Grammar: Future

Will and be going to

Will
● Predictions, usually after the verbs
believe, think, hope, expect and be sure
● Spontaneous decisions
● Promises
● Offers and request
● Threats and warnings

Be going to
● Future plans
● Predictions based on evidence

Simple present
● Schedules

Present continuous
● Planned future
Be (just) about to + Bf
● Actions that will happen very soon

I am just about to go to bed.

She is about to write back an e-mail

Future progressive
● An action that would be in progress at a
specific moment in time in the future

Subject + will + be + present participle + C

Tomorrow at 3, I will be doing my laundry.

What will you be doing tomorrow at 3?

Future Perfect Simple

● An action that will be completed before
another action or a specific time in the
future
 Expressions: by + a point in time
By then*
By the time
Before

Subject + will + have + past participle​ + c

by 10:45 pm, I’ll have taught 5 classes.

By the time/before I arrive home, I will have

taught 5 classes.

What will you have done before noon?

I will have eaten breakfast, taken a shower and
fed my cat by then.

what will you have done by the time you go to

CBA tomorrow?
by then I will have taken a shower, brushed my
teeth and drank orange juice.
Future perfect progressive
● Expresses the duration of an action up to
a point in the future. That action might
continue after that point.

Expressions: By

Subject + will + have + been + present participle ​+

c

By February 2020, I will have been working at CBA

for 7 years

How long will you have been studying at CBA by

February 2020?
Modal verbs

Ability
Can Present and I can sing
Be able to future ability I am able to sing
Could General I could ride a bike
ability in the when I was younger
past
Was/were An ability in a My friend needed my
able to particular help and thankfully I
situation in was able to help him
the past

Permission
Can I (possibly) Informal Can I use your
bathroom?
Could I* Could I go to your
bathroom?
May I Formal May I come in?
Might I
 Requests

Can Informal Can you turn off your cell

Will phone?

Could
Formal/
May Could you turn on the AC?
polite
Would

Advice/opinion
Should * Advice You should get a
Ought to * To express what new TV.
is generally right or You shouldn’t
wrong talk to your
parents like that.

You ought not to

talk to your
parents like that.
 Had Strong advice, You’d better do
better something might go your laundry.
wrong if you don’t
follow the advice

Obligation/necessary
Must Internal I must do what I can to
obligation, you help
feel you are I must respect my
obligated parents.
Have to External I have to wear this
obligation, you horrible uniform.
are “obligated”
by external I have to pay taxes.
factors
Need Necessity I need money
Had to Past obligation I had to wear a
horrible uniform at
school
 Prohibition
Mustn’t prohibition You mustn’t use your
Can’t prohibited cellphone in class
actions You can’t use your
cellphone in class

Absence of obligation
Needn’t Not You needn’t wear a
Don’t have to necessary uniform
Don’t need to to do He doesn’t need to be
here tomorrow.
he needn’t be here
tomorrow
First conditional: SIMPLE PRESENT

Main (if) clause: SIMPLE PRESENT

Result Clause:
Will/may/can/must/might/should + verb Bf
Simple present: FACTS
IMPERATIVES: threat, warning

If​ you do your homework, you will pass.

If/When​ you heat water, it boils.
If​ you don’t clean your room, do it!
If​ you disrespect your mom, run!
Unreal Conditional: SIMPLE PAST

Main Clause: Simple past ​(we’re not talking about

past, it refers to an unreal situation in the
present.)

Result clause: would/could + verb BF (unreal

result)

If​ I had a car, I would/could get home faster.

If the weather were hot, I would take a cool
shower.

If​ I ​were/was ​you, I would travel to Panama.

Unless = if not

If ​you ​don’t​ study, you may fail.

Unless​ ​you study, you may fail.
If= as long as, provided/providing that,
suppose/supposing, on condition (that)

I can give you my car ​if​ you take care of it.

I can give you my car ​on condition that ​you take
care of it.

Modal verbs II
Certainty
will We are completely sure
about something

Possibility
Can
Could A possibility in the
present and future
May
Can: it is sometimes
Might possible

Deduction
Must A positive deduction
about the future and
present
Can’t A negative deduction
about the future and
present
Relative clauses

Relative
pronoun Use Example
Adverb
They refer to My friend ​who
Who/That the subject of traveled around
the verb. the world died
Which/That CANNOT be yesterday
omitted
Who/ They refer to My friend ​who​ I
Whom/ the object of the usually talked to
That verb. died yesterday.
They can be
omitted
Which/That My friend ​whom​ I
Whom​: it is usually talked
used in formal died yesterday.
speech and after
prepositions
CANNOT be Jorge, ​whose
omitted mother is my
Whose
friend, is a terrific
person.
CANNOT be CBA, ​where
omitted English is taught,
Where
is on
When
Cochabamba
street.

clause
it’s a group of words that have a subject and a
verb but it doesn’t have a complete a idea.

