C I-I ,\I"I ' I-:I{ THE SIXT E I':N TH

:<.111\ I-; S. \[I:\[:\G .• \I" D :'.IE TAL L t;HGY

fr, m Ih~ m.1i1 r~i[,,'~y ufmin,,~_ Ih,' ,'i~ilnr "")",,T\'"''

P
A"SI"(~
on h,s left a buildin!.: of cI~h..r~te design, tht purpose of
,.-hil'lI is indi('"~~(·d hy Ihr sing:p ,,"ord i" ..... ri!., ...1 ~hw" i!~
pMtaL 111 this. the Inll of :\Iints and :<.linill/(. its an:hitect. S. S. Beman,
of Chica:;:o. has <\(-partl'd ,;om",,'hat from cOIl\entioTlal I n)C~. dispJ~rin!!.
without any detraction from his Innnon)" of plan. an adap tation of ~!ruc!ural
forms to pnctical US(S in p.:rfcct kC(!ping with II hat may he t(:ftlled the
~"tltiml'nt of hi~ r01ll1'(lsiti(>tl. F ronting on the main court oppositc the g rea t hall 01
\ Iachiner)' ; flanked on one .,ide lIy i\~ sistcr edifIce devoted to the Electrical d~part·
men t : on another by the Tr'lnsI1Ort"tion pal'ilion. and with the graceful Jilles of the
Administracon building' gi\ing further emphasis to this imposing g roup. ~ [ r Beman
wa~ thus fan)rcd ",ith one of the choicest ,ites in the EXI)!;ition ground~. and to the
ocst a(h-an tage has he improH-d hl~ OPI1Ortunit)'.
I'I:'-t of all II rna) be ob,;cned that In studying his design the artiflCl'1' InU~1 prepare for the h('usin~ of
a lolTi.:e and bulky di~plar of ore~ ~nd rrinera:s. of mining and metallu rgical machinery and appliance~. m~lI)"
of them r('qulIing a hi>eral proporll.)1l 01 !toor room and heIght. lIence. in this building. a~d e~l'('ci;lllr in its
central n~\'('. it wa~ ncnss.1rr to al"oid. as far as l)(>N;ible. aU columnar ohstruction~. lea"ing unencumb,'r('(1 the
great<:s\ H.lj[able area for the reception of e:<hil)itg. Of the s(l~ce at hiS dIsposal. IIIcl udlllg wIth gallenes
somewhat less than ninc ac re~, a larg'e portion was dcvoted 10 a nave 6,)0 feet long. in its centre a circular
Lu",t hum "hid) tlee lll;!in a'~nut.:~ l"d~lte. ;,ud where is a dnign typical of mining indu.tries. I n all this
spacious nave there arc only si:<teen pill;lr~. eight on either sid!!. and on whkh res\~ tile gJstCtll of c~ntik\'er
Iru,.,,-·~ tb,1I ~U I' I"')l'\ " lu,,·creu ru"f r.,~hi"'ln! 1,1t;.;~I} ,,( gl""" anll at its hilo;hcst jloim nearly 100 ket frum
the !lOOT. T he ai,les. "hich di,ide thc building into four main ~:ctions. are similarly treated. and with tl;eir
column~ anch"rcd uJ::ainst the inn<;1 ""'.... 'nlU~'~ relie"cd tlte Lvn'l' .. r.,ti'e ,lcl,re,siun "f Ihe LUlt.lin "·,,ll~.
",h.l:<C he:ght bum ground to ("omice is littl ....
mON Ih"n ~ixl)' {"N.
,\ furth"r accentuation is j..~"en by
tll(- prine'I",1 ~ntrane,,~. one ,n Ih" cenlr<-
uf (",u.'h uf the four ~idb. th()~ on tht'
north an.1 .... ",th Ro f(O('\ wid,·. with rir-hly
dl'("\,ratl'd corn:les. Olnd fbnked by l'ilasten<.
on whidl Tl,~t banner s\a'·<;s. their flaj.(s im·
parting to the outline somewhat of a holiday
;ll'peanlllce. and modifyin~ the serious aspt·ct
of the dl',;j/(n. Aruund OIl! the en t ranee~ arc'
monumettts. desig'ns. and figuTCs in k('('Il:IIC
with the e~hibits c(>ntain,~d within. At till'
curn.:rs are square ]la, ilions lighted by
arched windo,,~ on eithcr face. and with lo\\'
domic;ll rvols (f()"'nw with circular bnterns.
]3et"-ecn these p:nilions and the main porLlls
are piaz2:~s 15 feet wide. with coffered ceil· .",~" 1'"""\ '00" ."~ GAl.-cUy
ings and from which there is access to the
interior OIl s('nral points. From eithcr ,.jdc of the en trance· halls bro;ld >tai rways lead to windowed gaJl~Ties, 60
feet WId"" and llttordinc an alldltlonal ttuor ~[lace of more than 100.000 squ.ue feet. T hencc. from lI um(,TOUS
openil1gs. the "isitur may step forth into recc>S<.:d I,akonics. from ponioll~ of which is a n excellent view of the
structUT(', and grounds adjacent.
In the c1al>oration of his dL'Sign the architect has not adoptt'd any ~recial ordcr of architecture. for in
doinJ.; so he could 1101 havc g;"cll t·> his :<cheme an architectural elprcs,ion in conformity wuh t h~ character of
the exhihits. Thc fa£,ad~s are of modt.:1Il st}lc: the roof pl;.nned S(,mC\lhat aflcr the fa~hion of th(<<: "hich
lO'·U Ihe ~.H·l.tuiMing ~h,_'d~ ul the l'ulh",111 LUmp""r. Ebe"her~·. "nu e~pet.:iallr In the entablatule~. are traces
-l6;
 1111:" 1100/\ uF TilT; t·· lit.'

of It;,!!"n dl"td'l. Illingkd "ilh th.l: of tlw I· ~t·m·h

rc·n,i~"""'<·t·, "hil,· in Ih, 1"J.::.:i.,.~ "nti b.• I,,,,,i< tI,,·
trl';,lnwnt ~"r()r~ ·jf Ih· Durll" ~m\ 111<" "arli"r
1~"n""l<"''1u,'' Fin.llly it ""'} I,.. ~."d tl MI. whnhu
from an ar..Jliu·("lural or uulitari"n p.,int "f ,·i,·w.
til(" k.tl of \In,..~ ,,,,d \lininJ.: do". nul ""Hcr h)-
compari-'<l1I w;th its m()n~ impo,inl' rwil'hhnrs.
,\, witl, tlw F i,h"rib ,,,,d ~n"r,,1 <>tl1<"r
dCl'artnll"rlts. this j.; 111l' fir><1 of (lOT I:rt"at w,rld'"
fair_ ;11 "hirh mining ha~ lw,'" I'Llc<-d f~' :1n
1·1\tJ.11ily "ith manufnclurc~. aI:Tirul\tJr~, an,1 "II
Ih,' mnn' pr',min"~l in(lu~Iri;,1 l'u .... u,'-, an,1 n~
l·"hihits rankt'(\ on a par with any_ and h<>u,,'(\ in
a hu;ldinl-( of 11,,·ir ""'n _ _-\1 Ihl' L, ",I.. n and
Paris c"posili,\Os .1.1 such ~pecin .... ns IIUl' d~",.cd ~L " , ~" ... C~ ~ •••

