CWM 19

A M E R I C A N A R C H I T E C T U R A L
AAMA CWM-19
Curtain Wall Manual
M A N U F A C T U R E R S A S S O C I A T I O N
Copyright by the American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA). This document was purchased by Francis Marquez of DALKIA Incorporated on Thu Oct 17 2019. It may not be
reproduced, republished or distributed in any format without the express written consent of AAMA.

Section 0: Introduction
Section 1: Curtain wall System Types
Section 2: Design Considerations
Section 3: Architectural Detailing Guidelines
Section 4: Building Tolerances
Section 5: Guide Specifications
Section 6: Material Properties
Section 7: Testing
Section 8: Installation

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educational programs for the fenestration industry.SM
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©2019 American Architectural Manufacturers Association – These printed or electronic

pages may NOT be reproduced, republished or distributed in any format without the
express written consent of the American Architectural Manufacturers Association.
This document was developed and maintained by representative members of AAMA

as advisory information. AAMA DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO
THIS INFORMATION, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL AAMA BE LIABLE FOR
ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER FROM THE USE, APPLICATION OR ADAPTATION
OF MATERIALS PUBLISHED HEREIN. It is the sole responsibility of the
user/purchaser to evaluate the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any
information, opinion, advice or other content published herein.
AAMA CWM-19
ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED: 6/2019
DEVELOPING GROUP: AAMA Curtain Wall Manual Update Task Group
American Architectural Manufacturers Association

1900 E. Golf Road, Suite 1250, Schaumburg, IL 60173
PHONE (847) 303-5664
EMAIL CustomerService@aamanet.org
reproduced, republished or distributed in any WEBSITE https://aamanet.org/
format without the express written consent of AAMA.
AAMA CWM-19
Section 0: Introduction

0.1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1
0.2 REFERENCED MATERIALS ...................................................................... 1
0.3 DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................. 5
0.4 UNITS OF MEASURE ................................................................................. 5




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0.1 SCOPE
The American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) is a trade association of firms engaged in the manufacture and sale
of fenestration and related products. Since its origin, AAMA has been active in its role as a "Technical Information Center" for the
industry's products. These include windows, entrances, sliding glass doors, side-hinged doors, storm windows and doors (secondary
storm products), curtain walls, storefronts, skylights and related products.
AAMA’s activities include a broad scope:
1. Developing standards and specifications for the maintenance of quality standards for the guidance of architects and builders,
and to develop public confidence in the quality, performance, and reliability of the industry's products;
2. Encouraging research and development of new or improved products within the industry;
3. Promoting the progress and development of the industry by conducting studies, programs, activities, and projects to increase
the use of and markets for the products of the industry; and
4. undertaking such other programs as may be proper to enhance or promote the welfare of the industry in the public interest.
This manual was developed by representative members of AAMA as advisory information and published as a public service. It is
published as a service to architects, manufacturers and installers of these products. AAMA disclaims all liability for the use,
application or adaptation of materials published herein. Furthermore, none of the contents of the manual shall be construed as a
recommendation of any patented or proprietary application that may be included in such contents.
0.2 REFERENCED MATERIALS

0.1.1 References to the standards listed here shall be to the edition indicated. Any undated reference to a code or standard appearing
in the requirements of this standard shall be interpreted as referring to the latest edition of that code or standard.
0.1.2 Aluminum Association (AAI)
Aluminum Design Manual 2015
0.1.3 American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA)
AAMA 501-15, Methods of Test for Exterior Walls
AAMA 501.1-17, Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors Using Dynamic Pressure
AAMA 501.2-15, Quality Assurance and Diagnostic Water Leakage Field Check of Installed Storefronts, Curtain Walls and Sloped
Glazing Systems
AAMA 501.4-18, Recommended Static Test Method for Evaluating Window Wall, Curtain Wall and Storefront Systems Subjected
to Seismic and Wind-Induced Inter-Story Drift
501.6-09-18, Recommended Dynamic Test Method for Determining the Seismic Drift Causing Glass Fallout from Window Wall,
Curtain Wall and Storefront Systems
AAMA 501.5-07, Test Method for Thermal Cycling of Exterior Walls
AAMA 501.7-17, Recommended Static Test Method for Evaluating Windows, Window Wall, Curtain wall and Storefront Systems
Subjected to Vertical Inter-Story Movements
AAMA 502-12, Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of Newly Installed Fenestration Products
AAMA 503-14, Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of Newly Installed Storefronts, Curtain Walls and Sloped Glazing
Systems
AAMA 506-11, Voluntary Specifications for Impact and Cycle Testing of Fenestration Products
AAMA 507-15, Standard Practice for Determining the Thermal Performance Characteristics of Fenestration Systems in Commercial
Buildings
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AAMA 508-14, Voluntary Test Method and Specification for Pressure Equalized Rain Screen Wall Cladding Systems
AAMA 509-14, Voluntary Test and Classification Method for Drained and Back Ventilated Rain Screen Wall Cladding Systems
AAMA 510-14, Voluntary Guide Specification for Blast Hazard Mitigation for Vertical Fenestration Systems
AAMA 514-16, Standard Test Method for Impact Loading on Exterior Shading Devices
AAMA 520-12, Voluntary Specification for Rating the Severe Wind-Driven Rain Resistance of Windows, Doors and Unit Skylights
(+ Addendum)
AAMA 609 & 610-15, Cleaning and Maintenance Guide for Architecturally Finished Aluminum
AAMA 611-14, Voluntary Specification for Anodized Architectural Aluminum
AAMA 612-17a, Voluntary Specification, Performance Requirements, and Test Procedures for Combined Coatings of Anodic Oxide
and Transparent Organic Coatings on Architectural Aluminum
AAMA 800-16, Voluntary Specifications and Test Methods for Sealants
AAMA 804.1-69, Specifications for Ductile Back Bedding Glazing Tapes for Use with Architectural Aluminum
AAMA 912-13, Voluntary Specification for Non-Residential Fenestration Building Information Modeling (BIM)
AAMA 1503-09, Voluntary Test Method for Thermal Transmittance and Condensation Resistance of Windows, Doors and Glazed
Wall Sections
AAMA 2604-17a, Voluntary Specification, Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for High Performance Organic Coatings
on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels
AAMA 2605-17a, Voluntary Specification, Performance Requirements and Test Procedures for Superior Performing Organic
Coatings on Aluminum Extrusions and Panels
AAMA CW-6-72, Joint Sealants in Aluminum Curtain Walls
AAMA CW-10-15, Care and Handling of Architectural Aluminum from Shop to Site
AAMA CW-RS-1-12, The Rain Screen Principle and Pressure-Equalized Wall Design
AAMA SDGS-1-89, Structural Design Guidelines for Aluminum Framed Skylights
AAMA SSGDG-1-17, Structural Silicone Glazing (SSG) Design Guidelines
AAMA TIR-A1-15, Sound Control for Fenestration Products
AAMA TIR-A8-16, Structural Performance of Composite Thermal Barrier Framing Systems
AAMA TIR-A9-14, Design Guide for Metal Cladding Fasteners
AAMA TIR-A11-15, Maximum Allowable Deflection of Framing Systems for Building Cladding Components at Design Wind
Loads
AAMA TIR-A13-13, Recommended Static Water Resistance Test Pressures in Non-Hurricane-Prone Regions of the United States
AAMA TIR-A15-14, Overview of Design Wind Load Determination for Fenestration Systems
AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440-17, North American Fenestration Standard/Specification for windows, doors, and skylights
AG-13, AAMA Glossary
0.1.4 American Concrete Institute (ACI)
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ACI 117-10 Reapproved 2015, Specification for Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials
ACI 318-14, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
0.1.5 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
AISC Steel Construction Manual – 15th Edition
0.1.6 American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
AISI S100-16 North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
0.1.7 American National Standards Institute/American Institute of Steel Construction (ANSI/AISC)
ANSI/AISC 303-16, Code of Standard Practice
0.1.8 American National Standards Institute/American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ANSI/ASME)
0.1.9 American Society of Civil Engineers/Structural Engineering Institute (ASCE/SEI)
ASCE/SEI 7-16, Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures
0.1.10 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
ASTM A36/A36M-12, Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
ASTM A123/A123M-17, Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products
ASTM A176-99(2009), Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Chromium Steel Plate, Sheet, and Strip (Withdrawn
2015)
ASTM A268/A268M-10(2016), Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for
General Service
ASTM A269-15a, Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
ASTM A572/A572M-18, Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel
ASTM A618/A618M-04(2015), Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural
Tubing
ASTM A653/A653M-18, Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated
(Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process
ASTM A666-10, Standard Specification for Annealed or Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Flat Bar
ASTM A1008/A1008M-18, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy,
High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened, and Bake Hardenable
ASTM A1011/A1011M-18a, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-
Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength
ASTM B209-14, Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Sheet and Plate
ASTM B221-14, Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes
ASTM B633-15, Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Steel
ASTM C1184-18e1, Standard Specification for Structural Silicone Sealants
ASTM C1401-14, Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing
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ASTM E119-18ce1, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
ASTM E90-09(2016), Standard Test Method for Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of Building
Partitions and Elements
ASTM E283-04(2012), Standard Test Method for Determining Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and
Doors Under Specified Pressure Differences Across the Specimen
ASTM E2307-15be1, Standard Test Method for Determining Fire Resistance of Perimeter Fire Barriers Using Intermediate-Scale,
Multi-story Test Apparatus
ASTM E330/E330M-14, Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain
Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference
ASTM E331-00(2016), Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by
Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference
ASTM E413-16, Classification for Rating Sound Insulation
ASTM E966-18a, Standard Guide for Field Measurements of Airborne Sound Attenuation of Building Facades and Facade
Elements
ASTM E1332, Standard Classification for Rating Outdoor-Indoor Sound Attenuation
ASTM E1425-14, Standard Practice for Determining the Acoustical Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylight, and Glazed Wall
Systems
ASTM E2099-00(2014)e1, Standard Practice for the Specification and Evaluation of Pre-Construction Laboratory Mockups of
Exterior Wall Systems
0.1.11 American Welding Society
AWS D1.2/D1.2M: 2014, Structural Welding Code Aluminum
A5.10/A5.10M:2017 (ISO 18273:2004), Welding Consumables–Wire Electrodes, Wires and Rods for Welding of Aluminum and
Aluminum-Alloys–Classification
0.1.12 Department of Defense (DoD)
Unified Facilities Criteria UFC 4-010-01 Minimum Anti-Terrorism Standards for Buildings
0.1.13 Engineering Toolbox
Engineering ToolBox, (2001). [online] Available at: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com.
0.1.14 Federal Specifications and Standards
FS TT-P-38, Paint, Aluminum (Ready-Mixed)
FS TT-P-645A, Primer, Paint, Zinc Chromate, Alkyd Type
FS TT-P-645B, Primer, Paint, Zinc-Molybdate, Alkyd Type
0.1.15 Flat Glass Marketing Association (FGMA)
FGMA: Glazing Manual 1990 Edition
0.1.16 General Services Administration Inter-Agency Security Committee (GSA-ISC)
Security Design Criteria for New Federal Office Buildings or Major Modernizations
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0.1.17 Glass Association of North America (GANA)
GANA Glazing Manual - 2008
0.1.18 Insulating Glass Manufactures Alliance (IGMA)
IGMA TM-3000-90(16), North American Glazing Guidelines for Sealed Insulating Glass Units for Commercial & Residential Use
0.1.19 International Firestop Council (IFC)
Recommended IFC Guidelines for Evaluating Firestop Systems in Engineering Judgments (EJs)
0.1.20 National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
NFRC 200-12, Standard Practice for the Installation of Windows with Frontal Flanges for Surface Barrier Masonry Construction for
Extreme Wind/Water Conditions
0.1.21 National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM)
AMP 500-06, Metal Finishes Manual
0.1.22 National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM)
TM-1-68T, Methods of test for metal curtain walls: General information, specifications, testing agencies
0.1.23 National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
NFRC 101-2017: Procedure for Determining Thermophysical Properties of Materials for Use in NFRC-Approved Software
0.1.25 Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
UL 1703, Standard for Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels
0.1.27 Other Sources
Curtain Walls of Stainless Steel, School of Architecture, Princeton University (1955).
Oberg, E., Jones, F., Horton, H., Ryffel, H., & McCauley, C. (2016). Machinery's Handbook, 30th Edition, Toolbox Edition
0.3 DEFINITIONS
As a further prerequisite to discussing wall types, and to facilitate communication and avoid misunderstandings, certain key terms
should be defined. Four of the most commonly used terms; “curtain wall,” “storefront,” “windows” and "window wall," still mean
different things to different people. Often, they are used interchangeably, with no clear distinction being made between them. As their
meanings are interrelated and overlapping, this will likely continue to be the case, but for the purposes of this document these terms
are to be interpreted as they are defined in the AAMA Glossary.
0.4 UNITS OF MEASURE

The primary units of measure in this document are metric. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values
given in parentheses are for reference only.
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AAMA CWM-19
Section 1: Curtain Wall

System Types

1.1 TYPES OF CURTAIN WALL SYSTEMS .................................................... 1
1.2 THE FUNCTION OF A WALL ..................................................................... 1
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF WALL SYSTEMS.. ................................................. 1
1.4 WALL TYPES.............................................................................................. 4




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1.1 FOREWORD
Because of the wide variety of metal curtain wall designs, it is difficult to precisely identify every material type and design as
representing one or another of a few basic types. Certain broad distinctions can usually be made, but in some cases, accurate
classification under one of a limited number of subcategories becomes subjective and therefore debatable. Nevertheless, because
there are so many variations, some generally accepted system of identifying the most common design forms becomes essential. This
document will outline the designs of aluminum curtain walls.
1.2 THE FUNCTION OF A WALL

Historically, a wall was thought of as performing either one or both of two functions: 1) providing structural support for floors and
roof, if a bearing wall, and 2) forming a protective enclosure excluding the elements, but with openings for vision and ventilation as
required. One of the early studies of metal curtain wall potentials 1, pointed out the exterior wall of a building serves, in effect, as a
two-way filter, controlling the through flow, both inward and outward, not only of heat, light and air, but also of a number of other
penetrants such as moisture, dirt, sound, vermin, and, of course, people. A properly designed aluminum curtain wall has the
capability of being able to provide a degree of such control.
1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF WALL SYSTEMS

Both custom and standard walls may be further classified according to their "system" or method of installation. With new design
expressions constantly appearing, it's quite likely that additional "systems" may become common.
1.3.1 Storefronts are non-load-bearing glazed systems that occur on the ground floor, which typically include aluminum entrances,
and are installed between floor slabs, or between a floor slab and building structure above (see Figure 1). For additional information
refer to AAMA SFM-1.
FIGURE 1: Typical Storefront Details
1.3.2 Stick curtain wall systems are shipped in pieces for field-fabrication and/or -assembly. These can be furnished by the
manufacturer as “stock lengths” to be cut, machined, assembled, and sealed in the field, or “knocked down” parts pre-machined in
the factory, for field-assembly and -sealing only. All stick curtain walls are field-glazed.
Frame assembly requires the use of either, a) “shear blocks” to connect vertical and horizontal framing elements, or b) “screw-
spline” construction, in which assembly fasteners feed through holes in interlocking vertical stacking or interlocking mullions into
extruded races in horizontals.
Many stick curtain walls are called “pressure walls,” because exterior extruded aluminum plates are screw-applied to compress glass
between interior and exterior bedding gaskets. A snap-on cover or “beauty cap” is then used to conceal pressure plate fasteners (see
Figure 2).
1
“Curtain Walls of Stainless Steel,” a report by the School of Architecture, Princeton University, 1955
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FIGURE 2: Typical Stick Curtain Wall Details
1.3.3 Performance of any field-assembled or field-glazed curtain wall is only as good as field workmanship allows, limited by
variables such as weather, access, and job site dirt and dust. Many critical seals are necessary, even in systems that are designed to
drain or “weep” rain penetration from the system back to the exterior.
To accomplish as many of these critical seals as possible in controlled factory conditions, and minimize dependence on field labor,
“unitized” curtain wall systems have been developed. Unitized curtain walls are factory-assembled and -glazed, then shipped to the
job site in units that are typically one lite wide by one floor tall. Only one unit-to-unit splice (usually a silicone sheet or patch) needs
to be field-sealed, and only one anchor per jamb needs to be attached to the face of the floor slab.
Interlocking unitized curtain wall frame members are weather-stripped to seal to one another, both horizontally and vertically. This
accommodates thermal expansion and contraction, inter-story differential movement, concrete creep, column foreshortening, and/or
seismic movement.
Most unitized curtain wall systems are installed in a sequential manner around each floor level, moving from the bottom to the top of
the building (see Figure 3).
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FIGURE 3: Typical Unitized Curtain Wall Details
1.3.4 Window wall systems span from the top of one floor slab to the underside of the slab above. Basically, window wall assemblies
are large, side-stacking window units, contained in head and sill receptors, known as “starters” that accommodate movement and
drainage. Slab covers can clad the face of the slab and can be fabricated from aluminum extrusions, sheet, or panels, or even glass.
Window walls easily accept operable windows, and unlike curtain walls, can easily be installed in any sequence (see Figure 4).
FIGURE 4: Typical Window Wall Details
1.3.5 There may be performance glazing requirements for hurricane impact or blast resistant curtain walls. Any of the generally
recognized system types could be engineered and tested to meet blast or impact requirements.
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1.4 WALL TYPES
Any aluminum wall is either a custom type, a standard type or, in some cases, a combination of the two. The two basic types are
described as follows:
1.4.1 Custom walls are those which are designed specifically for one project (either a single building or a group of related buildings).
Such walls usually, though not necessarily, have substantial areas of glass and may be used on buildings of any type or size.
Typically, they are chosen for high-rise structures and for commercial, institutional and monumental buildings of unique design and
installation methods.
1.4.2 Standard walls are those which employ components and details which are designed and standardized by their manufacturer.
They may be assembled in stock units, but more often their arrangement is dictated by the architect's design.
NOTE 1: For buildings using curtain wall systems as design elements, it is important to consult with experienced manufacturers and
glazing subcontractors.
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AAMA CWM-19
Section 2: Design
Considerations

2.1 PRIMARY CONCERNS IN METAL CURTAIN WALL DESIGN ................. 1
2.2 FUNCTION OF THE WALL ........................................................................ 1
2.3 NATURAL FORCES AND THEIR EFFECTS ............................................. 3
2.4 BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ......................................................... 4
2.5 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ....................................................... 6




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2.1 PRIMARY CONCERNS IN METAL CURTAIN WALL DESIGN
The design of metal-and-glass walls requires careful attention to matters which normally receive little consideration when designing
with the more traditional wall construction materials. It isn't because the laws of nature are any different for metal curtain walls; they
aren't. But the materials used in its construction react quite differently to some of these laws than do other wall materials.
To help bridge this gap, and provide guidance for the architect, the AAMA Curtain Wall Manual highlights the basic principles and
essential requirements of a good curtain wall design.
2.2 FUNCTION OF THE WALL

Until the invention of the structural steel building frame over a hundred years ago, most exterior building walls were substantially
solid elements, pierced by windows to provide light and ventilation. They served chiefly two purposes: to form an enclosing barrier
and to provide support for upper floors and roof. But with the advent of skeleton frame construction, and imaginative designs, glazed
areas have become much larger, sometimes dominating the façade. Today we often see glass used as the predominant wall material,
with no masonry at all.
The metal curtain wall, regardless of what proportion may be glazed, should be thought of as an enclosure system, and the functions
of this system are far more complex than the twofold purpose of the early masonry bearing wall. It serves, in effect, as a filter,
selectively impeding or controlling the flow inward, outward, or in both directions, not only of people and property, but of all that
affects the internal environment of the building.
The metal curtain wall, relieved of the inhibitions of mass necessary to support vertically imposed loads, has become in truth a
filtering envelope for the building (see Figure 1). Properly designed, it serves the multiple functions of 1) withstanding the action of
the elements, 2) controlling the passage inwards and outwards of heat, light, air and sound, and 3) preventing not only access by
intruders but also the entrance of deteriorating influences affecting its own integrity. It is this concept of the wall as a selective filter
system which should dictate its physical design.
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FIGURE 1: The Wall as a Filter
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2.3 NATURAL FORCES AND THEIR EFFECTS
Obviously, all exterior walls, of whatever material, are subject to, and must withstand, the effects of nature. Among these natural
effects are sunlight, heat, cold, water, wind, seismic and gravity. Except for gravity, the intensity and relative significance of these
forces vary somewhat from one region to another, but all of them must be considered, and their effects provided for, in all locations.
They may act upon the wall either individually or more often in combination, but to understand their impact on design requirements
the effects of each may be separately examined.
Sunlight creates certain problems in curtain wall design. One of these problems is its deteriorating effect on organic materials such as
color pigments, plastics and sealants. The actinic rays, particularly those found in the ultraviolet (UV) range of the spectrum, produce
chemical changes which cause fading or more serious degradation of materials. It’s essential, therefore, that materials and finishes
vulnerable to such action be thoroughly investigated before being used, and that sealants be tested for resistance to ozone attack and
UV radiation. Another problem resulting when uncontrolled sunlight passes through the wall is the discomfort of glare and
brightness and degradation of interior furnishings. Conventionally, such effects are combated by use of some type of shading device,
either inside or outside of the vision glass. Another option may be the use of glare-reducing, reflective, or spectrally-selective glass
which provide relief without negatively affecting view.
Temperature differences must be considered in curtain wall design, as they relate to the expansion and contraction of materials, the
necessity to control the passage of heat through the wall, and condensation resistance
It is the effect of solar heat on the wall which creates one of the major concerns in metal curtain wall design-thermal movement. A
detailed analysis of expected surface temperatures of fenestration materials is included in AAMA TIR-A8. Of course, it’s the
temperature fluctuations, both diurnally and seasonally, that critically affect wall details. All building materials expand and contract
to some extent with temperature changes, but the amount of movement is greater in metal than in most other building materials.
The control of heat transfer through the wall affects both heat loss in cold weather and heat gain in hot weather, the relative
importance of the two varies by geographic location. Thermal insulation of opaque wall areas becomes an important consideration
when such areas constitute a substantial part of the total wall area, but when vision glass areas predominate, the use of insulating
glass, with thermally-separated framing systems lower the overall U-factor of the wall.
Water, in the form of rain, snow, vapor or condensate, is probably the most significant source of potential weather-resistance issues.
As wind-driven rain, water can enter very small openings and may move within the wall and appear on the indoor face far from its of
point of entrance. In the form of vapor, water can penetrate microscopic pores, will condense upon cooling and, if trapped within the
wall, can cause serious damage that may long remain undetected.
Water penetration may be a problem in a wall built of any material. Most masonry walls, being porous, absorb a good deal of water
over their entire wetted surface, and under certain conditions some of this water may penetrate the wall, appearing as leaks on the
indoor side. But the materials used in metal curtain wall are impervious to water, and potential water penetration is limited to joints
and openings. Though this greatly limits the area of vulnerability, it greatly increases the importance of properly designing the joints
and seals.
Wind acting upon the wall produces the forces which largely dictate its structural design. On taller structures in particular, the
structural properties of framing members and panels, as well as the thickness of glass, are determined by maximum wind loads.
Wind also contributes to the movement of the wall, affecting joint seals and wall anchorage. The positive (inward-acting) and
negative (outward-acting) pressures created by high winds not only subject framing members and glass to stress reversal, but cause
rain to defy gravity, flowing in all directions over the wall face. Thus, wind must also be recognized as a major factor contributing to
potential water penetration.
Gravity, unlike the other natural forces, is static and constant rather than dynamic and variable. Because of the relatively light weight
of materials used in curtain walls, it is a force of secondary significance. It rarely imposes any serous design problems. It causes
deflections in horizontal load-carrying members, especially under the weight of large sheets of heavy glass, but, because the weight
of the wall is transferred at frequent intervals to the building frame, gravity forces affecting structural design are generally small in
comparison with those imposed by wind action. Far greater gravity forces, in the form of floor and roof loads, are acting on the
building frame to which the wall is attached. As these loads may cause deflections and displacements in the building frame, the
connections of the wall to this frame must be designed to provide for sufficient relative movement to ensure that displacements do
not impose vertical loads on the wall itself or result in other detrimental effects.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 3

2.4 BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
An analysis of the effects of these natural forces reveals the major problem areas to be anticipated. Experience verifies that in the
design of metal curtain wall there are generally four matters of chief concern: 1) structural integrity, 2) provision for movement, 3)
weather-tightness, and 4) energy efficiency. Of course, there are a number of other considerations, most of which are of less critical
importance and some of which vary in importance due to the location and type of building.
2.4.1 Structural Integrity
Because structural failure is a life safety concern, the structural integrity of the wall may be said to be the primary concern in its
design. The structural design of curtain wall involves much the same procedures as used in any other wall.
Local building codes and project specifications dictate the loads on components and cladding for any building, usually based on
ASCE 7, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures”. When a more rigorous wind load study is deemed necessary,
refer to AAMA TIR A15-14, “Overview of Design Wind Load Determination for Fenestration.”
Maximum wind velocities, and consequently design wind loads, vary not only with geographic location but also with height above
the ground. The nature of the building’s surroundings - whether open country, suburban or dense urban environment - are also
important influences on wind action. In most cases the wind loads acting on the skin of the building are of a different character and
magnitude than those which govern the design of the building frame. As compared with the overall design loads, those acting on the
wall are more severe in intensity, have a specific rather than cumulative effect, and change more drastically and more rapidly.
Negative wind loading, or suction forces, acting on the wall must also be considered, as well as the fact that internal building
pressures due to air conditioning may augment such forces. Even with moderate winds, some of the total perimeter wall surface of a
rectangular building is likely to be subjected to negative rather than positive pressures. On high-rise buildings these negative
pressures are usually maximum near the building corners, where they may be more than twice as great an any positive load on the
wall (see Figure 2). When wind damage does occur, it is more often in the form of a blow-out than a blow-in.
FIGURE 2: Contours of Maximum Negative Pressure (in pounds per square foot) on Surface of Sears Tower (Willis Tower),
Chicago, Predicted from Model Measurements (Davenport et al, 1971)
AAMA CWM-19 Page 4

2.4.2 Provision for Movement
When designing metal curtain walls, provisions for movement must be addressed. Movement is constantly taking place-movement
within the wall components themselves, relative movement between the components, and relative movement between the wall and
building frame to which it’s attached. These movements are caused not only by temperature changes, but also by wind action,
gravitational forces and by deformations or displacements in the building frame. Movements due to these factors are generally not
able to be predicted accurately but may be equally significant. Whatever the cause, the movement must be considered in the design
(see Figure 3). Provisions must be made for both vertical and horizontal movement in the plane of the wall. Refer to Section 5,
Section 1.4.2 Provision for Thermal Movements.
FIGURE 3: Common Details for Provision of Movement

2.4.3 Weather-tightness
Weather-tightness means protection against both water leakage and excessive air infiltration. It depends in large measure on
adequate provision for movement and is closely related to proper joint design. Undoubtedly, many difficulties experienced with
metal curtain wall over the years have been due to the lack of weather-tightness. Water leakage was an all-too-common occurrence
in the earlier walls, due to faulty design, materials or workmanship, or a combination of these. But with improved materials and
design techniques its prevention has now become the rule rather than the exception.
High winds cause rainwater to flow in all directions over the windward surface of a wall, and on surfaces of impervious materials
much of it tends to collect at the joints-the major points of vulnerability. Early in the history of multi-story metal curtain wall
experience, it became apparent that to provide all joints at their outer surface with a permanently waterproof seal was impractical,
because of their continual movement, and this approach to weather-tightness was soon abandoned on all but the simplest, most
readily-accessible systems. Instead, two other methods have been developed for preventing leakage through the wall, and either of
these, when intelligently applied, is highly dependable. One is referred to as the “internal drainage” or “secondary defense” system
and has long been used by competent designers. The other is the "pressure equalization" method. Both of these methods are
applicable to the design of windows as well as complete wall systems.
The internal drainage method is based on the philosophy that it is impractical if not virtually impossible to completely eliminate, for
any length of time, all leakage at all points in the outer skin of the wall. However, such minor leakage can be prevented from
penetrating to the indoor face of the wall or from even remaining within the wall. This is accomplished by providing within the wall
itself a system of flashing and collection devices, with ample drainage outlets to the outdoor face of the wall.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 5

The method of pressure equalization, based on the “rain screen principle,” is generally a more sophisticated and complex solution,
but is dependable when properly applied. This method is discussed in detail in the AAMA CW-RS-1. It requires the provision of a
ventilated outer wall surface, backed by drained air spaces in which pressures are maintained equal to those outside the wall, with an
internal surface of the wall being sealed against the passage of air.
The successful use of these methods depends on a clear understanding of the action of wind driven rain, careful detailing, proper
installation, and, in both cases, ample weep holes or drainage slots, strategically located and properly baffled, play a critical role.
2.5 OTHER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Often there are other design criteria, which influence the design of the wall. Generally, these relate to the control of the environment
within the building-other important aspects of the filtering function of the wall. Among the more important of these, the following
should be noted:
2.5.1 Moisture Control
Because metal and glass are not only impermeable to moisture, and thus highly efficient vapor barriers, but also have low heat
retention capacity, the control of condensation is essential in any metal curtain wall design. Unless proper controls are provided,
moisture, or even frost, may occur on the indoor face of the wall, and condensation may collect within the wall, causing damage
which can become serious before it’s detected. Fortunately, the control of moisture is a comparatively simple matter, provided that
the problem is anticipated, and preventative measures are incorporated in the wall when it’s built.
An understanding of the causes of condensation, where it will likely occur and how to minimize its potential damage is essential if
trouble is to be avoided. However, explaining these matters is beyond the scope of this summary review which is only intended to
flag out the importance of the matter. In cold climates:
a. A vapor retardant layer should be provided inboard of the frame thermal barrier and spandrel insulation;
b. Impervious internal surfaces should be sufficiently insulated to keep them warmer than the dew point of the air contacting
them;
c. Provision should be made for the escape of vapor outboard of the vapor retardant layer to the exterior atmosphere, and
d. The wall should be so detailed that any condensation occurring within it will be collected and drained away.
2.5.2 Thermal Insulation
In some cases, the insulating value of the wall may be one of the major design considerations. Whether to reduce heat loss and
prevent condensation in cold weather, or to minimize heat gain and air conditioning cost in hot weather, reduction of the overall U-
factor of the wall can be both a good long-term investment, as well as a sustainable design practice. Metal and glass are materials
which inherently have low resistance to heat flow, but with proper attention to details, metal curtain walls can be designed to provide
good thermal performance (see Figure 4). Generally, this is accomplished by minimizing the proportion of metal framing members
exposed to the outdoors, eliminating thermal short circuits by means of “thermal breaks,” using high-performance insulating glass,
and providing adequate insulation in the large spandrel areas of the wall.
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FIGURE 4-A FIGURE 4-B
FIGURE 4: Example of Thermal Separation

