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TEMPERATURE-RISE OF ROTATING ELECTRICAL

MACHINES AS AFFECTED BY COLD TEMPERATURE
MEASUREMENT
a a
H. V. K. SHETTY & P. L. PRADHAN
a
Rotating Electrical Machines Division, R&D Centre Jyoti Limited , Baroda, India
Published online: 27 Apr 2007.

To cite this article: H. V. K. SHETTY & P. L. PRADHAN (1979) TEMPERATURE-RISE OF ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES
AS AFFECTED BY COLD TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT, Electric Machines & Power Systems, 4:2-3, 177-182, DOI:
10.1080/07313567908955370

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07313567908955370

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 TEMPERATURE-RISE OF ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES AS AFFECTED
BY COLD TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

H. V. K. SHETTY AND P. L. PRADHAN

Rotating Electrical Machines Division, R&D Centre
Jyoti Limited, Baroda, India
Downloaded by [Massachusetts Institute of Technology] at 03:25 26 November 2014

ABSTRACT

Determination of temperature-rise, of rotating electrical. machines by

resistance lllBasurement, has become a problem of practical. interest to all
electrical. manufactures. rhie paper describes the governing features of
such measurements and thereby projecting certain recommendations. lo'.ajor deduct..
ions are 80leq derived on experimental. basis which prove to be a val.uable
tool to practising engineers in the heat-transfer area. Major emphasis :ia
laid not onq on the basis of accurate assessment of winding resistance, but
WO on the cold temperature of the winding. • clear distinction is brought
out between ambient temperature and cold temperature of the winding. Para-
phrasing the intutive question that is well answered here is "How one is
able to determine the temperature rise of the machine accurateq" and hence
to appreciate the ef'ticacy of optimization of design. The results of tempera-
ture variation on random4' chosen two d~s in winter and a dlliY in sUllllllllr are
presented. The recommendations made here are applicable to tropical. ceue-
tries where there is a large difference in day and night temperature. The ~­
sical. Clll18e for this difference is alBo described.

1 .0 INTRODUCTION

It is wellknown that the heart of rotating electrical. machine is

its winding and coordinated insulation system1. Normal:Q> every designer
thinks, inVariab~ that his design is optimUm IIIIIgIl8tical.:Q>, electrica-
1:Q> and the~. This is ..-analYtical. world wherein one can bring in
mathematical. rigors to arrive at ~ical. results. second phase is
the practical. world where ~st compares experimental. results with the
ana:Q>tical. results and taklls t:urther decieions. 2,3.Further thoughts ~
enter at tbis s~ so as to effect 'Design to Beliability'. These are
the hierachical. sl.epe in the product improvement.

Thermal. design has gained lot of impetus in conjunction with other

des:1gns5,15 so that an optimum insulation system is adopted. selection
of proper insulating material. is a matter of experience and existence
of the~ stress and classification is in accordance with British
staDdard 1 IS 1271, lEO 85, WE 0530 etc. Experimental. evidences show
that the dislectric strength approximateq gets halved for every 100c
rise?

Electric Machines and Electromechanics: An International Quarterly. 4:177-182 177

Copyright © 1979 by Hemisphere PUblishing Corporation 0361-6967179/040177-06$2.25
 178 H. V. K. SHETTY AND P. L. PRADHAN

The standardization of products resulted in publication ot seve-

raJ. standards such as British Standard, Indian staDiard, German stan-
dard aIJi also International ElectrotechXdc~ Commission Publications
etc. These existing literatures are benevolent guides to manuf'ac~
ers, (8 to 14) to design products and to ascertain the perfol'llllUlCe
wng with convenient methode of determining temperature rise. Common
and simple method among them is the 'Resistance Measurement Method'.

Accurate determination of temperature rise of rotating electri-

c~ machine by resistance measurement. is a 'must'. This is so, because
the measurement of atmospheric ambient at different epoch of time has
greater bearing on temperature rise of the winding. It is rather
ambiquous to slV that atmospheric ambient must be taken to consider
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cold temperature of wiDdings to dermins temperature rise of wiDding.

These discussions are equally valid, both tor tot~ enclosed as well
as for open type machines. The materW property of the coDductor
materi~ and stator b~ etc. are such, that the atmospheric tempera
ture and wiDding temperature ~ not be in phase and not same at a
partiCular instant. The extent of validity is the 81Jbject of this
paper, which elucidates the experimentation coDducted on a particular
motor over twenty-four hours on two raDdo~ chosen dlVs in a winter
aDd a dlV in a summer.

2.0 TEMPERATUllE-RISE CALCULATION

Hitherto most of the experimentation on heatron were based on the

consideration of atmospheric temperature as cold temperature40f.,w1J) -
ding. The simplest fonDula for temperature-rise calculation ,-,,14
suggested in all standards is given below :
Trise .. ~ot / Rcold (23405 + Tc) - (234.5 + Tin)

w~re

T .. Temperature rise of wiDding in Celeius

rise
T .. Cold temperature of wiDding in Celsius
c
Tin .. A1r-in1et temperature of machine in Celeius
!bot .. Hot resistance of wiDding in Ohms
R .. Cold resistance of wiDding in Ohms.
cold
The method advocates, to measure the quantities as accurateJy as
possible. The major accuracies are impaired by sever~ factors such
as instrumen~ accuracy, the personal error aDd testing envirolllll8nt.

