list of possible carcinogens.
22. On which basis cancers are detected? Give some methods of detection of cancer.
23. What is the use of antibodies in detection of cancer?
24. Why should some persons avoid exposure to particular carcinogens?
25. Explain the treatment of cancer. Mention if there any side effects.
26. How can tumors be destroyed by immune system

DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE

1. What are the criteria of drug abuse?
2. Give some common form of drugs abused in our society.
3. Name an organism besides flowering plants that produce alkaloids.
4. What are Opiods? Mention its common name available in markets.
5. Name the plants form which the following are obtained :-
Opiods, heroin, cocaine, marijuana, morphine, hashish

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 19

6. Write the physical and chemical nature of heroin.

7. From which plant morphine can be extracted? Write the form of its application. Give its effects on
human health.
8. Name the chemicals extracted from the Cannabis sativa? Which part of human being affected with
these chemicals?
9. Name the group of chemicals affect the cardiovascular system of our body?
10. What is hallucination? Which drugs stimulate this action in our body .2
11. Write any three of drugs use for the patient having mental illness like depression and insomnia.
12. What is coke? Name the source of coke.
13. What are the forms of using tobacco in our country?
14. What is the composition of tobacco? Mention part of the human body stimulated by chemicals in
tobacco.
15. How smokings cause cancer in various party of our body? Write any four organ which stimulated
by smoking to develop cancers.
16. Excess smoking cause oxygen deficiency in human. Justify.
17. How can you help your friends or any other who want to get rid of smoking or chewing tobacco?
18. Give some withdrawal syndrome in drug addicted persons.
19. How drug addicted persons prone to AIDS?
20. What is the cause of liver cirrhosis?
21. Mention the side effects of drugs in male and female sportsperson.2
22. Briefly explain the prevention and control of drugs and alcohol addiction.3
23. Suppose one of your room mate addicted with some drugs. How is role being a biology student?

Chapter 9
STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCEMENT IN FOOD PRODUCTION
1. Define animal husbandry. What are the aspects of animal husbandry? 1
2. We have largest life stock of milch animals but production is comparatively low. Why?
3. Why new and advanced technologies are applied in animal husbandry? 1
4. Suppose you are a managing director of dairy farm. How can improve the milk production in your
farm?3
5. What is poultry? Give any four examples of organisms domesticated in poultry. 2

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 20

6. Discuss the aspects of poultry farm management.

7. Distinguish between breed and hybrids.
8. Superior male and superior female are use in animal breeding programme? What is meant by
superior male and female in cattle? 2
9. How can pure lines of cow be developing? What happened when this process continued
for several generations? Suggest the methods to overcome this. 3
10. What is inbreeding depression? How it become a problem for farmer? Suggest methods to solve
this.
11. Differentiate between out crossing and cross breeding. 2
12. Write a brief note on interspecific breeding with suitable example. 1
13. Explain the significance of artificial insemination.
14. Write the methods of MOET. Mention its advantages over artificial insemination. 2
15. What is meant by super ovulation? Give its significance.
16. Name the species of bee rearing in India. Give the important bee products. List any four important
points for successful bee keeping? 2
17. How fishery ha an important place in Indian economy? Give some example of animals use in
fishery.
Mention any two examples of each type of fishes from fresh water and marine water.
18. Define the plant breeding. How it is related with Green revolution? 1
19. How advancement of science help plant breeder to produce new variety with desired traits?
20. What is conventional plant breeding programme? 1
21. What are traits? Give some improve traits in crop plants.
22. What is meant by germ plasm collection? Give its significance.
23. Advancement of which branches of science help plant breeders to improve the quality and quantity
of product. 1
24. How plant breeder test the desirable recombinant during plant breeding.
25. Why newly produced breeds grown in different agro-climatic conditions?
26. Give one example of each improve variety of wheat, rice, sugarcane and garden peas. 2
27. Give one example of fungal diseases found in wheat, sugar cane and potato. Suggest any one
eco-friendly method to protect these crops from diseases. 2
28. What is mutation breeding? Outline the process. Write the advantage of mutation breeding over the
conventional
plant breeding .2
29. Name one variety with their resistance to the diseases of chili and mustard. 1