[Example 4a: Non-Structural Elastomeric Thermal Separation]
[Example 4b: Polyamide Structural Thermal Barrier]
2.5.3 Sound Transmission
Under normal conditions, even in densely built urban areas, metal curtain walls compare favorably with any other wall construction
having equivalent fenestration, as a barrier to airborne sound. According to the law of mass, the transmission of sound through any
barrier is inversely proportional to the mass of the barrier, and any lightweight construction such as metal curtain wall can claim no
natural advantage as a sound barrier. But with careful detailing, based on an understanding of the principles of sound transmission,
metal curtain walls have been designed to provide quiet enclosures near many airports and metro areas.
It must be remembered that the efficiency of a barrier to airborne sound depends, in large degree, upon its weakest link, and the weak
links in most walls are glazed areas and openings, however small the latter may be. Where a high degree of sound insulation is
required, air leakage through the wall, and resonance of rigidly-supported glass lites, should both be minimized. Insulating and/or
laminated glass generally improves sound attenuation. Refer to AAMA TIR-A1.
NOTE 2: The performance of any metal curtain wall depends in large measure upon how well its designer understands not only the
principles of natural laws but how they affect the detailing of the wall. In the belief that more information on those matters will be
helpful, some of the subjects discussed only briefly here are examined in much greater depth, with supporting data, in other AAMA
publications.
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AAMA CWM-19
Section 3: Architectural
Detailing Guidelines

3.1 FOREWORD ............................................................................................... 1
3.2 DESIGN REFERENCES ............................................................................. 1
3.3 ADVICE DURING EARLY DESIGN STAGES ............................................ 1
3.4 LEVEL OF DETAIL ..................................................................................... 2
3.5 MANUFACTURERS' SUGGESTIONS OFTEN HELPFUL ........................ 4




AAMA CWM-19

PHONE (847) 303-5664
3.1 FOREWORD
Architectural detailing guidelines offered herein are presented as the consensus recommendations of metal curtain wall
manufacturers based on their experience on a wide variety of non-residential building projects. They are not intended to be
prescriptive, as other methods may be acceptable or even preferable for detailing on specific buildings or groups of buildings.
Because metal curtain walls are to a certain extent, pre-engineered products, provided by a single trade subcontractor, the role of the
architect in design and detailing is somewhat different than a wall built on the site, which uses a combination of building materials,
and is assembled by several trades. However, detailing of the metal curtain wall must still ensure the achievement of the design
concept(s), insofar as architectural details can define practical, aesthetic and performance requirements.
Whether provided as printed documents, electronic files, or as part of three-dimensional building models, architectural details should
never be considered sufficient, in and of themselves, for defining scope of work, sequence of construction or coordination,
performance requirements, prescriptive requirements, or code compliance. Details should be carefully coordinated with
specifications, general conditions, mockup and testing requirements, schedules, bills of material, and other bid or contract
documents.
It is the purpose of this section to recommend efficient architectural detailing procedures, and also to call attention to certain critical
considerations, to help avoid problems during construction and occupancy. This section is not intended to define or make
recommendations on the content of metal curtain wall shop drawings, manufacturing instructions, or installation instructions,
requirements for which must be included in project specifications and other bid or contract documents.
3.2 DESIGN REFERENCES

AAMA’s library of useful design references for the architectural detailer includes:
• AAMA TIR-A9-14, “Design Guide for Metal Cladding Fasteners”

• AAMA SDGS-1-89, “Structural Design Guidelines for Aluminum Framed Skylights”
• AAMA 510-14, “Voluntary Guide Specification for Blast Hazard Mitigation for Vertical Fenestration Systems”
• AAMA 506-11, “Voluntary Specifications for Impact and Cycle Testing of Fenestration Products”
• AAMA 520-12, “Voluntary Specification for Rating the Severe Wind-Driven Rain Resistance of Windows, Doors and Unit
Skylights (+ Addendum)”
• AAMA 514-16, Standard Test Method for Impact Loading on Exterior Shading Devices
3.3 ADVICE DURING EARLY DESIGN STAGES

Whether the curtain wall being considered is for a small one-story building or a monumental high-rise structure, it's generally
advisable to call on the advice of one or more wall manufacturers before finalizing the design. Key design criteria may include, but
not be limited to those in Section 5.0 Guide Specifications as well as the following:
• sustainability
• roller-wave distortion
• maximum/minimum glass sizes
• system depth; clearance with edge of slab
• advisability of embedment usage
• anchor location at the slab
With knowledge of production processes, transportation and installation methods, wall manufacturers and subcontractors are able to
analyze the general concept, recognize potential problems and offer suggestions which will aid the designer, facilitate production and
usually result in cost savings.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 1

3.4 LEVEL OF DETAIL
Regardless of project size or complexity it is advisable to include within architectural drawings the level of detail necessary to
convey design intent. Certain attributes should be presented graphically, in a dimensionally correct and consistent manner, and
thoroughly annotated for clarity. These “must have” attributes include, but are not limited to:
• general layout and orientation,

• the extent of metal curtain wall work,
• specific locations of curtain wall layout points (in three dimensions) relative to such benchmarks as column centerline
and top of slab height,
• clearances between metal curtain wall and work of other trades,
• glass or infill type, “daylight opening” sizes, and thickness,
• framing locations, profiles and sightlines (interior and exterior),
• glass or other infill setback from the exterior face of the wall,
• curtain wall system depth,
• anchor locations and substrate configuration,
• clear depiction of adjacent materials, connection, and interface conditions, taking into account relative movements,
sequence, and scope of work,
• perimeter sealing and waterproofing,
• air barrier interface, and
• most importantly, scope definition of the work of various trade subcontractors.
If for any reason additional information is required to accomplish this task, the Request for Information (RFI) process shall be used
to fill in gaps within the architectural drawings.
Scope definition is sometimes facilitated by extensive callouts, referencing specification section numbers, on materials shown in
architectural details.
Unless a specific manufacturer’s standard system has been pre-selected, it is not necessary to show internal extrusion profile
intricacies, internal sealing or glazing methods, hook or snap fits.
It is essential, that the architectural details establish the wall pattern and locate all principal members, designate the infill materials to
be used and the finishes required, as well as the type, size and location of operable window units, if any, and provide details of
perimeter conditions where the wall adjoins other materials. The cross-sectional dimensions of framing members should be shown,
as in most standard systems a range of sizes is offered. In selecting the sizes of principal members, strict attention should be paid to
the manufacturer's data regarding their structural capacities, and these capacities should not be exceeded. The dimension from the
exterior face of the curtain wall to the edge of slab is critical – It must be sufficient to accommodate the curtain wall mullion depth
meeting structural design requirements, and allow for adequate clearance, tolerance, and access. It can be very costly and time-
consuming to reconfigure or reinforce the wall or building structure if this dimension is found inadequate during curtain wall design
stages. In general, it is better to err on the side of “too much” clearance, rather than “too little” clearance.
The type and thickness of glass, and the material to be used for opaque panels must be shown, but the specific glazing methods to be
used will likely vary with different wall manufacturers. It should be made clear, however, that only those methods meeting the
specified performance standards will be accepted.
3.4.1 The Basics
Figure 1 illustrates the extent of detailing normally required for a small two-story standard wall which is to be bid competitively.
There is no need to detail internal details of curtain wall framing members, but in cases where such members are to be customized,
sufficiently large-scale details [at least 75 mm (~3 in) scale; preferably larger] should be provided to clearly explain the nature and
extent of customization. In many installations the surrounding conditions are unique; there may be special sill conditions, special
corner treatments or a specially designed coping. It is essential that all such conditions be clarified by large scale details showing, not
the fabrication and joinery, but the profiles desired, along with all critical dimensions and the clearances to be provided. Most
manufacturers of curtain wall systems provide extensive printed, online, and project-specific technical information, to facilitate such
detailing. Refer to AAMA 912 “Voluntary Specification for Non-Residential Fenestration Building Information Modeling (BIM)”
for more information.
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FIGURE 1: Sample Details
AAMA CWM-19 Page 3

3.4.2 Large and/or Complex Curtain Wall Projects
Typically, for projects where curtain wall work includes a significant amount of customization, or for large complex projects, under
the submission procedures outlined in project specifications and general conditions, each bidder submits for the design team’s
approval, proposal drawings showing proposed design and construction of the wall. All such drawings are, of course, developed
from the design provided by the architect in their bid or contract documents. The architect's details must therefore clearly show the
aesthetic requirements, e.g. the dimensioned locations of all principal members, large scale details showing their exterior profiles,
general methods of anchorage, etc. The performance requirements must also be outlined in specifications Complete detailing of all
parts of the wall and their methods of assembly becomes the obligation of the bidders, each of whom will likely propose details
differing not only from each other, but from those which the architect would have prepared. The drawings submitted by the bidders
usually include only representative typical details sufficient to show the proposed character of construction; they are by no means
complete shop drawings. At a later stage, when the successful bidder submits their complete shop drawings, all aspects of the design
will, of course, be subject to the design team’s approval.
This method of developing custom wall details is commonly used with negotiated contracts, but is applicable also to jobs bid
competitively, provided that sufficient time is allowed in the bidding period for bidders to prepare their proposed details. It must be
recognized, however, that the proposals submitted by the various bidders may very likely use differing methods of glazing,
anchorage or other details affecting the work of collateral trades. It becomes essential, therefore, that for each submission approved
as being acceptable, information as to how that design will affect the work of other trades be provided to subcontractors bidding that
work, so as to avoid either the duplication of bids or the omission of essential items.
An alternative procedure for projects where curtain wall work includes a significant amount of customization, or for large complex
projects, in which proposal drawings are not required of the bidders, is not recommended.
3.5 MANUFACTURERS' SUGGESTIONS OFTEN HELPFUL

Unquestionably it is the architect's business to determine the aesthetic character of the wall, its overall pattern and texture, the
materials to be used, the proportions of its elements and the profiles of its members. Most successful curtain walls are the result of a
team effort, with the architect/engineer, the contractor, and the fabricator pooling their knowledge and talents to produce an attractive
and efficient design.
Frequently the wall manufacturers bidding the work suggest minor changes in the design or detailing of a curtain wall which result in
improvements, and usually a savings of cost. The following case histories of actual experience are examples of such instances.
3.5.1 Example No. 1 (Mullion Size)
The mullion section shown on the architect's details was a 64 mm x 200 mm (~2 ½ in x 8 in) tubular section as shown at A in Figure
2. When costs had to be reduced to meet the budget, the manufacturer, by engineering analysis, found that this section was far
stronger than necessary and wasteful of material. They advised the architect that the 64 mm x 90 mm (~2 1/2 in x 3 ½ in) section
shown at B would have ample strength and stiffness, and this much smaller section was approved and used.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 4

FIGURE 2-A FIGURE 2-B
FIGURE 2: Example No. 1
3.5.2 Example No. 2 (Aesthetics vs Price)
The detail, as shown at A in Figure 3, required a 6 mm x 3 mm (~1/4 in x 1/8 in) "accent groove" in the face of the jamb frame
adjoining a precast facing. The dimensions to the outer edge of the groove and the width of the masonry opening were shown to be
identical. The manufacturer pointed out that, since no allowance was made for working tolerances, the strict alignment intended
could not be achieved and the aesthetic effect of the groove would be lost. But the architect could not agree, so special extrusions
were made, and with special tooling the design was provided.
Tolerance in the metal frames were held within ±0.8 mm (~0.03 in), but the precast concrete, when installed, varied by as much as 12
mm (~0.5 in). The result, as exaggerated at B, was that in some places the groove was entirely covered, while in others the jamb face
beyond the groove was exposed.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 5

3.5.3 Example No. 3 (Aesthetics Vs Fabrication)
In this case the architect's design called for mullion spacing shown in Drawing A of Figure 4, requiring two widths of glass and
glazing frame in each typical bay. The manufacturer suggested that consideration be given to relocating the mullions as shown in
Drawing B, making all of the glazed units the same width. This suggestion was accepted, resulting in a substantial saving.
3.5.4 Example No. 4 (Die Profiles)
For this wall the mullion section detailed by the architect, as shown at A of Figure 5, called for a heavy extrusion. The manufacturer
suggested changing to a lighter extrusion having the same exterior profile, and adequate stiffness, as shown at B. Although this is a
more complex configuration, incorporating a hollow element, its use resulted in a saving of 45,360 kg (~100,000 lbs) of aluminum
on this one job. Also, by substituting a snap-on cover on the indoor face, the modification eliminated the field labor required for the
screw assembly of mullion parts. Architectural drawings should indicate the desired profile and depth at both the interior and
exterior, but should not dictate internal detailing features, fabrication or sealing, which vary from system to system and manufacturer
to manufacturer.
NOTE 3: It should be recognized that the advisability of changing from a solid to a hollow extrusion should not be considered a
general rule but depends on the quantities involved. In this case the value of the metal saved far exceeded the increase in die and
extrusion costs.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 6

3.5.5 Example No. 5 (Design Concept vs Fabrication Experience)
As in this case, architects sometimes unknowingly detail members in ways that require special control measures resulting in higher
costs. Here the architect required a color anodized mullion section of such depth that it required two extrusions, as shown at A of
Figure 6. The manufacturer, foreseeing possible problems in color matching, suggested the modified design shown at B, pointing out
that the recess in the side face of the mullion would serve not only to conceal the connecting screws but also to make less noticeable
any slight variation in color between the two parts. The architect agreed, and the modified design was adopted.
3.5.6 Example No. 6 (Design Concept vs Installation)
This is a case where the architect's details, shown at A of Figure 7, were followed when the wall was built, but altered for a later
building. As will be seen, the original design included an applied rectangular member used to frame and accent each 1295 mm x
3430 mm (~4 ft-3 in x 11 ft-3 in) unit. Later the architect was asked to design another building using a very similar wall design, and
the same fabricator was given the job. In detailing the second wall, however, the fabricator suggested simplifying the fabrication to
reduce costs by providing the frame integrally, rather than as an applied element. This was done, as shown at B, and reduced the
number of principal extrusions required for the mullion assembly from five to two.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 7

AAMA CWM-19 Page 8

AAMA CWM-19
Section 4: Building
Tolerances

4.1 FOREWORD ............................................................................................... 1
4.2 IMPORTANCE OF TOLERANCES AND CLEARANCES ......................... 1
4.3 BUILDING FRAME TOLERANCES............................................................ 1
4.4 INSTALLATION CLEARANCES AND TOLERANCES ............................. 2




AAMA CWM-19

PHONE (847) 303-5664
4.1 FOREWORD
This section addresses the importance of considering site clearances and tolerances in helping ensure a successful project.
Fabrication, assembly and installation tolerances of metal curtain wall systems are addressed in detail in Section 5 of this manual.
4.2 IMPORTANCE OF TOLERANCES AND CLEARANCES

Architectural detailing of metal curtain wall construction can fail to recognize the full significance of standard tolerances and may
provide inadequate clearances for installing the wall. Lack of attention to these matters often necessitates changes and adjustments in
the field, not only delaying the work but usually resulting in unnecessary extra costs and sometimes impairing the appearance of the
wall.
Because tolerances and clearances may be closely related, the two terms are often confused. They have distinctly different meanings;
however, this distinction should be clearly understood. A tolerance is a permissible amount of deviation from a specified or nominal
characteristic, whether it is a dimension, color, shape, composition or other quality. A clearance is a space or distance purposely
provided between adjacent parts, either to allow for movements or for anticipated size variations, to provide working space, or for
other reasons.
The recognition of normal dimensional tolerances and the provision of proper clearances are of critical importance in several aspects
of metal curtain wall design. One such area is the detailing of glazing frames, where ample edge clearance and sufficient "bite" are
prime factors affecting glass performance. These considerations will be explored in detail elsewhere. Another area of even greater
concern is the matter of tolerances in the building frame and the clearances provided between this structure and the curtain wall. It's
appropriate that this latter subject be discussed here, as it is a matter of fundamental importance in the detailing of any metal curtain
wall.
Metal curtain wall construction involves the covering of a field-constructed skeleton with a precision-fabricated skin. Thus, like
other modern systems of building, it requires the combination of two different levels of discipline in respect to dimensional control.
In contrast to traditional masonry wall construction, where adjustments can be made by cutting, fitting and patching, significant
deviations from true alignment in the building frame can be incompatible with metal curtain wall construction.
It is often impracticable to avoid problems by specifying that the subcontractor take field measurements before proceeding with
fabrication. This can result in delays and excessive costs.
4.3 BUILDING FRAME TOLERANCES

Obviously, it's the architect's responsibility to control, by details, specifications and alert supervision in the field, the tolerances
permitted in the basic building structure. In the case of a reinforced concrete building frame or precast/prestressed concrete, the
maximum tolerances permitted, except where otherwise specifically stated, should be those listed in the American Concrete Institute
Dimensional Tolerances of the Building Structure (ACI 117).
Tolerances for structural steel building frames should be specified to conform with the American National Standards
Institute/American Institute of Steel Construction (ANSI/AISC) Code of Standard Practice.
It must be recognized, though, that the ACI Standard applies only to reinforced concrete buildings, and the AISC Code only to steel
building frames. Neither of these standards applies to buildings of composite construction (e.g. concrete floor slabs carried by steel
columns) or to concrete encasing structural steel members (e.g. fireproofing). The location of the face of the fireproofing on the steel,
as well as that of the steel member itself may both be critical. As the alignment of composite constructions, fireproofing and masonry
work are not controlled by referencing these standards, the architect should require that the location of all such materials contiguous
to the curtain wall be controlled within tolerances which are, at most, no more than those specified in ACI 117. Should there be some
doubt as to what these tolerances should be; the curtain wall manufacturer should be consulted for advice.
In all cases the tolerances specified must be reasonable and realistic. It may be possible to limit them to less than those given in the
referenced standards, but often this tends to increase costs. When considering the necessity of abnormally tight tolerances it is always
advisable to re-study the wall design in an effort to minimize or eliminate such requirements.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 1

4.4 INSTALLATION CLEARANCES AND TOLERANCES
With reasonable tolerances for the building frame established, it is equally important that the designer provide proper clearances,
based on the full range of these tolerances, in detailing the wall design and its relationship to the building structure. It is common
practice among architects to specify that the curtain wall be installed plumb and true within relatively small tolerances, and the wall
contractor does his best to achieve this within the limitations imposed by the wall design on the one hand and the job conditions on
the other. Although metal curtain walls, if their anchorage systems are properly designed, are inherently capable of being built nearer
to true planes than most other types of wall, realistic installation tolerances depend, to some extent, on the area of wall involved.
Particularly on the larger jobs, it may be advisable for the architect to establish practical and acceptable tolerances in consultation
with the general contractor, the wall contractor and other sub-contractors responsible. It must be understood, however, that the wall
can be installed within the tolerances established only if: 1) the building frame (or contiguous construction) is built within the
tolerances specified for that work, and 2) the clearance dimensions shown on the architect's drawings provide adequate working
space, taking into account in all details both limits of the tolerances allowed. Otherwise alignment of the wall as specified will likely
necessitate delays and extra costs or may even be impossible.
The clearance necessary for installation of the wall will depend on the wall design and the limits of adjustment permitted by its
anchorage details. If anchorage is required to the face of spandrel beams or columns or their fireproofing, more clearance will be
needed to install fastenings than when the anchors are located on the top and/or bottom faces of beams and the sides of columns, as is
usually done. In no case, however, should the nominal clearance shown on architectural details be less than 50 mm (~2 in). The
nominal clearance dimension shown on the drawings, should be equal to the actual clearance required, taking access to anchors and
minimum fire-safe thickness into account, plus the outward tolerance permitted for the adjacent construction, and should be
determined on the assumption that this construction will be as far out of position in the wrong direction as is allowed.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 2

AAMA CWM-19
Section 5: Guide
Specifications

5.1 GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS .......................................................................... 1
5.2 GENERAL ................................................................................................... 2
5.3 PRODUCT ................................................................................................. 14
5.4 EXECUTION .............................................................................................. 24




AAMA CWM-19

PHONE (847) 303-5664
5.1 GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS
NOTE: When reviewed by a specific project’s Design Team for applicability, this specification can be referenced as a performance
standard. In this case, only recommended requirements, indicated in bold face type font, shall be included. Optional requirements
must be specifically included in project specifications, as these provisions do not apply to all building projects.
5.1.1 DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS
NOTES: Drawings and specifications are the two basic documents which the architect develops to convey the information needed for
the construction of any structure. They are complementary documents and information contained in one should not be duplicated in
the other. However, a consistent system must be used to reference one to the other and standard terminology must be employed in
both if the contractor is to have a clear and complete understanding of the documents.
Metal curtain wall systems connect to many other parts of the buildings. Consequently, the work of numerous trades, both directly
and indirectly concerned, is involved in their installation. Thus, to properly bid a job, scope must be determined from the
information shown on the drawings, listed in the specification and set forth in the contract documents.
In many buildings the ground floor level wall will generally be different from that of the rest of the building and may incorporate
storefronts and entrances. The wall contractor may install this portion of the wall but often it is done by another contractor. It is
important, therefore, that a proper delineation be made between the storefront areas and the other areas of the wall.
5.1.2 Drawings
Drawings must show the complete curtain wall system, the grid framework, panels, fixed glass, operating windows, doors, and other
components of the system. They must be accurately dimensioned with section drawings sufficient to clearly define the product
requirements. Connections between the wall and the building structure, storefront, roof, floors, ceilings, partitions, etc., must be
shown with a precise indication of where the work of the curtain wall contractor starts and stops. This should be correlated with the
written description in the specifications. Drapery tracks, flashing reglets, flashings, and other items which are not part of the wall
must be noted on the drawings as well as in the specifications. Sealants shown on the drawings should be referenced in the
specifications and those sealants which are a responsibility of the wall contractor should be pointed out. Tolerances and clearances
shown on drawings must accommodate the tolerances specified for the structural frame of the building. A complete and accurate set
of drawings is essential to efficient, economical execution of a project. Shop drawings prepared by a fabricator or erector require
the Architect's approval prior to initiation of work.
5.1.3 Specifications
This guide specification is intended to cover the complete exterior metal curtain wall.
5.1.4 General
Descriptions of product, references, qualifications, performance requirements, testing, mock-ups, submittals, and warranties should
be specified.
The components, processes, assemblies and/or products provided under this section may affect certification for the project under
LEED® or other green certification programs. Select only those Credits needed for the level of certification sought.
5.1.5 Product
The product specifications must describe the metals, finishes, protective coatings, proprietary wall systems or components, framing
systems, windows, doors, panels, glass, insulation, sealants, glazing materials and other items required to fabricate a wall.
Fabrication requirements should also be specified. They include special fabricating procedures, factory assembly and/or glazing,
mechanical fastening, welding, protection of metals, painting, and sealing of joints.
5.1.6 Execution
Specifications must cover the requirements for referencing the wall to the building structure, erection tolerances, clearances,
installation, welding, sealing, glazing, insulating, protecting, cleaning, and other work to be accomplished on the building site.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 1

5.1.7 CSI MasterFormat
-Openings.
NOTES ON GUIDE SPECIFICATIONS
This guide specification is a compendium of paragraphs covering a number of performance and testing requirements, a variety of
materials and products, plus fabrication and installation methods for the different items commonly used in metal curtain wall
construction. In writing the specifications for any one project the Architect will therefore delete many of the paragraphs as being
inapplicable using only those which are pertinent. In some cases, of course, paragraphs may be added to meet special requirements
of the design.
When carefully reviewed by a specific project’s Design Team for applicability, this specification can be referenced as a performance
standard. In this case, only recommended requirements shall be included. Optional requirements must be specifically included in
project specifications, as these provisions do not apply to all building projects.
The term “approved drawings” appears throughout the specifications. Where it appears, it shall be interpreted to mean the final
approval of the party responsible for the specific item, Architect, General Contractor or other party.
NOTES ON AIR BARRIER INTERFACE
Research has shown that air barriers can result in substantial energy savings, in addition to reducing moisture damage and
improving interior air quality. While neither the curtain wall manufacturer or glass and glazing subcontractor typically design,
provide or install these barrier membranes, it is expected that interfaces are taken into account in curtain wall design and
installation.
Air barrier tie-ins at window and/or curtain wall perimeter details must work in sequence, accommodate shimming, adjustment,
anchorage and building movement, maintain continuity of air/water/vapor permeability, avoid thermal “short circuits”, drain
effectively, and at the same time, facilitate ease of installation. The curtain wall manufacturer does not typically select or provide
these materials. Each project will need to be worked out individually, considering frame type, in the context of the design criteria
listed. Not all details work in all climate zones.
Coordination is the key – All parties’ respective scope of work needs to be clearly defined in the bid documents, and the General
Contractor or Construction Manager must “buy” the project accordingly (and communicate effectively with sub-contractors),
considering trade jurisdiction on site, as well as many other factors. Responsibility for air barrier interface detailing must be clearly
defined in the bid documents.
5.1.7.1 General Notes on Format
Type and symbols used have the following significance:
Bold face type indicates recommended requirements if this guide specification is independently referenced.
Blanks … (A) … : To be filled in appropriately by the Architect.

[Brackets]: Require decision on the part of the Architect relative to selection and inclusion in the specifications.
[ ] [or] [ ]: Architect must select
(Parentheses): Enclose specific instructions.
Italics: Explanatory notes, instructions and commentary text presenting supplementary information and data. Not to be included as
part of the specifications.
5.2 GENERAL
5.2.1 Description of Product
5.2.1.1 The metal curtain wall system specified in this section encloses a … (A) … story [monumental] [commercial]
[institutional] [industrial] [residential] [office] [apartment] [other] building.
5.2.1.2 The system includes the curtain wall framing, anchors, glass, glazing, panels, insulation, sealants, windows, doors and
other components required for the complete system and its installation, either directly or by reference.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 2

5.2.1.3 The metal curtain wall is defined for this section as that part of the exterior building enclosure … (A) … (Give specific
definition per commentary) ...
NOTES: A clear definition of what constitutes the curtain wall is important to estimators in attempting to prepare an accurate bid.
To more accurately define the requirements of this section the architect should state here where the wall begins and where it ends.
For example, “…from the base of the wall at the second-floor level (Elevation […A…]) to the top of the wall at (Elevation […B…])
[including] [not including] the soffit material at (Elevation […C…]) and the coping at (Elevation […D…]).”
This information should also be clearly indicated on the drawings. If the curtain wall is a composite of metal and masonry it should
be so stated here. This section should include only the metal curtain wall specifications with the data on the masonry wall
specifications included in Section 04 00 00. Fixed windows, window wall, storefront and interior framing is often fabricated from
curtain wall system profiles and may or may not be included in the scope of work specified in this Section. Conversely, curtain wall
is sometimes fabricated from fixed windows, window wall, or storefront system profiles.
The architect is encouraged to identify design intent by placing the specification section number at all elevations, sections and
details relevant to these systems to avoid confusion, and to ensure responsive bid proposals.
The AAMA Glossary clearly defines the terms used to identify various fenestration system types.
5.2.2 Work Included
A. Metal Framing for Glass, Panels and Other Components

B. Anchors, Brackets and Attachments
C. Glazing (Refer to Section 08 80 00)
D. Roofing and Siding Panels (Refer to Section 07 40 00)
E. Windows (Refer to Section 08 50 00)
NOTE: The architect is encouraged to coordinate the requirements of the curtain wall specification with requirements for work
included but specified in other specification Sections. For example, the requirements of Section 08 80 00 for Glazing are critical to
system performance and must be consistent with the requirements specified herein. Inconsistencies lead to RFIs, change orders and
delays, when later clarification is necessary,
[Optional 5.2.2.1 Air barrier interface (Refer to Section 07 27 00,)]
NOTE: In a properly designed and tested curtain wall, window wall, or storefront system, “back pans” behind spandrel glass are
not always necessary. Back pans can present sealing challenges at multi-span stick curtain wall mullion splices.
5.2.3 Performance and Testing Requirements
Conformance with the requirements of Section 5.2.3 shall be demonstrated by submitting appropriate manufacturer’s
standard test reports, calculations, and other documentation. Test unit configuration shall meet or exceed the requirements
of AAMA 501. Other test unit configurations are subject to review and approval by the architect. Comply with ASTM E2099
for procedures and documentation required for pre-construction laboratory mockups.
NOTE: Section 5.2.3 is one of the most important parts of curtain wall specifications. The ultimate performance of the building may
well depend on how accurately and completely these specifications are written. Performance requirements dictate the engineering
work that goes into a wall design. Structural capabilities of a wall can generally be calculated with adequate accuracy. However,
testing is the only way in which certain capabilities of a wall, such as resistance to air leakage or water penetration, can be
determined. Project-specific testing involves extra costs and tests should, therefore, be specified only when it is necessary to check
performance and the time and expense are justified. Many walls have been rigorously tested during their development and have a
history of satisfactory performance. Often their manufacturers can certify compliance with required performance standards, making
further testing unnecessary, provided that the intended installation conforms with their recommendations. For unproven wall
designs, on the other hand, tests may be not only warranted but highly advisable, as the only means of verifying performance. Before
deciding which, if any, tests should be specified, the Architect is advised to consult AAMA 501.
[Optional: Conformance with the requirements of Section 5.2.3 shall be demonstrated by erecting and testing a job size mock-up ...
(state configuration) ... and providing test reports by a qualified laboratory (see herein).]
NOTE: It is absolutely critical that the specification clearly identify whether manufacturers’ standard test reports may be
acceptable, or if a job-size project-specific mockup must be included in the scope of work of this Section.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 3