in a ~il1~k gmup. 10 whi ...h w~~ I:f.1n1O'<1 1,111 a

rne~I:T" :l1In11l1l"11t of space: aIK\"'l"11 at our own Centennial EXPO'lIIOI1 IIJl")' wcrt' pu~hcd asid(" illlo :In anno, of
t 11(" ntdu .. t ri;. I cdifice. I !cr~'. howl·H-r. dll(' prmn ill/-nc(' i~ ginn In ;1 n i ntlll sl ry which i n ,-~ IIII' "f I'fnd ".-1 inn 1"111 k~
third among thos.: of the lJnitt·([ Sta l ':~. m;ulyof its oTanchc~. Ix·fort· ir1("nrporat('d in otlwr di,-i,ion~, for tli('
firsl timt n·(",'i,-in~ in Ihdr proper place a fitt;n~ and adNl,".,It' rrpr;-,,!lI,,'ron.
S;l)~ II,t· chief of thi~ d.:parlnl<:nl, rd"rring to the scope and cliaTaU('T of the cxhibit~: "They will ool'er
thc e11li,,-, ran<:l' of the mineral kinl,:dom. Tit.:}' will include minerab 'If ('It"T)' k:nd. "res. natiH' n1('t;.['. wm,;.
and (Tpt~ls; gcol(>j;!ical ~pCf:im('n,: co;,l. cllkt'. pelrokum. natural g;h. hu:lding S\()nc~. and II~arry pmduch:
~rapliile. limc'tone. n·mcnt. and a rtificial s:ont·: "Ilts sulrhur.
fl'rtJizers. and min<:ral W.1ll"rs: Ih,' long: cat.11ol:UC nf irun and
sll·d. and of lin. and Ihe nt·w mHal. ~luminium; Ill(" (·~traction
of j.;old. ~ih-e r_ and kad h) "lriOU'; 11l('lliods: mining m"d,ir,l'r)",
1{)"I~. and applianet·s; litn:l.lure. modeb. and rq)f(lllun~,",;,
\\'hen we con~id(' r Ih" wl'alth repn'"",nted by th,· (Iuarri.:~ of
;\"('w York and lIlt" ;\"pw England Mate, the coal ~nd imn of tIl<'
Alleghanic~. the phosph~tes of Florida and Ihe Gulf. llie nil and
~asof PennsY!l'ani;land
o h i o. the copper of
Lake Superior and lIlt'
lin of Ihe Bl;lCk hills,
tl\{" ~ilH"r :.Ind kad of
the Ho cky mOU11l:1.m,
:.Ind Ihe gold of e,li-
10rnra: wah tlw nn-
menS(' l1lanuf;lcluring
int<:r.:st;; connl'Cted 1\1lh
tl\(" production ,uul
manipulation of our
<"(>unlfy's "a';1 Uli!wr.11
we;,lth. rC"'t'",llt"rillg:
that there c"me into
'IJ"'I><:titiCln "itll IIL-' "ll
- I'ountfi"s and Iluartt-r><
"f the gl"lx-. Ih~- ,-",k(\
;tnd ""(:qllion;!! char;!(
t,-r uf Iho: l1lint-~ _tnt!
min,ng di",,]a) will Ill'
"!,PfN- i~ I,·d . ..
{)n "nt"rinl( II ... hall
",hi( h c"n",in, I h" ~ L'
,·\hihits. Ihe firsl (llll'~lion the 'r~r!Of :l~k~ him,elf i~ "II"w <lid
Ih,·) )«'1 hL'n'? II"", 'H"" Ih,·,., ,"'''I1111''lh 'Iw,'i,",·"~ <"<,lI,·,-t('d
and Ir;ln'I"lOrt,~1 from "Il'!'~ quarkr to IK' l'l:tn'd in rongruolls
"",I 'pmn"ITir.~1 1-.'1'<1111" 1111(1,-r tl\(' nWlf "I " 'ingl" ,·,!iti",·)·
1't·rh;lps in nil lime t>r plan' but Ihe pft'>"nt nluld th,'~ hI,,'
I""'n got t'l1!t·thl·r: fnr YO'"r" "f 1"-'f'oi,I"nt ""I:rlLllr,'" ;Ird cudlll
planning wcr,· rnluirt'd l.;f"r,· tl ... m<>re bulk} ;tnil'll-' 'w...· f< Ikd
 -I''''
on Co"'"" to the principa l enlrance way, 10 1)(' lih"l hy rrnnps ~n<l m""NI on Iru,.k~ into po~i t ion, Fmm ,h,.
sl'aciou~ r('ntroll n,n-c, somet,mcs It'nnl,,1 Bullion boulc.'ard, c"lend l'a,tward tl\(' ~t;'lte ;'Ind territur;al p;!\';li(,ns
o r ~tru(' t u ral fa~ades in l11<'t.1ls (,r min('T.lb, iJcyond ",hidl is tl":: mJl\;1l1( m.1thintry ; while 10 the "'T~t (Our
fon'ign friends ~IH'w what their scI'eral countries can produce, Among l'nil"d SL.ltes e.~hiloils ""ntan;,'s ~il\'{'r
SUtUl" Pl'nll'yll';lllia's needle of anthracite CII.11. a nd the geolog ical obelisk of the empire ~t;lll' aurart mudl
.1ttcllllon, Among thow vf otlwr lands may here be mentioned tltl' ei.lbol',lt<: colk'{;tions of Germa"y. :'Il.-XlCO,

-
.... , ,..
~
-

Canada, and :-O:ew South \Vales. and Ihe d,amonds which in tht spec tator.;' pre;;cncc arc washed hI, l":aml'S
oUI vf tho: blue o:arth impuTt'xl [rvlll I~ illll,,:tlc> IllillC'"
On th" gallery Hoor Ihe la r);e't of the inJi,iJual exhibits arc th,)", of the Standard Oil company, and
the F ri~k Coke com]>an,', Ih<· fOTlm:. di'l'la}'int-; Ih~ lIe""ral method .• u""d in Ill<' r""du<livn .".1 Ji'lrilou\i,," u(
"il. and the btler a model oj their plant, O f scj"ntific in\('rc~t ar(, tht met:tllurgLcaJ displa)s arranged by thc
d,~'f "f I]," \ Iining d"l",rt,w'nt, :o nd Ih,' roll"o:ti!)n, of the \Vard ~;ltur:\l Scil'nco cstahli~hm(·"t , I"" ",'ri,' .•
of courts arc armn;;:(otl in related group' all !llill('r~1 subotanccs of industrial. ecollomic. or scientifi c "'llue. Wilh
~n ".~"Ipng d"p~rlmf'nt in ~f't,,~1 "'I"·r.!!i",, . "'or ~ho"ld m('"t in~ hf' omitted "I the lib. a.)", cal~ l <>g"t'd f).
public u~, and C(KlIaining h:~torics 'l1ld statistics of mines and mining <li<ITi('!" with l1umerou, tharts and
diagram_, h)L>ethcr with maps and modd~ illustrating the ge(Jlo1(ical form:l tinn and di~tr;h"lin, of min.'r,,1 ,-.. ;n~,
and tilt' modes by which they arc worked. To the mining engi"ter nr ~un'l'ror the collect ion is ('sl)('Cially
valuable. for hcre arc treatises on e,",'r), brandl of his rrofe';',ion, induding among othl'T$ the localion of shahs
 TIll;' BOOA' OF Till: F.-II/{