The difference in atmospheric temperature aDd maChine winding

temperature could be explained anaJJ'tic~. However this requires
the knowledge of materi~ properties and well established heat COD-
duction equations. But, practic~ aspect of theee results ~ not be
readiJy apprehensible. The ~ic~ reasoning to answer the above
dispute is as follows. The thermal conductivity of copper/~umin11l1D,
iron aDd insulating materials are all different, so that the quantity
of heat absorbed aDd dissipated are not equal at I1I\V instant. So, tem-
perature gradients exist in all adjoining parts· TbiB results in the
temperature of core, w1Dding etc are, all to be different.
 COLD TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 179

3.0 EXPERIMENTATION

Authors have remomq chosen two da;ya in a winter am a ds;y in a

sUlllDlElr in December, Janus.r,y am April respectively to carryout the
tests on one of the existing motors (185 leW, 4 Pole, VerticaJ. squirrel
cage drip proof motor). The readings were taken at small intervaJ.s
am contiJNBd for twentyfour hours. 19 SWG oopper ~offit~CII:I thermo-
oouples were embedded in slot portions of windings' , ,lb.

Fibre-glass sleeves were put on both copper and constsDiDlwires

to avoid 8I\Y short circuit between them. The instruments were placed
on test bench which is levelled by II\Y means of spirit unit. The
COJ:m8ction to the;nuocouples were made by using low resistance shielded
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wires. A digitaJ. millivoltmeter was used to measure the thermo-volta-

ges. Ductor instruments was cslibrated and its battery was charged
for correct voltage. The following measurements were taJcen :
a) Besistance Measursment of all phases by a ductor instrument.

b) Besistance by voltage and current method.

A standard shunt was used to lIISasure the current. DigitaJ.

Millivoltmeter was used to measure the Voltage drope.
c) Thermocouples readings of windings using digitaJ. milli-
voltmetar.

d) ThermOllleter readings of aix'-inlet of 1IlSCh1ne and of atmosphere

at one IIISter distance from it. Machine was standstill and no
air was flowing.

4.0 DISOU3SION OF RESULTS

Time horizon of study, was considered to be twentyfour hours on

all ds;ys. Curves" and B in Fig. 1 show the variation of ambient tem-
perature and wiming cold temperature as measured by thermoco~es
over a de;y in a winter. The peak ~ient temperature waa ;n.2 0 while
windiDg temperature was on4' 20.5 0 am the time of oocurrence was
at 15.00 hours. Curve 0 in the same figure is for resistance which
was measured by applying very low Voltage and measuring current in it.
For this a standard shunt, resist8ZlCe of which is nearly equaJ. to
that of winding, was used. It is interesting to note that resistance
and thermocouple readings are in same phase.

Fig. 2 gives the temperature variation of ambient and tempera-

ture of machine winding. The curves A and B are correspolJiing to
the lIISasurements taken on a ds;y in a summer. Here the maximum diffe-
rence in two temperatures was 4. SOO. Similarly curves 0 am D are
pertaining to winter measurements when in the difference w~ SOO.
The IIlBXiIIIum temperatures in two cases were 39.S00 and ;n.s 0 and the
occurrence were at 15.45 hours and 15.30 hours during sllllllller and
winter respectively. In these two cases it is interesting to note
that the two temperatures vere almost equal from 21. OOhours till
10.00 hours. These timings are shifted further up during summer. It
is possible to conclude that better results would be expected if cold
temperatures were taksn during this period. Beyond the specified time
 180 H. V. K. SHETTY AND P. L. PRADHAN

I
I
. . - ... r" r-
I
-j'" l-
~

-
~
1-1_
• ..... ~
1/ I'
"r- l- V
..
. V_ .. .. ". .. 0- •• '"
.r-.
....
• r- l-
t-
.. . . • .. . . • . • . . . . .. . • --
Downloaded by [Massachusetts Institute of Technology] at 03:25 26 November 2014

• ,
"
HOUG fJI O " Y _

FIG.1 RFSISTANCE VARIATION WITH AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON A T'lPICAL WINTER DAY

WIN'l'Ell MEASUREMENT

CURVE-A I Ambient by Thennometer.

CURVE-B Win:ling TeDlperature by Thenno-couple.
CURVE-C : Resistance. Voltage-Current Method.

"
IL .. • I---- _.~
- 1--.1-.
.. V - r-- 1--r.-
• f::. _. . • 1--. "- ... I-- ..

1··.
'/ -- . _.
.. I -I-- " ..