[Optional: The job-specific mockup shall include all air barrier interfaces, as detailed on the architectural drawings and specified
herein, including all accessories, fastening devices, perimeter sheets, sealants, adhesive and/or tapes used in air barrier installation.]
NOTE: If job-specific mockups are included in scope of work, it is recommended that all air barrier interfaces are included, as
detailed on the architectural drawings and specified herein, including all accessories, fastening devices, perimeter sheets, sealants,
adhesive and/or tapes used in air barrier installation. In some instances, these details may be necessary to accommodate specific test
requirements and loads.
When tests are specified, the required performance under those tests should be clearly defined and provision should be made for
having corrective work done and re-tested if first results are unsatisfactory.
5.2.3.1 Sequence of Testing
NOTE: Only recommended requirements are listed in Sequence of Testing. Appropriate sequencing for optional requirements should
be added therein and included as part of project specifications.
1. Preloads at 50% of inward and outward-acting design load

2. Air infiltration
3. Water penetration resistance
4. Design load
5. Repeat water penetration resistance
6. Uniform structural load
5.2.3.2 Provision for Thermal Movements
Curtain wall systems shall be designed to provide for such expansion and contraction of component materials as will be
caused by exterior metal surface temperature range of -17°C (~0°F ) to 82°C (~180°F) without causing buckling, undue stress
on glass, failure of joint seals, undue stress on structural elements, damaging loads on fasteners, reduction of performance or
other detrimental effects.
NOTES: Refer to AAMA TIR-A8 for a more detailed discussion of service temperature ranges for fenestration products.
Thermal cycling tests are advisable as a part of manufacturers’ standard product development testing, especially when materials
prone to deleterious effects due to thermal cycling are included in the wall design. Upon careful review of details, results of standard
product development tests may be deemed adequate by the architect for project-specific application.
When curtain wall systems are tested per AAMA 501.5 “Test Method for Thermal Cycling of Exterior Walls”, interior surface
temperatures are measured during the cold cycle for information only. Conclusions regarding condensation performance of glass or
framing should be drawn only from guarded hot box testing, or finite element thermal models.]
The exterior metal high temperature may be adjusted to a maximum of 82°C (~180°F) or a minimum of 49°C (~120°F) depending on
project finish, exposure, and geographic location. The minimum temp. is based on ASHRAE winter design dry bulb temp.
5.2.3.3 Structural Properties
5.2.3.3.1 Wind Loads
Curtain wall systems shall be designed to withstand the following Allowable Stress Design (ASD) wind loads acting normal to
the plane of the wall.
For exterior walls

On the ground level:
… (A) … Pa (psf) acting inward
… (A) … Pa (psf) acting outward
On the … (A) … stories:
On the … (A) … stories:
AAMA CWM-19 Page 4

On the corner areas extending … (A) … mm (ft) from the building corners on the … (A) … stories on all facades:
The inward and outward acting loads are not additive.
NOTES: Provision is made here for specifying different design wind loads at different building heights and at areas adjacent to the
building corners. Wind loads normally increase with the height of the building. In the case of tall buildings desirable economies in
structural and material requirements may be realized by specifying different design wind loads at different areas of the building.
Highest wind loads most often occur in the areas adjacent to the building corners. Outward acting wind loads at the corners are
generally critical as they are likely to be much more severe than the inward acting loads on corners and other parts of the building.
Unless otherwise required by governing building codes, appropriate design wind loads for most situations may be selected by the
Architect from ASCE/SEI 7 "Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures." For other situations boundary layer wind
tunnel testing and/or special engineering studies may be essential to determine the required design wind load where, for example:
• building shape is other than rectangular in plan
• site location has unusual wind conditions
• building location critical with respect to other nearby buildings
• high internal pressure from stack action caused by cold climate
Throughout this guide specification, positive or negative design pressure refers to “allowable stress design” or ASD (as opposed to
“strength design”) as referenced in ASCE/SEI 7.
For information on design wind loads and wind tunnel testing the Architect is referred to AAMA TIR-A15, "Overview of Design
Wind Load Determination."
Determination of design load(s) is the sole responsibility of the building's Engineer of Record, considering code interpretation issues
and/or prescriptive requirements not included in Contract Documents. The curtain wall manufacturer is not responsible for
determination of design loads, and AAMA strongly recommends that design loads (in psf or Pa) specific to all relevant areas of the
building be provided by the Specifier. Special requirements for snow or ice loads on projecting wall elements such as sun shades
may be applicable.
5.2.3.3.2 Deflection Limitations and Testing Requirements
5.2.3.3.2.1 The deflection of any framing member in a direction normal to the plane of the wall when subjected to design
loads specified in herein shall not exceed L/175 of its clear span at spans 13’-6” or less, maximum L/240 + 1/4" at spans over
13'-6"; or 2L/175 at unsupported cantilevers, except that when a plastered surface or dry wall is subjected to bending, the
deflection shall not exceed L/360 of the span.
5.2.3.3.2.2 Uniform load deflection tests of the curtain wall system shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM E330. Loads
and deflection limitations shall be as specified in Section 5.2.3. Deflection limits shall be based on full ASD design wind loads,
without reduction for serviceability considerations.
5.2.3.3.2.3 Deflection measurements shall be made from gages located on the framing members and metal panels so as to
measure maximum deflections.
NOTE: Refer to AAMA 501 for more information on deflection gauge locations.
NOTE: Refer to AAMA TIR-A11 for more information on allowable deflection of framing systems.
[Optional 5.2.3.3.2.4 Refer to AAMA 501 for optional testing at elevated temperature.
5.2.3.3.3 Dead Load
The deflection of any member in a direction parallel to the plane of the wall, when carrying its full dead load, shall not exceed
an amount which will reduce the glass bite below 75% of the design dimension, and the member shall have a 3 mm (~0.12 in)
minimum clearance between itself and the top of the fixed panel, glass, or other fixed part immediately below. The clearance
between the member and an operable window or door shall be at least 1.5 mm (~0.05 in).
AAMA CWM-19 Page 5

NOTES: The permissible deflections here specified are the maximums recommended. Smaller limits may of course be specified but in
doing so it should be recognized that this may require heavier and more expensive members. Since the depths of horizontal mullions
in curtain walls may be relatively shallow, it may not be possible to block glass and/or infill panels at the normally specified quarter
points and still maintain reasonable dead load deflection limitations, particularly on wider spans where heavier glass is used. When
this condition arises the setting blocks may be moved, subject to glass fabricator approval, and structural calculations should be
provided to indicate that the horizontal mullion will deflect no more than the maximum allowed when glass or infill panel is blocked
as specified. The glass fabricator should also verify that the glass panel is structurally adequate for the edge stress imposed due to
the location of the setting blocks.
ASCE/SEI 7 provides minimum standards for uniform and concentrated live loads. By definition live loads are those loads produced
by the use and occupancy of the building and do not include environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain load,
earthquake load or dead load. Nor do they include fixed service equipment which is considered dead load.
Under some conditions, exterior projections such as sun shades and extended covers can be subjected to impact loads resulting from
falling ice or snow from above, or from maintenance equipment misuse or malfunction. Unless clearly noted otherwise in project
specifications, exterior projections are to be designed to withstand loads required by ASCE/SEI 7, which specifically excludes such
impacts.
5.2.3.3.4 Uniform Structural Loads and Testing Requirements
5.2.3.3.4.1 The curtain wall system shall be designed to withstand the design wind pressures specified herein. Compliance
shall be demonstrated by calculations performed in accordance with accepted engineering standards established by AA,
AISC, AISI or CDA for the materials being used.
5.2.3.3.4.2 Uniform load structural tests of the curtain wall system shall be conducted in accordance with ASTM E330. The
curtain wall system shall be subjected to inward and outward acting uniform loads equal to 1.5 times the inward and
outward acting design wind pressures. Satisfactory performance at these loads shall mean no glass breakage, damage to
fasteners or anchors, hardware parts or actuating mechanisms; no malfunctioning of windows, doors, and operating
hardware; no permanent deformation of main framing members in excess of 0.2% of the clear span.
NOTES: Many curtain wall manufacturers provide standard extrusions for their framing systems. The physical properties of these
extrusions have been determined and the connecting and anchoring systems have been tested. Where these standard systems are
used, structural calculations made in accordance with accepted engineering practice are sufficient for determining the capabilities
of the systems and uniform load deflection and structural tests are not required.
Great caution is required in accepting that there will be a reduced cladding load in a pressure-equalized rain screen (PER) wall
system for the purpose of structural design.
5.2.3.3.4.3 [Insert blast hazard mitigation language appropriate to the project.]
NOTES: In many cases, the Architect will select either, General Services Administration Inter-Agency Security Committee (GSA-
ISC) “Security Design Criteria for New Federal Office Buildings or Major Modernizations”, or Department of Defense (DoD)
Unified Facilities Criteria UFC 4-010-01 “Minimum Anti-Terrorism Standards for Buildings” (for very low or low applicable
Levels of Protection), as the basis for curtain wall guide specifications. Do not include both sets of criteria in the same project
specification.
Determination of peak pressure, impulse, Performance Condition (to include Hazard Condition and Protection Level), applicable
Level of Protection, and/or Stand-Off Distance is the responsibility of the Owner’s security/blast consultant; not the curtain wall
manufacturer or installer.
5.2.3.3.4.4 [Insert maintenance equipment loading language appropriate to the project.]
Provisions for guidance and/or stabilization of exterior wall maintenance equipment vary widely. The architect is encouraged to
consult with a qualified maintenance provider early in the design process, to develop appropriate means and methods, design
provisions and specification language, and coordinate same with curtain wall design.
[Optional: 5.2.3.3.5 Air barrier interfaces shall be designed to withstand the same design wind load as the air barrier system(s) to
which they attach.]
AAMA CWM-19 Page 6

[Optional: 5.2.3.3.6 Drift (Wind or Seismic)
The curtain wall system and its anchorage shall accommodate a lateral drift of … (A) … mm (in) per floor due to wind load or
seismic load.
Compliance shall be demonstrated by testing in accordance with AAMA 501.4 “Recommended Static Test Method for Evaluating
Curtain wall and Storefront Systems Subjected to Wind and Seismic Induced Inter-Story Drifts.”]
NOTES: The Architect should specify the maximum drift based on the structural engineer’s calculations.
Drift is the lateral movement of floors relative to each other. In high-rise buildings subjected to high winds the overturning moment
may cause movements which must be taken into account in the curtain wall design. Seismic forces referred to in ASCE 7 also cause
drift. However, for design purposes the wind and seismic forces are not additive but the greater of the two forces is used. The
reactions of the curtain wall framing and anchorage are different for different wind directions and also for different directions of
seismic forces. In the case of wind, the top of the framing will move inward at the top of the story on the windward side of the
building, it will move outward on the leeward side and it will move laterally in the plane of the wall on sides parallel to the wind.
The same kind of movements will occur under seismic loads. System designs must take into account all of these motions.
Determination of seismic movements and load(s) is the sole responsibility of the building's Engineer of Record, considering code
interpretation issues and/or prescriptive requirements not included in Contract Documents. The curtain wall manufacturer is not
responsible for determination of these movements or loads, and AAMA strongly recommends that design criteria specific to all
relevant areas of the building be provided by the Specifier.
In most cases the curtain wall is anchored to the building structure prior to the application of the live loads. Application of these
loads to the floor and spandrel beams results in a vertical deflection, up or down, to the surfaces to which the wall is mounted. Such
loads will cause deflections which must be accommodated by the curtain wall and its anchorage. Accommodation of movement may
require wider sightlines.
[Optional: 5.2.3.3.7 Earthquake Loads

The curtain wall system and its anchorage shall resist earthquake loads in accordance with the requirements of ASCE/SEI 7.]
[Optional: 5.2.3.3.8 Inter-Story Vertical Movement

The curtain wall system and its building anchorage shall accommodate a vertical design displacement at mid-point between columns
of … (A) … mm (in) caused by live load movement induced by deflection of floor slabs due to the weight of all occupants,
materials, equipment, construction or other elements supported by the structure, column foreshortening, creep, differential thermal
expansion and contraction, vertical components of seismic movement, as well as window washing guide/tieback loads.
Compliance shall be demonstrated by testing in accordance with mandatory provisions of AAMA 501.7, “Recommended Static Test
Method for Evaluating Windows, Window Wall, Curtain wall and Storefront Systems Subjected to Vertical Inter-Story
Movements.”]
NOTES: The cited test method addresses only those movements occurring after installation of the curtain wall in a plumb, square
and level condition. Dead load deflection of structure or materials occurring prior to, or during, installation is not considered.
Similarly, fabrication and installation tolerances are not addressed in the cited test method. These tolerances may need to be
considered as an added element in the design of anchor and/or receptor/starter systems.
Periodic re-adjustment of operable windows, sliding glass doors or terrace doors included within curtain wall systems may be
necessitated by lateral drift or inter-story movement, and is outside of the control of the curtain wall manufacturer or installer.
Maintenance manuals should include instructions for post-occupancy hardware and sash adjustment.
The Architect should specify the vertical design displacement, as defined in the cited AAMA 501.7 test method, based on the
structural engineer’s calculations.
[Optional: 5.2.3.3.9 Air barrier interfaces shall be designed to withstand differential movement between the curtain wall framing and
air barrier components at their point of junction.]
5.2.3.4 Air Infiltration
5.2.3.4.1 Air infiltration through the curtain wall shall not exceed 0.3 L/s•m2 (0.06 cfm/ft2) of fixed wall area plus the
permissible allowance specified for operable [windows] [and] [doors] within the test area when tested in accordance with
ASTM E283 at a static air pressure difference of 300 Pa (~6.26 psf).
AAMA CWM-19 Page 7

[Optional: Air infiltration testing shall be repeated after the application of design loads as specified in Section 5.2.3.]
[Optional: Air infiltration testing shall be repeated after thermal cycling, inter-story drift and/or inter-story movement testing,]
[Optional: 5.2.3.4.2 Air infiltration through [aluminum windows shall meet the requirements of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440
for Performance Class AW40 [Specify higher Class if necessary] for the window types specified] [and] [aluminum sliding doors and
architectural terrace doors shall meet the requirements of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 for Performance Class AW40
[Specify higher Class if necessary] for the door types specified].
5.2.3.5 Water Penetration
NOTES: Refer to AAMA CW-RS-1, “The Rain Screen Principle and Pressure-Equalized Wall Design”” for more information on
defense against water penetration.
(Architect specify different pressure if required, see commentary.)
5.2.3.5.1 Water penetration is as defined in AAMA 501.
5.2.3.5.2 Provision shall be made to drain any water that enters the system from the exterior back to the exterior.
5.2.3.5.3 No uncontrolled water penetration shall occur when the curtain wall is tested in accordance with ASTM E331. The
static air pressure difference used in the test shall be 20% of the maximum inward acting ASD design wind load pressure
specified in Section 5.2.3, but not less than 300 Pa (~6.26 psf) nor more than 720 Pa (~15.03 psf).
NOTES: The water test pressure of 20% of the inward acting design wind load pressure is recommended because it should provide
satisfactory performance in most parts of the country under the normally prevailing weather conditions. However, there are parts of
the country in which the simultaneous occurrence of high winds and heavy rains may be frequent enough to make it desirable to use
a higher water test pressure. Conversely, there are areas in the country where the climate is such that a lesser test pressure could be
acceptable. The Architect must make this judgment. Refer to AAMA TIR-A13, “Recommended Static Water Test Pressures in Non-
Hurricane-Prone Regions of the United States” for more information.
Most curtain wall testing for water penetration is done with a static air pressure difference between the outer and inner surfaces of
the wall. This is the method specified in ASTM E331. Subsequent field performance of walls so tested has generally been
satisfactory. Occasionally, however, the Architect may develop a wall design incorporating certain features, particular/y features
having to do with water baffles and drainage, which mitigate a more turbulent type of test. On such occasions it may be specified
that the wall be tested under dynamic pressure. In the dynamic test a wind generator, usually a stand mounted airplane engine and
propeller or a bank of vane-axial fans, drives a high velocity stream of air against the wall test specimen. The velocity of the air must
be high enough to produce a pressure on the test wall equal to that required by the specifications. For information on dynamic
testing refer to AAMA 501.
5.2.3.5.3.1 Water penetration testing by static air pressure difference shall be repeated after the application of design loads as
specified in Section 5.2.6.
[Optional: Water penetration testing by static air pressure difference shall be repeated after thermal cycling, inter-story drift and/or
inter-story movement testing,]
[Optional: 5.2.3.5.4 No uncontrolled water penetration shall occur when the wall is tested in accordance with AAMA 501.1 using
dynamic pressure equal to static pressure specified above].
[Optional: Water penetration testing by dynamic air pressure difference shall be repeated after the application of design loads as
specified in Section 5.2.3.]
[Optional: Water penetration testing by dynamic air pressure difference shall be repeated after thermal cycling, inter-story drift
and/or inter-story movement testing,]
[Optional: 5.2.3.5.5 Operable aluminum windows shall meet the requirements for resistance to water penetration of
AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 for Performance Class AW40 [Specify higher Class if necessary] for the window types
specified] [and] [aluminum sliding doors and architectural terrace doors shall meet the requirements of AAMA/WDMA/CSA
101/I.S.2/A440 for Performance Class AW40 [Specify higher Class if necessary] for the door types specified]
[Optional: Drained and Back-Ventilated Curtain wall (D&VB) systems shall meet the requirements of AAMA 509 when tested in
accordance with ASTM E331.]
AAMA CWM-19 Page 8

[Optional: Pressure-Equalized Rain Screen Wall Cladding (PRWC) systems shall meet the requirements of AAMA 508 when tested
in accordance with ASTM E331.]
[Optional: Refer to CSI Section 07 27 00 for performance requirements of the air barrier system and related interface detailing.]
5.2.3.6 Thermal Performance
5.2.3.6.1 Condensation Resistance
5.2.3.6.1.1 The fixed light area of the curtain wall, including glass and metal framing, shall have a Condensation Resistance
Factor, CRF, not less than … (A) … when tested in accordance with AAMA 1503.
NOTES: Condensation resistance requirements vary widely with occupancy and mechanical design parameters. Refer to the AAMA
web site at https://aamanet.org/ for more information on selection of a proper CRF for a given situation. Condensation on interior
surfaces of installed curtain wall may be affected by many variables, including, but not limited to, component thermal performance,
thermal mass of surrounding materials, interior trim coverage and air flow conditions, weather and mechanical system design.
Many of these variables are outside of the control of the curtain wall manufacturer and installer. Testing is conducted on pre-defined
configurations under controlled and steady-state laboratory conditions, as specified above.]
5.2.3.6.2 Thermal Transmittance
5.2.3.6.2.1 The fixed light area of the curtain wall, including glass and metal framing, shall have an overall thermal
transmittance, or U-Factor, not exceeding … (A) … W/m2•K (BTU/hr.ft2°F) when tested in accordance with AAMA 1503, or
simulated per AAMA 507, or applicable National Fenestration Ratings Council (NFRC) testing, modeling and validation
protocols.
[Optional: [Operable windows] [and] [doors] (if applicable) shall have a condensation resistance factor, CRF, not less than … (A) …
when tested in accordance with AAMA 1503.]
[Optional: [Operable windows] [and] [doors] (if applicable) shall have a thermal transmittance, or U-Factor, not exceeding … (A) …
W/m2•K (BTU/hr.ft2°F) when tested in accordance with AAMA 1503, or simulated per AAMA 507, or applicable National
Fenestration Ratings Council (NFRC) testing, modeling and validation protocols.]
NOTES: When curtain wall systems are tested per AAMA 501.5 “Test Method for Thermal Cycling of Exterior Walls”, surface
temperatures are sometimes measured during the cold cycle for information only. Conclusions regarding condensation performance
of glass or framing should be drawn only from guarded hot box testing, or finite element thermal models.]
Local energy codes and good building practices result in frequent updates in energy efficiency requirements for building envelopes.
The specifier is encouraged to check current requirements for the project jurisdiction before specifying thermal performance of
curtain wall and metal-framed windows.
[Optional: 5.2.3.7 Sound Transmission

Perform acoustical tests in accordance with ASTM E90 and ASTM E1425 on the glass type(s) specified in Section 08 80 00 Glazing,
rigidly supported in aluminum framing of the same product family. “Glass-only” test results shall not be acceptable.]
5.2.3.7.1 Products shall be classified based on their acoustical performance in accordance with ASTM E413 (STC) and ASTM
E1332 (OITC). Products shall be rated using OITC classification data.
5.2.3.7.1.1 Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) shall not be less than [25].]
NOTES: Standard sound tests are conducted in the frequency range of 80-4,000 hertz. However, if the building location is near an
airport, on a heavily traveled highway, or near some other major noise source, special requirements for performance at different
frequencies may be necessary. The special requirements would be determined by making appropriate sound measurements at the
proposed building site. While STC is still in common use, OITC is the appropriate parameter for determination of curtain wall
acoustical performance.
Refer to AAMA Technical Information Reports TIR-A1, "Sound Control for Aluminum Curtain Wall and Windows" for more
information.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 9

[Optional: 5.2.3.8 Fire Resistance Requirements
5.2.3.8.1 Components of the perimeter fire barrier system included in the work of this section must be securely installed in
accordance with applicable ASTM E2307 or ASTM E119 tests.]
NOTE: The perimeter fire barrier system is composed of the exterior wall/spandrel panel, the floor assembly and the perimeter joint
protection installed in the linear opening/void between them. It is intended to prevent the passage of flame for the time period at
least equal to fire-resistance rating of the floor assembly. Engineering judgments per the International Firestop Council IFC
Recommended IFC Guidelines for Evaluating Firestop Systems in Engineering Judgments (EJ’s) necessary to address differences in
materials or methods between tested systems and systems to be installed must be provided by the party responsible for the entire
perimeter fire barrier system.
[Optional: 5.2.3.9 Field Testing
5.2.3.9.1 Field Water Testing
The newly installed curtain wall shall be field tested by an AAMA accredited independent laboratory, as soon as practical after
installation, in accordance with AAMA 503, "Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of Newly Installed Storefronts, Curtain
Walls and Sloped Glazing Systems." The area(s) to be tested is (are) as follows: … (A) … (architect insert description of area(s) to
be tested).]
NOTES: An advantage of testing early during installation is that errors in fabrication or installation can be found and corrections
made before the entire wall is installed, at which point the expense of making corrections could be much greater.
Generally, it is possible to conduct the field test on window and door assemblies without too much difficulty and to identify sources
of leakage. A curtain wall assembly, on the other hand, may not be accessible from the inside without the removal of interior finished
walls and ceilings. The feasibility of conducting a meaningful static air pressure difference water penetration test on an in-service
building should be carefully evaluated before being specified.
Installed performance will generally be somewhat less than laboratory performance because of manufacturing tolerances,
installation tolerances and the difficulty which may be encountered in carrying out precise field tests.
[Optional: 5.2.3.10 Water Spray Test without Air Pressure Differences

Upon completion of the installation of the wall framing and/or units on the lower two typical floors of the building and with at least
23 m (75 lft) of this two-story height fully glazed, the wall shall be checked for water penetration in accordance with AAMA 501.2,
“Field Check of Metal Curtain Walls for Water Leakage”. The Architect will designate an area of the completed wall, two bays in
width and two stories in height to be so checked.]
NOTE: The purpose of AAMA 501.2 is to check the resistance to water penetration of the permanently closed joints of the wall, not
the operable joints around windows or doors. The check has been successfully used by wall installation contractors in early stages of
construction and has become a standard practice with a number of them. It is a relatively inexpensive means of verifying that the
wall as actually installed is not vulnerable to water leakage.
5.2.3.11 Other Performance Requirements and Tests
NOTE: (List any not previously specified which may be needed to ensure the desired total performance of the wall system.)
5.2.4 Quality Assurance
5.2.4.1 Qualifications
5.2.4.1.1 Welding shall be done by skilled and qualified mechanics licensed where required in accordance with local building
regulations. On-site welding shall be in conformance with AWS Structural Welding Code D1.1 for steel and D1.2 for
aluminum.
5.2.4.1.2 Testing Laboratories shall be AAMA-accredited and specifically qualified to conduct laboratory and field
performance tests required by these specifications.
AAMA Accredited Laboratories are qualified to conduct performance testing for air leakage, water penetration, deflection and
structural strength. Some of these laboratories are also qualified to conduct condensation resistance, thermal transmittance and
other performance tests. A current listing of Accredited Laboratories is available from AAMA.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 10

5.2.4.1.3 Performance tests conducted in the Wall Contractor’s Laboratories shall be performed by accredited laboratory
personnel or witnessed and validated by a qualified Professional Engineer.
[Optional: 5.2.4.2 Mock-ups
All necessary labor and materials shall be supplied to build on … (A) … (state location) ... full-size mock-up(s) of … (A) …]
(identify parts of wall to be included) ...
Mock-ups may range in complexity and cost from a simple, full-size corner assembly to a large, functional portion of the wall
system. Generally, mock-ups are built for testing purposes, so it is necessary not only that the exact size and configuration be
specified but also that its end use and ultimate disposition be clearly defined. (A good practice, often used by the Architect, is to
block out a typical mock-up area on one elevation of the architectural drawings and note it as being representative of the size and
type of mock-up required.) In order for the Curtain Wall Contractor to establish costs it is necessary that the Architect state where
the mock-up will be erected (at building site, at testing laboratory, at manufacturer’s testing facilities, etc.), what materials and
finishes will be required on the total mock-up and the number and types of tests required.
To avoid problems in fabrication, installation and performance testing of mock-ups should be completed and satisfactory results
obtained prior to release of the wall for production. Testing, therefore, should be scheduled well in advance of the need for wall
materials on the job.
5.2.5 Submittals
5.2.5.1 Shop Drawings
Three … (A) … [specify if more than three] copies of all shop drawings shall be submitted to the Architect for approval.
Drawings shall show scale elevations and sections. Full-scale sections shall be shown only when needed for clarity. Drawings
shall include, where required, a hardware schedule, sheet metal and glass thicknesses, metal finishes and all pertinent
information. Details of field connections and anchorage and their relationship to the work of others shall be clearly indicated
when necessary to coordinate the work with other building trades. Details of fastening and sealing methods and product
joinery shall be shown only when necessary to ensure the proper performance of the field installation and may be submitted
in the form of the manufacturer’s printed literature. No work shall be fabricated until shop drawings for that work have
been approved for fabrication.
NOTE: (Architect indicate number of copies required)
[Optional: 5.2.5.1.1 Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Provide project execution and coordination (PEC) models per AAMA 912, “Voluntary Specification for Non-Residential
Fenestration Building Information Modeling (BIM)”]
[Optional: 5.2.5.1.2 Air Barrier Interface Design Detailing

Details of air barrier interface materials, accessories, fastening, seals, and their relationship to the work of others shall be clearly
indicated, as necessary to coordinate the work with other building trades. The air barrier interface details shall indicate the plane of
primary air and water resistance of both, a) the air barrier system, and b) the curtain wall framing to which it attaches.
Manufacturer’s literature shall clearly indicate the intended plane of primary air and water resistance for the curtain wall system,
when fabricated and installed per printed instructions.]
NOTES: There are two classes of barriers, non-permeable and vapor-permeable, both of which can be fluid-applied or hung as
sheets. All air barriers should exhibit a low air permeance, not to exceed 0.2 L/s at 75 Pa (0.004 cfm/sqft at 1.57 psf). As a system,
they can be tested like windows to ASTM E283. Some sheet products are self-adhesive.
Non-permeable air barrier membranes not only act as an air and water barrier, but also as a vapor barrier. For this reason, in cold
climates they must be located inboard of wall insulation, to avoid entrapment of internal condensation. (For a given set of interior
and exterior conditions, the wall’s Dew Point Temperature will occur somewhere through the thickness of the insulation.) Non-
permeable membranes have a very low vapor permeance, usually less than 0.1 perms.
Non-permeable air barrier membranes should “tie into” window frame perimeters inboard of the thermal barrier, and frame
perimeter insulation should not be placed on the warm side of these membranes.
As the name implies, vapor-permeable air barriers are not vapor barriers, and hence, can be used at any location within the wall
cavity. By allowing vapor diffusion, they can exhibit a minimum of 3 perms, while maintaining air tightness. They are often used in
“mixed-humid” Climate Zones 3 and 4; those with about the same number of heating and cooling degree-days. They provide a
mechanism to avoid moisture entrapment as the Dew Point Temperature “migrates” through the wall section with the seasons.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 11

If the barrier is detailed at the exterior of wall cavity insulation, or on the exterior of an insulated stud-wall’s sheathing, it is likely
intended as a vapor-permeable air barrier. Since the wall cavity itself doesn’t need to be insulated, the wall section can be thinner in
profile, however, a vapor barrier is still necessary inboard of the insulated stud wall.
At window openings, the barrier is framed with strips of flexible sheet 40 mm (~0.04 in) or more in thickness, called a perimeter
closure strip, detail membrane, or transition sheet. Often, corners and folds are gusseted to prevent pinholes and tears. The thicker
the membrane, the easier it is to self-seal fastener penetrations.
Strips can be set atop or underneath the membrane, but the latter usually requires a line of adhesive, tape or a liquid lap seal.
Air barrier membranes can be based on asphaltic chemistry, which presents challenges for sealant compatibility and adhesion.
Certain sealants and primers can even decompose membranes. Some membrane materials, while exhibiting useful extension
characteristics, may contain plasticizers that inhibit adhesion of certain sealants. Metal flashings can lack the flexibility necessary to
accommodate movements. It is important to verify adhesion and compatibility with all components.
Some architects and consultants prefer sealant-free interface detailing, using clamping strips, continuous interior trim clips, reglets,
interlocks or other methodology. These significantly complicate interface design and coordination between trades, and it is
imperative that they be clearly called out in project drawings and specifications.
The translucent silicone sheets or boots used as unitized curtain wall splices may be appropriate as an interface material, because of
easy application and high extension, but as noted, sealant compatibility and adhesion must be verified up front.
Air barrier manufacturers’ websites (and the State of Massachusetts Department of Buildings site) show generic interface details,
useful to the architect in developing wall sections and plan details. Most sites show non-permeable membranes “framing” the
window opening, completely sealed prior to window installation, leaving no “flaps” or extensions hanging free in the opening. Seals
are accomplished through perimeter sealant joints or compression-sealed trim.
Vapor-permeable membranes are usually shown clamped or taped to the window frame at the center seal or exterior seal, depending
on system type.
There are three types of perimeter fenestration framing, a) face-sealed, b) center-sealed, and c) interior-sealed. To meet the intent of
this Section, it is imperative that continuity be maintained regardless of the framing type employed.
These details involve the work of several subcontractors, and the work is specified in several different specification sections.
5.2.5.2 Samples
Before any work is fabricated, the following samples, properly identified, shall be submitted to the Architect for approval: …
(A) …
NOTES: Samples required should be listed, giving the minimum size of each and explaining any specific details to be represented.
Samples should carry a label showing the supplier’s name, the date and identifying information indicating what the sample
represents.
The Architect should specify the number of representative finish samples to be submitted for approval. Samples should carry labels
as noted above with space for approval and date of approval. After approval, the Architect will return two sets to the Wall
Contractor and retain the remaining sets for guidance. Approvals are required before any work is fabricated. Refer to the
appropriate AAMA standard for finish requirements.
5.2.5.3 Structural Calculations
Copies of any structural calculations made by or for the Wall Contractor in connection with supplementary design and/or
detailing of the work herein specified shall be submitted to the Architect if requested.
NOTE: The Architect is responsible for defining structural performance requirements for the curtain wall in Section 5.2.3.
5.2.5.4 Test Reports
Copies of certified test reports on the performance of standard wall systems and components shall be submitted to the
Architect on request in lieu of conducting repeat tests.
NOTE: The Architect is responsible for determining when existing test reports are acceptable for the curtain wall.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 12