and tunnels. their sinking or J;.orin~ and timbering. the ~Ioping and
hoi~ting of or~. and the drain"ge. lighting. and wntilalion of min"~.
Finally. the ,i,itor may compare the present \\"ith ancient me thods.
for the re arc ""m" of the earlicH "praratu~ u""d III mining and
melaHurgy. either as originals or rcprodudions.
Coal and irr.n arc treated in hroad lin"~; for in Ih ... I ' nilt'd
States the,;c industries represent the investment of hundrcd~ of millions
(If c"pital ann aiT",(1 ""'l'loym"nl to hundrNl~ of th()[,~'nds of nw n.
Of bituminous coal the annual yield exceeds 100.000.000 tons: of
,nlhrarit(· n",dy h"lf a" much. and of l'i~ iron about 10.000.000
tons: the total value of their outp~t. th~ two first as ddi\'ercd at the
mines being e~timated at more than ~JOO.ooo.ooo. ;\('n in order of
value. or vcry ncarl)' so. arc >ilver, building stones. copper. lime. gold.
]Je t role~m. nat~ral gas. lead. and zinc. these and oth~'r metals and
minerals increasing the total production to abont $(>50.000.000 a year.
lil the exhibits contained in the ;'Ilinin).! hall. quality rather th"n
quantity is the feature of the di~play: nnd here the visitor may karn
more in this connection than years of tral'el could teach him. In the
coal colleetion~ for instance. arc not only the \'arie ties produced in
different regions. but with many of the ,peeimens arc chemie<11
~cU"&.!GO, NoW vo_ • • tCfOO' analyses. and the results of tests whereby hal'e been dt' m'.>llstr<1ted
their economic value and adaptability to spedal n,;cs. with geological
and other maps and drawings showing stmtification. extent. loealit). accessihility. and other ,<tluable data. And
so \\ith iron and otller products. all the groups being armnged <1nd illustrated with sp<!cial reference to) the in,
dustnes which the)' rcpnsent.
;\ear the northern portal of the hall. flanked on either side by the pavilions of France and Pennsyll·ania. is a
loft)' monument fashioned of cubes. which gradually deerea,;e in size almost to a point. Tho>c at the base areof ma~s,
il'e proportion~. and on >'el'eral of them are inscribed the words anthracite. lillle~tone. naluml gas. pctroltum. Iron
ore. and granite. Then corne salt and other miner"l. produced in the United States. nearly all of commercial value
having a place in the column. In these eube~ arc represented the proportionate bulk of all the minerals II'hich t;ome
from lhe mines and <IU,l!rics of this (;uuntr), <luring one se{;unu uf lillle. "sUc~t,)~ funning it~ lip. gul<l ore ~c{;ond,
and sih·cT ore onl), a few removes from the top.
\Vithin the entr.lIl~e uf Penns)h.lIli,,·s IM"iliun
arc displayed her petrolt~m and petrole~m products
in hundrcd~ of gla", bottlc~ contained in neatly fin-
i."hcd ~how,eascs. Facing them is a IM!:e relief map
of the Atale. rCl'rcacnting the locntion o f hcr principal
coal and iron mine~. her oil and nalllral :.:as deposits.
b1a~t furnac"s. pipe S)"t""'s. and railroad,;. In a
small pa,·ilion :'Ire ,11O\\"1l the various uses of slate.
as for pillar~, roofing. wall~. and black,hoar<.\!;. On
the wesH;rn side are exhibited in the form of trun-
r"t"d pyra",id~. ,IlTCILl]lNi in "'~tanl;:,,1ar ~hal'''. all Ih"
varieties of anthmclte. "ith commercial samples and
a,,;tl)'~,,~. while at til(' C<lfner~ (If the ft'ct",,!!le arlo
~amples of bitumino~s coal. A e<.>lored drawing illus·
trates the man~faeture of zine oxide and spiegeleisen.
the lalter lar~eI)' uscd for the m"nufact~re of Besse,
mer steel. In bricks and other s.un]lles. c rude and
burned. arc sllo\\"n the many "arietics of fire clay
found in Pennsyl\'ania. and next to these arc tile
clays in e\'ery form . There are al><.> more than 100
."pecimens (,f buildin~ st<>nes. with g:lass sands. the mixture~ used for \·ario~s kinds of gla'~. and the fini~hed
product. Soapstone. nickel. manganbe. iron orcs. and the sever,,1 sta);es in the manufacture of iron. with the
ehan:o..'ll. anthraci te. bituminou~ cO<ll. and coke used for such pUf)XlSC~. He al-.o on exposition.
,\n intere~ting exhibit is a complete ',·orkin);" modd of a coal mine. with engines and the \\'ork they do.
from hau ling coal up the incline until it is dumped into the ~ereens and there assort ..xl into ~izes and loaded
into railroad cars. 1\enr by is a primitil·e iron furnac('. of a p"ttcrn more than 1.000 year, old. and g:roupcd
about it arc rude implements ~uch as T ubal Cain might havc u~d. On the wall> afe photographs. charts. and
maps of ).(eological and mineralog:ieal sun'ep. with relief mal''; and other iIIu.,trati()Ilg,
But the most attractive fl'aturc is in the Cl'n tral court of the :\Iining hall. where is thL" shaft or so-called
needle of anthraCIte already mentioned. Thl" trophy is lasluoned QI solKi blocks of that mineraI. extracted lrom
,,-,. TilE HOO" OF Till< /':/1,,'

til<' \laml1l()th mine of the Ldligh \alky en'll rompan}. It is 111Of" than So {cd hig:l, we,gh~ r.(·ar]} 100 ton~.
;Ult] I" mill(- and place it in I""ilion W.ls :h" t;,,,k of many Wet'b, inn,l.-ing an ollllay "f ,;(·n:ral thousand
d"l1;lfl', TI,,· ,-1!tire collecti"" frun) 1\'nl1~yh'ania is gathered and arranged as " utilitarian mlher than an "rna-
mental (hspb,.. and "Iww" I" (-xI,-11l-1l1 ;l(h-an\;lgc her rich and m;u'I1/t.ld r"',OUfns,
The c,hibit~ of till' l"111l'irt' sLltr arc also "I a sul>st:ullial character. with no attempt at ornaTlll'ntmion
exc.:!]>1 for the l'",ilion wllieh c()l1l"in~ thl"lll. !Iud a pagoda Oil lelTa ('ona in one uf it> corners. T h(' former is
in tIll' ,hap", of a rectangular coJonnadl'. the cllLlblaturt resting on Ionic arches springillg from pill;lrs of uniform
<ksign. and the comers surmou!Hcd wilh h,mdsome balustr;t<ks. 'I' ll<' cornice~ and frieze arc dCfoffitNI \\'ith
sculptured t"hlets. and the spanJrds 1.>1"1'",en lhe arches arc ornamcntL-d wilh rCl'resclltatioDs in rdid of
"lining ,.,.cUt;s ;U!u implement., I n (runt h;tn oL...·lisk WII-
struLtcd of rocks in the order of ..(oological ,ucc6sion. thc
dc-icc uf Ih" .l:colo)(i .., J.• me.s Jlall. lien:. ,I IIl.,y be
mertioned thaI. ap.. rt from local c(,lIections. this is the "Illy
('Ompicle ""I_itiun tha! :>;<:" York has c.-." attempted of
her geological formation and mineral resources, though in
Ihis o;tale j~ found the kcyn"l\l to Ihe f:c<>logy (,f " .'a~1
adj<lccnt n·gion.
Anl("',, II,,· ,..~hjh;I' :IT<' saml'ir-s "r all build;"", '>fna_
mental. <ll1d other ~tones of comm~rcial I'alue. of which the
~1"tP I""'''''''''''''' an ahun'bm sl<>re. Th('r~ "rf' I;k<·..-is,·
~pecilllcns of the o.ohd cryst;Jlline salt depo,its pcculi;,r to
her wil. with clar~. !.:}"I)sum. s..l,nd", and shall.'. the first
induding kaolin, and dj"played in raw and marufact~red
form~. tOj!clher Ililh miner:IJ paints. iron ore~. and I,(·troltum.