Adjective/relative clauses
It is a clause that modifies a noun.
Defining relative clause
Important information for the overall
understanding of a sentence.

My sister ​who I love the most​ lives in Sucre.

The girl ​who​ is speaking with my friend​ was my

classmate.
The girl ​that​ is speaking with my friend was​ my
classmate.

Non-defining relative clause

Extra information, not necessarily important for
the overall understanding of a sentence
My sister,​ who is a perfect chef​, is from La Paz.

My sister, ​that​ is a perfect chef, is from La Paz.

INCORRECT

Never use ​THAT​ in non defining relative clauses.

1. Pedro is very tall. Main Clause

2. Pedro lives in California. Relative clause

Pedro who lives in California is very tall

1. Pedro and Jorge have traveled to Cobija.

Main Clause
2. I hate Pedro and Jorge. Relative clause

Pedro and Jorge ​whom I hate​ have traveled to

Cobija.
 1. I have 20 students
2. Many of my students are going to fail.

I have 20 students ​many of whom are going to

fail.

1. My students are good people.

2. Many of my students are going to fail.

My students ​many of whom are going to fail​ are

good people.

Participle Clauses

Present Participle
Replacing a time clause
While I was watching a movie,​ I realized
what the problem was.

Watching a movie,​ I realized what the

problem was
 Replacing a clause of reason
Because I didn’t want to go​, I decided to stay
at home.

Not wanting to go​, I decided to stay at home

Because she played the piano,​ she hurt herself.

Playing the piano,​ she hurt herself.

He always goes to parties on Fridays ​since

Mario doesn’t work on Saturdays

not working on Saturdays, Mario always

goes to parties on Fridays

Replace a relative clause in the active voice

Jorge ​who is playing a villain ​is an amazing
actor.
 Jorge ​playing a villain​ is an amazing actor.

Past participle
To replace a passive voice sentence
I was amazed by what happened​, I decided to
just leave.

Amazed by what happened​, I decided to just

leave

To replace a relative clause in the passive

voice

​ ho was devastated by the experience

He w
decided to move on.

He devastated by the experience decided to

move on.

My friend expelled from multiple schools is

now a great professional.
 To replace a conditional sentence containing
Passive Voice

If I were told what to do​, I wouldn’t be happy.

Told what to do​, I wouldn’t be happy.

INFINTIVES
● To express purpose

● It + be + adjective
● The first/the second/worst/best
● Certain Adjectives
● Too and enough

● Certain Verbs

● After the object of certain verbs

● Question words
I know what to do
I am aware why to do it.
● Nouns such as pleasure, shock, chance,
preparation, order, proposal, attempt, dream

His dream failed.

Her attempt to get a new cellphone happened
yesterday

● After some, any, no

 I need someone to talk to.
I have nowhere to be
I don’t have anywhere to be

GERUNDS playing
● As a noun ( subject or object of a verb)
● After the verb go, indicating a physical activity
● After certain verbs

● after certain expressions

Verbs followed by both gerunds and infinitives

Try + gerund:​ do something in order to see what

the result will be
Is that a dead body?
I don’t know, ​try poking ​it.

Try + infinitive:​ make an effort

I need to ​try to gain ​some weight.

Remember + gerund:​ remember something that

happened

I ​remember going ​on and on about Sarah

Remember + infinitive:​ remember something you

are supposed to do

Please, ​remember to do ​your homework.

Forget + gerund:​ forget something that happened

Don’t ​forget calling ​her.

Forget + infinitive:​ forget something you are

supposed to do
 I ​forgot to write ​my paragraph.

Regret + gerund:​ regret something that happened

Right now, I ​regret helping ​you

Regret + infinitive:​ be sorry to do something

I ​regret to tell ​you that you are fired

Stop + gerund​: stop a continuous action

Stop driving​, we need to talk

Stop + infinitive​: stop an action in order to do

something

She ​stopped to write ​a letter.

Go on + gerund:​ continuing an activity

I always ​go on and on talking ​about grammar

Go on + infinitive:​ doing something after
completing something else

When I arrive home at night, I will ​go on to

watch ​a movie.

Perfect Modals
Modal + have + past participle

Possibility in the past

Perhaps something
May She might have
happened, you’re
Might fallen asleep
not sure
He could have
It had a chance to
Could become a great
happen but it didn’t
doctor

Deduction
You are almost
sure He must have
Must
something eaten it
happened
 You are almost
Can’t He can’t have
sure something
Couldn’t written this
didn’t happen

Regret and Criticism

They Express I should have
Should regret or bought it
Ought to criticism about I should have
a past action worn a jacket

Absence of necessity in the past

A finished Juan needn’t
Needn’t action that was have worn a
pointless to do tuxedo

He should’ve called her.