- _0 . .: ... ..
'-1--
b ~

~
. ~

I
. - .. . -_.
~ f-:' 1--
·. < ... 1"'-
f-
't- ~

.- -. I- t-- -f-

· 1/
t> ...
D
-
... r-,
r> :--
+.... '--I- -1- .... f- ---

. I- --I .... '"f::; r:::~ -~ ._-

...~- .. --
...• t>V
-
r-.::: ~
--
.. . , . • . . . .. ..
. .

. ..
"

.. , v
•

FIG.2 SPECIMEN CURVES FOR TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN A DAY FOR

SUMMER AND WINTER SEASONS

SUMMER MEASUREMENT WINTER MEASUREMENT

CURVE-A I Ambient by ThenlOlIleter CURVE-C : AIIlbient by Thermometer.
CURVE-B : Win:ling T8Dlperature by CURVE-D : Winding Temperature by
Thenno-couple • Thermo-oouple.
 COLD TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 181

region two contradictory futures were exhibited in the enclosed

results, that the temperature increases at an increased rate on the
summer d~, than a d~ in winter when it continues to decrease till
some time. This might be due to intell8ity of cold atmosphere in the
surroUlXlings.

The resistance of machine by voltage-current method is shown in

curve C of Fig. 1. It was found that the resistance variation over
the aforesaid time horizon is not much by al\Y method. The same results
were obtained by ductor instrument.

A small variation in resistance value does not make al\Y appre-

ciable difference in efficiency calculations, since the percentage
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of copper losses is approximately 20 % of total losses. However,

temperature rise estimation will be erroll8ous i f both hot and cold
resistances are not measured on the same scale setting and also if
cold temperature of windings is not acourately established.

5.0 CONCIlJSIOlS

This section brie~ describes the g&nsral conclusions drawn from

the present study. However, it is to be noted that these recommenda -
tions are applicable to tropical countries 1ilte lmia, where there is
a large difference in ~ and night temperatures.

The machine wiming cold temperature and atmospheric temperature

cannot be co-related directlY and both IIIIlBt be treated as indepement
measurements. The question of ambiguity ~ normaJ..ly arise out of
these observations as these two temperatures are different over most
of time of a d~, due to differences in material comuctivity, wei-
ghts of the active materials and surroUlXlings. Added to this several
factors are to be borne in mim in this context. The status of the
machine whether it is brand new or kept as idle in an open atm08 -
phere (single or within large group of machill8 aroUlXl the maChine).
Every point has greater role to play to cause difference in atmospheric
and winding temperatures. To quote one such cause, the difference in
wiming cold temperature and atmospheric temperature is more in the
machine teken out of a group of machines surrounding the same.

The results confirm to reality that the cold temperature has to

be measured by thermocouple of suiteble .....,..gauge 16 or aI\Y other
embedded temperature detector device. Care must be teken to see that
the input impedance of reading instl'lllDllnt is several times higher
than that of resistance of thermocouples.

StroDg recommemations to follow, 1lreto take measuremente of

both cold and hot by the same instrument and on the same scale i f
there are more than one scale. The instrument must be accurately
calibrated before use and be levelled properly while in use.
ACKNOWIElXIDlENTS

Authors wish to thank the man.agement of Ws Jyoti Limited, Baroda for

the facilities prOVided and the encouragement given in forwarding results
of this study.
 182 H. V. K. SHETTY AND P. L. PRADHAN

REFERENCES

1 IEC 71-19'72 - "Insulation aZld Coordination".

2 lEC 34--2-1972 - "Methods for detel'lllining losses and efficiency of
rotating electrical machiDery from testa a•
3 IEEE 1-1969 - aGermral principles for temperature limits in the
rating of electric equipment".
4 BS I 2613-1970 - "Performances of rotating electrical machines".

5 BS 1. 5000-19'72 - "Rotating Electrical MachiDes of particuJ.ar type

Downloaded by [Massachusetts Institute of Technology] at 03:25 26 November 2014

or for particuJ.ar applicatiollS".

6 BS I ?:7~ - "Classicication of illSulating materislB for electrical
machinery and apparatus on the basis of thermal stability in
service".
7 IEEE 4 - "Dielectric testa.

a aNEH.\ Publications", MG l, 1972.

9 IS I 7358-1974 - "Specification for thermocouples a•

10 BS I 1041-1943 - ·Code for temperature measurement".

11 BS I 1041-(Part IV}, 1966 - aThermocouplea".

12 BS I 4999-1972 - "Built-in thermal protection for electric motors
rated volta 660 ac and OOlov".
13 IS I 325-1970 - "Specification for three-phase induction-
motors".
14 IEEE 1'2A - 1964 - aTest procedures for ~e induction
motors and generatore a•
15 Bates J. J. and Tastin, A..:
"Temperature rise in electrical machines
88 related to the properties of thermal netvorlal". Free. lEE 103(A).
pp. 471-J;r3, 1956.
16 "The OIIIlIga Temperature Measurement Hand Book". ()lEGA Engineering
Inc. 1975.

Manuscript received in 'final form, Apri/15, 1979