[Optional: 5.2.5.5 Green Documentation
The components, processes, assemblies and/or products provided under this section may affect certification for the project under
LEED® or other green certification programs.
NOTE: (Select only those Credits needed for the level of certification sought.)
5.2.5.5.1. Optimize Energy Performance
Area-weighted overall U-Factor not to exceed that specified in Section 5.2.3.5.2. Area-weighted center-of-glass or overall SHGC
less than or equal to that specified in Section 08 80 00Glazing.
5.2.5.5.2. On-Site Renewable Energy
Provide façade-integrated PV modules where shown on drawings. Obtain UL 1703 listing for laminate support.
5.2.5.5.3.: Recycled Content
Provide window and curtain wall assemblies (aluminum framing, glass and other components) containing no less than … (A)… %
(Specify up to 15%) post-consumer plus one-half of pre-consumer recycled content by weight. All recycled secondary aluminum
billet must meet Aluminum Association content requirements for the alloy used.
NOTE: Secondary aluminum billet pre-consumer and post-consumer recycled content, however, glass comprises the majority of the
weight of a glazed curtain wall assembly.
5.2.5.5.4.: Increased Ventilation
Provide operable windows with occupant-enabled hardware. Window sizes and configurations as shown on drawings.
5.2.5.5.5.: Low-Emitting Materials – Adhesives and Sealants
Submit documents verifying that all primers, structural glazing adhesives and metal-to-metal sealants used on site must meet
applicable South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule #1168 VOC limits.
5.2.5.5.6. Controllability of Systems
Provide operable windows with occupant-enabled hardware. Window sizes and configurations as shown on drawings.
5.2.5.5.7. Thermal Comfort- Design
Provide thermal barrier framing and insulating glass edge construction as specified herein and in 08 80 00 Glazing.
5.2.5.5.8. Daylight and Views
Area-weighted overall VT not less than that specified in Section 08 80 00, Glazing, per NFRC 200. Window sizes and configurations
as shown on drawings.]
NOTE: Add other sustainable design requirements as appropriate.
5.2.6 Identification, Delivery, Storage and Handling of Materials
NOTE: If project specifications include a section in Division 1 establishing the general requirements for Delivery, Storage and
Handling of materials and equipment for the project, modify the following paragraphs to avoid duplication.
5.2.6.1 Conform to requirements of Section 016______
5.2.6.2 All components of the wall shall be identified after fabrication. Packaging, if necessary, shall provide protection to the
parts from damage during shipping and hoisting.
5.2.6.3 Pre-designated storage spaces shall be provided by the General Contractor so that the stored materials will not be
exposed to damage from wetting, traffic or operations of other trades.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 13

NOTE: The Wall Contractor should not be required to move his materials except as needed to install the wall, unless otherwise
specified or included in contract documents.
NOTE: For carbon steel, reference should be made to the Code of Practice of the latest edition of the AISC “Steel Construction
Manual,” on delivery and erection. For aluminum, refer to AAMA CW-10 "Care and Handling of Architectural Aluminum from
Shop to Site."
5.2.6.4 Storage on Site:
5.2.6.4.1 Store material in a location and in a manner to avoid damage. Stacking shall be done in a way which will prevent
bending, excessive pressure or abrasion of the finished surfaces.
5.2.6.4.2 Store aluminum, bronze and stainless-steel components and materials in a clean, dry location, away from uncured
concrete and masonry. Cover with waterproof paper, tarpaulin or polyethylene sheeting in a manner that will permit
circulation of air inside the covering.
5.2.6.5 Keep handling on-site to a minimum. Exercise particular care to avoid damage to finishes of materials.
5.2.7 Warranty
5.2.7.1 [Insert warranty language appropriate to the project.]
[Optional: Air Barrier Interface Warranty

Insert warranty language appropriate to the project.]
5.3 PRODUCT
5.3.1 Metals
5.3.1.1 Metals Schedule
Metals as specified in this paragraph and their finishes as specified herein shall be supplied in accordance with the schedule
set forth in the Architect approved drawings.
5.3.1.2 Aluminum Alloys
5.3.1.2.1 Standard alloys shall conform to the requirements of the Aluminum Association’s, “Specifications for Aluminum
Structures,” produced to the following specifications:
Sheet and plate:

- ASTM B209/B209M
Extruded bars, rods, shapes and tubes:
- ASTM B221/B221M
Welding rods and bare electrodes:
- AWS A5.10/5.10M
[Optional: 5.3.1.2.2 Specialty alloys … (A) … produced by ... (name producer) ... shall be processed under controlled conditions
prescribed by the producer to provide minimum mechanical properties called for by the design and to produce the specified color
anodized finish.]
NOTE: 6063-T5, and 6063-T6 aluminum alloys and tempers are commonly used for non-radiused curtain wall framing. The T5
temper provides specified yield strength of 110 MPa (16,000 psi) whereas T6 provides specified yield strength of 172 MPa (25,000
psi). The alloy and temper designations are those of The Aluminum Association. Alloys and tempers 6061-T6 and 6105-T5 provide
specified yield strength of 241 MPa (35,000 psi) and are commonly used for structural shapes. 1100 and 5005 sheet and plate alloys
may be suitable for anodizing, generally providing acceptable appearance match with 6063 extrusions.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 14

5.3.1.3 Carbon Steel
5.3.1.3.1 Carbon steel alloys shall conform to the requirements of the American Institute of Steel Construction’s (AISC’s)
“Steel Construction Manual,” or the American Iron and Steel Institute’s AISI S100 “North American Specification for the
Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members;” and to the following specifications:
Structural shapes, plates and bars:

- ASTM A36/A36M
Commercial sheet and strip, cold rolled, (Grades A, B and C)
- ASTM A1008/A1008M
Commercial sheet and strip, hot rolled, (Grades A, B, C and D)
- ASTM A1011/A1011M
5.3.1.3.2 High-strength, low-alloy steel shall conform to the requirements of the American Institute of Steel Construction’s
(AISC’s) “Steel Construction Manual,” or the American Iron and Steel Institute’s AISI S100 “North American Specification
for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members;” and to the following specifications:
Structural shapes, plates and bars, colombium-vanadium (Grades 42, 50, 55, 60 and 65)
- ASTM A572/A572M
Sheet and strip, cold-rolled, (Classes 1 and 2; Grades 45, 50, 55, 50, 65 and 70):
- ASTM A1008/A1008M
Sheet and strip, hot-rolled, (Classes 1 and 2; Grades 45, 50, 55, 50, 65 and 70):
- ASTM A1011/A1011M
Structural tubing, hot formed, welded and seamless (Grades Ia, Ib, II, and III)
- ASTM A618/A618M
Other steel alloys may be acceptable, subject to review and approval. Steel intended to be pre-finished shall comply with
ASTM specifications applicable to the finish to be employed.
5.3.1.4 Stainless Steel
Stainless steel shall conform to the requirements of the American Iron and Steel Institute’s AISI S100 “North American
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members,” and to the following specifications:
Sheet, strip, and plate, chromium stainless steel:

- ASTM A176
Sheet, strip, plate, and flat bar, annealed or cold-worked austenitic stainless steel:
- ASTM A666
Seamless and welded tubing, ferritic and martensitic stainless steel:
- ASTM A268/A268M
Seamless and welded tubing, austenitic stainless steel:
- ASTM A269
Other stainless-steel alloys may be acceptable, subject to review and approval.
[Optional: 5.3.1.5 Patterned Metal Sheets

Overall relief pattern(s) in ... (name metal) ... sheets used as shown in the schedule on the drawings shall be ... (name pattern) ... as
produced by ... (name manufacturer) ...]
5.3.2 Fasteners
5.3.2.1 Fasteners shall be compatible with associated materials. Metal fasteners shall be constructed of the same material as
the metal components they fasten, or of a metal that will not set up an electrolytic (galvanic) action that could damage or
cause deterioration of the fastener or the components.
5.3.2.1.1 Fasteners shall conform to the AW Performance Class requirements of AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440.
Note: (Further information on the capability of fasteners is found in AAMA TIR-A9.
Note: Structural considerations, ease of use, and potential for embrittlement must be weighed against corrosion considerations in
some applications. Always check suitability of proprietary coatings (such as those used on non-case-hardened self-drilling fasteners)
for the specific intended application.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 15

5.3.3 Protective Materials for Metals
5.3.3.1 Protective materials for metals where called for shall conform with the standards listed here or be of the brand
specified by the Architect.
Carbon steel components exposed to the exterior after installation may require other coatings or paint systems.
5.3.3.1.1 Painting for carbon steel anchors and reinforcing concealed after completion of installation, or exposed only to the
interior:
a. Unless specified otherwise, paint systems on carbon steel shall be those recommended by SSPC for use in Environmental
Zone 1B (exteriors, normally dry), and comply with the applicable SSPC “PAINT” specification(s):
• Oil base
• Alkyd
• Phenolic (oleoresinous)
• Zinc-rich
• Urethane
• Latex
• Powder coating
Note: Other paint systems may be acceptable in these locations if test data is provided indicating equivalent or superior corrosion
resistance when compared to recommended paint systems.
5.3.3.1.2 Galvanized and Electrodeposited coatings on carbon steel anchors and reinforcing concealed after completion of
installation, or exposed only to the interior:
a. Steel sheet, hot-dip zinc-coated (galvanized) or zinc-iron alloy-coated (galvannealed):

- ASTM A653/A653M
b. Steel products, zinc hot-dip galvanized coatings:
- ASTM A123/A123M
c. Steel, electrodeposited coatings of zinc:
- ASTM B633
5.3.3.1.3 Zinc molybdate alkyd primer on carbon steel anchors and reinforcing concealed after completion of installation, or
exposed only to the interior:
FS TT-P-645B
5.3.3.1.4 Metal-and-masonry paint:

- (Architect specify brand)
5.3.3.1.5 Mastic bulk compound:

- FS SS-C-153 [Type I] or [Type II]
5.3.3.1.6 Preformed mastic tape:

- AAMA 804.1
5.3.3.1.7 Aluminum paint:

- FS TT-P-38
5.3.3.1.8 Clear protective coatings

Architect specify brand)
[Optional: 5.3.3.1.9 Strippable Covering

Fabricator use appropriate covering for protection during fabrication only.
Remove prior to outdoor exposure exceeding manufacturers recommendations.]
AAMA CWM-19 Page 16

Many guide specifications and project specifications require a zinc chromate primer, requiring primer to conform to Federal
Specification (FS) TT-P-645A “Primer, Paint, Zinc Chromate, Alkyd Type.” Although zinc chromates have long set the standard for
corrosion protection, their toxicity has come under increasing scrutiny. Studies have identified these materials as potentially
hazardous and/or toxic. As a result, in recent years the coatings industry has been changing to a non-lead, non-chromate prime
paint for steel.
Most specifications issued in recent years by the General Services Administration (GSA), Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC)
and other agencies reflect this change. Even the current issue of FS TT-P-645B, “Primer, Paint, Zinc-Molybdate, Alkyd Type”
requires the product to be lead, chromate and asbestos-free.
Clear lacquer is used mainly on bronze to provide some degree of protection against alkaline building materials such as mortar,
cement, plaster and fire insulation or run-off water containing some amounts of any of these materials. Curtain wall manufacturers
prefer not to use lacquer because of other problems it may cause. It must be removed from surfaces to which sealants are to be
applied in order to achieve the required adhesive to the substrate. Lacquers may also tend to weather differentially, thereby causing
appearance problems. It should not be specified for aluminum unless the manufacturer and the purchaser determine that there is
definitely a need for it.
(Other materials, if any, to be specified in the same manner)
Although many of the metals are not subject to rusting under normal weather exposure, they are still vulnerable to corrosion when in
contact with other metals and/or masonry materials. When dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of moisture, which may
be rainwater or condensation containing impurities, corrosion is an ever-present hazard necessitating protective measures.
5.3.4 Finishes
5.3.4.1 Aluminum
Finish of Aluminum Components:
Finishing of all exposed areas of aluminum curtain wall and window wall components shall be done in accordance with the
appropriate AAMA voluntary guide specification shown.
NOTE: (Select from below – Best-performing finishes are required unless specified otherwise.)
1. AA M10 C21 or C22 A41; AAMA 611 Class I Clear Anodizing

2. AA M10 C21 or C22 A31; AAMA 611 Class II Clear Anodizing
3. AA M10 C21 or C22 A44; AAMA 611 Class I Electrolytically-Deposited Color Anodizing
4. AAMA 612 Combined Anodic and Transparent Organic Coatings
5. AAMA 2604 High Performing Organic Coatings
6. AAMA 2605 Superior Performing Organic Coatings
NOTE: For detailed specifications of other surface treatments and finishes available, as well as green finishing specifications
contact manufacturers. Color selection is recommended, for the most competitive bids.
NOTE: Unless specified otherwise, unexposed surfaces may be provided in mill finish, and left to form a naturally occurring
aluminum oxide coating.
[Optional: 5.3.4.1.1 Finish of Unexposed Aluminum

Unexposed aluminum surfaces shall be provided with a pre-treatment, flash anodize or organic paint finish to improve sealant
adhesion.]
[Optional: 5.3.4.1.2 Copper Alloys
5.3.4.1.2.1 Copper alloy components shall be finished in accordance with designations and proprietary identifications set forth in the
schedule on the drawings referred to herein.
5.3.4.1.2.2 Designations refer to the finishes defined in NAAMM's, "Metal Finishes Manual" for copper alloys.
5.3.4.1.2.3 Pretreatments shall be those specified in the finish designation schedule and shall match the Architect approved samples.
5.3.4.1.2.4 Finish shall be developed by ... (describe treatment) ... so as to produce a color within the range of the Architect approved
samples as referred to herein.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 17

5.3.4.1.2.5 A clear organic coating... (specify type) ... shall be applied to the finished components.]
5.3.4.2 Carbon Steel
NOTE: Information on the finishing of carbon steel may be found in the Society for Protective Coatings (SPC) “About SPC
Standards and Guides.”.
5.3.4.2.1 Carbon steel shall be finished in accordance with the schedule set forth on the drawings referred to in 5.2.5.
5.3.4.2.2 Pretreatments shall be selected to provide the proper surface for the required applied coating [or] ... (specify
particular type of pre-treatment) ...
5.3.4.2.3 Exposed parts shall be finished in accordance with the requirements specified in 5.3.3.
5.3.4.2.4 Concealed parts shall be protected in accordance with the requirements specified in 5.3.3.
[Optional: 5.3.4.2.5 Stainless Steel
5.3.4.2.5.1 Stainless steel components shall be finished in accordance with designations and proprietary identifications set forth in
the schedule on the drawings referred to in 5.3.3
5.3.4.2.5.2 Designations refer to the standard mechanical finishes defined by the American Iron and Steel Institute for stainless steel.
5.3.4.2.5.3 Finishes shall match the Architect approved samples per 5.3.3]
[Optional: 5.3.4.2.6 Porcelain Enamel
5.3.4.2.6.1 Pretreatment of the metal surfaces shall be done in accordance with the recommendations of the Porcelain Enamel
Institute for the metal specified.
5.3.4.2.6.2 Porcelain enameling shall conform to PEI specification … (A) … (Insert the PEI specification appropriate for the metal.
For steel it is S-100.)]
[Optional 5.3.4.2.7 Thermal Separators and Thermal Barriers
5.3.4.2.7.1 Provide continuous low-conductance thermal separation as necessary to meet the thermal requirements of Section 5.2.3.5.
Structural thermal barriers shall be designed in accordance with, and comply with, the requirements of AAMA TIR-A8.]
5.3.5 Curtain Wall System

(Architect select appropriate reference and specify requirements)
5.3.5.1 Curtain wall units and components shall be produced in accordance with the Architect approved drawings and the
schedule set forth thereon.
5.3.5.2 Metal framing members shall meet the structural performance requirements specified in 5.2.3.
5.3.5.3 Metal framing shall comply with Section 5.3.1 and be finished in accordance with the requirements of Section 5.3.4.
5.3.5.4 Provision shall be made in the glazing pocket of the framing for minimum clearances for the thickness and type of
glass and/or plastic sheet shown on the schedule referred to herein. The clearances shall be in accordance with the GANA
Glazing Manual, glass fabricator’s recommendations, and/or governing code requirements.
Glass must be edge blocked if necessary, to prevent contact with metal framing.
NOTE: Designs suitable for glass are not necessarily suited for plastics, and for larger size plastic, the bite for plastic increases over
what the bite for glass would be for the same pocket width. For plastics the recommendations of the manufacturer should be
followed.
[Optional: 5.3.5.5 Framing shall be designed to provide for glazing [re-glazing] (select as appropriate) from the [inside] [or]
[outside]. (select as appropriate)]
AAMA CWM-19 Page 18

NOTE: Curtain wall systems can be designed for initial glazing and/or re-glazing of vision lites from either the interior or exterior.
Structural glazed curtain walls often require access from the exterior for weather seal removal and replacement. Typically, spandrel
and panel areas must be re-glazed from the exterior. Hence, for consistency and simplicity of design, many curtain wall systems are
exclusively designed to be exterior glazed and re-glazed. The architect should consider system cost, as well as access and disruption
to interior spaces before requiring inside re-glazing, which limits product selection options, and can surprisingly, often make
installation more difficult.
[Optional: 5.3.5.6 Framing shall accommodate [windows] [and] [doors] shown in the operable [window] [and] [door] schedule
referred to in Section 5.2.9, panels referred to in Section 5.3.6, and other components shown in the … (A) … schedules.]
[Optional: 5.3.5.7 Framing shall be designed so that panels can be removed from the [inside] [or] [outside] of the building.]
NOTE: In some designs, vision glass is used in conjunction with a finished backup panel set back from the interior glass plane to
create a “shadow box” spandrel. Special design considerations apply, including but not limited to heat build-up, internal
condensation, cleaning, residue on glass, venting and drainage. Appropriate design depends on interior and exterior environmental
conditions. In general, the use of shadow box spandrels is not recommended in standard curtain wall systems.
Window and curtain wall system frame heads may not necessarily control and drain secondary water from others’ work unless
specifically designed to do so. Such drainage previsions should be reviewed by the subcontractor and manufacturer, at the time of
initial design process. This includes a quantification of the amount of water to be managed, and its origin within the wall system. In
the absence of such review, the wall cavity drainage system should be kept independent of window frames.
5.3.5.8 Framing anchors shall provide for three-way adjustment to accommodate fabrication and construction tolerances.
They shall be structurally adequate to carry the weight of the wall units as well as applicable wind, maintenance and other
design loads, shall allow for thermal movement, and shall meet the structural requirements as specified in Section 5.2.3. They
shall be made from materials as specified in 5.3.1 and shall have a protective finish of as specified in Section 5.3.3.
[Optional: 5.3.5.9 Metal column covers shall be produced from … (A) … (specify alloy and reference appropriate paragraph in
5.3.1) … and finished in accordance with … (A) … (refer to appropriate finish specification in Section 5.3.4) …
OR
Column covers shall be… (A) …. (specify requirements if different from above) …]
[Optional: 5.3.5.10 … (specify other components, metal and requirements) …]
[Optional: 5.3.5.11 Panels shall be… (A) …. (identify)... manufactured by … (A) …] … (name company(s)), and coordinate with
Section 07 40 00.
5.3.5.12 Flashings and other materials used internally or externally shall be corrosion resistant, non-staining, non-bleeding
and compatible with adjoining materials.
NOTE: In the use of metal flashings care should be taken that dissimilar metals do not come in contact. Copper flashing or other
flashings fabricated from highly cathodic metals may not be appropriate for use above aluminum. Even though the material may be
insulated, the water runoff from copper may corrode the aluminum.
5.3.5.13 The installed curtain wall system shall meet the applicable performance requirements specified in Section 5.2.3.
5.3.6 Panels
5.3.6.1 Supply panels in accordance with Section 07 40 00, and the schedule set forth in the Architect approved drawings. (If
stock panels are used include following)
5.3.6.2 Panels shall meet the applicable performance requirements specified in Section 5.2.3.
5.3.7 Glass and Other Glazing Materials
5.3.7.1 Supply and install glass and other glazing materials in accordance with Section 08 81 00, and the schedule set forth in
the Architect approved drawings.
5.3.7.2 Glass and other glazing materials shall meet the applicable performance requirements specified in Section 5.2.3.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 19

5.3.8 Glazing Systems
5.3.8.1 Setting blocks used to support glass shall be an elastomeric material of 85 ±5 Shore A durometer hardness. Blocks
shall be placed in the positions shown on the Architect approved drawings and shall be of the size specified thereon. Setting
block material shall be approved by the glass fabricator, to ensure compatibility with all sealants, low-e or reflective coatings,
and applied films.
Setting blocks shall meet the requirements of IGMA TM-3000 or GANA’s Glazing Manual unless otherwise specified.
Setting blocks, shall uniformly support all lites of the glazing and shall not obstruct venting and/or draining of the glazing
cavity.
When setting blocks are installed on sloped sills, they shall be tapered and/or set on tapered shims in order to provide
support for all lites of the glazing.
5.3.8.2 Edge blocks necessary for centering the glass and preventing lateral “walking” shall be an elastomeric material of 60
±10 Shore A durometer hardness. Blocks shall be placed in the positions shown on the Architect approved drawings and
shall be of the type and size specified thereon.
NOTE: Edge blocks should be located at both jambs of the glass in certain systems to prevent the edges of the glass from being
nicked during installation and to prevent the glass from “walking" in the opening after installation. They should be a minimum of
100 mm (~4 in) long, with a minimum of two per jamb located at the top and bottom edges of the glass. A nominal 3 mm (~0.12 in)
clearance between the blocks and the glass should be allowed. The Architect is referred to the GANA Glazing Manual, and to glass
manufacturers' literature, for further information on this subject. Proper use of edge blocks is critical to the satisfactory
performance of some curtain walls. Structural glazed curtain walls do not require edge blocks to deter “walking,” but may have
shipping-driven edge blocking requirements.
5.3.8.3 Gaskets, Tapes and Wet Sealants with Spacers
All glass and other glazing materials shall be held in the proper plane and with the necessary face clearance by continuous
glazing gaskets, tapes, or wet glazing with spacers. The glazing materials shall extend around the entire periphery and shall
provide the specified resistance to air and water infiltration. Wet sealants shall be compatible with the materials they contact.
5.3.8.3.1 Back-bedding tapes, expanded cellular glazing tapes, toe beads, heel beads and cap beads shall meet the
requirements of applicable specifications cited in AAMA 800. Glazing gaskets shall be resistant to shrinkage and weathering,
and compatible with all materials in contact.
5.3.8.3.2 Structural silicone sealant where used shall meet the requirements of ASTM C1184. Only a silicone chemically
curing sealant specifically formulated, tested and marketed for structural sealant glazing is acceptable for a structurally
glazed system.
5.3.8.3.3 Structural silicone sealant glazing systems shall be designed, tested, applied, installed and inspected in general
accordance with ASTM C1401. All materials and finishes in contact with structural silicone shall be tested for compatibility
and approved by the sealant manufacturer for the intended application. Gaskets in continuous contact with structural
silicone shall be extruded silicone or compatible material.
[Optional: 5.3.9 Windows and Doors]
[Optional: 5.3.9.1 Operable windows and patio or terrace doors shall be furnished and installed in accordance with Section 08 50 00,
and the schedule set forth in the Architect approved drawings.
5.3.9.2 Operable windows and patio or terrace doors shall meet the applicable performance requirements specified in Section 5.2.6.
5.3.9.3 Finishes on exposed metal parts of [windows] [and] [doors], excluding hardware, shall be the same as that specified for the
curtain wall framing in [5.3.4] [or] [... (specify other requirement) ...]
Section 5.3.9 is necessary only for walls containing operable windows and/or doors. If all glass in the wall is fixed, this paragraph
may be omitted since all components of fixed glazing are covered in other parts of the specifications. The doors specified in this
paragraph are sliding doors or swing doors used for egress through the exterior wall to balcony areas or other areas. They are not
the entrance doors which are used in the store front wall area.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 20

5.3.9.4 Air Barrier Interface Components
Provide the following accessories, fastening devices, perimeter sheets, sealants, adhesive and/or tapes, as detailed on the architectural
drawings and specified herein, including all items used in air barrier installation. …(A)… [specify air barrier interface materials,
and coordinate with applicable specification Sections)]
NOTES: When envelope design includes air barrier interfaces, coordination is the key – All parties’ respective scope of work needs
to be clearly defined in the bid documents, and the General Contractor or Construction Manager must “buy” the project
accordingly. If the Wall Contractor is to provide air barrier interface materials such as perimeter sheets, sealants, tapes, adhesives,
fasteners, clamping strips, frame cavity insulation, etc., they must be specified in detail in this Section, and summarized in Section
5.2.2 Work Included.
Selection of the proper materials for these purposes is essential to good curtain wall design and satisfactory results depend upon a
proper understanding of the relative merits and capabilities of the many materials available. Furthermore, it is important that
sealants used in combination are compatible, and that materials and methods used for cleaning the wall are not injurious to sealing
materials. For information on all of these matters, the specification writer is advised to consult AAMA CW-6, “Joint Sealants in
Aluminum Curtain Walls," and/or FGMA Sealant Manual and sealant manufacturers.
Don’t forget that window frames and adjacent wall substrates usually move relative to one another. This must be accommodated in
interface detailing. Keep window anchors clear of the membrane system.
[Optional: 5.3.10 Other Proprietary Wall Components]
… (name proprietary items) … as manufactured by … (name company) … shall be furnished and installed in accordance with
Section … (A) … and the schedule shown on the Architect approved drawings. These … (A) … shall be … (give product type and
identification).
5.3.11 Field Installed Insulating Materials
5.3.11.1 Insulating materials shall be furnished and installed in accordance with Section 07 21 00, and the schedule set forth
in the Architect approved drawings.
5.3.12 Sealing and Glazing Materials
5.3.12.1 Sealing and glazing materials shall be furnished and installed in accordance with Section 5.2.8 and Section 08 81 00,
and the schedule set forth in the Architect approved drawings.
5.3.13 Fabrication
5.3.13.1 General
All parts of the curtain wall system shall be of the materials, design, sizes and thicknesses, subject to commercial tolerances,
shown or called for on the Architect approved drawings, cited in references, and/or herein specified. Methods of fabrication
and assembly, however, unless otherwise specifically stated, shall be at the discretion of the manufacturer.
5.3.13.2 Joints in Metal Work
All exposed work shall be carefully matched to produce continuity of line and design, with all joints, unless otherwise shown
or specified, being accurately fitted and rigidly secured.
5.3.13.3 Shop Assembly
As far as practicable, all fitting and assembly work shall be done in the factory.
[Optional: 5.3.13.3.1 Unitized Curtain wall System

Finish, fabricate and factory glaze unitized curtain wall under the responsibility of one manufacturer, with units sized for ease of
shipping, distribution and erection. Systems using individual field fabricated or field assembled members, or those designed
primarily for field glazing are not acceptable.
NOTE: The architect is strongly encouraged to be explicit in specifying the requirement for factory-glazed unitized curtain wall, to
ensure responsive bids and consistency in interpretation of contract documents,
AAMA CWM-19 Page 21

5.3.13.3.1.1. System to be pressure-equalized. Provide a rain screen at all weeps to the exterior. Provide vertical
compartmentalization at no more than every two floors in height. Provide continuous pressure-equalized and drained sill starters at
the curtain wall base.
5.3.13.3.1.2. Thermal expansion and vertical inter-story movement shall be accommodated by gasketed inter-locking aluminum
members.]
5.3.13.4 Exposed Fasteners
Exposed fasteners on finished surfaces shall have Phillips screw heads unless otherwise shown or specified. Fasteners shall
meet the requirements of Section 5.3.2.
5.3.13.5 Protection of Metals
Protection against galvanic action shall be provided wherever dissimilar metals are in contact, except in the case of
aluminum in contact with galvanized steel, zinc, or relatively small areas of stainless steel or nickel silver (white bronze). This
protection shall be provided either by painting the contact surfaces with primer as specified herein, pigmented organic
finishes as specified in Section 5.3.4, or by application of an appropriate sealant or tape.
NOTE: Anodic finishes on aluminum are not generally considered adequate separation to prevent galvanic corrosion in most
exterior applications, or interior applications where the presence of moisture is anticipated either during or after installation.
5.3.13.6 Welding
5.3.13.6.1 All welding shall be in accordance with recommendations of the American Welding Society and shall be done with
electrodes and/or by methods recommended by the suppliers of the metals being welded. Type, size and spacing of welds shall
be as shown on approved shop drawings.
5.3.13.6.2 Welds behind finished surfaces shall be so done as to minimize distortion and/or discoloration on the finished side.
Weld spatter and welding oxides on finished surfaces shall be removed by de-scaling and/or grinding.
NOTE: Weld spatter can cause surface damage which can materially weaken the glass. Whenever possible, welds should be placed
in concealed locations, to avoid the problems of color matching and the cost of laborious and critical finishing work. On welded
aluminum, which is anodized, there will usually be a visible variation of color at surface welds, even though they are ground and
polished smooth. Welding lowers the allowable stress in aluminum alloys and this must be taken into account in the design.
5.3.13.6.3 All glass and finished aluminum surfaces should be protected from weld spatter.
5.3.13.7 Use of Sealing Materials in Fabrication