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 21

30. How wild relatives useful in production of disease resistance variety, explain with example.
31. What are the characteristic found in the crops that resist to the insects? Give any two examples.1
32. Write two insect pest resistance varieties of flat beans. 1
33. Why it is essential to improve the food quality in country like India? 1
34. Name the term use for the improving the vitamins and micronutrient quality in food for the
Improvement of the public health. Give any three examples of crops with enriched nutrients. 2
35. Give the objectives of improving the food quality in our country. 1
36. What improved quality is found in Atlas 66 of wheat? 1
37. Expand IARI. List some improve vegetable for vitamins. 1
38. What is single cell protein? Name the organism use for this process. 1
39. How SCP fulfill he growing demand of food in our country.
40. What is hybrid protoplast? How can you obtain hybrid protoplast? Give one example. 1
41. Write the importance of Methylophillus methylotrophus in single cell protein industry. 1
42. Describe the general steps in improvement of new varieties of crops through plant
breeding programme. 5
43. Describe the basic principle, requirement and method of tissue culture. Give its importance
in agriculture 5

Chapter 10:- Microbes IN HUMAN WELFARE

1. What are prions? How do they differ from virods?
2. All Microorganisms are always harmful to living organism. How can you proof this is a
misconception?
3. Name the term use for the small amount of curd contain million of lactobacillus added to the milk
for making curd.
4. What is the role of LAB in the improvement of nutrients quality of milk?
5. Suppose you want to prepare special dosa for your guest, how can you increase the dough ness of
the raw materials?
6. Name the traditional drinks prepared in south India from palms juice. Mention the process.
7. Why different strains of bacteria are used for preparation of the varieties of cheese? How microbes
increase the doughness of the cheese? Give one example with the useful microbes.
8. Give some products that are synthesized in industry by using microbes.
9. Why malted cereals and fruit juice are use in preparation of alcoholic?
10. Name the yeast use in brewing.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 22

11. Classify the alcoholic beverages based on the distillation. Give one example from each group.
12. Define the term antibiotics with reference to the disease causing microbes.
13. Write a brief note on the discovery of the penicillin.
14. Name the scientist who awarded Nobel prizes for discovery of penicillin in 1945. Give their
contribution.
15. Name any five antibiotics and write the name of disease against which they are used.
16. Write the scientific name of the microbes that produce a) citric acid b) acetic acid c) butyric acid d)
lactic acid.
17. Why bottled fruit juices are clearer than home made juice?
18. Give the significance of some species of Streptococcus in myocardial infraction.
19. What are sources of cyclosporine A and Statins? Mention their commercial use.
20. What is sewage? Write its adverse effects on the aquatic life.
21. Why it necessary too treat waste water from the industry before adding into river?
22. Write a brief notes on primary treatment of waste water in sewage water. 3
23. What is BOD? What does it indicated?
24. Explain the major process during secondary treatment? 2
25. What is anaerobic sludge digester? List the functions.
26. What are the objective of Ganga Action Plan and Yamuna Action Plan?
27. Name the group of bacteria that act on cellulosic materials anaerobically to produce large amount of
methane. Give one example.
28. Why is Gobar used in the manufacture of biogas/ Gobar gas? Name any two other sources from
which we can obtain biogas.
29. Draw a well labeled diagram of biogas plant developed by IARI and KVIC.
30. Briefly explain the process and significance of biogas plant in rural areas.
31. Write the application of chemical pesticides. Mention adverse effects on both biotic and abiotic
environment.
32. How indiscriminate use of chemicals affects flora and fauna?
33. What are the important aspects of biological farming? Write it significance over the conventional
farming with respect to pest management.
34. What is Bt stand for? Mention it’s used.
35. Name any one free living fungus found in root ecosystem use for the treatment of plant diseases.
36. Why are some virus uses as insecticide? Name the species specific narrow spectrum insecticidal
virus us as bio-control agents
37. Give one example of virus applied in bio-control of pest.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 23

38. What is IPM? Mention its aspects.

39. What are fertilizers? Mention its adverse effects on the soil chemistry.
40. How are bacteria, blue green algae and fungus use in the production of biofertilizer? Discuss by
taking suitable examples.