• MOO.C OIVUV
A feature in the colk"<:tion ;s the beautiful ~1X'Cimen5 of
'Iuartz and Iluorit!,. an,l on the galln)" ft(~lr I~ a br/.(c
a,;ortlnent of precious ston<"i and minerals cIHltribut(:d by a :-';ew York Jewelry firm.
Adjoining the :>;cw Ylrk ~C(\l(ln on Ihe ea..~t is the :-lew Jcrscy panlion. the greater porti'Jn of which is
de\'oted to an e~p<»;ition I'f her ge,,!ogy. illustrated by l largc relief map. Along the \I,llls are cabinet
specitntns of orcs, building ston ..". an" pOllers' day. in the I",t of which the stat~ is especially rich. Her
production of ZlIlC is somcwhat n'nlarbble: and hcrl': thl': information IS eOllveyed that of the 1.000.000 tons
of orc produced in Ihe United Sl;,lt:s ,inte 187.;. ;19,000 w('re conlributed hy i\cw Jen;cy.
bther 111 the \l"e.~\Crn gall~rt(,s among Ihe lllenllurglcal /.(roups. or 111 the eastern g;.lIert{·s amon/.( the
specimens of huilding ~tone. all the :-';e,," EngLlnd states are represented with the exception of I~hode Island.
i'lum tl\(' Lolby univCTsit)' of \\;II(·n-ilk'. ~faine; from Ihe Portland »ocict} of natural history. amI various
prilate !«)Uru's, :uc collections of mint'r:tls lnd g{·ms. a (luarry wlllfHny omtril,uling a br/.(e Lf1l of IX)]j,h('d
gunilc ;H1d J. ""riel" of ~n"tlkr spedmen~. 'bn-"rd cullege ""nd~ Itl tl:c \!~_~"\d:u",,u~ ".:uion U,IIl) Id,e
fos~ils. 1;.rJ.:c slahs of stone ~h(lwing the fnot-prints of some mamllloth of the anlidelu,ian era. Gr.\nite and
m,"hk. J.:"t;i", ""ti hur,II.. J..:"tic ...... ~unJulll. e,"<:'') ..tlH.I gr.,!,!!ite_ .. itll ~n .o1J~",I.",,,<: .. f ,-,rc_~ .",d ""U\~. ,irtu,lll}
c(lITtpll'1,' the collectioll of Ihe (ld
n~y ~lale.
i\ew llampshire. Yalllonl.
and C"''''eclicut di~l'br their gr:lI'
lit,; and IllHbles in the ea~lcrn
f.(all(·ri<'" In Ih~ l\cw I [:"nps]']n'
colkctiun ;uc m"ny specimens of
m,"'''. "ntl l'i1I;lr~ ;mel ;l ma,~i,..-" tahl ...
arc eon,truct,'d of the ~t()ne for which
ttL1t I'tate is famous. T~c gr;lI1iu's of
Conn("<:licut. principally !.:ray "nd rHi.
art ;,1,;0 th(, prominen t kature of h'r
",-'(-tton. \"ennont. \.hi'e show in/.(
st"'l'ral IX'auliful ,arietics of gr:lnile.
ul'hnld, h('r reputation as the pro·
dun'r of S<'"l<:' of the bf'st marhks
from th(· 'Iuarri~s uf Ihe l 'nited '"C"" 0' M.... ' e..,~u
Slates. til(' Sl'lTillltllS b('ing dlsPI;,Fd
in a cir('ular porlico of Grecian ar<llitct:lUrc. .\ LuI)' of the cases Within ((lnt;';" cub,,~ of the beSt known ,\nwrkan
1';,rieti!''I. ;111(1 the famous nurlll(· (IUarri.,s "f J<ulkind (Ontributt· Jar!.:!'ly IU Ihe general dfec\.
Onl' ,,[ the IIlO" 1I1Icr(',u"g and unillu" of the scm(" uf p."-il;o,, d,· •. I1,O'" in thc ~Iining 10.<11 i_, 11, .• 1
of I\I·ntul"k\. in the ba.ckground (,f which, d('l'ictur~d th.' ('ntraIKe to 11O"r mammoth can'. while heneath it
is f('!lT<,odun:ti a :-ct:tiun of tI,e (:;1"\ tn whil'h a tr''lHl'Nr .• (T..,,!, .\(A(·'~. Th" fas""" i" a lcmpk-likc ~Iru{'ture
 fllIlIlI
•
 Tiff: HOOK OF TlfE FAf!.'

of Gothic arc'lilectare. and. together with the "ide open archway.n the centre, is huilt of cannel coal. its eiect
lllcrea.*d by COlllrast with the white marble e<hflcc of the empire ~tate. lu plan was sugge~ted by Ihe lx,rtal
of the \irgini~ .\lilitary in5tiute in Stonewall Jackson's native to"n. While consisting largely of coal. as m:ght
be expected from a region with q.oco s(\uare miles of bituminous coal deJlO~ilS. and with a yrorJy output of
more than 3.0Cl0,OOO tons, the exhibit, of KCllIucky are as varied :IS hcr TI'sources, and include marble and
other valuaiJle stones, lile-clay, copper. iron.
gold, and silver, all displayed a~ mincr,lIs,
ore~, or mctal~ to the best ad,anlage.
Ohio's section. is enclosed by a hand·
"<Jmc L,'lolln~dc, con~truLtcd emir"!} of
minerals found witbin h"r borders, and in·
tended to I'ra.ent in pinurc.!I<luc hrlll her
resources In Ihat direction. One of thc
l'a"....... .I;(.. way~ i~ fa,hionro of tik~. and "X·
tending (lwr the e!ltire length of the floor
sl),1ce at Iho northern end arc nk<,n's con
taining ~pecimens nf Ilunrt~, I n ~how-c,jM's
arQ minin!o( :Inti mineral S:l.mpk~, :lnd in th{·
centre arc models illu~tral;ng the manula('-
tun' "f lal>II' salt ~nJ lh" ma<,hi",'fY "~,,,l
for pumping oil from Lima's product;,e
wt'lls. In th., gall<'ri('s Ohio i~ wi'll r.. pT(·
Hent(:d in the met~llurgical exhibils organ-
;~ed by Fre<krick J. \', Skiff, the chic: of
tht· :'olinin); department. and here also arc ,",,\'eral colkoclions fro:n h"r uni\'cr><ity and colleges of <lJ:ricuhure
and the mcebnie <lrts.
Ikpres.:ntin~ as they do ont of thc most prOlific districts in the production of huilding ston~, Ihe l'xhillits
of Indiana, both in the construction of her pa\'illon and its content~. ;lre ",)me .. hat of a uniform character.
Th" fouf !o(mnite pillars which support the entrance harmomze ill cvloring "'ith the whitish grey of the lime-
stone, the buer a prominent factor in thc m:neral wealth of the ~tate. The quarries at Bedford arc cspeci,llly
n01cd, and thtnce were g:Hhercd the bulk of the limestone spccim.ons rangl·d along: the centre ,)f the s{'ction.
Ol'p()sit~ arc large hloc;ks of coal. f()( which In&lIla is famed, ooth as to Iluant;t)' and quality o[ output.
EI'l'whc~c are cabinet spccimen~ uf huilding stone. and samples of petruleum oil. brick tiling. and otlil'r d<l)'
products. whiie near the westcrn entr;lIlce to Ihe .\Iining hall is a 5lald), pilbr of ooli,ic limestL'11e from
Bedford d<'IX sllS.
.\!it-higan occupies a place d honor, honlin~ on Ihe central court, anti "ith the large;t space :,llo\tl'G to
any of the sUtt exhibit" ,\mon!o( the materi"ls u:-ed for hcr p;U'ilion arc ~pecimc"s of building and ornamental
~tones, ,,-ith othcr mineral~ taken fmm '\Iiehi!o(an mines and quarri(:s. The arch'_a), i~ of nati\'e !;.l.nd.tl>lle. its
dome-like int"rior lined with copper, ('n wllich are d:splayr:-<J ti,c mineral prtxlU<.:I'; Ilf the Mille [a~lli<)ncd in
the forn, of "hicld~, wifl the coat (,{ arms "" m<,dallion~. a~d above all an alll'gorical group re]'resenting two
",i"o.:'~ "horn the l'''e~iJing );o.:"io. "f lll.tt
indu~try i~ crowning wilh wre;\ths "f laurel.
Frontin:.; on the ecntr:\1 nave i" n I,'r~c
dia!o:T,II11 showing a CfO~S section of a mine
"I'"l'alctl by the Clc"c1""J Cliff~ Imn ~')m
l'arJy. and r('pre,;cnting its gcoJo!o(ical form-
, ,,•
" ,
:lti,,,,~. "'ilh Ih .. 'y~tcm of ,h~ft~ ~"n); til
tlUl'c ~u('ce~sil-e lel'cls before the ore 1~l(ly
-- , , is rt'arhrd. On two of the intl'rior walls aT('
'" '.-
• • - l'ictuT('s of the more prominent min,·,; in the
upper I".-ninsula. as the Pittsbufl::, Barnum,
and Sal:sbuf), around ,,·hieh arc h('al's of
timbers and snQw-co,·er(·d pill'S of ore,
The f,u"ous Calumet and lit-cia min(:". and
the stOlle qu,1friQs of ~laf(l~eUe, arc also
repnxluted in graphic art: <lnd aillong
scenic dewS are those of Lake Anl::ciine
before its waters were drawn off, and of Todd's haroor and Isle R"yal. Ono: (If the exhibiting companies shows
Ihe levels of ils mine in sheets of !o(lasi on which nrc indic<ltQd the location.; of tlrifts and tunnels, while et~e-
where are Jllodels of machinery, mill~. ~nd rcducti,)!\ worh .
.\Iichigan's display of minerals is both interesting and in~trucli\'c including ~pecimens of the ric!lest m
ore found wilhin the state, Thert are sample~ 01 gold ore bund ncar bhplmmg. a~.;..1.)'IO:': ~ 10,000 10 the ton,
 TIlE /JOOK OF TIIB I-:IIN ~ 7 .5