Sealing materials shall be used in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturer of the material and joints to be
sealed shall be in accordance with the designs and tolerances shown on the Architect approved shop drawings.
NOTE: For structural sealant glazing information, refer to AAMA’s SSGDG-1, “Structural Silicone Glazing (SSG) Design
Guidelines.”
[Optional: 5.3.13.8 Shop Glazing

Glazing work shall be done in accordance with the recommendations of the [GANA Glazing Manual].]
5.3.13.9 General Fabrication Requirements:
5.3.13.9.1 Alignment and fit of curtain wall systems and components, including visual mockups, installed curtain wall
systems, as well as related trim and accessories, shall be assessed when observed at a distance of 3 m (~10 ft) from the
outermost or innermost surface, viewed at an angle of 90 degrees to the surface in natural light with an unaided eye, at a
location representative of that accessible on site.
5.3.13.9.2 For the purposes of this Section, a “unit” is defined as a curtain wall system assembly one lite wide by one story
high, whether assembled and/or glazed in factory or in the field. Allowable tolerances for multi-span wall systems or larger
bays of curtain wall shall be increased accordingly.
5.3.13.9.3 In the absence of an approved visual mockup, documentation of which must include defined limits of cumulative
tolerances, acceptable variation from nominal position, fit and alignment shall be determined by adding allowable variations
cited in referenced standards for all components, substrates and/or assemblies (i.e. “built-up” tolerances).
AAMA CWM-19 Page 22

NOTE: Aluminum curtain wall is an exterior building system, and should therefore be subject to similar appearance, variation and
alignment expectations as other exterior building products.
5.3.13.9.4 Purposeful gaps as specified by the manufacturer, for drainage, expansion, and/or movement accommodation,
shall not be considered in quantitative assessment of system acceptability or compliance to industry standards or project
specifications.
NOTES: It is the responsibility of the architect to clearly indicate critical tolerances for alignment and fit in bid documents, and
again on approved curtain wall shop drawings, where expectations are more stringent than the “built-up” tolerances inferred by
industry standards, and/or the requirements specified herein.
Relatively small, flush, one-piece frame components will inherently exhibit less variation from nominal position than large,
projecting, assemblies made up of multiple components. Similarly, mechanically fastened components may align more precisely than
snap-together or hook-on multi-component assemblies, albeit often requiring exposed fasteners.
It is strongly recommended that the design team review manufacturers’ quality assurance manuals during the product selection and
specification-writing process. Thoughtful architectural detailing can often minimize the aesthetic impact of expected substrate and
curtain wall system tolerances and variations. Field installation tolerances can often be addressed by the use of integral alignment
features such as pins or splices.
For systems not intended for fabrication, assembly, or glazing by the manufacturer, the manufacturer may need to provide
component-specific cutting and machining tolerances to the fabricator, to help ensure “as designed” fit, function and performance.
5.3.13.10. Component Tolerances
5.3.13.10.1. Extruded Aluminum Profiles: Dimensional tolerances shall be within the limits established by AA “Standards
and Data,” or as defined in manufacturers’ quality assurance documents, whichever is more stringent.
5.3.13.10.2. Cutting and Machining: Component dimensions and tolerances shall be within the limits defined in
manufacturers’ quality assurance documents and/or installation manual(s).
5.3.13.10.3. Assembly and Glazing: Component dimensions and tolerances shall be within the limits defined in
manufacturers’ quality assurance documents, installation manual(s), and/or the GANA Glazing Manual, whichever is more
stringent.
5.3.13.11. Overall Curtain Wall System Tolerances (excluding installation and substrates):
5.3.13.11.1. Factory assembled framing and trim:
5.3.13.11.1.1. Overall Size: For singular rectangular curtain wall units or assembled framing, overall size of any unit or
daylight opening, within a framing system shall not deviate from the dimensions indicated on the supplied drawings by more
than the following:
(a) ± 1.5 mm (1/16 in) for all dimensions 1830 mm (72 in) and under;
(b) ± 3.0 mm (1/8 in) for all dimensions between 1830 mm (72 in) and 3660 mm (144 in); and
(c) ± 4.5 mm (3/16 in) for all dimensions greater than 3660 mm (144 in).
These requirements shall not apply to diagonal measurements and shall be measured at an ambient temperature of 21 °C +/-
10 °C (~70 °F +/- 18°F) with the system fully installed and glazed, in non-displaced openings.
For singular non-rectangular specimens, the overall size shall not deviate from the dimensions indicated on the supplied
drawings by more than ±6.0 mm (~0.25 in).
5.3.13.11.1.2. Alignment of Framing and Trim Members: Maximum offset from true alignment between two identical
exposed members, abutting end to end in line within an assembly: 1.5 mm (~0.06 in). Maximum variation from co-planar
alignment between two exposed members at corner joinery within an assembly: 2 degrees. Maximum variation in nominal
joint width between exposed members within an assembly 1.5 mm (~0.06 in) not including purposeful gaps for drainage,
expansion, and/or movement accommodation, or variation due to installation tolerances (addressed elsewhere).
AAMA CWM-19 Page 23

NOTES: Proper location of building lines and elevations is critical to installation of a curtain wall and proper fitting with other
building components. It also controls the aesthetic appearance of the completed installation and assures adequate enframement of
infill elements such as glass, spandrel panels, etc. Accurate control lines help assure that anchor sizing, expansion provisions and
water infiltration control features will function as planned.
Alignment and variation in plane may be affected by settlement of the structure, lateral drift and/or inter-story movements after
installation and are outside of the control of the curtain wall manufacturer or installer.
If spatter from welding operations strikes glass or finished metal surfaces, irreparable damage may result, and appropriate
protection measures are critical.
Glass areas covered with tape may weather somewhat differently than adjacent glass areas, causing a differential marking. This
differential marking is most noticeable on tinted glasses. Application of tapes to glass should therefore be avoided.
5.4 EXECUTION
5.4.1 Lines, Elevations and Prior Inspection of the Structure
5.4.1.1 Offset Lines and Benchmarks
The General Contractor shall provide the Wall Contractor with a building perimeter offset line on each floor, plumb with
lines on the floors above and below, and located at a point from the edge of the floor slab designated by the Wall Contractor.
The General Contractor shall also provide clearly scribed benchmarks on each floor on a column designated by the Wall
Contractor. The General Contractor shall be responsible for the accuracy of the location of the perimeter offset lines and the
elevations of the benchmarks.
5.4.1.2 Prior Inspection: Before beginning installation in any assigned area, the Curtain Wall Contractor shall visually
examine all parts of the structure affecting installation of the work in this area. Should any errors be found in the location of
offset lines or benchmarks, and should any condition be found in the structure which, will prevent proper execution of the
work, such errors and conditions shall be reported in writing to the General Contractor. Installation shall not proceed in the
area until errors and unsatisfactory conditions have been corrected or adjusted to the satisfaction of the Curtain Wall
Contractor.
NOTE: Areas of the curtain wall to be installed at a later date, including but not limited to, hoist bay leave-outs, access bays for
equipment delivery, etc. should be clearly noted on architectural drawings. These areas may necessitate special detailing, modified
anchorage, and/or different sightlines.
[Optional: 5.4.1.3 Air Barrier Systems Adjacent to Curtain Wall

The Wall Contractor shall ensure that air barriers adjacent to curtain wall are undamaged, and satisfactory to receive any accessories,
fastening devices, perimeter sheets, sealants, adhesive and/or tapes, as detailed on the architectural drawings and specified herein,
used in air barrier installation. Refer to Section 5.4.1.2 for Prior Inspection.]
NOTES: While neither the curtain wall manufacturer or glass and glazing subcontractor typically design, provide or install these
barrier membranes, it must be clearly specified if it is expected that interfaces are to be taken into account in curtain wall design
and installation.
As noted in Section 5.4.1.2, don’t install curtain wall if air barriers adjacent to the curtain wall perimeter are damaged, torn,
discontinuous, or evidence any other obvious defects.
If wall cavity air is expected to be cold, isolate the window frame inboard of the thermal barrier. Non-permeable air barrier
membranes should “tie into” window frame perimeters inboard of the thermal barrier
5.4.2. Installation
5.4.2.1 Curtain Wall Framing: Curtain wall framing and/or preassembled framed units shall be erected plumb and true, in
proper alignment and relation to established lines and grades, as specified herein and/or shown on the Architect approved
shop and erection drawings.
5.4.2.1.1. Variation from nominal position of overall unit as indicated on approved shop drawings shall be:
AAMA CWM-19 Page 24

5.4.2.1.1.1. Level (Horizontal measurement):
3 mm per m, (~0.12 in. per foot), not to exceed 3 mm (~0.12 in) maximum.
5.4.2.1.1.2. Plumb (Vertical measurement):

3 mm per m (~0.12 in. per foot), not to exceed 3 mm (~0.12 in) maximum
5.4.2.1.1.3. True (In-plane measurement):

3 mm per m (~0.12 in. per foot), not to exceed 3 mm (~0.12 in) maximum
5.4.2.1.1.4. Straight/True (Straightness):

1.5 mm per m (~0.06 in. per foot), not to exceed 1.5 mm (~0.06 in) maximum
5.4.2.1.1.5. Square (Diagonal measurement):

3 mm (~0.12 in) maximum for units up to 1.9 sqm (~20.5 sqft); 6 mm (~0.24 in.) maximum for units over 1.9 sqm (~20.5 sqft)
5.4.2.1.2. Maximum variation from plane or location of overall unit, as shown on approved shop drawings: 3 mm per 3600
mm (~0.12 in. per 11.81 ft) of length or 12 mm (~0.47 in) in any total length.
5.4.2.1.3. Installation tolerances do not include component or alignment tolerances specified in Section 5.2, which shall be
considered additive.
5.4.2.1.4 Field assembled framing and trim: Components and assemblies assembled or attached on site shall be allowed the
same deviations specified in Section 5.3 for factory-assembled framing and trim.
[Optional: 5.4.2.2 Panels

Panels shall be installed plumb and true in proper alignment and relation to the curtain wall framing or the established lines and
grades as shown on the Architect approved drawings.
5.4.2.3 Column Covers

Column covers shall be installed plumb and true in proper alignment and relation to the established lines and grades as shown on the
Architect approved drawings.
5.4.2.4 Windows and Doors

Operable windows and patio or terrace doors shall be securely anchored in place to a straight, plumb and level condition, without
distortion, in accordance with the Architect approved drawings. Weather stripping contact and hardware movement shall be checked,
and final adjustment made for proper operation and performance of units.]
5.4.3. Substrates:
5.4.3.1. Permissible dimensional tolerances in the building frame and other work adjacent to the wall are specified in
applicable reference documents cited in Section 5.2.5, unless specified otherwise herein. Critical tolerances include:
(a) Variation from plumb, faces of exterior columns and walls

Commentary: … (A)… [specify other variation limits, and coordinate with applicable specification Sections) …
(b) Variation from levels shown on drawings. top and bottom surfaces of floor slabs and spandrel beams
Commentary: …(A)… [specify other variation limits, and coordinate with applicable specification Sections).
(c)Variation from location shown on drawings, outer faces of walls, framing members and floor slabs
Commentary: …(A)… [specify other variation limits, and coordinate with applicable specification Sections).
5.4.3.2. The curtain wall shall be designed to accommodate industry standard tolerances, specified in applicable reference
documents cited in Section 5.2.5, unless other tolerances are specified herein. Provided irregularities do not exceed them, and
clearances shown on approved shop drawings are maintained, all parts of the curtain wall, when completed, shall be within
the installation tolerances specified above.
5.4.4 Installation Within Masonry Openings
Where work is to be installed within masonry openings, no parts other than built-in anchor devices shall be put in place until
masonry work is completed, unless proper provisions for protection of glass and finished aluminum are made.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 25

[Optional: 5.4.4.1 Air Barrier Systems Behind Masonry or Other Cladding Systems
The Wall Contractor shall coordinate with the general contractor to ensure that proper provisions for protection of glass and finished
aluminum are taken, for parts put in place prior to completion of masonry work, or installation of other adjacent cladding systems.
Refer to Section 5.4.4 for Installation Within Masonry Openings. Any necessary inspections of air barrier interface conditions shall
be completed before masonry is set, or other cladding systems are installed.]
NOTE: Installation of cladding adjacent to glazed wall systems can conceal and/or limit access to air barrier interfaces, making
inspection and remediation of defects in materials or workmanship impractical and expensive. Close coordination of the sequence of
all trades, as well as all inspections and acceptance documentation, are critical to project progress. Staging and scaffolding access
and disassembly can also affect project progress. These issues are especially important when air barrier interfaces must be
coordinated between trades. Have the air-vapor barrier installer mark the location of studs when critical for window anchorage.
5.4.5 Anchorage
Anchorage of the curtain wall to the building structure shall be in accordance with the approved shop drawings and
approved engineering calculations. Anchors shall meet the requirements of Section 5.3.5.8. After the wall is properly
positioned all connections so designated on Architect approved drawings shall be rigidly fixed.
5.4.6 Field Welding
Welds and adjacent metal areas shall be thoroughly cleaned and finished or protected as specified in Section 5.3.3. Special
care shall be taken to prevent fires and to protect glass and other finished surfaces from damage by weld spatter.
5.4.7 Use of Sealing Materials in Installation
Sealing materials specified herein shall be used in strict accordance with the manufacturer’s printed instructions and shall be
applied only by mechanics specially trained or experienced in their use. Before applying sealant, all mortar, dirt, dust,
moisture and other foreign matter shall be completely removed from surfaces it will contact. Adjoining surfaces shall be left
with a clean and neat appearance. Sealing compounds shall be tooled to fill the joint and provide a finished surface.
[Optional: 5.4.8 Postponement of Complete Enclosure

If so directed by the General Contractor, installation of the wall shall be postponed in … (A) … (state specific location(s) or
area(s)… until … (A) … (state when) … so as to facilitate moving material into and out of the building during construction.]
5.4.9 Field Glazing
5.4.9.1 Glass and glazing materials shall conform to the specifications of Section 5.3.8 and shall be installed in accordance
with the schedule set forth in the drawings.
5.4.9.2 Setting blocks and spacers shall be supplied and installed to conform to the requirements of Section 5.3.8.
5.4.9.3 Unless otherwise specified, glazing shall be done in accordance with the recommendations of the GANA Glazing
Manual.
5.4.9.4 Glazing of materials other than glass shall be done in accordance with the recommendations of the materials
manufacturer.
5.4.9.5 Tapes shall not be applied to either side of the glass to indicate that an opening has been glazed.
[Optional: 5.4.10 Field-Applied Insulation (If any)

… (A) … (name type) … insulation, as specified in Section 07 20 00 shall be applied to … (A) … (describe location).]
5.4.11 Removal of Debris
All debris caused by, or incidental to, the installation work shall be promptly removed to a location on each floor of the job
site designated by the General Contractor. The General Contractor shall be responsible for removal from the designated
location.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 26

5.4.12 Protection and Cleaning
The Wall Contractor shall remove from the installed work; all sealant smears or other unsightly marks caused by the Wall
Contractor’s workers and shall be responsible for any damage to or disfigurement of the work caused at any time by his own
personnel. Protection of the work against damage by other trades, as well as any cleaning other than this shall be the
responsibility of the General Contractor.
NOTE: Cleaning of the wall must be done with due regard to possible damage to sealants, finishes, glass, or other wall components.
Cleaning of parts prior to sealing must leave no oily residue to prevent proper sealant adhesion, and if cleaning is done after
sealing, proper precautions must be taken to protect installed sealants, finishes, glass, or other wall components from damage. Refer
to AAMA CW-10 for more information.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 27

AAMA CWM-19
Section 6: Material
Properties

6.1 THERMAL EXPANSION OF BUILDING MATERIALS .............................. 1
6.2 SPECIFIC HEAT, DENSITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF
BUILDING MATERIALS ................................................................................... 2




AAMA CWM-19

PHONE (847) 303-5664
6.1 THERMAL EXPANSION OF BUILDING MATERIALS
THERMAL EXPANSION OF BUILDING MATERIALS

In temperature range from 20°C to 100°C (68°F to 212°F) unless otherwise noted.
Material mm/(mm·°K) (x10-6) ∆L for ∆T
[in/(in·°F)] (x10-6) mm/meter for ∆T = 56°C inch/ten ft. for ∆T = 100°F
Brick masonry 5.6 3.1 0.31 0.037
Limestone masonry 6.3 to 7.9 3.5 to 4.4 0.35 to 0.44 0.042 to 0.052
Concrete 11.7 to 14.4 6.5 to 8.0 0.66 to 0.81 0.078 to 0.096
Plaster 16.6 9.2 0.93 0.11
Float Glass 9.2 5.1 0.52 0.061
Structural steel A36 10.8 to 13.1 6.0 to 7.3 0.60 to 0.73 0.072 to 0.088
Stainless steel 430 10.4 5.8 0.58 0.07
Stainless steel 302 16.6 9.2 0.93 0.11
Stainless steel 304 17.3 9.6 0.97 0.12
Aluminum 21.6 to 23. 12 to 13.1 1.21 to 1.29 0.14 to 0.16
Copper 110 16.2 to 16.9 9.0 to 9.4 0.91 to 0.95 0.108 to 0.113
Lead 27.2 to 28.6 15.1 to 15.9 1.52 to 1.60 0.181 to 0.191
Zinc, rolled 29.7 to 31.1 16.5 to 17.3 1.66 to 1.74 0.200 to 0.208
Acrylics 63 to 81 35 to 45 3.53 to 4.54 0.42 to 0.54
Polycarbonates 67.5 to 70.2 37 to 39 3.78 to 3.93 0.44 to 0.47
Rigid PVC 39.6 to 53.1 22 to 29.5 2.22 to 2.97 0.26 to 0.35
∆ T as referenced in AAMA TIR-A8
Values verified by the following references:
NFRC 101
Machinery’s Handbook current edition
The Engineering Toolbox: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
Material properties are provided in good faith as a convenience for the casual user, and should not be used in engineering design or
calculations without validation from appropriate sources, standards, and applicable codes. Material properties as listed should be
considered approximate values only, and shall not be inferred to be minimum, maximum, or prescriptive performance requirements,
or representative of a particular material or family of materials. Material properties may be significantly affected by constituent
elements, environmental conditions, processing parameters, or other circumstances unique to a specific supplier or application.
AAMA CWM-XX, Dated 5/29/19 Page 1

6.2 SPECIFIC HEAT, DENSITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF BUILDING
MATERIALS
SPECIFIC HEAT, DENSITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS

Material Specific Heat Density Thermal Conductivity
J/(kg∙K) BTU/(lbm∙°F) kg/m 3
lbm/ft3 W/(m∙K) BTU/(hr∙ft∙°F)
Wood (hardwood) 1884 0.45 721 45 0.16 0.092
Wood (softwood) 2721 0.65 430 26.9 0.12 to 0.14 0.07 to 0.08
Brick masonry 837 0.2 1400 to 2400 87 to 150 0.74 to 1.0 0.42 to 0.58
Concrete to (med density) 653 0.16 1300 to 1700 81 to 106 .4 to .7 .23 to .40
Gypsum 1084 0.26 900 56.2 0.17 to 0.43 0.10 to 0.25
Float Glass 850 0.2 2440 152.4 1.0 0.578
Structural steel A36 502 0.12 7800 487 43 to 54 28.9
Stainless steel 430 490 0.11 7630 477 16.5 9.54
Stainless steel 302 500 0.12 8030 502 16.5 9.54
Stainless steel 304 500 0.12 8030 502 16.5 9.54
Aluminum 896 0.21 2700 169 160 92.5
Copper 110 385 0.09 8700 to 8900 543 to 556 380 to 400 219 to 231
Lead 130 0.03 11360 709.6 35 20.2
Zinc, rolled 390 0.09 7140 446 116 67.1
Acrylics 1470 0.35 1180 73.7 0.19 0.11
Polycarbonates 1200 0.29 1200 75 0.19 0.11
Rigid PVC 1200 0.29 1390 86.8 0.17 to .19 0.10 to 0.11
Values verified by the following references:
NFRC 101
Machinery’s Handbook current edition
The Engineering Toolbox: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/
Material properties are provided in good faith as a convenience for the casual user, and should not be used in engineering design or
calculations without validation from appropriate sources, standards, and applicable codes. Material properties as listed should be
considered approximate values only, and shall not be inferred to be minimum, maximum, or prescriptive performance requirements,
or representative of a particular material or family of materials. Material properties may be significantly affected by constituent
elements, environmental conditions, processing parameters, or other circumstances unique to a specific supplier or application.
AAMA CWM-19
Section 7: Testing

7.1 FOREWORD ............................................................................................... 1
7.2 REASONS FOR, AND VALUE OF LABORATORY TESTING .................. 1
7.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS SUBJECT TO PRE-TESTING.... 1
7.4 THE TEST SPECIMEN ............................................................................... 2
7.5 ORDER OF TESTING ................................................................................. 4
7.6 TEST FOR AIR LEAKAGE ......................................................................... 5
7.7 TESTS FOR WATER PENETRATION ....................................................... 6
7.8 TEST FOR STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE ............................................ 7
7.9 THERMAL TESTS ...................................................................................... 7
7.10 BUILDING MOVEMENT TESTS ............................................................... 9
7.11 SOUND TRANSMISSION TEST ............................................................. 10
7.12 EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS ....................................................... 10
7.13 FIELD CHECKS DURING INSTALLATION ........................................... 11
7.14 RECOMMENDATIONS GUIDELINES .................................................... 11



AAMA CWM-19

PHONE (847) 303-5664
7.1 FOREWORD
At some stage during their design and development, all curtain wall systems should be tested for leakage of air and water and structural
performance. Most standard types of walls have been tested, both by their manufacturers and by independent testing laboratories,
during the product development process, before they were placed on the market. And, in addition, such walls have been extensively
tested in actual use. When using an established standard wall system of this type, further testing for the specific job is usually
unnecessary, provided that no special features, design changes, or unique performance requirements are incorporated and the
installation is to be identical in all significant respects with the system tested.
With custom type walls, it's a different matter. Most walls in this category contain new and previously untried features, and therefore
should be tested. It follows then, that much of the performance testing specified by the architect and performed by commercial testing
agencies is concerned with custom-designed walls.
A preconstruction mock-up test should be scheduled well in advance of the final production schedule for a building. A timely mock-
up test will identify any design, fabrication, and installation deficiencies with ample opportunity to make corrections relatively easily
and less expensively. A properly executed mock-up test program provides relatively inexpensive insurance that the exterior wall being
tested will perform as intended.
In short, the need for testing depends upon both the type of wall being used and the circumstances of its use. If the manufacturer will
certify that the wall, as it is to be installed on the building, has already been tested and qualified by an independent laboratory and
meets the specified criteria, further testing should be unnecessary. But when a previously unproven wall design is being used, thorough
pre-testing is usually not only advisable but necessary. The architect should be sufficiently informed regarding the nature and value of
testing to determine what testing procedures, if any, are appropriate.
For all test methods, please refer to AAMA 501.
7.2 REASONS FOR, AND VALUE OF LABORATORY TESTING

In general, laboratory pre-testing of metal curtain walls is aimed at evaluating performance of the wall under exposure to simulated
environmental conditions before full scale production of the wall system is begun. A secondary benefit of such testing is that, in
constructing the test specimen, or mock-up, an opportunity is provided to check installation procedures, and in some cases, this
experience in itself leads to design improvements.
Laboratory tests may be conducted for either of two purposes: to provide the wall manufacturer with information about the performance
of the design, or to provide official evidence and certification that the performance of the wall meets specified standards. Design check,
or "exploratory" tests are made during the development of the wall design and are often conducted by the wall manufacturer. Such
tests may be unrealistically severe in order to disclose design weaknesses and suggest potential improvements. Acceptance tests are
those which are conducted for the purpose of verifying that the wall conforms with the architect's performance specifications, or to
prove its acceptability to the architect or owner. These tests are conducted, or witnessed and certified, by an independent test laboratory
designated or approved by the architect. Either the facilities of the laboratory or those of the manufacturer may be used, but in either
case the results must be reported and certified by the laboratory.
It must be recognized, however, that even the most conscientious laboratory testing cannot reliably predict with accuracy the
performance of the wall in actual use. To a large degree, field performance depends upon the care used in installing the wall, on proper
anchorage, the fit of mating parts and the effectiveness of field seals. These, in turn, depend upon the alignment of the building frame,
working conditions at the building site, quality of workmanship and proper supervision. Proper allowance for all of those unknowns
cannot be made in laboratory testing, nor can the detrimental effects of time and aging be simulated.
Nevertheless, standard laboratory performance tests do have substantial value. Although they provide no positive proof that the wall
when installed will function properly, they often do reveal design weaknesses or fabrication faults requiring correction, and the
discovery of such deficiencies in advance of production may well save many times the cost of conducting the tests.
7.3 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS SUBJECT TO PRE-TESTING

Almost any type of performance can be pre-tested by using a proper full-size specimen of the wall and the proper testing facilities.
There are three performance characteristics in particular that are commonly investigated – resistance to air infiltration, resistance to
water penetration and structural adequacy – and standard methods have been developed for conducting such tests. Other characteristics
such as heat and sound transmission are also critical concerns in some cases and may require testing. All of these tests will be discussed,
with the more common "standard" tests being examined in greater detail.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 1

The performance characteristics which are usually of greatest concern are structural performance under wind loading and the ability
of the wall to prevent water penetration during heavy rain storms. These represent two levels of concern, however. Structural failure,
of course, may endanger human life, so structural adequacy is a basic essential. The occurrence of water leakage will not likely be
dangerous but may cause discomfort and substantial property damage.
It does not follow, however, that structural testing is more essential than testing for water penetration. In fact, the order of importance,
as far as the need for testing is concerned, is usually the reverse. The reason for this is that structural requirements are well recognized,
can be calculated with reasonable accuracy. Resistance to water penetration, on the other hand, cannot be accurately calculated or
predicted, but requires testing for verification.
A third common reason for testing is to determine resistance of the wall to air infiltration. This is a matter of particular concern when
the design includes a number of operating window units. Generally, the concern about air leakage is of secondary importance, though
the amount of air passing through the wall must always be limited to a small amount, usually a specified maximum, in order to minimize
heat loss and condensation. Contrary to some beliefs, there is no direct and constant relationship between the amount of air infiltration
and the amount of water penetration occurring in a wall. If the amount of air infiltration is high, the wall will likely be susceptible to
water penetration as well, but walls which are relatively airtight may also have serious water leakage problems. The resistance to both
air infiltration and water leakage depend entirely upon the design details and are essentially indeterminate, except by testing.
Varying degrees of importance are attached to the tests for those three characteristics which are tested by standard methods, and the
architect may, of course, be selective in specifying them. Each type of performance is measured individually, by its own test, and only
those which are considered to be in doubt need be tested. It should be recognized, however, that the major expense of testing is the
cost of preparing and instrumenting the test specimen. After this is done, the difference in cost of running three or four different types
of tests on the same specimen, rather than only one or two, is relatively small, provided of course that the laboratory is equipped to
conduct all of the standard tests.
Thermal tests, as applied to curtain walls and windows, are of several types and are essential to the determination of energy-conserving
capabilities. The model energy codes require thermal testing per the NFRC and AAMA test procedures. Sound transmission tests are
also being required more often as designers strive for wall construction which effectively reduces transmission of air-borne noise.
7.4 THE TEST SPECIMEN

It is essential that the wall test specimen be a faithful representation of the intended design. It should be constructed just as the wall is
to be installed on the building, using the same methods of support and attachment, similar conditions of continuity in all structural
elements, the same type of glass, same sealants and so forth. As far as practicable, the building frame which supports the wall should
also be simulated in the test set-up. In some cases, job-size steel or concrete framing has been constructed as part of the test structure,
but in normal testing practice this expense is avoided by using steel members which provide equivalent stiffness and the same kind of
support and anchorage as will be furnished by the actual building frame. In any case, all details of the intended anchorage system – the
steel angles, clips, shims, brackets, bolts and welds – should be used on the test specimen just as detailed for the ultimate installation.
Whenever possible, the same parties who will later be installing the wall on the building should also construct the test specimen. This
is desirable for several reasons: 1) it provides an installation more representative of field workmanship than would likely be provided
by laboratory technicians, 2) it acquaints the parties involved with the details of construction and the critical aspects of the installation
procedure, and 3) it often leads to valuable suggestions by the workmen themselves regarding minor revisions in details that will
facilitate installation.
The size of the test specimen, as well as the selection of the wall area which it represents, are important considerations as well. Usually
the same test specimen is used for all three of the "standard" tests (air, water and structural), and the standard methods for these tests,
which will be identified later, stipulate the general requirements as to size. Thermal cycling and condensation evaluations as well as
testing for wind induced and seismic building movement may also be performed on this same specimen. Certain types of thermal
testing, and tests for sound transmission may also be done requiring different kinds of test specimens which may not be quite as large
or elaborate, though the tests themselves are more complex. See Figure 1 for example of a curtain wall mock-up.
Some supplementary advice and recommendations regarding the nature of the test specimen, not provided in the standard test methods,
should be noted. The area of wall represented by the specimen should include the most critical and vulnerable conditions, as illustrated
in Figure 2. Horizontal joints between units, designed to accommodate movement, should be near the lower edge of the specimen, so
as to collect rundown water from a sizeable area and, in some cases, when the extra cost is justified, especially with walls designed for
use on tall buildings, it may be advisable to represent a corner condition, which is subject to the greatest pressures. If the wall design
includes masonry piers or column facings spaced not more than 7.5 m (~25 ft) on centers, the width of the test specimen should be one
full bay between such piers, plus the metal-to-masonry joints and representative width of masonry at both sides. The selection of the
area of building facade to be represented by the specimen is, of course, the architect's decision. The choice deserves careful
consideration and should be made in consultation with the wall manufacturer and the testing laboratory.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 2

FIGURE 1: Curtain Wall Specimen is Erected in A Chamber for Conducting Tests Under Static Pressure
The three basic tests for curtain wall assemblies are commonly referred to as "static testing", and correspond to the air, water, and
structural testing procedures. These three ASTM tests are:
• ASTM E283, Rate of Air Leakage through Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors.
• ASTM E331, Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform Static Air Pressure
Difference.
• ASTM E330, Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform Static Air Pressure
Difference.
For these static pressure testing procedures, the test mock-up is sealed into one side of a large air chamber. Air is exhausted from the
chamber to produce the static pressure differences required.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 3