UNIT IX BIOTECHNOLOGY

Chapter 11: - Principles and Process

1. Define the term biotechnology according to EFB.
2. What is in-vitro fertilization? Mention its importance in agriculture.
3. Write the two core techniques that give rise to modern biotechnology.
4. What are the limitations of traditional hybridization? How can you overcome these
limitations?
5. Asexual reproduction preserve the ………………. Where as sexual reproduction
permits………….
6. What is an alien DNA? What happen when a piece of alien DNA inserted into a host cell?
7. What is cloning of alien DNA? How can this be possible? Mention the enzyme use in
cloning process.
8. Define plasmids. Name the organism which uses to construct first recombinant DNA.
9. What is the phenotype of piece of DNA form plasmid isolated by Cohen and Boyer?
10. How cutting of specific location of a plasmid is possible?
11. E.coli does not possess resistance to any antibiotics. How this bacteria modified into
resistance strain?
12. List the basic steps in formation genetically modifying organism.
13. What are the key tools uses in the recombinant DNA technology?
14. When did the enzymes responsible for the restriction of growth of bacteriophage in E.coli
isolated?
15. What is Hind II stand for? Give any two other examples.
16. What are recognition sequences? How many restriction enzymes known till date?
17. Write the method of nomenclature of restriction enzymes.
18. Distinguish between endonuclease and exonuclease. Which is use in recombinant DNA
technology? Why?

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 24

19. Restriction endonuclease inspects whole sequence of the DNA but act on the particular site.
What is the term use for the sites? What peculiar features present in those sequences? Give
one example.
20. What is sticky end in DNA? How are they formed? How it’s essential for the recombinant
DNA formation?
21. Draw a labeled diagram to show steps in formation of recombinant DNA by action of
restriction enzymes EcoRI.
22. What is the basic principle of gel electrophoresis? Name one gel used in this process.
Which property of the gel help in separation of the DNA fragments?
23. Why is staining essential for the isolation of the DNA? Give one example of stain use in
gel electrophoresis.
24. What is elution? Mention the role of UV radiation in this process.
25. Plasmid and bacteriohage are use in transferring the desire segment of DNA. Name the
term use for them and give their features for which they are used.
26. Name the sequence of the plasmids that essential for the initiation and regulation of the
replication.
27. Name the term use for the process of introduction of a segment of DNA into host body.
28. Draw the structure of pBR322 and show the different restriction sites.
29. Why are antibiotics used as selectable marker in cloning vectors?
30. How are antibiotic resistance genes uses in the selection of the transformed and non-
transformed cells?
31. What is insertional inactivation? How can recombinant colonies be detected by
chromogenic substances?
32. Why chromogenic substrates are used in the selection of recombinants?
33. What is T-DNA? Name the organism produce such DNA. How pathogens use as vectors
for cloning?
34. Write the significance of retrovirus as cloning vectors.
35. Why DNA cannot pass through the cell membranes? How can make the cell permeable?
36. Write the use of microinjection and biolistic or gene gun.
37. What is meant by disarmed pathogens? Give one example.
38. Why genetic materials need to be isolated in initial step of recombinant DNA technology?

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 25

39. How can RNA and protein be removed form to isolated DNA? Mention the use of chilled
alcohol in isolation of genetic materials.
40. Why agarose gel uses after the action of restriction enzyme?
41. Draw a sketch of polymerase chain reaction to show the amplification of DNA. Briefly
explain the basic procedure of PCR.
42. What is meant by thermostable DNA polymerase? Name the organism that produces this
enzyme.
43. Under which condition ampicillin resistance gene called as selectable marker. How can you
detect the recipients cells transformed or not?
44. Define the term recombinant protein. Give any two examples.
45. What is the essence of production of recombinant protein in large scale?
46. What are the optimal conditions available in a bioreactor for the production of large
amount of useful products?
47. Draw a labeled diagram of stirred tank bioreactor. Mention the systems found in the
reactors.
48. Why purification of products obtained from the bioreactor is essential? Name the term us
for such process.
49. What is testing of products in case of drugs? Give its significance.

CHAPTER 12:- BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

1. Write the three research areas of biotechnology study in your book.
2. Define agriculture. What are the options that can be increase the production of food?
3. Should you advise the excess application of agrochemicals to farmers of developing
country? Why? In what way you help them as a biotechnologist.
4. What are GMO’s? Why Genetically Modified Organisms are more useful than traditional
organism?
5. Write the purpose for which some organisms are modified genetically.
6. What is Bt cotton? How can we obtain this? Give its important features.
7. How Bt cotton protected from insect?