\lith silver OTeS. marble o f dili('rrnt kind~ and mlnrs. \"(~rc1e ~nti'lue and .wrpen1ine. and granite and whet-
stones. Th ese spe<:imens are f<x the most part taken from pri\";lte collections. as arc also graphite. fire and
common claro fire sand. coal. amethyst. agate. and ehlor:.,strolitcs. the last a beautiful mineral. ;md found only
in Spain and on Isle Royal in ~Iichigan. Among other samples here displayed in profusion Illay be mentioned
rcd analcimes. abol'hylites. prcalmitcs. dalholites. stilbites, dolomites. and calcite~. T hen there arc pipe ores.
kidney orcs, needle iron ore. grape ores. epidotes. and calcite crystals. containing nati"e copper. yet i"d(oed
repre~cnting but a tithe of the more valuable and useful portion of the collectioll.
But copper is the main feature in the Michigan section. and in truth the display is a generous one,
including native copper, copper ingots. bars. shects. cakes. alld wires; rag. nail and fan copper: orcs. conglomera!e$.
and amrgd~loids: battery and tailing samples. and copper in what other forms soever It i$ found or fashioned.
T he largest mass is of nati"e copper. weighing 8. 500 IXlunds. with others almost as bulky. compoS(.-d of the
rK;ho:~! uf mo:s ,,11<1 cunglonlc rate~. In the co:nlre of tho: p;l\"ilion are t\\"o mounds of copper. one conslructeu vf
"ire. at the base of which are sections welded by an electrical process whereby wires can be produced of
indefinite length.
Among the more curio~s e xhibits are prehistoric tools found
in the mines. f'ls!'ioncd of n;lti,'c copp<:r. and in the form of

-- knive~. spear and :"lITOW heads. adzes. and hammeTS- T hese

:>rt"" .mong lht"" state contribution<; and no one can t<:ll how
they were made. for the metal is hardened and tempered by
a process whi.h modern !'<"ienti<ts and m~chanics havf' {aile-d
as yet to discover. th to this process it can only be said
that thousands of inventors ha"e tried in vain to reproduce
it. and that to the aborigines of the Lake Superior region was
known what is now a lost art, whereby weapons and tools
were made such as cannot be duplicated by the most im-
proved of modern methods. Says the official in charge of
this exhibit : ··!t is claimed by sc"eml that tempered copper
is now being placed on the market : but if the art is evc r to
he discovered. it has not been achie\ed so faL I have heard
of men who ha"e seen weapons or tools of the Jborigines
that would turn the edge of a ~\(;'el chisel or dull " file. "
The state which contains the home of the F air rescn'es
h"r ~tn;n~th lur lhe n",chinery departmcnt j" the ~liJlillg
hall. and is mentioned in that connection. In \ Visconsin's
collection ure fully illustnlt<:d h~r abundant mincral resoure<:s.
Shafts of poli~hed red l!l~rb1c SUPIXlrt the ~rch above the entrance way : at the corners are monolith$ of $and-
ston<:. and within is a temple_like structure. its dome upheld by fluted columns with Doric capit;,k The
!loor i~ of black and white tiling. and the materiJls for the outside walb were furnished from Bayfield quarries.
In the cenlfe of lh<: 1~,,"i1ion i~ " pag(>(la. ,,\ the ("orner~ of which are b"r~ of lead an(1 pil,'~ of imn. 7.in(". and
galena ores. I n pyramids and other forms are all the economic minerals and metal~ of \Viscon~in. in raw
or manufactured form.. including marble and .:ranite: bricks. tiles.
and tcrra cotta: jasper and serpentine; iron. copper. zinc. and lead:
brown hematite of ochre. mincral paims. and the sands that arc used
for the making of glass. From i\ lilwaukee arc specimens of the so-
called \Visconsin pearls. and from not a lew of the exhibitors are
entire cabindS of specimen,. for many counties have contributed to
the di~pla)'.
:\Iinllcsota's howe in the i\lining hall is east of the U hio section.
her booth partially enclosed by a bron~e fence of scroll-work. and the
entrance-way of building stone from her I'rmc1l'al (Iuarries. Within
is a remarkable display for a state that has but recently attempted
mining on any considerable scale. Her principal exhibits arc of iTOn.
large contributions coming from the region tributary 10 Duluth. and
including a great v,,,iety uf ~I'CCilllClh. Abuut thirty C<>Jlll)anic. arc
represented. and the samples shown by each contain not less thJn
63 I}[;r CCIlt vi metal. while se"<:ral .how nearlr iO per cent. " re
markab1c a'crage considering the extent of territory from which the)'
"ere lakc".
Of iron orcs there are many exhibitors. including a carefully
selected group of spccimen.. Of building stone~ th~re i< a special
contribution containing 100 varieties. \"ith samples of bricks and the
cla)"s from which they W("TC made. From Duluth is a finc specimen 0 ' " or W",CON,"
 TilE /JOO', OF Till: ":-IIR
of Lake Superior amethyst weighing- jOO pounds. ,\ group .,f
j;j~I"'r ~h<l\\~ :hc hi!,!hly poli~hed ,]I,laflt; anOllwf i~ in lh ..
Tough. and a third consis ts of cOln('d fi;.:ur<:s from ~tonc of it
Tcddihh I:oe. From Sioux \,all.,) is at"" a handsome shaft of
pspcr polished by hand. Graniw is wdl rL'prcscntl:d. especially
in it pil:'IT ;'l1d shaft of thi~ m:l \{' ria1. the laner of the
speckled variN)' from Hoch-iIJe. Thac is slatc from CIO<luct,
bro'ldl stnll(' from Duluth. and OIher \'arktlCs from Y<Hiou"
parts (If ilu,' ~Iat(·. .\ unique structurt' is in the form of a
mound, its ba>c of Indian l}ip(.·~tonc. upon which is a ta\'{f
of ja"p.:r, IIll"n >.t:HTal koet of earth. wilh the grC<'lIsward 'f( r
a ('"wring. TIl(' ]')\\"cr portion of the mound was quarri ed
from the red Ilipe'tone quarrit·s on th(o IM tiona l reservation
in 'Iinnl,.'S()ta. Iwar Pipe StOTI' Citv. and s.li,1 to be the onll' ...
Iluarry 01 its kind :n the world. Since timl' imme morial till.'
Amencan ;lboTlginl:~ have u>;(.~1 thi. ~uh~t"nc~ for Ihei r peac/'·
pipes which Longldlow has described in his lI ia"a tha.
Among o ther features of interest is a model of the
C handkr mine at Ely. showing the ~ha lt housc~. tool~.
-
and ruining al'para t ll~, as well ;IS the gcographil;d formlllion
and the ,linnent k\"cls. with the procc~s of mining. hoisting.
and timl><.·ring. ,Ind with mincrs carrying bnltrns on Ihl':r
heads. .\rran.,;ed along the inner \\'alls arc chart~ ilIustratin:,:
the IW"lugiGII survey of the stall" whi!e a lar.(:e map sho\b
the umk~gr"und phn of the ) Iinn('sota mint.,; at Soudon.
Ikneath the stairway at the sout\WTn ('nd of the ~Iinin~
hall arc th(' ttlal pillars of the r )wa pavilion. CQ which an
ornatc appt'ar:ance is gi\'en by the Judi(;ivu~ use of colored
eta)s and s;lntis. Wi t hin arc mounds (,f iron. k;ld. and zine.
a mini;lCUTc j.(mtlo constructed of matl'ri,d gathe red fr<,m thl'
ca ves of Dubuque county. and the di'play of a Centcn'illc
co.al tompany , consistin!: of lllodds of its work:< and car,.
in,talled upon a platform of coal. T h,fe IS also shown the 1II1cn or of a coal nllnc, WIth full'SIZ('d hgul\'~ of
milh'rS al work. anti a truck filled wich coal on the track read)' to IH.' ha~led 10 the ~urface. T h" dl'pth is
onl) Iwellt)'.I1\(· feet, but by ;m lllJ.;ento1,;~ dence appearing as though II Wl're SI.'\ernl ~undred ft'll. J he ll",uth
of the pit, OH'r which are tr.e \H,rc\s Iowa Black Diamond H(.lIo\\,. is ~brr<,ur:ded with O'{)Jid bind" of co.1.1.
.\dJ'>1mn k the panbon proper are e'lbmds 01 l:conomie minuals, and a small sc,tion in which arc ~I:own hy a
marble c,unpany ~r<:cimens oi its stolle in Ta"' and manufac:ured form,.
10 \Jls-oun was ~~s!~ned one 01 the four -;CCIIOllS around the (entral court. whe re also arc t~e ('~hihits
of \lirhi~an. G(·rmany. and Great Brit.rin. Ikr tasteful pavilion. \\ith its hand<.(,me portal and CI.I"nn;ldc. its
,kct>rat('d frieze and balustrndt', is (;Qml)()>ed a:most entirely of 1I\;(1"rials
furnished by the state. The b;L~e is of granite from the ~)'enit(· quarries
of south('ast('T11 \I issouri. the walls uf brio: k frvm 51 Loui" n'unl). anu
the pilla rs. capitals. and fri('z<' arc of terra' cotta. !\ t the prinl'ipaJ
"ntranC('-war arc p.Ulcls of "n}~. ami Ih,' <;vat of ," n ns ,[1)0" It Is ~ur­
!ll()unt('d I,} an cagle, \Iith l(arl'l1lds d<.'J)('nding frum tl\(' ~h"uldt'rs
"f cupids.
\\"i th:n this structure arc worthil), represented the res"urtes of a
~t"tc "hill, in ,8<)~ i,nx]uc·cu ,.u,',; Ih,,,, 3.000,000 ton" of noal. '3'.000
IOIll; of ir(~l on:. of zinc OTt' alm,,~t as much. and ,p.ooo IOn, of k·ad;
i[~" ) ,dt.l ~.f Ih~"., rn<"l.d~ f,.... II", year kin!; e"limalcd Oil H.lOOooo,
.1I1d the entire output up to th,t date at $ r ,S.ooo.ooo. On tauk~ and
'" "I,,~,,·,-,-,Y,;n:d ,;how-ca=~ of I,,-,!i .• hed oak an; COllnl](:"" lab.:II<"(1 "I"'ci
ml·ns. with photographs and models indicating mineral lo,:alitic~ and
• kaIUf<"~' and with rnincrnl prod~c l ioll and di~lribu t ion di.'play<"l in chan
.(lld diaJ.;"ram form . In the C{'ll trc of the pavilion is a la rge relid map
.• howing Ihc arcaS and loc'l t io", or all the principal de!,,,,it~ of economic
mint'Tab. T he valut, of the l'n tire display is furthe r increas(·d by its
m('lhod iCHI arrangcment. with in:;CTiplion" an.! labcl~ fClr the ,""riC)u~ J.:rnul" "f products. Jnd f.,r cach of Ih(,
specimens of which the groups ;Ir~ composcd.
\\ hile cc>al, iron. lead. :md zinc f.. rm the bulk of the di'play th.., r(' nn' num('fOU' ~I,,'~imf'''' "r ",h"r
metals a~d mincrak indudin~ copper and siln'r orcs; bJendcs uf \'ariou~ kinds: calc:tes. calamiCb, "nlnmitcs.
 rtlE /JOOI·: VF TilE I'~II'"