Areas of a curtain wall which can be used for test specimens are shown on an elevation of a typical curtain wall.
Partial Building Façade Illustrating Possible Selection of Areas to be Represented in Test Specimen.
Area A – Normal choice

Area B – Better choice, but more elaborate and more expensive
Area C – Most complex and expensive, but may be advisable in some cases
Area X – Inadequate and unacceptable
FIGURE 2: Most Critical and Vulnerable Conditions of a Wall Mock-Up
7.5 ORDER OF TESTING

The three "standard," and by far most common, tests are generally conducted, quite logically, in order of severity of loading. First is
the air infiltration test, which usually employs loads of from 75 to 300 Pa (1.57 to 6.24 psf). If the wall contains operable window
units, for example, it is essential that this test be conducted on a dry wall, because the wetting of some types of weatherstripping may
improve their sealing ability and only a test of the dry material can give a true measure of its capability of sealing against air infiltration.
The second test is normally the test for water penetration. This may require uniform loading of 300 to 720 Pa (6 to 15 psf), depending
on the criteria specified. The last test in the series, then, is the structural test, in which no less than the full design (wind) loading is
applied. The amount of this loading varies widely, depending on design requirements, but may be as high as four to ten times the
loading used for testing for water penetration.
Other tests may include vertical and horizontal inter-story movement. Simulated floor slab conditions are mechanically fastened to
permit hydraulic jacking side to side and up and down. The purpose of these movements is to simulate wind induced or seismic
movement of multi-story buildings and live load conditions. Thermal cycling and condensation evaluations are also performed
frequently on curtain wall systems. Stud wall chambers covered with foam insulating board are erected on the exterior of the mock-
up. The curtain wall mock-up is subjected to alternating hot and cold cycles. Other supplemental tests are performed when specified.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 4

7.6 TEST FOR AIR LEAKAGE
This test is always conducted by the "static" method, using an air chamber. Briefly, the procedure consists of constructing a relatively
airtight assembly in the form of a chamber, with the wall test specimen constituting or being contained in one area of the chamber
creating a sealed compartment. Air is then supplied into, or exhausted from, this assembly by means of a blower system, producing a
pressure differential across the specimen, and the amount of air passing through the specimen itself is carefully measured. A schematic
drawing of such a test assembly is shown in Figure 3.
Dial gauges used during uniform wind load testing to measure Dial gauges used during uniform wind load testing to measure
deflection of mullions. movement around a structural anchor and stack joinery.
Section through a typical static pressure test assembly.
FIGURE 3: Static Pressure Testing
The procedure used for this test is described in ASTM E283. This standard, which originally was applicable only to the testing of
windows, was later revised to include the testing of walls and doors. It supersedes the old NAAMM Standard TM-1-68T which was
specifically intended for testing air leakage as well as water penetration and structural performance of curtain walls.
The ASTM standard method of test for air leakage prescribes the testing procedure but, unless otherwise specified, calls for air leakage
tests to be conducted at 75 Pa (1.57 psf), representing the velocity pressure of a 11 m/s (25 mph) wind. Refer to AAMA/WDMA/CSA
101/I.S.2/A440 for more specific values on windows, doors, and unit skylights. Curtain walls are commonly required to meet a
maximum air leakage rate of 0.3 L/s•m2 (0.06 cfm/ft2) of wall area at a pressure difference of 300 Pa (~6.24 psf).
AAMA CWM-19 Page 5

The mock-up exterior face is covered with polyethylene (plastic sheeting). The mock-up is then subjected to the specified positive
static pressure differential. The air infiltration required to maintain the air pressure differential is measured. This air infiltration reading
represents the chamber tare. The polyethylene is removed and the mock-up specimen is again subjected to the specified positive static
pressure differential. The air infiltration reading is measured again. This total air infiltration reading represents the amount of air
through the specimen and the chamber tare. Subtracting the chamber tare from the latter total reading yields the net amount of air
infiltration through the mock-up. Dividing the mock-up air leakage by the mock-up area yields the air infiltration rate.
7.7 TESTS FOR WATER PENETRATION

Two different methods are used for testing the resistance of walls to water penetration. One of these is the static method, using an air
chamber, as described for the air infiltration test. The procedure is similar to that of the air test, except that higher pressures are used,
and the outdoor (high pressure) side of the wall is subjected, while under pressure, to a uniform application of water at a specified rate.
The other method, referred to as the "dynamic" method, employs a wind generator – usually an aircraft motor and large propeller – to
simulate wind (and provide the test pressure), while water is fed into the air stream and onto the wall at the same rate as is used in the
static method. In both cases the standard rate of water application is 200 L/hr.m2 (5 gal/hr.ft2)of wall surface.
Since the inception of curtain wall testing there have been, and undoubtedly will continue to be, valid differences of opinion as to the
relative merits of these two methods of testing. In the first wall tests, in 1951, the dynamic method was used. It was soon found,
however, that the static method is capable of producing much higher, and readily measurable pressures, providing results which are
reasonably reproducible, and often revealing leakage failures not found by dynamic testing. Consequently, many in the industry have
favored the static test, considering it to be more severe and consistent. In recent years, however, with the advent of pressure-equalized
wall designs, there has appeared to be growing evidence that the dynamic test does have important significance. Some wall and window
designs which have supposedly employed the rain screen principle to prevent leakage, and which have been tested by both methods,
have been found to leak under dynamic testing, but under static tests, run at higher pressures, have shown no evidence of leakage.
It is generally agreed that the dynamic method more closely simulates the action of wind, producing similar gusting, buffeting and
vibrational effects and driving the water in all directions over the surface of the test specimen. But with present equipment the maximum
pressure produced on the wall surface by this method is about 720 Pa (15 psf). The static method, on the other hand, easily provides
much higher pressure which can be accurately controlled and measured. Some walls have "passed" the dynamic test with no sign of
leakage, but have failed under the static test, while with other walls, as noted above, the reverse has been true. It might be concluded,
from this experience, that certain types of design should be tested by one method, other types by the other, but to identify the distinction
would require a rare understanding of the mechanics of water leakage. Consequently, some authorities recommend in cases of doubt,
the use of both methods, and this has frequently been done, especially for some of the more important high-rise buildings.
Many testing laboratories, as well as manufacturers, have good facilities for static testing, whereas the more expensive facilities for
dynamic testing are comparatively rare. For the large majority of wall designs – standard type walls and low-rise custom walls – static
testing is generally considered to be quite adequate. When dynamic testing is required, however, to verify the effectiveness of pressure
equalized designs or to insure the weather-tightness of walls to be subjected to critical exposures on high-rise buildings, the additional
cost of such testing will be minimal if it is done at a laboratory having facilities for both types of testing (see Figure 4). As mentioned
before, the major expense of testing lies in the preparation of the test specimen; after that is done, the difference in cost of running two,
three or four tests on the same specimen is relatively small.
The standard method used for static testing is described in ASTM E331. Since this standard was promulgated by ASTM it has been
accepted as one method of evaluating the ability of a wall to resist water penetration. There is, as yet, no ASTM standard method for
water penetration testing of either windows or walls by the dynamic method. The only standard for such tests on curtain walls is
AAMA 501.1 "Standard Test Method for Water Penetration of Windows, Curtain Walls and Doors Using Dynamic Pressure."
Regardless of which method is used, the amount of pressure and water flow to which the specimen is subjected is usually the same.
Water is applied uniformly over the entire area of the test specimen by means of a nozzle spray system, at the rate of 200 L/hr.m2 (5
gal/hr.ft2) of wall area, measured at the face of the wall. This simulates the amount of "run-down" water at the base of the medium tall
building in a heavy rainstorm. The maximum test pressure applied, while the wall is being subjected to this flow of water, is from 15%
to 20% of the positive design (wind) load, and it is applied for a period of 15 minutes. Maximum static water laboratory test pressure
is either 575 or 718 Pa (12 or 15 psf). The applicable definition of water penetration is included in each individual test method and/or
specification.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 6

Nozzles spray water on a curtain wall test specimen during a An airplane engine creates wind driven rain conditions on a
static test for water penetration. curtain wall test specimen during a dynamic test for water
penetration.
FIGURE 4: Water Testing of Curtain Wall Systems
7.8 TEST FOR STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE

As previously mentioned, although the structural adequacy of any curtain wall is a prime essential, there is frequently no need for
verifying structural performance by physical testing. If the wall is of conventional and relatively simple, straight forward design, the
adequacy of structural members can often be determined by standard engineering analysis, and the thickness of glass required for
various loadings may be found in standard reference charts. Many building codes will accept structural calculations by a qualified
engineer in lieu of physical testing. The limiting factor in the structural design of framing members and panels is usually stiffness,
rather than strength, but in the design of fastenings and anchors actual strength in shear or bending is usually the chief concern. If
proper safety factors are used, calculations may often suffice.
If deemed necessary, structural testing is conducted by the static method, using an air chamber as described for the air infiltration test.
The method recommended for structural testing of aluminum curtain walls is described in ASTM E330/E330M, "Standard Test Method
for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference." The
methods prescribed in this standard are widely used to test wall structures under uniform load conditions.
7.9 THERMAL TESTS

Some curtain walls – chiefly those to be used on projects of major significance in the colder climates – are subjected to tests designed
to evaluate their performance under controlled temperature conditions. Such tests, which are relatively expensive, may have a variety
of objectives, but should be used only to investigate the effect of temperature fluctuations on exterior wall elements, such as expansion
and contraction of materials.
The thermal cycling test is conducted after air infiltration and water resistance tests have been successfully completed on a mock-up.
Additional air infiltration, water resistance, and visual examination tests are also conducted after thermal cycling in order to determine
if any temperature related degradation has occurred.
This test method consists of enclosing the outdoor side of a test specimen with an insulated chamber. Reusable insulated chambers are
constructed for enclosing small mock-ups, while insulated temporary walls are required for very large mock-ups and mock-ups of
special geometry (see Figure 5).
The insulated chamber is equipped with a means to lower and elevate the ambient air temperatures on the outdoor side of the mock-
up. The high temperature is achieved by use of space heaters and/or heat lamps, and the cold temperature is attained through air
conditioning or by distributing liquid nitrogen through a manifold at the top of the test mock-up.
The indoor side of the mock-up is equipped with a means to monitor relative humidity and temperature, and is maintained at a constant
temperature.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 7

The thermal cycling test parameters should be selected to meet expected job conditions. But, if these are not known, the standard test
conditions default to:
• High temperature (exterior metal surface) Dark Colors = 82°C (~180°F)

• Low temperature (ambient air) = -18°C (~0°F)
• Room side compartment = 24°C (~75°F)
The default exterior metal high temperature and low temp may be adjusted lower depending on project finish, exposure, and geographic
location provided a total range of 180 degrees is maintained.
The thermal performance of operable windows and curtain wall may be determined by testing in accordance with AAMA 1503.
Condensation resistance and thermal transmittance determined by this method can be very useful in determining the effectiveness of
thermal breaks and wall insulation provisions.
FIGURE 5: Insulated Thermal Cycling Test Chamber
Closed test chamber with liquid nitrogen supply used for cold cycle and humidity control. Thermal chambers are often monitored and
controlled by computer.
The standard for such tests on curtain walls is AAMA 501.5, "Test Method for Thermal Cycling of Exterior Walls."
AAMA CWM-19 Page 8

7.10 BUILDING MOVEMENT TESTS
Performance mock-ups can be evaluated for expected building movements due to wind and seismic activity. The structural engineer
can calculate the building sway using the design wind loads of a given structure. Typically, wind induced movements are less than
anticipated movement caused from a seismic event. The inter-story movement test is conducted after air infiltration and water resistance
tests have been successfully completed on a mock-up. Additional air infiltration, water resistance, and visual examination tests are also
conducted after inter-story movement in order to determine if any movement related degradation has occurred.
The service loads that a building must be designed to carry can be determined fairly accurately based on the building’s proposed usage,
geometry, location, and other physical factors. Adequate statistical information is available to determine the probability of reaching
certain load levels due to building weight, conditions of use, wind, snow, etc.
However, the size, direction, and probability of seismic loading cannot be determined with a degree of accuracy approaching that of
other load types. Instead, during the life of a building, the possible magnitude of loading and movements that could occur as a result
of an earthquake vary by factors of two or more. Because of this, designing a building to withstand the loads and movement that it
could experience during the worst possible earthquake without any damage would likely result in a cost prohibitive structure. Therefore,
the seismic design philosophy relies upon the building's ductility to prevent major structural damage or collapse while allowing certain
amounts of damage to occur as a result of different magnitudes of earthquakes.
This test method provides a means of evaluating the performance of curtain wall supports, components, and cladding when subjected
to specified horizontal displacements. The method is not intended to test for dynamic, torsional, or vertical movements. The relatively
slow movements of this test method may not produce the same results as a dynamic test.
In this test procedure, test chamber elements, which represent the building structure, are displaced using hydraulic cylinders to produce
the specified movement. Each test consists of three full cycles, which involve full displacements in each opposing direction. At the
conclusion of the test, technicians and witnesses visually inspect the mock-up for distress. All areas of visual distress, such as
disengagement, metal distortion, sealant or glazing failure, or permanent deformation are recorded. The specifier identifies what degree
of displacement, disengagement, splitting, cracking, etc. is allowable in relation to the materials and configuration of the mock-up.
The standard for such tests on curtain walls is AAMA 501.4 "Recommended Static Testing Method for Evaluating Window Wall,
Curtain Wall and Storefront Systems Subjected to Seismic and Wind Induced Inter-Story Drift." (See Figure 6.)
A dual acting hydraulic ram is used to simulate floor slab

movement.
The hydraulic ram has been repositioned to bend the slab for
live load deflection.
FIGURE 6: Examples of AAMA 501.4 Seismic Testing
AAMA CWM-19 Page 9

7.11 SOUND TRANSMISSION TEST
On occasion, when curtain walls are to be used on buildings at airports, or in other locations exposed to high noise levels, special sound
barrier features have been incorporated in their design, and it has been found advisable to subject such specially designed walls to
sound transmission tests. The acoustical laboratory shall be accredited by NVLAP (National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation
Program, IAS (International Accreditation Services) or an equivalent agency in accordance with ISO 17025. The acoustical
performance of a curtain wall system can be evaluated either in a laboratory, on a mock-up or on the actual building site.
The ASTM E90 procedure shall be used to evaluate curtain wall systems in the laboratory. The standard test size for curtain wall
systems is 2000 mm (~78.75 in) by 2000 mm (~78.75 in). The curtain wall system shall contain two glass lites separated by one
intermediate vertical. Larger, project specific, curtain wall systems that contain spandrel sections or other components can be
accommodated by some laboratories. The filler wall, surrounding the curtain wall system, will need to have a transmission loss (TL)
that is at least 10 dB higher than the curtain wall being tested so that flanking sound transmission is minimized.
The ASTM E966 "Standard Guide for Field Measurements of Airborne Sound Insulation of Building Facades and Facade Elements,"
procedure shall be used to evaluate the acoustical properties of curtain wall mock-ups or curtain wall systems installed on-site. The
interior chamber of the mock-up or the interior room on-site needs to meet the volume requirements contained in ASTM E966. For
mock-up and on-site tests, the wall, floor and roof systems surrounding curtain wall test specimen need to have a transmission loss
that is at least 10 dB higher the expected transmission loss of the curtain wall. The standard guide contains several methods for
measuring the apparent Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Loss (OITL) of the curtain wall system. The most commonly used and
repeatable method is the "Flush Method" where the noise output from a loudspeaker is directed (at a 45-degree angle) at the center of
the exterior surface of the curtain wall or building facade.
The Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) rating is used to rate the acoustical performance of building envelope components
that are exposed to transportation noise sources (aircraft, trains, automobiles, trucks, etc.). The ASTM E1332, "Standard
Classification for Rating Outdoor-Indoor Sound Attenuation," method is used to calculate the laboratory OITC rating or the field
apparent OITC rating.
The Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating is used to rate the acoustical performance of partitions or elements, separating spaces or
rooms, inside a building that are exposed to speech type noises. The ASTM E413, "Classification for Rating Sound Insulation" method
is used to calculate a laboratory STC rating.
OITC and STC ratings for curtain wall products are very dependent on the type of glass used. In both cases the rigid support provided
by the curtain wall framing system will generally reduce the values of glass alone by several points. This reduction in performance
should be considered when specifying an acoustical system.
Additional information on the design of curtain walls to reduce sound transmission, and the methods used in measuring transmission,
are addressed in AAMA TIR-A1, "Sound Control for Fenestration Products."
7.12 EVALUATION OF TEST RESULTS

As mentioned, the ASTM Test Methods referenced for the "standard" wall tests specify only the method to be used for testing; they
do not stipulate the required standards of performance to be met. These must be spelled out by the architect in his specifications for
the aluminum curtain wall. In the foregoing descriptions of the tests for air infiltration, water penetration and structural performance,
mention was made of the criteria of performance generally recommended by AAMA. It will be recalled, however, that specific test
pressures were stated for only the air infiltration test; the pressures to be used in the other two tests are functions of the design wind
load, which must be determined by the architect. This load will vary not only with the location and height of the building, but sometimes
also with the location of the wall area in question on the building facade.
To comply with the requirements of the ASTM test methods, the testing agency is required to include in its report such information
as:
• the date of the test and the report,

• a complete set of As-Built detailed drawing of the test specimen as it was final tested, showing all pertinent features of the
construction,
• a tabulation of the pressures used in testing, and
• a detailed statement of performance and full description of any deficiencies of performance observed.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 10

On the basis of this report, the architect must then determine whether or not the wall has performed acceptably. In the event that it has
failed to do so – as may happen – the necessary corrections in design should be made and whatever tests are necessary to confirm that
this has been done should be repeated. Sometimes two or more re-runs may be required before all deficiencies are eliminated.
Obviously, therefore, it is essential that the architect clearly states in his specifications that acceptability of the wall is contingent upon
performance as specified. And, as previously pointed out, it must be remembered that even excellent performance under the most
rigorous laboratory testing does not guarantee good performance on the building. Proper installation of the wall is equally essential.
7.13 FIELD CHECKS DURING INSTALLATION

Some of the leading wall installation contractors have found that a systematic "testing" of the wall for water-tightness during the course
of its installation on the building is highly advantageous and well worth the relatively small cost involved.
Such field checks serve either to verify that the design and installation are satisfactory or to reveal deficiencies in the field work or
possibly the need for minor adjustments, points of vulnerability not disclosed in previous laboratory testing. Consequently, they should
be made early in the installation process, so that any faults discovered may be remedied before much of the wall is in place. On tall
buildings the check is usually repeated once or twice at higher levels as an added insurance. Obviously, it's much better to discover
and remedy deficiencies as the work proceeds than to find them after the installation is completed, necessitating expensive callback
remedial work in the whole wall.
Several procedures are used for this field check for water leakage, such as AAMA 501.2, “Quality Assurance and Diagnostic Water
Leakage Field Check of Installed Storefronts, Curtain Walls, and Sloped Glazing Systems,” AAMA 502, "Voluntary Specification for
Field Testing of Newly Installed Fenestration Products" and AAMA 503, "Voluntary Specification for Field Testing of Newly Installed
Storefronts, Curtain Walls and Sloped Glazing Systems”. In some cases, a portable air chamber has been employed, and static pressure
tests have been conducted on completed sections of the wall in much the same manner as described for the standard laboratory static
test for water penetration. More often, though, a simpler, less sophisticated and much less expensive "hose test" is used.
One such hose test is that prescribed in AAMA standard 501.2. This method requires that after all framing members or wall units are
installed in the lower two stories of the building, and at least 23 lineal meters (~75 lineal feet) of this two-story height of wall is
completely glazed, with the indoor wall finish omitted, the architect shall select a wall area two bays in width, to be checked. This area
should include all typical horizontal and vertical expansion joints or other conditions where leakage may occur. Working from an
exterior scaffold, while observing from the inside, the wall is tested in accordance with this standard. Water from a 19 mm (3/4~ in)
garden hose with a specified nozzle at a controlled flow rate is directed at the joints working from the lowest horizontal joint upward.
If leakage occurs and the source cannot be identified, all joints must be covered with a waterproof adhesive masking tape and the test
must be repeated by progressively removing the masking tape at the lowest joint and working across and up until sources of leaks have
been identified. Wherever leakage is discovered, joints are made watertight in a manner acceptable to the architect, and the check is
repeated as often as may be necessary. Any remedial measures found necessary are of course applied to the remainder of the wall as it
is installed, even if this necessitates some change in the fabrication of the wall members or units themselves.
The potential value of such a check as this, especially on large installations, is quite clear, even though the method used may be rather
crude. However, conducted, though, a field check should be considered only as a supplementary insurance measure. In no case should
it be considered as a substitute for the more comprehensive, more precise and more rigorous laboratory test previously described.
Laboratory testing is usually done in advance of full-scale production of the wall, and deficiencies which it may reveal can thus be
corrected before the wall design is completely finalized. Field checks, on the other hand, are made after the wall is manufactured and
is in the process of being delivered to the site – too late to make any substantial changes in the design of the wall system.
7.14 RECOMMENDATIONS GUIDELINES

The foregoing description of the various types of curtain wall tests and the methods used in performing them has been presented in an
effort to clarify this rather complex subject. Hopefully it may help architects to better understand their value and significance, to
determine what tests, if any, are needed, and how they should be specified. In summary, the more important guidelines to be kept in
mind, when considering this aspect of the specifications for aluminum curtain wall, are the following.
1. Whether or not tests are to be required, be sure that all performance requirements of the wall are clearly specified, and that these
requirements are realistic, reasonable and consistent with the capabilities of the design.
2. Specify only such tests as are needed to confirm that the wall meets that performance criteria specified. If the wall manufacturer will
certify that the wall, as it is to be installed, has already been properly qualified by a responsible independent testing laboratory, further
testing may be unnecessary.
3. Do not rely on testing as a substitute for thorough study of wall details in the design process.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 11

4. If performance tests are required, they should be performed and certified by a responsible independent testing laboratory, either at
the laboratory or at the manufacturer's plant.
5. The selection of the wall area to be represented by the test specimen should be carefully considered, in conference with the wall
manufacturer, keeping in mind that building corner and coping details are often more vulnerable to leakage than typical wall areas.
6. Provide the testing agency with detailed drawings of the test specimen. This will facilitate both the location of any design defects
revealed by testing and recording of any changes found to be necessary.
7. If possible, for project-specific testing, have the test specimen constructed by those parties who will be installing the wall on the
building.
8. Make adequate allowances in the construction schedule for the conduct of tests and the effective use of test results.
9. See that a responsible member of the manufacturer’s staff is present to witness installation of the specimen and all tests.
10. Specify that, in the event that the tests disclose deficiencies in either workmanship or design, such deficiencies shall be corrected
and tests shall be repeated until all specified performance requirements are satisfied.
11. Consider the advisability of requiring a field check for water leakage.
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AAMA CWM-19
Section 8: Installation

8.1 INSTALLATION ....................................................................................................... 1
8.2 THE ARCHITECT’S CONCERNS AND RESPONSIBILITIES ................................. 1
8.3 CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITIES .................................................................. 4
8.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CURTAIN WALL CONTRACTOR ........................... 5
8.5 QUALIFICATIONS OF THE INSTALLATION CONTRACTOR ............................... 5
8.6 TOLERANCES AND CLEARANCES ...................................................................... 6
8.7 LAYOUT AND ALIGNMENT OF WORK ................................................................. 9
8.8 DELIVERY, HANDLING AND SITE STORAGE ...................................................... 9
8.9 DELAYED ENCLOSURE OF HOISTWAY AREAS ............................................... 10
8.10 ANCHORAGE OF THE CURTAIN WALL............................................................ 10
8.11 DEAD LOAD ANCHORS ..................................................................................... 11
8.12 WIND LOAD ANCHORS ...................................................................................... 11
8.13 SEISMIC FORCES ............................................................................................... 11
8.14 THERMAL MOVEMENT ...................................................................................... 12
8.15 OTHER LOADS ON ANCHORS .......................................................................... 12
8.16 OTHER DESIGN CONSTRICTIONS.................................................................... 12
8.17 ANCHOR TYPES ................................................................................................. 12
8.18. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS............................................................................ 14
8.19 FIELD VARIATIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS ...................................................... 15
8.20 ADEQUACY OF THE BUILDING STRUCTURE.................................................. 15
8.21 UNAUTHORIZED SUBSTITUTIONS ................................................................... 15
8.22 EXCESSIVE SHIMMING – INADEQUATE ENGAGEMENT ................................ 16
8.23 CAULKING PERFORMANCE.............................................................................. 16
8.24 AESTHETIC EFFECTS ........................................................................................ 16
8.25 QUALITY ASSURANCE ...................................................................................... 16
8.26 PROTECTION OF THE WORK............................................................................ 17
8.27 GLAZING AND SEALANTS ................................................................................ 18
8.28 COLD WEATHER PROBLEMS AND PROCEDURES ........................................ 18
8.29 FIELD CHECK FOR WATER LEAKAGE ............................................................ 18
8.30 FINAL CLEANING OF THE WALL ...................................................................... 19

SM
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AAMA CWM-19

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8.1 INSTALLATION
This section is devoted principally to an in-depth discussion of metal curtain wall installation procedures. Some architects may think
that this subject is of only minor concern to them; that once they have designed the wall, approved the contracts and checked the
shop drawings; it’s the contractor’s business to see that the wall is correctly put in place. In part this is true, but the architect has
certain responsibilities in this work, too. And without a clear knowledge of how the wall is to be installed, what problems may arise
in the field and how to avoid them, there are likely to be serious deficiencies in the design of the wall.
To ensure good curtain wall performance, proper installation is just as essential as intelligent design and good fabrication. And the
keys to proper installation are coordination and communication. Teamwork is required, and each member of the team—the architect,
the general contractor and the wall contractor—must understand the needs and the problems of the others, if the work is to progress
smoothly and efficiently.
Careful attention to details is essential.
NOTE: Illustrative details have been purposely omitted from “Installation,” Section 8 of the AAMA Curtain Wall Manual. A given
detail’s applicability to the myriad of projects and building construction methods cannot be determined. A design appropriate for
one construction method may be inappropriate or even hazardous when used in conjunction with another method. For example, a
standard face-of-slab anchor may be acceptable for a concrete slab poured in steel decking, but unworkable and inadvisable for use
with a post-tensioned slab. Recommendations and discussion are presented in narrative form only for purely educational purposes
and are not intended to supersede or modify project-specific contractual, regulatory or statutory requirements.
The importance of proper installation, in providing a good aluminum curtain wall, cannot be too strongly emphasized. What happens
in the field during its installation may well determine whether the wall is a success or a failure. The inherent faults of a poorly
designed wall cannot be remedied by even the most skillful field work, but a well-designed and carefully fabricated wall, on the
other hand, can easily be degraded by faulty installation. Any good wall must first be designed with a full understanding of the
problems likely to be encountered in the field, and then must be carefully installed with due regard to its design features. Unless both
conditions are met, its successful performance is endangered, and trouble may follow. Noteworthy advances have been made in
curtain wall technology during the past five decades, yet mistakes are still being made in design and installation problems still
persist. Why is this so?
Perhaps the major reason has been a lack of good communication. Too often the architect is not made aware of problems
encountered, or likely to occur in the field, or may not have been advised as to how the wall should be detailed to facilitate its
installation. Even those architects who are knowledgeable in these areas may not realize to what extent their well-designed and
beautifully fabricated walls may suffer if they are not carefully installed. It is in the hope of narrowing this communications gap that
this article is being presented.
Unlike masonry curtain walls, which are usually built in place on the job, aluminum curtain walls are a highly engineered factory-
made product, whose components are manufactured to close tolerances. Its installation requires the marriage of precision parts to a
field-built structure of a much lower degree of dimensional accuracy. Teamwork between the architect, the general contractor and
the wall contractor is essential. Each of these parties has certain responsibilities and if any member of the team shirks their
responsibilities, or neglects to communicate freely with the others, the quality of the end product—the curtain wall—is bound to be
adversely affected.
8.2 THE ARCHITECT’S CONCERNS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Architects who are fully cognizant of field conditions and procedures can do much to ensure that the curtain wall is properly
installed. Sound procedures, expressed in clear and comprehensive drawings and carefully considered specifications, are prime
essentials to avoiding construction delays and obtaining a satisfactory wall. There are many matters the architect must consider in
preparing these contract documents. Those of major importance relating to the curtain wall installation are summarized in the
following paragraphs, and some of these are more fully discussed later.
8.2.1 Consultation with the Curtain Wall Contractor
Beginning with the early design concept stage, the architect should work closely with a reputable curtain wall contractor, obtaining
suggestions and advice as to how the wall may be detailed to facilitate both its fabrication and its installation. Many such contractors
have their own application engineering staff which are available to provide design assistance to the architect. Often, they are able to
suggest ways in which wall costs can be reduced to meet budget figures without significantly affecting the wall design. Information
may also be provided about special handling methods or equipment that can be used to advantage to realize additional savings.
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8.2.2 Influence of Wall Type on Installation Procedures
The unlimited design possibilities of aluminum curtain walls are due, in large part to the variety of wall systems being used. These
range from a “knocked down” stick system, assembled in the field, to fully pre-assembled and pre-glazed unit systems.
In recent years, thin stone panels and large sheet aluminum shapes have been used in combination with extruded members to provide
many uniquely attractive and highly successful walls.
The type of system chosen necessarily dictates to some extent how the wall will be installed. The stick system usually offers the
greatest flexibility, as work may proceed both horizontally and vertically over the face of the building at the same time. Because
sequential placement is less critical than with pre-assembled units, several crews may be working simultaneously at different
locations around the building. Pre-assembled frame units with interlocking edges must usually be placed sequentially around a
building floor before the next floor of units can be installed, In the case of a curtain wall installed outside of the building frame,
rather than between floor slabs or between masonry columns or piers, work must proceed progressively, rather than in several
locations at the same time
Whatever the wall type, it must be installed in an orderly fashion, according to schedule. Seldom, if ever, is it practicable to install
material in random locations around the building. It is always more advantageous, from the wall contractor’s standpoint, to complete
the installation of all similar parts on one floor before moving to the next, as this minimizes the moving of tools, equipment and
manpower. Furthermore, the completion of installation floor by floor may allow the general contractor to schedule other interior
work to follow immediately after the curtain wall is in place.
8.2.3 Effect of Building Frame Type on Scheduling
A substantial portion of all aluminum curtain walls is installed on multi-story buildings having either steel or reinforced concrete
frames. The type of frame used determines to some extent the scheduling of the wall installation. A reinforced concrete frame
building usually requires an appreciable time lapse between completion of the successive floor slabs, which means that either more
floors must be completed before the wall installation begins, or that the installation of the wall proceeds at a slower rate. Steel frame
construction usually permits faster wall erection, resulting in less time to complete the entire installation, because the building
process can proceed in stages. For example, the steel frame can be erected through say, the eighth floor, then decking can be placed,
floor slabs poured, fireproofing applied and the curtain wall installed in rapid succession on the eight floors. Reinforced concrete
structures, on the other hand, require most of this work to be concentrated on only a few floors at a time. The wall contractor cannot
begin work until at least three floors of a concrete-framed structure are completely free of shoring and cleaned of debris. Reinforced
concrete frames, however, do offer one distinct advantage to the curtain wall installer, over steel frames; they do not require the
addition of fireproofing. This results in cleaner, safer working conditions, less contamination of exposed curtain wall surfaces and
usually less disturbance by the work of other trades.
8.2.4 Building Frame Tolerances and Clearances
One of the most serious problems continually being encountered in the field is the lack of adequate clearance for proper wall
installation. All too often the building frame is erected with neither the architect nor the general contractor being fully aware of its
exact dimensions. Its theoretical dimensions are known, but usually the actual dimensions are different, and it is the latter, of course,
that dictate the location and alignment of the curtain wall. Aluminum curtain walls are designed to accommodate reasonable
variations—usually, unless otherwise specified, the tolerances established by the ACI, AISC and Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)
codes—but far too often these tolerances are exceeded.
If the curtain wall is to be installed reasonably “plumb, level and true;’ the actual location of all surfaces affecting it alignment,
including the levels of floor slabs and beams, must be known before the installation begins. The architect, in the specifications,
should clearly define the maximum tolerances to be permitted in the building frame alignment, then should see that the general
contractor frequently checks to see that these tolerances are being held. Tolerances and clearances are matters of major concern and
are discussed at greater length later in this article.
8.2.5 Matters Affecting Wall Costs
Costs are normally a major concern in any building operation, and aluminum curtain walls are no exception. Many architects may
not realize, however, to what extent the cost of the curtain wall may be affected by the installation procedures. In designing and
specifying the wall, the architect should keep in mind that the following matters have a bearing on the ease of installation, and thus
affect wall costs:
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8.2.5.1 Working Location
As a general rule, it is preferable that unitized wall should be designed so that it can be installed from within the building, working
on the floor slabs, rather than from an exterior scaffolding. Although the economic advantages of this are well known to the curtain
wall contractor, it is important that the architect also understand these advantages, among which are:
• elimination of costly hanging or built-up scaffolding;