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 26

8. Name the technique by which genetic material of insects inactivated and get killed. How
can this be possible?
9. What is meant by dsRNA. Give its role in the protection of plant from nematodes.
10. Why large scale production of insulin is essential? Name any one source other that human
from which we can obtain insulin.
11. Give the composition of human insulin? What happen when insulin produce in other
organism introduced in to human being?
12. What are pro-hormones? Give one examples.
13. How human insulin extracted from the Escherichia coli? Explain in details.
14. Define the term gene therapy. How this technique becomes a life saver?
15. What is SCID? Mention its causes.
16. What is the cause of adenosine deaminase deficiency in a person? Why it is that even after
infusion of genetically engineered lymphocytes into the patient suffering from deaminase
deficiency, the cure is not permanent?
17. What is meant by cDNA? Give its use.
18. Why introduction of ADA into early stage may be permanent cure in patient?
19. Give the advantage of recombinant DNA technology over the conventional diagnosis
technology.
20. Name the process by which we can detect the presence of antigen of organism and
antibodies infected persons.
21. What are transgenic animals? Discuss the benefits for human beings from the modification
useful animals.
22. Name the Transgenic products that are use in treatment of emphysema.
23. Why the transgenic product must be test before application in human being?
24. The transgenic products are not always eco-friendly. Explain.
25. What is bio-patent? How can this be obtained?
26. Explain the ethics related to the biotechnology and its products.
27. What is biopiracy? How this affects the economic status of the nation?

UNIT V ECOLOGY

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 27

(Words, 10-20=1, 20-40=2, 40-80=3 and 80-120=5 marks)

Underline the important points in your answer
Chapter 1 Organisms and Populations
1. Define the term ecology. Give the basic levels of biological organization to which it’s
concerned. 2
2. What are the major biomes in India? Mention some extreme habitats in our country which
sustained life forms 2
3. Make a list of major physico-chemicals components and biological components that interact in
nature. 2
4. Classify the organism on the basis of their survival in different range of temperature. 2
5. Why mango tree cannot grow in the country like Canada and Germany?
6. Name the terms use for the organisms that tolerate wide range of salinities and that restricted to
a narrow range of salinities.
7. What happen when a fresh water animals transfer into a sea? Why ? 2
8. How diurnal and seasonal variations in light intensity and duration influence the life cycles of
living organisms? 2
9. What is photoperiod? Give its role in the migration of birds.1
10. Write the distribution of different alga along the depth of ocean.1
11. Write a brief note on the importance of the soil in the ecosystem. 2
12. How an organism achieved fitness during the evolution? Explain with example. 2
13. What is homeostasis? Briefly explain with example. 2
14. Distinguish between regulator and conformer. 2
15. Some organism cannot regulate and conformed. How can they sustain during unfavorable
conditions? Explain with example. 2
16. Diagrammatically represent the organismic response to the environment. 2
17. Which ability of mammals enables them to survive in Antarctica as well as Sahara desert? 1
18. Animals with small body volume take food more time than other. Why?
19. Smaller animals are rarely found in polar region. Why?
20. Can an organism be both regulator and conformer?
21. Why some organism migrate form one region the other region on earth? 1
22. Some organisms slow their metabolism/ arrest their growth? Why? Name the term use for
these phenomenons. 2
23. Define adaptation.
24. Write any three adaptive features of Camel, Opuntia, hydrilla.
25. What is altitude sickness? Write some symptoms.
26. Why there is more haemoglobin found in person living area hilly?
27. Explain the distribution of human population age group in different growth status graphically.
3
28. How can you measure the density of population? Explain with example. 2
29. Define the tem adaptation. Give one example from our local habitat with their adaptive
characters.2
30. Write the adaptive feature of Opuntia. 2
31. What is Allen’s rule? How organisms survive in extreme conditions? Discuss with examples.
2