:'lnd ~'tgl'l1It"S; oe-hft's. gla"'·"'"Il{:. dl!'~. mKI hricks: ~alldstonc. limcstonc. ma rble. and granite, Zinc IS a
sl ...·cial (ca ture in the coll{'Cti!>n. ns hcfits a ~tate which produc{'s nlUre Ih'l11 one·1131f of the ('ntin Olltl'lIt
of the l'niud ~t.lles. Some of the spec,mens arc remn rkable for f.'"ge and brill~.. nee of c()lorin~; t]",ir
~hacks \';, rying. fn.m black to a lightish )'l,ll",,", ",hile "olorle~s crrstnls arc nrrallg(.,j in w.~tcful WI,upings. The
u,iu<'I.d i~ d i~l'bp'd in c"c r)' ~hap". b~gilll1il1g w'th th" crude ore as ,t "olll es Iro m the mme. and (h,plnylllg
cad, succcs~:\'e ~t.,ge lip to the compit,tcd product in all its commercial f" rm~. Lead is silnilarlJ treated. nlld
neM <. 1.01,1" u" "hid, is ., ,65V'l'vuml """,~ of zi",; ore is a group of flenrly perrce t culx:s of ~.... Icna ,,·(·ighinl{
.500 l"lumls, nnd almogt entirely ,)( pure lead from the Joplin mines. [ n Ihc cen tre of this S(ction is a ,,,'d('st,,1
(II ~"lid n",lal lorn,cd of ~I"ci"l{"n" fr,,'" "Miou~ ~mchi"g work" Ih,uughuul \10" ~I.' I". AI the """ullo"....-1 <."r~l·r
is a pyramid of ore buil t of $pceUn(·ns ranlo:ing:
• lrom a (C", pO\lnds 10 ..."·,,ral ton,,- Fr",n
Greenficld (Iuarrics comes a hand'<JlIlc lIlarbk
alu r, !\nd Irom 51 Louis ""unty. " "".ml"'· "f
ni .. kcl sulphid(', of special ,nterc" to mineral·
<)g'~ I S.

Ark ~lJs~~. :'I 1:s;;.ou.i's geo~raphic~l neigh!.>IT.

occupies only a few ~(I ua re fed of space in the
extreme s<)uthwe,tr fll (orner of Iheo h~l1. anwnlo:
the cxhihit~of Latin· American repuhlic,," Th ... re
the sLlIc i, rc prt'l'Cnted by a ~mall ClllleetlOn
of m,newl~, con~isling mainly of carbon;l:c~
01 ~111".
l 'pon the iriezc of 5<;ulh i)akotOl', ta>-lC-
lui pa'ilinn is II,e in<;cripti)l]' . Fi",t in gold
mininJ:' machinl'T),. first ,n n"w minc,. and

•• ., , ... • ........... nd in ""M." I n >upport of :lIi' dOli", "'"

cxhihitl'd S<'!me remarkable specimens o( g"ld
ore. Ihough pc rha ps more nole>.-urlhy i~ Ihe
('(,Ilt-ctiQn of tin orcs from HaTne) peak. C o.1.1 i~ but feebl) represcnttll: f"r Ihe e'\tensive de p(l'<ils ,,( S"uth
n ,k(), ~ h""" "s rN 1", ... " hn l.. " lili7""_ I" tI,.. r"~r or thi~ <ec tion nrc' IWO lilc·~i.c figures c~,,' ('d in ~:tnd'I<'nc.
otiC o( a pion~er pro~ pcctor, nnel the othe r "f a prosperous. well-dres~('d citize n of th e present day , ,\ mon!: the
allrarti,m~ arl' also pNrifiNI \\'o()cl~ f",,,, tlw IIl'ighh<>rh,1()(1 nl Sio"" Fall_. "",I " ' '''''' 'r "f Por,lnnrl {"',w·nt fr,)",
a Yankton manufacturer.
The Kansa, sc<:lion in the north o( the haa corre~ponds to that III Iowa in thc sou th. but is o( smallt'r
{',Il'nl. Brielly. "'ad and ziJU; or~s. nwtallic lead and line. rock salt and g)P~Um comprise the (·\hibit, amC<llg
,,"il'h arc .....",-cmI fine specim"n~ ,,( ~alt'na Itad. displayed at the entr.tll(e-way. A mong the collteti\'{' ,'xh,l,its
in the cast l:all(,,'Y are also sampks o( " an~s ecment. and of gd{kn ochre from the Saline ri'"el.
T he most striking fcalure Ln th~ ,",-"Clion allotted to \\'cst \,iTJ.:inia i~ thc exhibils of co,1.I. spec:ml'ns of
\\li(h ;If,· ~(·n al e"eT)' hand ami in all 8izcs :'lnd
sl:apl:s. Th:~ is as it should he. ~in["e, b<)th in actual
plOductlon "nd ,n dcpo~1ts sull und{·,"clol";(\. lhe st~te
",xul'i{"; a f')f{'nl<>st mnk. \s is also c,'id,,\lt from Ihi~
di~pLly nne (If the most promi!wn[ indu,uit's is the m;<nll·
facture o( cokc. ",hi!c petroleum. I,oth crude mid refin~d .
,,,,lis ;ow;l1liull to OI"olll"r ",.U'le of w~.,lth. Buildin),:
st,mes. fire clays, hydmulic limt'~tone, and gl:'l'~ ,;.;Ind
.\1" It('rc un c"Po~il;()n. wilh " fefu ..., ~uh~lancc 1'0"" "
gb;..,; (;;ctor)" kno'Yn as mineml \\',~,I which. m apreamncc
and fire I'r,)< f <Iu:llilie~. is lillIe i~ll'ri"c 10 a~I><·s'o~. In
Ihe pictur"s,;ue mountains of \\'nt \ 'ir~inia arc numerous
mineral "l'ring~ "h<wc ".,.. ,.", I" ....... ~~ ,·~I,,:lhl .... m('(li.in~1
propcrti"s. and o( these thefe an a (ew samplc' amoor,:
lI·c mor,' ~u·"'t:.ntial colIcction~.
With the exception of \ \ \.,;t \'irg;ni:.. the exhibits
of the southern st:.te~ arc in~tall{'d in the northeas\(rn
~('Ction of Ih~ hall. ;,djoining the del':.rtme"t 01 machinefY· C","L n" .. wl>T v,.~ ....