• assurance that the wall will not be damaged by hanging cables or platforms;
• much safer working conditions (a matter of primary concern under OSHA regulations); and
• the ability to continue work in inclement or windy weather when it would be unwise, if not impossible, to work from
exterior scaffolding.
8.2.5.2 Shipping Curtain Wall Systems
Customarily curtain wall systems are shipped by truck from the factory to the job site. Refer to AAMA Aluminum Curtain Wall
Series Volume 10, “Care and Handling of Architectural Aluminum from Shop to Site,” for recommendations on packing and
shipping. Many aluminum curtain wall systems being used today are the stick system types. As such they are shipped knocked down
and appropriately packaged. In unitized systems, on the other hand, the framing elements are put together in the factory and shipped
as pre-assembled units. The size of the units is limited only by what can be carried over the highways and safely hoisted and handled
at the building. Sizes of pre-assembled units vary considerably but should normally be limited to about 2.5 m (~8 ft) in their lesser
dimension. When larger units are required, and their size and/or weight is such as to require special trucking, handling or hoisting
facilities, extra costs must, of course, be anticipated. It must be remembered, too, that when the building is located in a congested
urban area, the access space available at the site may limit the size of units that can be handled without excessive cost. These matters
are more fully discussed later, in Section 8.8 “Delivery, Handling and Site Storage.”
8.2.5.3 Trade Jurisdictions
In the interests of efficient job progress, it is always advisable that as few trades as possible be required to complete the wall
installation. Jurisdictional disputes are certain to delay the work and can sometimes be very costly. Often such disputes can be
avoided by a careful choice of the terms used in describing the work in the contract documents.
The National Joint Board’s publications should be carefully studied, to avoid using terms and details which can cause jurisdictional
disputes. To obtain information as to local trade jurisdictions, the architect should consult an experienced wall contractor or
installation contractor.
8.2.6 Inspection
The architect is normally responsible for the quality and performance of the completed project, and inspection during construction is
a very important part of this responsibility. Only by insisting that the specifications and the approved shop drawings are faithfully
followed by all parties can the architect ensure that the design is properly executed.
Inspection of the work affecting the curtain wall begins with the layout of the building frame to which the wall will be attached. As
emphasized earlier, it is essential that the dimensions of the frame and of any other surfaces adjacent to the wall be accurately
controlled, within the tolerances specified. This frequently requires continual alert inspection. Failure to see that correct dimensions
and alignment are maintained can easily lead to expensive delays for corrective work later, involving extra costs that could have been
avoided. It is equally essential, of course, that vigilant inspection be continued throughout the wall installation process, to ensure the
proper correlation of all work adjoining or related to the wall.
8.2.7 Shop Drawings
When shop drawings are sent to the architect for approval, they should be checked and returned promptly to the wall contractor.
Delay in their return usually results in late delivery of the wall materials to the job site, because the materials needed cannot be
ordered until the architect’s approval is received, assuring the wall contractor that work is properly coordinated with that of other
trades.
8.2.8 Settlement of Disputes
The architect should promptly exercise appropriate authority to settle any questions or problems that may arise during the wall
installation. Disagreements occasionally arise between the wall contractor and the general contractor concerning such matters as the
misalignment of the building frame, the removal or replacement of fireproofing, or damage done to wall materials stored at the site
or already in place. If the problems are of a serious nature the quality of the installation work necessarily suffers. The architect has
the authority and the responsibility to act in disputes of this kind, and should do so, in the interest of obtaining the best possible wall
installation.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 3

8.3 CONTRACTOR’S RESPONSIBILITIES
It is the general contractor’s prime responsibility to expedite the proper construction of the building in accordance with the contract
documents. After being awarded the contract, the general contractor should act promptly in selecting and notifying the
subcontractors. Though the general contractor may self-perform very little of the actual construction work, the construction schedule
must be developed, the work of all subcontractors coordinated, and the project moved forward in an orderly and efficient manner.
8.3.1 Scheduling of the Installation
The schedule for installing the curtain wall is, of course, only one of the many sub-items constituting the overall construction
schedule for the building. But because it represents the process of enclosing the structure, it is of key importance to the progress of
the project and should be made with a clear understanding of the work to be done If the general contractor attempts to establish such
a schedule without discussing it with all parties concerned, or fully understanding the needs and requirements of these parties, it is
likely to be unrealistic and may result in poor coordination of the work.
The planning of a realistic schedule for the wall installation must take into consideration the time required for preparatory work
required of the wall contractor before wall fabricate can even begin. Adequate time must be provided for such work as:
• the preparation and approval of shop drawings and samples;

• the procurement of custom materials and their fabrication;
• the assembly and testing of a mockup, if required;
• the procurement of special tooling; and
• the development and approval of special finishes, or any other special or custom requirements that may necessitate extra
time.
It is also very important that delivery and installation of the curtain wall not be scheduled to begin before the building framework is
ready to accept it and the wall can be installed in an orderly and efficient manner. Such premature scheduling results in problems,
extra costs and often hazardous working conditions, and does nothing to expedite the completion of the total job. A realistic and
reasonable schedule must be mutually established and agreed upon by the general contractor, the wall contractor and all other
subcontractors whose work is related to the curtain wall.
8.3.2 Job Site Meetings
Throughout the wall installation period the general contractor should conduct job site meetings at frequent intervals for the purpose
of planning the wall installation work and coordinating it with that of other trades. The attendance at these meetings should
preferably be limited to only those subcontractors whose work affects or is affected by the wall installation, so that all may benefit by
a better understanding of each other’s problems and requirements.
8.3.4 Offset Lines and Bench Marks
The subcontractor installing the wall must have accurately established reference points and lines on each floor by which to align the
work. It is the responsibility of the general contractor to establish and guarantee the accuracy of such offset lines and bench marks.
This obligation is rightfully his, because such datum points are used not only for the curtain wall installation but by most, if not all,
of the other trades working on the job. These marks should be scored into columns and slabs to ensure permanent legibility. It cannot
be too strongly emphasized that all such markings as are needed must be accurately located well ahead of the installation of the wall,
to avoid errors and delays in the work. The most effective preventative to deficiencies in this important aspect of the work, and the
attendant problems, is a clear statement of requirements in the architect’s specifications.
8.3.5 Working Conditions
Proper working conditions and facilities are obviously essential to efficient wall installation, but on many jobs they are lacking.
There are a number of requirements for setting up and maintaining good working conditions and the more important of these
requirements may be summarized as follows:
• floors kept clean of debris and rubbish;

• furnishing, placement and any required relocation of perimeter safety rails or cables and toe boards at all floor edges;
• adequate protected areas for storage of curtain wall material on each floor;
• a sufficient number of personnel and equipment elevators;
• electricity for operating small tools on each floor, and for welding as required;
• drinking water and toilets at reasonably accessible locations; and
• protection of curtain wall material, both before and after installation, from dirt and damage.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 4

8.4 RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CURTAIN WALL CONTRACTOR
The nature and scope of the responsibilities of the wall contractor vary somewhat throughout the industry, according to the
requirements of the work and the facilities and policies of the wall contractor. Some assume full responsibility for both the
fabrication and the complete installation of the wall, including glazing. In such cases the installation and glazing work are often
sublet to specialists in these fields, but some wall contractors maintain their own installation crews and a few also do their own
glazing. Other wall contractors limit their work to only the fabrication of the wall and its delivery to the job site. Whatever the
method of operation, the wall contractor, like other members of the team, has certain responsibilities.
8.4.1 Advisory Services to the Architect
Whether concerned only with the fabrication of the wall or with its installation as well, the wall contractor usually makes the counsel
of in-house or contracted engineering staff available to the architect at all times, and especially during the early design stage, to
provide advice and guidance in the development of design details. Wall contractors are normally pleased to provide such service,
usually at no cost or obligation, before bids are taken, if they are to be given an opportunity to submit a bid on the work later. After
the contract has been let, and engineering of the wall design is under way in the fabricator’s plant, such cooperation is usually even
more important.
8.4.2 Shop Drawings
The wall contractor must interpret the architectural drawings and prepare shop drawings to be submitted, within a reasonable period
of time, for the architect’s approval. These drawings should provide comprehensive and clearly readable details of all the work to be
done, with notations showing what work, if any, is not included in the wall contract. All parts of the wall and pertinent adjacent work
should be shown in large scale details, and all materials and fastening methods or devices should be clearly identified. Before these
drawings are finalized, the design details should be reviewed in the light of possible installation problems, to ensure that all
necessary provisions have been made to facilitate the work in the field.
8.4.3 Fabrication, Delivery and Job Site Service
The wall contractor must fabricate the wall in accordance with the specifications and the approved shop drawings, using only skilled
workmen and proper methods and equipment. All parts of the wall should be identified after fabrication by piece marks clearly
indicating their location on the building in conformance with the schedule shown on the approved drawings. Then all elements of the
wall, whether loose members or assembled units, must be carefully packed to protect them from damage in transit and must be
delivered to the job in accordance with the established schedule. Shipping papers listing the contents of each shipment should be
forwarded to the installation crew or sub-contractor in advance of shipment to facilitate efficient organization of the work at the site.
If a representative of the wall contractor is to be made available during the installation of the wall to provide clarification,
information and guidance to the installation crew, the requirements for such representation should be specified.
8.5 QUALIFICATIONS OF THE INSTALLATION CONTRACTOR

As explained, practices vary with regard to the assignment of the responsibility for the installation of the wall.
A poor installation job can detract from not only the performance but the appearance of even the best-designed curtain wall.
As a guide in judging the merits of the firms bidding the installation work, the following are some of the more important
qualifications to be considered:
• a background of successful experience commensurate with the requirements of the job being bid;
• financial responsibility, and sufficient resources to meet payroll demands and other job costs;
• an adequate supply of, or sufficient funds to acquire all necessary tools and equipment needed to perform the work
efficiently; and
• satisfactory references pertaining to work previously completed.
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8.6 TOLERANCES AND CLEARANCES
Tolerances are addressed in detail in this manual’s Section 5, “Guide Specifications.”
For any aluminum curtain wall, the metal and glass components are made in the plant to relatively exact dimensions, in accordance
with the approved shop drawings. Both the overall dimensions of the wall and the location of its members are pre-fixed to conform
with the planned location and size of the building structure to which they will be attached. But the building frame cannot be
constructed with anywhere near the same degree of accuracy. Therefore, if the dimensionally accurate wall is to fit the roughly
constructed frame, and yet be essentially “plumb, square and true” proper allowances must be made in its design for certain
deviations in the frame, and such deviations must be held within the specified limits. In other words, the deviation limits, or
tolerances, must be established and must be observed in designing the wall, and clearances must be provided to accommodate these
tolerances and provide necessary working space.
The terms “tolerance” and “clearance,” as applied to curtain wall work, are obviously closely related, and consequently are often
confused. They have distinctly different meanings, however, and this distinction must be clearly understood. A tolerance is a
permissible amount of deviation from a specified or nominal characteristic such as a dimension, color, shape, composition or other
quality. Here we are concerned only with dimensional tolerances. A clearance is a space or distance purposely provided between
adjacent parts, both to allow for anticipated size variations and to provide working space where needed, or perhaps for other reasons.
The failure to make proper provision for, or to properly control, both tolerances and clearances is the reason for many problems
encountered in curtain wall installations.
It might be questioned why field dimensions cannot first be taken, then the curtain wall fabricated accordingly, but in modern
construction practice this would be highly impractical. By the time field measurements can be taken, the structure is ready to receive
the curtain wall, and it should be ready for delivery. On high-rise structures installation of the wall is often started on the lower floors
even before the framing at the top of the building is completed to have the curtain wall ready when needed, its engineering and
fabrication must be started months in advance. The long delay necessitated by fabricating from field measurements would be
intolerable, and furthermore, the necessity of producing a range of slightly differing sizes would raise havoc with both the production
schedule and with costs.
8.6.1 Types of Tolerance
In curtain wall work there are several kinds of dimensional tolerance that must be considered:
• tolerance in the alignment of the building frame;

• installation tolerance—the accuracy with which the wall can be installed;
• basic material production tolerances in the manufacture of aluminum sections, glass and panels and the sizing of glass, and
• fabrication and assembly tolerances.
Each of these should be examined as to its significance.
To ensure that tolerance considerations are properly taken into account it is recommended that the architect coordinate the design
work with the wall contractor and that the out-of-tolerance which the wall system can accommodate be clearly indicated by the wall
contractor on the shop drawings. Figures 1 and 2 show examples of how maximum allowable variations in tolerance for wall and
window systems and doors should be indicated by the wall contractor on the shop drawings.
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FIGURE 1: Example of fabrication tolerance and movement quantification on shop drawings
FIGURE 2: Example of construction tolerance quantification on shop drawings
AAMA CWM-19 Page 7

8.6.1.1 Building Frame Tolerances
Building frame tolerances are the most significant and are much more important than is generally recognized. Failure to provide
adequately for them is a source of problems in curtain wall installations. It is the architect’s responsibility to control, by the details,
specifications and field inspection, the tolerances permitted in the building structure. Though these tolerances may be properly
specified, often they are not carefully controlled and so are frequently exceeded. Particular attention must be paid to floor slab levels,
the vertical alignment of floor slab edge and the plumbness of columns or walls to which the curtain wall is to be attached. It is not
uncommon to find actual floor levels significantly above or below specified elevations, the alignment of slab edges varying and
columns or walls out of plumb, yet the curtain wall is expected to be installed absolutely plumb, and to meet exactly all theoretical
floor levels.
Tolerances for structural steel framing should be specified to conform with the AISC Code of Standard Practice For a poured
concrete frame, the maximum tolerances that should be permitted, unless otherwise specifically stated in the architect specifications,
are those given in the ACI 177, “Standard Recommended Practices for Concrete Formwork.”
Erection tolerances for precast and prestressed concrete should be specified in accordance with the recommendations of the PCI.
It must be recognized; however, that these three standards do not cover some commonly used composite constructions such as
concrete fireproofing on steel or masonry piers over steel columns. Obviously, the dimensional control of such constructions is even
more critical than the alignment of the steel framing members themselves.
8.6.1.2 Installation Tolerances
Installation tolerances are, of necessity, largely determined by the actual alignment and dimensional accuracy of the building frame.
Deviations greater than the recommended tolerances in industry standards will require correspondingly larger clearances to facilitate
the installation of the wall. It is essential that the architect, general contractor and the wall contractor, after inspecting the actual
conditions of the building frame, reach an agreement on the installation tolerances to be held.
8.6.1.3 Basic Material Production Tolerances
Basic material production tolerances are sometimes over looked or ignored by the wall designer and, to complicate the problem,
dimensional deviations in manufactured products sometimes exceed the established tolerances. For example, given the standard mill
tolerance in the leg dimensions of a steel angle, it may be out of square, and may have a camber. It is unrealistic, therefore, to attach
an aluminum extrusion directly in contact with such an angle and expect it to be at true location and alignment.
An aluminum extrusion may be relatively exact in its cross-sectional dimensions, but standard mill tolerances permit bow andt wist
as well. There are standard manufacturing tolerances also, applying to both the thickness and size of glass, generally proportional to
the glass thickness.
Obviously, such tolerances must be recognized in detailing the wall. The designer should check not only for possible dimensional
variations in cross section or thickness, but for permissible variations in length, size and straightness
8.6.1.4 Fabrication and Assembly Tolerances
Although the dimensions and squareness of preassembled units are usually well controlled, normal tolerances are sometimes
exceeded, causing problems in installation and glazing. When a number of parts are assembled to form wall units, some slight
variation can usually be expected in the overall sizes of the units. Typically, wall units are jig-assembled, and their dimensions and
squareness are accurately controlled by mechanical means. When units are large in size and relatively few in number, other assembly
methods may be used. In any case, their dimensions may vary slightly, and it is always advisable, before finalizing details, that the
architect consult the wail contractor to determine what dimensional tolerances can be reasonably maintained. It is then the
contractor’s responsibility, of course, not to exceed these tolerances.
8.6.2 Clearances
The failure to provide adequate clearances can be a deficiency in curtain wall designs. Clearances are important for several reasons:
1) to accommodate movement between adjacent parts; 2) to provide for possible size variations and misalignment; 3) to provide
working space for anchoring the wall in place; or 4) to provide adequate clearance for joint sealant. When installing the wall, it is the
latter two reasons that are of prime concern.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 8

The amount of clearance required for proper installation depends upon the type of wall design, the dimensional accuracy of the
building frame or other construction to which the wall is attached, and the method of anchorage. When the wall is anchored to the
face of spandrel beams or columns, more working space will be needed to install fastenings than when anchors are located on the top
or bottom faces of beams and sides of columns. Contact the manufacturer for recommended standard clearance minimums.
It should not be assumed that clearance problems are confined to multi-storied buildings. One- and two-story structures with light
framing may also have clearance problems. Lightweight, inadequately braced steel framing is very difficult to keep aligned and
plumb, and details which show pre-assembled wall units attached directly to light steel columns or other basic framing members are
unrealistic. Adequate clearance to accommodate irregularities, and an easily installed closure between the curtain wall and such
members, must always be provided.
8.7 LAYOUT AND ALIGNMENT OF WORK

No installation crew can begin its work by simply setting anchors and proceeding to place the wall elements. They must first
determine what the actual dimensions of the building frame and other construction adjoining the wall are, and whether this
construction is located as shown on the drawings. It is mandatory that the wall be installed to accurate lines and levels, to ensure both
its proper performance and its correct relationship to adjoining interior work. Working from the datum points and lines established,
with guaranteed accuracy, by the general contractor, the plane of the wall is first determined, in reference to offset lines provided on
each floor, and finished floor levels are established in reference to bench marks on the outer building columns. Only then can anchor
locations be established by accurate engineering survey, and the first step in the actual installation process, the setting of anchors, can
proceed.
Accurate placing of the wall and its elements is vitally important because of the tie-in with adjoining elements within the building—
partitions, window stools, drapery pockets, mechanical equipment and other items. As most such tie-ins involve various trades, the
architect, both when detailing the wall and in later checking the shop drawings of these trades, must see that all such work is properly
coordinated. As the building progresses, this coordination becomes the responsibility of the general contractor.
8.8 DELIVERY, HANDLING AND SITE STORAGE

Curtain wall material is nearly always delivered to the job by trucking. The trucks (or trailers) used range in length from 7.6 to 16.1 m
(~25 to 53 ft) and tractor-trailer combinations may be as long as 18.3 m (60 ft). The general contractor must provide access for these
trucks to the materials hoist by means of a roadway which permits them to maneuver, one which is clear of overhead obstructions
and satisfactory for access and unloading. The location of hoists and access roads should be carefully considered and jointly agreed
upon in advance by the general contractor, the wall contractor and the installation contractor.
Wall parts may arrive at the job site either as loose pieces or assembled units, sometimes being packaged in crates or containers.
Depending on the wall design and job conditions, packaged units usually weigh from 45 to 1600 kg (~100 to 3500 pounds) and may
be as long as 16.1 m (~53 ft). Packaging, if used, should be designed to protect the material in transit and facilitate handling, yet
provide a minimum of waste material to be disposed of at the site. Some manufacturers are utilizing returnable and reusable
containers or crates when shipping distances are not too great.
There must be adequate protected space on each floor of the building to store the wall material for that floor until installed and, if
possible, the space should be at the same location on each floor. These storage areas should be safely removed from possible damage
to the material by the work of other trades. Once placed on the building floor, the wall units are not easily moved, and should not
have to be relocated until needed for installation. The general contractor, in designating the storage areas, should carefully consider
how their location may affect the work of other trades. Usually the wall contractor takes pains to see that materials are in prime
condition when delivered, but unfortunately often finds that the site storage provisions are in adequate and/or unsafe, exposing
material to damage. When this happens, costs of handling and protection are, of course, increased.
The curtain wall materials for each story of a building are normally stored on the floor of that story, being hoisted to the proper floor
upon delivery to the site. It is not unusual, in large buildings, to require storage for at least one truck load of material per floor.
Unless hoisting facilities for the wall materials are needed during most of the normal working hours, it is usually more economical
for the general contractor to arrange to provide them, as they can be used much of the time to hoist materials for other trades. The
type of hoisting facilities required will vary from job to job, depending on the size, shape and weight of the materials to be hoisted.
Generally, the preference is either a hoist of adequate size and ample head beam clearance, a “Chicago boom,” or some type of
overhead derrick. If the general contractor is to provide the facilities it is essential that there is a firm understanding with the wall
contractor before any wall materials are delivered to the job as to what type of hoisting equipment is required and when it will be
available for the wall contractor’s use.
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Adequate clear working space must be made available to the installation contractor at the building perimeter on each floor, for
efficient work. If these areas are cluttered with material belonging to other trades, or if the general contractor has left an unfinished
edge on the floor slabs, the work is hampered.
To ensure proper installation, the architect should demand, both in specifications and by field supervision, that the general contractor
provides proper and easily accessible hoist facilities, adequate protected storage spaces and good working space near the floor edges.
If these conditions can be assured, they will significantly affect both the quality of installation workmanship and the cost of the wall.
For additional information on this subject refer to AAMA CW-10.
8.9 DELAYED ENCLOSURE OF HOISTWAY AREAS

On multi-story buildings, temporary exterior hoists and elevators are often used during the construction period to transport both
personnel and materials. Their number may vary from one to as many as four, and wherever they are located, the curtain wall usually
must be temporarily left out, to be installed after their removal. Thus, the wall in such areas may be installed six months or more
after the rest of the wall is in place.
The exact number and location of hoistways should be included in the curtain wall specifications since they usually involve
additional costs to have the installation crew return and fill in such hoistway areas. Consequently, in the interest of economy, the
number of exterior hoists on a job should be held to a minimum. Or better yet, interior elevators or cranes or derricks should be used
instead, as a means of reducing overall wall costs. If the use of exterior hoistways is considered advisable, however, necessitating the
delay of wall installation in these areas, the architect should understand that:
• the details of wail units in these fill-in areas may have to be modified to permit installation between previously installed
units;
• wall elements adjacent to hoistways may be soiled or damaged, and special precautions should be taken to prevent this; and
• when the wall is finally installed in a hoistway area it may look different than the adjacent wall which has been exposed to
the weather for some time.
8.10 ANCHORAGE OF THE CURTAIN WALL

A most critical aspect of both the design and the installation of an aluminum curtain wall is its anchorage to the building structure.
The anchorage system must accommodate the tolerances to which the building structure is erected and to which the curtain wall
elements have been fabricated; it must be installed to provide adequate clearances between wall units to take care of temperature
changes and building movements; it must transmit wind loads to the structure, support dead loads and resist other loads to which it
may be subjected; and it must do all of these things in a manner that permits the curtain wall to satisfactorily per form its basic
function of protecting the interior of the building from the rain, wind, heat or cold.
The loading and movement conditions to which anchorage systems are subjected are:
• Dead Loads
• Wind Loads
• Seismic Forces
• Thermal Movement
• Building Movement
• Miscellaneous Point Loads
o Window Washers
o Swing Stages
o Signs
o Others
Curtain wall systems are designed to be installed exterior to the floor slabs or between the floor slabs. Systems which run
continuously past the floor slabs and normally anchored thereto are generally used on high-rise buildings. Typical of between-the-
slabs curtain wall construction are horizontal strip window walls and storefronts.
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8.11 DEAD LOAD ANCHORS
The dead load anchor is a fixed anchor that is firmly attached to both the wall and the building structure, acting generally as a pinned
connection. It is designed to resist loads applied in any direction. These include the dead load of the wall unit itself, the inward and
outward loads produced by the wind, the loads acting in any direction which may be caused by seismic forces and any miscellaneous
loads to which the anchor may be subjected. This anchorage can occur at every floor, every other floor, or even every third floor
depending on design considerations. Fixed anchors may be located at the top, bottom or, in the case of mullions spanning two floors,
at the midpoint of the mullion. In a procedure which is widely used the fixed anchor will be located at the bottom of the first story
mullion and at the midpoint of the remaining mullions for spanning two floors. Anchors are adjusted to properly position the wall
elements, usually the mullions, and are then bolted or welded firmly in place. It is recommended that welding be limited to the steel
parts of an anchor and that aluminum parts be connected by bolting. Welding greatly reduces the strength of aluminum alloys and if
proper filler alloys and procedures are not used the welded connection may be vulnerable to cracking and failure.
8.12 WIND LOAD ANCHORS

The primary job of the wind load anchor, which may be referred to as the movable anchor, is to restrain the wall system from
movement normal to its plane due to positive and negative wind loads while allowing the point of anchorage to move up or down, or
side to side within the plane of the wall. For satisfactory performance, allowance must be made for thermal movement, floor to floor
relative deflections, building sway or drift, seismic movement and movements in the plane of the wall due to any other forces that
may act on it.
In the typical stick system curtain wall, where panels and glass are inserted between the fixed mullions in a manner that permits
some horizontal movement between them, the wind load anchors are designed to permit vertical movement of the mullions relative
to the building structure, In panelized unit curtain walls it may be necessary to provide for horizontal as well as vertical movement in
the wind load anchors, depending on the design of the anchorage system.
One of the generally accepted methods of attaching the mullion to the wind load anchor is by bolting to allow for vertical movement.
The bolt should be provided with a pipe spacer or tightened to a predetermined, pre-tested torque so as to allow for vertical slip. The
bolt should be double-nutted, threads stiffed, or a lock nut applied to prevent the nut from backing off. Nylon or high impact
polystyrene washers, plastic slip pads or other means may be required to prevent binding of the bolted connection under load.
Negative or suction forces resulting from wind action often exceed the positive, or inward acting forces, and are often very high near
the corners of buildings. Parapets and other areas may have higher wind load requirements than the flat surfaced walls. All such
forces are transferred from the curtain wall to the building structure through the wall anchors, and all anchors, whether fixed or
movable, must be designed to withstand these forces. Equally important, of course, are the bolts, welds or other fastening devices
used to attach the anchors to both the wall and the structure. They must be sufficiently strong to carry these loads.
Minimum wind load requirements are called for by the governing building codes. However, the designer may find it desirable to
exceed the code requirements. ASCE/SEI 7, “Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures,”
specifies procedures and methods of calculation for determining wind loads for rectangular buildings in the United States. It is
critical that any and all references to design loads be identified as either Allowable Stress Design (ASD) or Strength Design (SD)
wherever provided. Boundary layer wind tunnel testing may be necessary to determine wind loads on major buildings, buildings of
unusual designs or buildings located in major urban areas or having unusual surroundings. Reference should be made to AAMA
Aluminum Curtain Wall Series Volume 11, ‘Design Windloads for Buildings and Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Testing,” for
comprehensive information on these subjects.
8.13 SEISMIC FORCES

The forces resulting from earthquakes, or seismic forces, can produce potentially large forces on curtain wall anchors. The forces
acting on the wall through anchors are the result of the building moving rapidly from side to side during an earthquake. The mass of
the curtain wall units resists the motion of the building structure and thereby creates forces on the anchors. A seismic design
considers this by applying a factored load at the center of gravity of each member in any direction to the anchor. The anchor must be
designed to prevent this load from bending or deforming it or its attachment. The seismic forces are usually determined from a
formula prescribed by the governing code or by a specification.
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8.14 THERMAL MOVEMENT
Thermal movement is the expansion or contraction of the curtain wall elements due to the rise and fall of their temperature. The
temperature of the elements is affected both by the ambient air temperature and by radiation. Direct solar radiation has a major effect
on the surface temperatures of the metal elements of the wall, particularly on dark colored metal. These temperatures may cover a
range of up to 54°C (~130°F) in all parts of the country and may vary as much as 93°C (~200°F) in areas that have very cold winters.
The building frame, being insulated from the outside air and solar heat by its coverings and the wall, and also being enclosed in a
space where temperature is usually controlled within a very small range throughout the year, varies very little in temperature and is
quite stable compared to the wall. Since adequate clearance must be maintained to permit thermal movements and other building
movements, temperature at time of installation of anchors may have to be taken into account. It is imperative that thermal movement
not be restrained. Such restraint could result in the development of forces sufficient to buckle a mullion, break glass or damage an
anchor.
8.15 OTHER LOADS ON ANCHORS