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 28

32. Some persons experience with problem when they go to high altitude. Write the term for this
situation. List the symptoms and mention the region 3
33. How hot sulphur bacteria survive in high temperature though most of biochemical reaction
cease beyond 45 OC?
34. Lizard stands on alternate limbs on hot sand. What type of response shown by lizard to high
temperature? 1
35. Define the term population.
36. How birth rates and death rates affect the population?
37. What is sex ratio? How this ratio regulates the population growth?
38. How the distributions of different age group determine the rate of population growth? Explain
graphically.
39. What is population density? Explain the phenomenon with suitable example.
40. Briefly explain the process affect the fluctuation in the density of the population.
2
41. Population increase geometrically when food resources are unlimited. Why the number
remains constants? 1
42. What is carrying capacity of a nature? Define Darwinian fitness.2
43. How natural predation help human being in protection of crop plants? Discuss with example.
2
44. How predators maintain the species diversity in nature? Give one example. 1
45. Most of the preys protect themselves from predators. How? 1
46. Write a brief note on the defence mechanism developed in plant against predators. 2
47. Define the term competition in the view of ecology. Which of the following adversely affected
by competition in ecosystem i. herbivores ii. Carnivores’ iii. Plants. 2
48. Introduction of one species may fatal for the local species. Justify with example.
49. What happened when the competitor of a species removed experimentally from a given area?
Name the term use for this phenomenon.
50. State Gause’s Competitive exclusion principle. How do organisms living in same habitat with
same food habit? Give one example.
51. What are the peculiar characters found in parasites? Why some parasite found in two hosts?2
52. Classify parasite and give two examples from each group.
53. What is meant by brood parasitism? Give one example. 1
54. In which type of interaction one organism is beneficial without harming the other. Explain the
interaction with one example. 1
55. Some fungus associated with root of higher plants. Name the term use for such association.
What benefit do plants obtained from this association.
56. Structures in Insects and flowers evolved simultaneously for mutual benefits. Write the terms
use for this type of evolution and interaction between them.2
57. What is exponential growth? Represent mathematically? How does it differ from the logistic
growth? 5
58. Mathematically derive the logistic growth in any population. Graphically represent the
population of India of last 100 years.

CHAPTER: - 2 ECOSYSTEM

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 29

1. Define the term ecosystem. Classify the major ecosystem on earth surface with suitable
example.
2. What is species composition of an ecosystem? How can you obtain the species compositions?1
3. Suppose you are visiting a dense tropical forest. Classify the plants found in that forest on the
basis of their vertical distribution. Name the type of distribution. 2
4. What are the major functional aspects of any given ecosystem?
5. In which condition an ecosystem is said to be self sustainable? Explain the conditions in
aquatic system. 2
6. List the different component of pond ecosystem with their function.
7. How can be the productivity of a pond measured? What are the factors regulate the
productivity. Mention the annual productivity of the whole biosphere.
8. Describe the process of decomposition. How the decomposition affected by abiotic factors?
3
9. What is litter? Name the organism that play important role in the formation. How does it differ
from detritus?
10. Draw a labelled chart to show the decomposition cycle in a terrestrial ecosystem.2
11. What is PAR? How does the ecosystem follow the laws of thermodynamics? Explain with
examples. 3
12. Describe the relationship between different tropic levels in an ecosystem graphically. 3
13. Define food chain? Classify with suitable example. Why food chain with more than four to five
tropic levels is rare? 3
14. Distinguish between standing state and standing crop in an ecosystem.
15. What are ecological pyramids? Describe the structure of pyramids in different types of
ecosystem.
16. Why some pyramids are always upright? Give one example of such pyramid.
17. Can an organism placed in more than one tropic level? Explain.
18. Which group of organisms is not placed in any ecological pyramids? Give one example.
19. Characteristic of a community changes along with the changes in its physical surrounding till
they achieved stability. Why? Name the phenomenon involve in this process.
20. What is meant by sere and seral stages or seral communities?
21. Define succession. Mention its types with suitable examples.
22. What are pioneer species? How do they differ from species of climax community?
23. Describe the formation of forest in Bheuru Pond with well labeled diagram. 5
24. What are the major processes involve in the carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle and phosphorus
cycle? 3
25. Draw a well labelled diagram of carbon cycle in nature. Mention how this cycle disturbed by
human interference?
26. Distinguish between carbon cycle and phosphorus cycle.
27. Write a brief notes on the ecosystem services. 2

Chapter 3 Biodiversity and conservation

1. What is biodiversity? Explain the levels of biological diversities with examples. 3
2. Name the species from which reserpine extracted?
3. How the extinction of any species become a international issues?

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 30

4. Expand IUCN. How many species invented till now? What may be no. of total estimated
species by different workers? 2
5. Compare the no. of insects with other animals, fishes with amphibians, reptiles, aves and
mammals 1
6. What problem do taxonomists face when estimate the no. of microorganism? Why? 1
7. Natures’ biological library is burning even before we catalogued the title of the books stocked
there. Justify.
8. What the major parts of globe that habitat mega-diversity? Why? 2
9. Explain the distribution of species along the latitude. 3
10. Why species diversity in tropical region is more than any part of the globe?
11. Discuss the species-area relationship. What are the ranges of Z values in different areas? 3
12. How productivity of an ecosystem affected by its species number and its diversity? 2
13. Who proposed the consistency of biomass production depend upon the species distribution?
14. What would happen when 25% of existing birds species extinct?
15. What is the current rate of threat of extinction? What will happen if this rate continues? 2
16. Outline the general problems caused due to loss of biodiversity on earth.
17. Explain the major causes of biodiversity losses. 3
18. How some alien species cause the loss or extinction of indigenous species?
19. Some parasites are extinct with the extinction of their host. Why?