;\orth enrollna has th~ rno~t cl:.b.)f;l te di~pl:.)'. ;uK! along .

one ~idc (>f It ;!le groups of limestone. whit~, blu,'. gray. and mottlcd rn"rblc. g_ray and p1l1 ~ r,:ran,lt" and !:ray
and brdw" S;l1\(bt(m('. In e~sc~ nrrnnged al.mg the scction walls arc tlIany sp{,cllnen~ of gold. both frcc and III
the ore, with ~rnnll{'r cI,llccti(,ns of iru n. till. cuppec. SIt-'H. and co~l S"pphir.·s. garne ts. enll'rald~. 'lJIoky. quartz.
and {llher !:"IJ1S nnd crptal' otre ~h()"n. to.(,'thCT wilh ~ul'h useful l'r,){lul't, ns 1:aolin fire.d"y. grapl" te. "net
laic. th' lasl e~IXClal1y \'aluJble m the man~faclurc of pCl1c,b. In {;r}.,;,,,lI,, c .md "huou, for"'~ .He "unll'rUU"
 li~ TIN' trODA' OF TIlF FilA'

s,1.mpks of co.. und~m. "hich ,;crn~5 as th(' h,,~is of many preparations D»cd by dentists and OpIlC~1.n", and also
hy workrs i1. metal. for gnndin~. abrading. and polis!ling their good" The mica dejX>sits of :-':orth Carolina
f~rnish an interesting collectIOn. and the exhibit i~ di'ersified b) a number of large photographs displaying
"annus k>I;alltl~s which nature has enriched with min.::ral d'::lmit~,
In \'ir~illi;t'~ sectiDn. one of Ihe nlo.~t attractive feat~rcs is the 1~'::IUn.!,;q ue ,cenery along the line of the
Chesapeake and Ohio railway. dqllc turcd in the background. Among the exllll)lt:< proper Ihe Ill'-"'t re1ll«rkable
arc two largl' mas'lCS of iron ore and coal. Ihe fOOllCr of which is Ihe nearest approach to sled t!:at nature has
made, "hile the latter is a coking and ahno~t smokeless "'Iriety. and combines more d.::sirable qualit.es tllan

an) Ihal ha.ve yet been mined. In the North Calolina COlleclion are ~pceunens of zmc, !tad. and tin ores. the
or.::,. from wlueh mineral l)'lint is made. and granite. slate. and other buildin:;- and ornamenul Slones.
Between the :\e" Jers<'Y and )[i,n(,,,o\a p:l.I'ilions a ,;mall section is i,)intly occupied hy Louisiana 'Jr)d
T e:1ne,,-,,·c. The btter presents a fe.,. sp('cimen~ of orono co.'Il. buildillJ.: >ton~'s and the cl:1ys uS(..J in ihe
manufacture of britks and tiJ]r)g~. Lou:si:1na occupies the greater part of the ~pacc. ar.d of sp.:cial interest arc
the ~'xhibits (jf chalk kaolin. and t'1c cl~)'S u~ b~' the potter and the maker of imitation meerschaum pipes.
Tlll:re arc al"0 a frw 5;lmples of imn. J:olcJ. :1nd ,il\'cr orcs. of !'.'\ndstones and whet~tones. and of soda and
pOla,h; but the most striking exhibits ~re of fine. Co.1r>;t, and f(M:k saIl. one of them represent,ng a hgure of
Lot's wife ~t:mding in the foreground.
Ex~ept for a shaft 01 SCIlH'])ltuIlHnOU" coal at one of the weSlern approaches to the Mining hall, and
('reeted by a manufacturer of mining maehim·ry. ) laryland is without represelltati{lH in th is dep;tnmellt. South
C'lroll11a and Vlorida find expre':",ion in the eastern galleries, cspl'{;ially ill their I.[\i,h Jbl'ia) ul I'h ..... l'h"te,;,
Iht one from the Palmetto stale lxing mainly contributed by minin~ and l1lanufact~ring companies of Charleston .
..\mong them j~ CTud(' phosphate Tl)(:k, ,ninCII wtll frum Ih., ri'er l..:<I" "ud Ihe dry :\Oi!. 1O,i:'Clher will, ~trnngc
forms of fo"il life. F rum Florida are also sample:< of phosphates. Ix.th in its crude state and prel',lred as a
fcrtili~"" \he ""hi].,;\ bc;~g ..rlOlngeO in .. fram e of "ativc ".. ood~ which 8110"'8 tht geo{;mphic..... 1 outline. of the ~I:I\(!.
 TIlE /lOOK OF Till:' FAIR 4;9
Bdorc de~cribing the exhbit" of th,' Pacific slope. ""hence
comes our ''lain suppl)' of the prcciou~ !1l<:t •. I,.. a few remarks mal'
be of interest as to lhe Tela!i,,: yield of I-:(.Id :,,~d "ih·er. and th',.
condi tions ~"ol"ed thereb)" Of the IOtal outpul of the United
Sl"t~". am(oun!llll; for the c~ntur)' ending with ,89'. to Il<:arly
$2.000.000,000 in gold and 5'.200.000.000 in silver, le ...<; th~n on~
l'er cent was produced between '792 and ,x4i. Then came th~
discoHryof :o.1:tr,hal!. who ",as ahout to throwaway as iron pyrites.
" handful ...1 wh.,t pTUn.-d Iv loc "",.de~ ."".1 :ouw;cts ... f guM. pickc,]
up !I('ar the hi,tnic s'"lw-mill in Colom1 ,·alley. In the single year
d ,ft-l9 nlOO'(l f,:okl was lak(n Iwm the cnrth tha" dunng the half
century whi,'h preceded il. production grad~ally increa<ing until h
r~S3 it r... ached it~ ma"imun. ,'alue of J65.000.000. gradually dim;n
i.hin~ to k"s than 540.000.000 in ,86:.
:o.le;lnwhile the Comstock lod,' had rf'\'~al,'cl iN tr(,'~tlr('"
and 1rt)1ll an al'er:'ge of less than 40.000 ounces for many previous
}e:IT!'. the total (Iutput of silvcr rose to 6.600.000 ounces in ,S6J.
gaining in volume. though with man) iluctuations. until for ,8<)2
it w~s c~tim"teu at 58,000.000 ounce", for the waning yield of
~e"adl rnin.::s had been IllOTe than compensated by Ihe producl of
Colorado. Arizona. " Iontana. Idaho. Wyoming. and othcr Pacific
slope states. rh~~ was allendL-d w,th a correspondrng <hrl1lkage In
'<1.lue. the price of sil~er in K'e\~ Yo.k and London falling from
51.14 to ~i cents an ounce. or a d('dine of some l4 per cent for
the d('('ade endin; with t8<)2. an, I with a still further deprcciatio~ GOI.O, S«_._, c.,..... •• ~o u.o