Drift, which is the lateral movement of floors relative to each other, is caused by wind loads and earthquake loads. Drift will impose
inward and outward acting forces and moments, as well as forces and moments in the plane of the wall, on the anchors depending on
the direction in which the wind or seismic forces are acting. The building movement resulting from these forces can be significant
and must be taken into account in the anchor design. However, for design purposes the wind and seismic forces are not additive but
the greater of the two forces is used. In addition to drift there is movement due to live loads and sometimes to building settlement.
Live loads are those which are produced by the use and occupancy of the building. Application of these loads to the floors or
spandrel beams results in vertical deflection, up or down, to the surfaces to which the wall is mounted. These movements must also
be accommodated by the anchors. If window cleaning equipment with continuous tie-in guides is to be used, the wall framing and
anchors must resist the loads normal to the wall and horizontally parallel to the wall caused by such equipment. Reference should be
made to Section 5 “Guide Specifications,” for more information on these subjects.
8.16 OTHER DESIGN CONSTRICTIONS

Adequate anchor design is more likely to be attained if the curtain wall designer follows the load along its path from “start” (e.g.,
glass or infill panel) to “finish” (e.g., floor slab or spandrel beam). Often this tracking process will disclose potentially weak parts in
a trial design. Will a part (angle, plate, weld, bolt, etc.) tear or buckle, or bend or twist excessively? When the load path is known
then appropriate structural analysis and design procedures can be used to check each part.
One particular item that often needs checking is bending of fasteners. If verified by design/analysis, a relatively large gap can be
dealt with by the use of special shim details or provisions to reduce bolt bending stresses. In certain other cases a “solid” shim stack
may not be necessary due to a sufficiently small gap and load. Here the shear and bending resistance of the fastener is relied upon.
Again, engineering judgment and design/analysis and/or testing are needed to ensure sufficient load capacity in the connection.
Note that proper sizing of bolts is required to resist bending. Alternatively, connection details may sometimes be modified to
eliminate fastener bending.
8.17 ANCHOR TYPES

Receptor channels of extruded aluminum provide one of the most commonly used methods of anchoring horizontal strip window
walls. These receptors simplify anchorage, allow for building movement, facilitate drainage and often speed erection.
Receptors are made in one- or two-piece construction and can be integrated with a thermal break. The receptors can be used at the
head, sill, and jamb. Anchors through the web of the receptor channels are the most common method of anchorage. The type of
anchor used depends on surrounding conditions and design loads.
Head receptors must be designed and detailed to provide proper anchorage and allow for building movement. Design guidelines for
masonry bolts vary with manufacturers. Typically, anchorage into concrete is governed by ACI 318. Window and curtain wall
manufacturers generally design standard head receptors to permit vertical and horizontal thermal movement and some differential
floor slab deflection due to live load. Floor slab deflections can vary greatly depending on building design and occupancy and proper
attention must be given to ensure allowance have been made for movement, weatherability and structural integrity. Curtain wall
manufacturers should be consulted for detailing assistance and structural limitations.
Head, sill and jamb receptors may also be used for storefront type of curtain walls. Three typical anchor details are shown in the
accompanying illustrations.
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8.17.1 Steel Anchors
Anchors for curtain wall systems installed exterior to the floor slabs of buildings are most commonly made of structural steel. The
use of steel for anchors has several advantages. First, steel is stronger than aluminum and can usually be designed to resist all anchor
reactions. Second, steel structural shapes are more readily available and less costly than aluminum shapes. Third, when welding is
required, steel welds are stronger and certified steel welders are more plentiful. Finally, when building conditions dictate a welded
connection to steel spandrel beams, steel anchors are the only compatible choice.
Steel does have the disadvantage that it tends to rust. Protective coatings are recommended to resist this tendency. It also has the
disadvantage that if fastened to aluminum without properly insulating the contacting surfaces galvanic action will take place in the
presence of moisture with its resulting corrosive action. There are a number of primers which offer good protection against galvanic
corrosion. The primer systems should conform to the appropriate specifications of the Society for Protective Coatings, formerly the
Steel Structures Painting Council, SSPC.
Plastic isolator pads may also be used. Thickness of such pads usually ranges from 1 to 3 mm (~0.039in to 0.118in).
8.17.2 Aluminum Anchors
While steel anchors offer certain advantages there are building conditions where aluminum is a better choice. For example, when
anchors are used to apply a curtain wall to a steel substructure and the connections are exposed, it may be desirable to have
aluminum anchors finished to match the finish of the wall. Also, if the anchor design requires field drilling, aluminum anchors will
ease installation and speed erection. Aluminum extrusions also provide for design versatility and production economies. The
designer can optimize the shape needed for anchors and, if good extrusion design practice has been followed, the shape can be
readily and economically extruded and then cut to the desired lengths.
8.17.3 Mullion Splice Sleeves
Wind load or movable anchors will serve little purpose if mullion splices are not properly designed. Working mullion joints provide
watertight and sometimes structural transition from one mullion to the next. Typical mullion splices usually incorporate a joint sleeve
nested in or around the mullion. Some sleeves are designed to resist the simple shear reactions from the adjoining mullions, while
others actually provide enough strength to transfer bending moment and allow a spliced mullion to act as a continuous beam. In this
case the design must take into account the load effects at the splice on the mullion itself as well as the sleeve. Tubular shaped
mullions lend their configuration to these sleeves and continuous beam analysis can reduce the amount of aluminum required for
wind load compared to a simply supported beam analysis.
The location of the vertical mullion splice is usually dictated by the optimum length that can be manufactured but there are times
when a curtain wall design demands specific splice locations for overall performance or aesthetic reasons. For example, spanning a
mullion only one floor is sometimes advisable in order to distribute large differential slab movement to more joints. Considering
typical optimum manufacturing lengths and typical floor slab spacings, it would be reasonable to assume that mullions must be
spliced at every other floor. However, other locations may be used if they are accounted for in the design. Mullion splices must, of
course, accommodate thermal movements and building movements.
8.17.4 Shims
Shims are typically required to fill the clearance between the anchors and the wall system or between the anchors and the building
structure. High impact, load-bearing plastic shims are generally acceptable as long as the height of the shim stack does not exceed
the diameter of the fastener securing the anchor. Beyond a height of one diameter significant bending stresses may start to develop in
the fastener, and special shim provisions may be necessitated. The clear hole through “solid” shim stacks should be tight enough to
bear against the bolt as the shear forces start to distort the shim stack. This may prevent any significant bending moment from
developing in the fastener.
8.17.5 Testing the Anchors
An excellent method of determining the performance of an anchoring system is by testing a full-scale mock-up at a testing
laboratory. The mock-up of the building structure and slab edge should simulate the actual building as closely as practical. The test
specimen, using the actual job site anchorage system, is installed it a test chamber and subjected to a battery of tests, which include
full structural tests at design load and at 1.5 times design load. Thermal cycling tests are often done to demonstrate the adequacy of
the anchors during extreme expansion and contraction conditions in addition to showing how the anchors affect the integrity of the
test specimen they support.
The performance of the anchors is monitored in the laboratory by visual inspection and by the use of dial indicators which record the
deflections and residual set of the anchors during structural testing.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 13

The most realistic test results are obtained when the anchors are attached to actual job site substrates. For example, if a wall is
designed to anchor to pre-cast panels, the test should incorporate these same materials.
Another way that specimens are anchored in the test chamber requires that the chamber be designed with “hard” attachment points to
which the job site anchors can be welded or bolted. A typical example of this is the simulation of steel inserts placed in a concrete
floor. The floorline of the chamber will be fabricated to include these connection points but instead of pouring a concrete floor the
attachment points will be structurally reinforced so as to permit no movement other than the reaction in the anchors from the testing
per formed on the specimen.
8.18. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

The best method of anchoring the wall to the building structure will depend on both the type of curtain wall used and the type of
frame or structure to which it is to be attached. Usually it is advisable for the architect to seek the advice of one or more reputable
wall contractors before deciding upon the details to be used. There is general agreement, however, that the following are the more
important basic principles to be kept in mind:
8.18.1 Whenever possible, locate the anchor in an easily accessible location on top of the floor slab. Sometimes a location on the slab
edge is feasible but, in most cases, drilling and welding are more difficult here, and there’s less room for adjustment to accommodate
building frame variations. Location on the under-side of the slab or spandrel beam, or on the beam web, should be avoided because
these are more difficult locations in which to work, requiring the use of ladders or scaffolding. Connections in such locations slow
down the work of installation and thus increase costs.
8.18.2 Provide plenty of three-way adjustability in all anchorage details, whether fixed or movable. Anchor members must be large
enough to accommodate the full range of tolerance permitted in the building frame, and preferably a little more. Two-piece steel or
aluminum brackets, with holes slotted both vertically and horizontally, are usually quite satisfactory. One bracket can be connected
to the wall unit, the other to the structure, and the slotted holes can be aligned for quick connection. To provide fixity in the anchor
later, it can be “pinned” either by welding or by field drilling and bolting. Whatever the anchor detail, it should always provide for
maximum adjustability and rapid field connection.
8.18.3 On a steel frame, ideally all fireproofing would be done after anchors have been installed, but for various reasons this can be
impracticable or impossible. Consequently, attachment of the anchors to the steel must be done after fireproofing. This requires
either that block-outs be provided in the fireproofing or that the fireproofing be removed where necessary, then the anchors be
attached, and the fireproofing then be filled in or patched. As this procedure leaves much to be desired, it is preferable, on a
fireproofed steel framed structure, to anchor to the concrete floor or to the top beam flange directly under the slab through block-outs
in the concrete at anchorage points.
8.18.4 For attachment of anchors to a steel frame, welding can be used. If bolting is required instead, the necessary holes in the steel
members may be factory-punched by the steel fabricator, because in most cases their thickness is such as to make field drilling
impractical and costly.
8.18.5 Most installation contractors prefer to make all anchor connections to the building structure themselves, but this is not always
the case. Generally, it is felt that if a structural steel or miscellaneous iron subcontractor does this work, how the connection is to be
used it is not likely to be fully understood, and the importance of locating it precisely not appreciated. This objection may not apply
when the anchorage devices are so designed that accuracy of location is not critical.
8.18.6 With the current high wind load requirements for high-rise buildings, every anchorage detail should be carefully checked as to
the adequacy of bolted connections and the location and size of welds, using as references the latest specifications of the AISC and
the Aluminum Association. Wherever possible, eccentrically loaded anchors should be avoided.
8.18.7 Some architects question whether they should show detailed anchorage methods on their drawings or leave this detailing to
the wall contractor. They should be shown or the architectural drawings, because it’s essential that all sub-contractors having work
related to the curtain wall know how the anchors may affect their work. If the architect shows complete anchor details in relation to
metal decking, rebar concrete, steel frame, fireproofing and other work, the subcontractors know, when they bid the job, what
provisions they must make for them.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 14

8.19 FIELD VARIATIONS AND THEIR EFFECTS
Unfortunately, what is typically shown on shop drawings is ideal and often does not account for all the variations that can and will
occur in the field with the final installation. As a result, the installed condition may very well not be representative of the anticipated
installation at the time shop drawings and structural calculations were prepared. Out of-tolerance structures will usually delay the
installation and add labor and material costs. Following is a review of some of the variations from shop drawings that occur in the
field the effects these variations can have on the installation, and some possible solutions to the problems.
8.19.1 Off-Location of Structural Surround
Probably the most common condition falling within this category is a concrete floor slab that does not occur where structural and/or
architectural drawings show it should be. When the off-location is in the in or out direction either one of the following may occur:
a) The gross amount of the off-located slab edge may exceed the size of the horizontally slotted hole for the anchor
connection. This may necessitate field drilling an extra hole in the anchor clip or in the curtain wall mullion.
b) If the slab edge is too far in, the condition may prevent the supplied anchor from ever reaching the slab edge. For a bolted
connection this condition may be overcome by extra shims and longer connection bolts. Care must be taken that only
properly engineered items of each are used. Excessive shimming or excessively long bolted connections may cause
unrealistic moment loads on fasteners and subsequent anchor failure. If the anchor design is welded directly to an individual
plate in the slab edge or a continuous structural screed angle, a new and properly engineered anchor with a longer reach will
have to be substituted Welding a job-located steel item, such as a bolt, as a spacer between the anchor and embedment is not
an acceptable solution because of the difficulty in ensuring structural adequacy of the connection.
8.19.2 Mis-located, Missed or Incorrect Embedments
The effective coordination of curtain wall installations requires that embedments used for attaching the curtain wall be located in the
correct plane. An effective and professional method for accomplishing this goal is to issue separate shop drawings early in the
project, which detail and locate all embedded items. It is important also to show in the shop drawings the tolerances which can be
accepted for the embedments to be off-location from design.
In spite of all well-intentioned efforts to prevent problems, embedments can and will end up being off location or missed entirely.
This may happen because hardware did not arrive on site on time, embedment locations were not sufficiently detailed on the shop
drawings, project pour schedule did not allow enough time for correct layout and/or placement, and ordinary human errors occurred,
including forgetfulness. In these cases, special “as-built” design and structural analysis may be necessary.
8.20 ADEQUACY OF THE BUILDING STRUCTURE

Curtain walls are generally attached to the steel portion of the building structure, the edge of the concrete floor slab, or the concrete
spandrel beam. If the anchorage is to the structural steel one should not expect any field variation. Normally the shapes and sizes
dictated by the structural requirements of the building are what actually are installed on the project. One problem that can occur,
however, is to find a different size steel member installed from that shown on the approved curtain wall shop drawings. This is often
attributable to discrepancies between architectural and structural drawings for the project. More often than not it occurs on the lower
floors of monumental projects because these areas often undergo significant changes after start-up. If such a condition makes itself
evident the curtain wail installer should advise the general contractor so that structural adequacy can be verified before proceeding.
When concrete is poured, voids are sometimes created in the pour due to air entrapment or inadequate working of the pour. These are
more likely to occur at transition areas such as embedment locations, columns, or corners. It is not unusual to see several embedded
plates only partially surrounded by concrete, leaving their structural performance highly suspect. It is a good idea for the curtain wall
installer to visit the site early in the pouring and look over the concrete quality, especially immediately adjacent to embedments to
which the anchors will attach.
8.21 UNAUTHORIZED SUBSTITUTIONS
A variation from approved shop drawings which is sometimes found on the project is the substitution of embedments. If this occurs
it is usually due to the correct embedments not being on site or not being immediately available, and it is aggravated by project
schedule pressures. This can lead to an insert designed for holding a light fixture being substituted for the stronger insert required to
handle curtain wall dead loads and wind loads. It is also possible that the curtain wall shop drawings require different sizes or types
of embedments for different load conditions or different curtain wall anchorage conditions. The curtain wall installer should
therefore verify that the correct embedments have been placed before proceeding with the installation. Verification should be an
ongoing requirement.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 15

8.22 EXCESSIVE SHIMMING – INADEQUATE ENGAGEMENT
Another deviation from design often found in a completed installation is excessive shimming which can lead to inadequate
engagement of bolts or expanding type concrete inserts. The condition that usually causes this situation is off- location structure,
previously discussed. The condition of in adequate engagement only occurs if the structure off-location condition has not been
properly dealt with. Inadequate engagement of concrete expanding type anchors can be a very serious problem because the strength
of the anchors is dependent on the depth of penetration of the insert into the concrete. In addition to inadequate engagement
excessive shimming can also cause excessively long bolted connections and this, as was previously pointed out, may cause
unrealistic moment loads and subsequent anchor failure.
8.23 CAULKING PERFORMANCE

Field variations found in perimeter anchorage areas can affect curtain wall weatherability performance adversely, particularly if the
design caulk joint space has closed to less than 6 mm (~0.24 in). Most high-quality sealants, properly applied with ideal joint design,
can only accept a maximum of 50% joint movement and 50% of a 6 mm (~0.24 in) joint is very little movement capability for a
curtain wall which is designed to move independently of the structure and the perimeter conditions. Particular attention should be
paid to the effect variation in anchorage may have on final perimeter sealant joint installation inasmuch as this is often a leading
cause for joint failure.
8.24 AESTHETIC EFFECTS

Last, but in many cases not least, is the adverse effect field variations can have on the aesthetic aspects of curtain wall installations.
Ground floor and atrium applications for curtain walls often utilize exposed anchors to a steel structural back-up system. Off-location
of the structural support can result in exposed anchors being “different” from one to the next, thus having an overall negative
aesthetic impact. Proper consideration given to this possibility during the anchorage design phase can overcome at least some of
these negative aesthetic impacts.
8.25 QUALITY ASSURANCE

The previous section has addressed some specific areas which can be expected to vary from the design (as drawn) condition of the
curtain wall anchorage. Now that it can be seen that these will vary and that allowance must be made for these variations, the issue
logically to be addressed is how the negative impacts of such variations can be overcome.
The best solution to a problem is to prevent it from becoming a problem in the first place. To do that effectively, knowledgeable
people must be able to anticipate the problem beforehand and then do something about it early enough so that it never ends up being
a problem. Thus, it is averted. This “anticipation” of problems never stops. It carries through from preliminary design sketches until
the final bolt is tightened. Following is a check list of items that can be considered during the various phases of a project.
8.25.1 Pre-Bid Design Phase
• How much off-location of surrounding condition can reasonably be expected?

• How much allowance should be designed in the anchor for off-location conditions?
• State on submittal shop drawings what the anchorage system will accept in off-location conditions.
• Are embedment sizes adequate to allow a full design welded connection given “normal” field variation conditions?
• Are embedded inserts long enough? Is an angle attachment used that is reversible?
• Are embedment layout and detail drawings timely enough? Do they account for all conditions?
• Do structural and architectural drawings at anchor conditions agree? What about steel supplier drawings?
• Does attachment system allow for “tipped” or “cocked” embedments as well as off-location embedments?
• Does attachment system allow for temporary holding of curtain wall during initial erection? Does it allow for easy and
accurate adjustment prior to final attachment?
• Do sizes and profiles of the building structure at points of attachment of the anchors, as noted on shop drawings, represent
what the actual structure is or should be, or are they generic in nature, or do the drawings just show material but not size or
profile?
• Is it possible to “dot” or “phantom” in anticipated structural surround variations in location?
• Have alternative anchors or attachments been shown if actual condition exceeds limitation of anchor design?
• Have minimum penetrations been shown for expanding concrete type anchors?
• Have anchors been designed for the appropriate code requirements?
• Has adequate clearance been provided for fire protection materials and allowance for tolerance maintained?
AAMA CWM-19 Page 16

8.25.2 Approval Phase
• Are conditions as shown on drawings correct?

• Have all “please verify” been answered?
• Has coordination occurred with the other trades involved?
• Have all submittals, including drawings, required samples and required calculations been approved and returned?
• Has the field installation crew been trained and the design intent communicated?
• Have provisions been made for inspection of field conditions before, during and after installation?
8.25.3 Installation Phase
• Verify that surround conditions are in accordance with the drawings prior to installation.
• Verify that installation is in accordance with drawings during construction and after completion of construction.
• If surround conditions or installation are not in accordance with approved design drawings, then coordinate necessary
modifications with responsible parties.
8.26 PROTECTION OF THE WORK

Aluminum and glass curtain wall materials are probably more likely to be damaged during the building construction period than at
any other time. Having successfully fabricated and delivered these close-fitting and carefully finished components, there remains the
problem of keeping them in this condition. This can be difficult and expensive, with other trades working around them, and the
elements taking their toll. Much damage can be done by workmen at the job site. Mortar and plaster will stain most surfaces,
including glass, unless it is immediately washed off, and protection against damage by such materials must be provided. There
should be a carefully established and implemented program of protection and later cleaning for each job, under the responsibility of
the general contractor, who alone can control all of the potential sources of damage.
The wall units or materials must be carefully stacked, on blocking, in the storage areas designated by the general contractor. Units
which are pre-glazed should be stacked on edge. If protection such as plastic film or plywood is needed, because of nearby work of
other trades, the general contractor should provide such protection as a part of responsibility for coordinating the work of all trades
on the job.
As the work is installed, the installation contractor should remove any soil or dirt which has been caused by installation operations
and which is not removed by the normal final cleaning. Cleaning or washing the installed units at this time would obviously be
wasted effort and should not be expected. Thereafter the protection of the installed work, as well as its final cleaning, which may not
be possible until months later, should be done by the general contractor. It is wholly impractical for the wall or installation contractor
to police installed work against damage by others after it is put in place.
Recognizing these facts, the general contractor should make certain that:
• adequate temporary storage spaces are provided for the materials of all trades, and stored materials are protected from
damage;
• workmen are cautioned about damaging finished surfaces by the careless use of tools, or by standing or placing planks,
scaffolding or other materials on aluminum surfaces not designed for such purposes, and
• finished metal and glass surfaces are protected from contact with dirty rags or trash of any kind, and from splashed plaster,
cement or fireproofing material and the spatter from welding or burning operations.
All of these precautions are critically important, but the latter deserves special emphasis. A major cause of staining and damage of
materials including, but not limited to aluminum finishes and glass surfaces is the splashing, spattering and run-down from adjacent
or overhead masonry work. Acids used in the cleaning of masonry also pose serious protection problem, but good housekeeping
practices can help prevent damage from all such hazards. All mortar, plaster, cement, fireproofing materials, sprays, paints and other
wet materials should be washed off before they dry. Dried spattering can be removed with wood or plastic scraper; metal scrapers
should not be used because they may scratch the surface.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 17

8.27 GLAZING AND SEALANTS
On some job it is considered advisable or necessary to mark, in some way, those openings in which glass has been installed, to
prevent accidental breakage of or damage to the glass. The glass manufacturers caution, however, that no marking should be taped,
sprayed or painted on any glass surface Even though a marking material may be chosen which, in itself, will not harm the glass, the
collection of moisture, mortar, plaster of other soil at the edge of the marking or absorbed by the marking may permanently discolor
or etch the glass surface with prolonged exposure. Neither should ribbons, banners or other devices be taped to finished aluminum
surfaces. Consequently, when markings for installation purposes are needed, some means should be devised to attach them to
materials or surfaces which will not be exposed when the building is completed.
The responsibility for sealing the various types of joints in and around the curtain wall is sometimes solely that of the wall
contractor, but more often is divided between two or more parties. Those metal-to-metal joints which require sealing for weather
protection are usually sealed by the parties installing the wall. Metal-to-glass joints are sealed by the subcontractor doing the glazing
work, who may be the wall contractor, an installation subcontractor or another subcontractor doing the glazing work only. Periphery
joints between metal and masonry work or concrete are usually sealed by a caulking subcontractor, but on the smaller jobs, where the
amount of such work is limited, it may be done by the wall contractor.
Sealants play a critical role in metal curtain walls, and the importance of their proper selection and application cannot be over-
emphasized. A variety of sealing materials is available, some of which are more expensive than others. Generally, only the more
expensive “high range” sealants of the elastomeric type are appropriate for use on aluminum curtain walls, Because of the amount of
joint movement to which they are subjected, high performance capability is a critical essential. Initial cost of the sealant should not
be a determining factor in its selection, as the cost of even the most expensive sealant is small in comparison with the cost of its
application.
Even the best sealants cannot be expected to perform well unless they are properly applied. As a rule, all surfaces to which the
sealant is to bond must be thoroughly clean and dry, and only trained applicators should be entrusted with the sealing work. Every
precaution should be taken to ensure that the work is done correctly, as actions to remedy defective applications can be very
expensive.
8.28 COLD WEATHER PROBLEMS AND PROCEDURES

Weather conditions greatly affect the facility and efficiency of the curtain wall installation. For obvious reasons, warm dry weather is
always preferred, but the work cannot always be stopped just because the weather changes. Work continues in most parts of the
country throughout the winter. In planning the work, all parties should keep in mind that cold and inclement weather present
problems affecting installation procedures, including:
Working conditions are unsafe in high winds and when the area is wet, icy or covered with snow. The amount of work that can be
performed under such conditions is relatively small.
Small connections and fasteners are difficult to handle, especially if workmen wear gloves for protection from the cold.
Sealants should not be applied to wet or icy surfaces. If they are the chemically curing type, they may cure or set before they can
bond to the surface. It is generally recommended by the manufacturers of sealants that they not be applied at low temperatures.
Moisture from condensation is likely to be present, though perhaps not visible, on metal and glass surfaces, preventing a satisfactory
bond.
Elastomeric gaskets can become stiff and unworkable in cold weather. Workmen may fail to condition them properly and may
damage them by forcing them into place.
8.29 FIELD CHECK FOR WATER LEAKAGE

Some wall installation contractors have found it advisable, especially on the larger jobs, to check the wall for water leakage early in
the course of its installation. Such checks, or “tests,” are usually made with a hose, and if done carefully and systematically they are
considered to be well worth their relatively small cost. They serve either to verify that installation procedures are satisfactory or to
disclose deficiencies requiring correction. Consequently, such a check should be made early in the installation process, so that
remedial steps can be taken promptly, and on large structures should be repeated once or twice later, as a re-check, as the work
proceeds. It’s much better to discover faults in time to correct them than to find them after the installation is completed, necessitating
expensive remedial work on the whole wall.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 18

A hose test, to be meaningful and worthwhile, must be conducted methodically and carefully. A standard method being used for such
a field check is described in AAMA 501.2, “Field Check of Metal Curtain Walls for Water Leakage.”
The architect may wish to specify such field checks as a precautionary measure. It must be recognized, however, that the procedure
is not a completely controlled test, and should be considered a supplement to, but not a substitute for, the more comprehensive, more
precise and more rigorous laboratory tests for water leakage usually specified for testing wall mockups.
8.30 FINAL CLEANING OF THE WALL

One of the important last steps in the building construction process is the final cleaning of the curtain wall. Often there are masonry
as well as glass and aluminum surfaces to be cleaned. Usually this cleaning takes place some months after the wall installation
contractor has completed the work and left the job, and, for reasons already explained, the work is done by the general contractor, If
the protective measures described earlier in this article have been taken, the cleaning work will pose no problems, but if they’ve been
neglected there may be some serious difficulties.
AAMA 609, “Voluntary Guide Specification for Cleaning and Maintenance of Architectural Anodized Aluminum”; and AAMA
610, “Voluntary Guide Specification for Cleaning and Maintenance of Painted Aluminum extrusions and Curtain Wall Panels,”
should be followed. It is vitally important, of course, that all cleaning solutions and materials used be not only compatible with the
sealants used in the installation but harmless as well to all other materials and finishes.
AAMA CWM-19 Page 19

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PHONE (847)303-5664
WEBSITE https://aamanet.org/

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A M E R I C A N A R C H I T E C T U R A L

Curtain Wall Manual

AAMA is the source of performance standards, products certification and

©2019 American Architectural Manufacturers Association – These printed or electronic

This document was developed and maintained by representative members of AAMA

American Architectural Manufacturers Association

AAMA is the source of performance standards, products certification and

©2019 American Architectural Manufacturers Association – These printed or electronic

This document was developed and maintained by representative members of AAMA

American Architectural Manufacturers Association

AAMA’s activities include a broad scope:

0.2 REFERENCED MATERIALS

0.1.2 Aluminum Association (AAI)

Aluminum Design Manual 2015

0.1.3 American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA)

AAMA 501-15, Methods of Test for Exterior Walls

AAMA 501.5-07, Test Method for Thermal Cycling of Exterior Walls

AAMA CWM-19 Page 1

AAMA 611-14, Voluntary Specification for Anodized Architectural Aluminum

AAMA 800-16, Voluntary Specifications and Test Methods for Sealants

AAMA CW-6-72, Joint Sealants in Aluminum Curtain Walls

AAMA SDGS-1-89, Structural Design Guidelines for Aluminum Framed Skylights

AAMA SSGDG-1-17, Structural Silicone Glazing (SSG) Design Guidelines

AAMA TIR-A1-15, Sound Control for Fenestration Products

AAMA TIR-A8-16, Structural Performance of Composite Thermal Barrier Framing Systems

AAMA TIR-A9-14, Design Guide for Metal Cladding Fasteners

AG-13, AAMA Glossary

0.1.4 American Concrete Institute (ACI)

AAMA CWM-19 Page 2

ACI 318-14, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

0.1.5 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

AISC Steel Construction Manual – 15th Edition

0.1.6 American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)

0.1.7 American National Standards Institute/American Institute of Steel Construction (ANSI/AISC)

ANSI/AISC 303-16, Code of Standard Practice

0.1.8 American National Standards Institute/American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ANSI/ASME)

0.1.9 American Society of Civil Engineers/Structural Engineering Institute (ASCE/SEI)

0.1.10 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)

ASTM A36/A36M-12, Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel

ASTM C1184-18e1, Standard Specification for Structural Silicone Sealants

ASTM C1401-14, Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing

AAMA CWM-19 Page 3

ASTM E413-16, Classification for Rating Sound Insulation

ASTM E1332, Standard Classification for Rating Outdoor-Indoor Sound Attenuation

0.1.11 American Welding Society

AWS D1.2/D1.2M: 2014, Structural Welding Code Aluminum

0.1.12 Department of Defense (DoD)

0.1.13 Engineering Toolbox

Engineering ToolBox, (2001). [online] Available at: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com.

0.1.14 Federal Specifications and Standards

FS TT-P-38, Paint, Aluminum (Ready-Mixed)

FS TT-P-645A, Primer, Paint, Zinc Chromate, Alkyd Type

FS TT-P-645B, Primer, Paint, Zinc-Molybdate, Alkyd Type

0.1.15 Flat Glass Marketing Association (FGMA)

FGMA: Glazing Manual 1990 Edition

0.1.16 General Services Administration Inter-Agency Security Committee (GSA-ISC)

AAMA CWM-19 Page 4

GANA Glazing Manual - 2008

0.1.18 Insulating Glass Manufactures Alliance (IGMA)

0.1.19 International Firestop Council (IFC)

0.1.20 National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)

0.1.21 National Association of Architectural Metal Manufacturers (NAAMM)

AMP 500-06, Metal Finishes Manual