20. Explain the necessity of conservation of biodiversity.

21. Distinguish between in situ and ex-situ conservation with examples.
22. What were the objective of The Earth Summit and World Summit?
23. Describe the major approaches of conservation of biodiversity. 5

CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES.

1. Give the main objective of Environment Act. 1
2. Describe the structure and working of electrostatic precipitator with diagram. 3
3. What does CPCB stand for? What types of particulate matters are harmful for human being?
4. Give any four problems found in human due to inhalation of particulate matters.
5. What are the major pollutants produce in automobiles? Explain the effective methods to reduce
the level of the emissions of poisonous gases.
6. How CNG changes the life of metro city like Delhi? Write the steps by govt. to reduce
vehicular pollution 3
7. What are the points in Euro III and Euro IV norms? Mention its goals. 2
8. What are the sources of noise? Give its ill effects on human health? How can you check this?
9. Suggest any two methods to check noise pollution in Mess of our Vidyalaya.
2
10. Human activities spoil the quality of water. How? List the major composition of 0.1%
impurities of water. 2

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 31

11. Graphically show the effect of garbage on the dissolved oxygen and the BOD. How can you
manage this situation where excess garbage added to the sources? 2
12. Why the amounts of oxygen reduce gradually in down stream form the point of sewage
discharge?
13. Application of nitrogen fertilizer in crop field show remarkable reduction in the aquatic
diversity. Explain with suitable examples. 2
14. Presence of some species of plant create imbalance in the pond water ecosystem? Give reason.
2
15. Natural aging of a lake may be thousands year but human activity accelerate the process. How?
Mention the disadvantages. 2
16. Continuous addition of DDT decreases the eagle population in that area. Why? Explain briefly.
17. What is thermal pollution? How do this alter the species distribution?
18. What is meant by FOAM? What is the role of dry composting toilets in sustainable
management for ecological sanitation 2
19. Classify the solid waste on the basis of their nature of degradation. Give any two places in our
Vidyalaya where solid wastes are dumped. 2
20. What are the major sources of garbage in domestic areas? How can you manage the garbage
that produces in your surrounding? 2
21. Write the contribution of Ahmed Khan in the reduction of load of plastic waste in nature 2
22. What are e-wastes? Give any five examples of e-wastes. What is the solution of this problem?
2
23. Large amount of agrochemicals used to increase the production of crop in developed country.
How are they harmful for terrestrial ecosystem? 2
24. How multiple farming reduces the load of solid waste in crop field? Give example. 2
25. Accidental leakage of nuclear waste cause persistent problem in living organism including
human. How? What is the safe method of disposal of the nuclear wastes? 2
26. What is green revolution? Mention any two problems caused by green revolution. 2
27. How excess use of CFCs cause damage in the living system? Give any examples. Suggest any
one method to reduce the damage in living system. 3
28. What are green house gasses? Give their adverse effects in the nature with example. How can
you check the effects?
29. Define ElNino Effect.
30. Write any three harmful effects of UV-B on human health.
31. What are the consequences of misuse of natural resources? Any three points.
32. What % of forest lost from tropical region? Why? Give its consequences. Mention it remedy.
3

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 32

Important diagrams
Chapter Figure

1 1.2, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7(a), 1.8

2 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.8, 2.12(c d e), 2.13, 2.14, 2.15 a.,

3 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12

4 4.4

5 5.1, 5.2, 5.5, 5.11, 5.15,

6 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 a, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.9, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.16. table

6.1 genetic code

7 7.1, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10,

8 8.1, 8.4, 8.6,

9 Table 9.1, 9.2,

10 10.2 a 10.8

11 11.1, 11.2, 11.4, 11.6, 11.7

12 12.3,

13 13.1, 13.4, 13.5

14 14.1, 14.3, 14.4, 14.5,

15 15.1

16 16.1, 16.3, 16.5,

1.

HAPPY DEWALI
 BIOLOGY 33

HAPPY DEWALI