;11 the (ulluI>inl; }e<l.'. Dct"~""" ,$4') .",d ,&;0 the I'roclu~t;un ... 1
gold i1 relalion to silvCT ,,"'as in the ratio of more than fifly to ore rn aCluJl weight. Therecforlh th~se
oo"dihm~ wac gradually ch..... nged until. (or the len )'cars cnding with ,8<)~. there were proclaecd aoou t t"'cllIy_
five ounccs of ~ilvcr to one of gold. while for the last of the>e years the proportion \\"a~ thiny-~ix to one. lIere
i. lh" ki')'_notO' to the sil".... 'Iu"_tinn, 1M II, ... pr"<,i,,,,~ mN.1!' "rf' n",rf'lf .-nmmo<lit;('H. and like all mher
oommoditie;.. arc subJC<:1 to the inexornblc laws of supply and demand. To place a tictitil)uS ""Iue "n ~ihcr
is no more llr"rticabl ... than to plar(' ~ tirtitiou" value on coal or iron. Oil wheat or IXirk. and all Nuch df()rt~
C'ln only result in making
the lJniteQ Slates Ihe dump.
ing ground for tnc loose ~iher
of the wo.ld. Such. at 1"'N.
arc the lC-lchmJ;s of pol meal
economy. a seitn,·e the
merest elemel1l, of which it
would seem Ihal m,ln)' of our
].,,,,-,,, .. kef, h."c let lu k,,,,,.
Though wilh a "astl}
dim;n;.l,,;,d y;dd a~ cornp"",d
wilh earlkr lears. C."llifornia
~,ill " ... ,."p; .. ~ d,,' Infl'",""
rank as a gold-producing
state. her output a"eragin!,::
from S 12.000.000 to $'';.000.-
000. or more tnan onc·third
of the present production of
the L:nitcd Slates. while of
Ihe total yield since IS-l~.
more than two·thirds rnu,t
be accredited to the gold"n
.,tatc. or sil'er her annual
l'ruoJu..:t i~ l~,~ Iii,,,, S '.000.-
000. and has n~\'er cxc<:cdcd
Ihat a",ou"t. Of qoi .... k~il""r
a considerable amount is pro·
duced. the };"w ,\I",,,den min" "l"ne' <·""tributing ~ince !I,So mor" than 70.000.000 pound~. Iron i. widdy
di,tributed: but can be imported at raltS tn"t almost prolllbit l(cal d"H·l0l'mcnt. It was not until ,880 that
the firn ~m~ltinj;( "'orh in Calilnrnia "',,r(, ~r .. rl ..,l at ClipPI'r gal' in Pb.-I'r '-<HUlty, ,,"Ih a r~p.lrity "I '5 . ......,
 IIIE 1I00A' OF TII/, J.: liN
tons a year, Coal. th, u!!h aUulldallt. ;; for the no~t part
in Ilarrow S(.'tlms. of inf"nOT (lualit)'. and in IO("llitics dif·
ficult of acccss. the only proou('ti"e H;ins of importanr,·
king ncar :\loU1\t [)~'\hlo. within a kw milts of San
Franci,;co b;,),. Of petroleum f\.ooo.ooo gallons wtre ob,

I r tained in 1884. and since that date a much l;ITg/'r ([u,lIltity.

The I:,,,.(c:st wl)rk~ arc: in \'entura ~ount,·. whencc the crud"
oil is con"l·}'~d in iron pil)t:~ to a shipping pmnt on thc
coo~t.\spll<.ltum. fOTlllt'd by the (',a pOTation of th" "o!iltilc
portion of Ihl' (lil. IS also plel'tiful III st·,'cral of the
1 ;;outheT'\ coullti..,.,
Of T''1I]x·r there is \;r.ou);h 10 s..ll'l'ly th\; <.Iclll'Uld~
of the world but "ith less than SIOO.OClO worth annullly
wk\;n flolll its ""Ii,\; !;ilnguc. Dolil.' i~ I.,,~t:l) IHoUu\.\;J in
San Bernardino and In}o counties. from a tract 10.000 atr<:s
in c.~t"nt. [n L.,\..(' count} therc arc al"0 "aluable d<"["";t,,.
together with a ~ulphur bank. on the eastern shore of
Clear lake, where "ull'hur waS lint manube'urc<l in ,86 ..
T he firit bar of tin. fashioned in the United States from
n"t;n: ore. c~me from :. C~lifornia mine; but. ~~ "n in_
dustry. tin mining has Ihus far proved unprofitable_ :\Iineral
""'p. for whi,-h no hN1Pr n~m" h~~ yN h.... n ad"plNI. w,,~
known to e~ist as carly as 18~9. and mincrnl "... int ln~
hccome an article of commerce. Building ~tone is abun-
dant. a marble '1~;lrry in Tuolumne counly hein); won..ed
in ISH. while. ncar Auburn. in Placer county, is grn~ite
of excdlent quality. Of mineral springs there arl' 6fty
which '\CTH~ as I'c:llth re"Oft". with twice as many more
unknown 10 fame, Among metals and minerals but huh:
utilized m;,y he mellt~)l\ed ~ahpetrc. ashesto~. antinwllY.
platinum. chromium. mica. bi~muth. ZIIlC. and iridium.
Such arc the prindpal resour~es of Californ~.. as a llllnmg
region. here ll1entiolwd not "'ith intent \0 gn'e specml
prominence to that state. but lx·cause. as el~where on the
V1Clh( sl(ll~. th(;~ resourc(;~. ap2T\ from the precious metals, are as Jet but litt!c appredaled.
To the Pacific ~tatcs a lil·cral ~pace was ;.llotted in the southL'a~tem !'Cetion or the hal! of :\lines and
:\Iining. flanked Ofl olle ,;ide by ".~h;bil" "f :nillin:; IUdChillel). ;llId ""IM','t\;..! 1» the ~<l1trdl n•• ", flu'" Ih""", .,f
f"reign land" In fronl of the gT(,UP i" the p.'\\ilion of the golden Slate.
in "hid, "'t: di~!,ld~ed tu c>.~cl:c"t d ••h .• "I.,):" I,,,r Dl.inJ ,·.uiclic., vf
buiJdin:; matcri;tb, 'ne pOftal is constructed of \'arious kinds of stone.
in tl,,; form of a triple arch, thirty,ix feet in length. with win~~ (oil
~ith('r ,id\·. with tm~e of dark granite and white marble (;L)!umn~ from
C.,lton and In)'o qu~rr;,,~. The cal'~ of the column" arc richly r~r\'"d.
sUPlx)rting a hilntl"ume entablature'. and bl'hind them arc pita~ters of
ony". J:,""ulif"lly ""i" .. <1. Th" "r<·h{·~ 'H',· "I IoIr,·) ~"nd~tonr. 11,,, Jl~lwls
and pedimcnts of "ariegated marhk. and II~ wings of blue grel'n-stol1t'.
,warly all Ih .. I""t of California'~ building Hones gollle of Ihem highl\'
1~lli,hd. h.::n).: H']Ifef;Cnled III thi, pa\'ilion,
I'h" 'I:>ccimens .e:athcrcd durin),: a ~.it·s of )'ear~ by th,· stale
n.ining hurt'au form the ba$i~ of the exhib", anJ to the,"" "'ere addul
contribulion, from pri"ate colknions. f,)rmin~ to',.:elher a ,-aillable a~son­
n ('nt ." ('c·momic mineral" ';<.Im" of them al",o~t a nO\'clty to thc
s<it·ntifrc WI rid, [n d,mble rows or ,how·c",(:s arc choice sam[lle" of
g"ld a"d ~ilwr ort'S, COl1tainin!( some ,~o.ooo "'uTlh of mt;taL aDd rel'resel1l'
il,g ail the more prominent mines. 11('re al"<.) i~ Ihe metal itself III
\'M'OUS fOTlns: !Jut the centre of 1l1terc~t IJ1 tile California ~cctir>n was
the hi~tor;cal nug~ct "hi~h /llarsh;dl l'ickN\ tip from the Coloma mill·
race (,n a January morning in I~·I~. the finding of "hid, ,e,·.,lu-
ti(lnizl'd the commcrcial conditions of Ilw \\'orl,l This. howcver. was
.l 100e.l,,,re l'.e~umat,lr of 10<) gr,·.'1 ,.du~ I" !x.. tru~lcd by ;t~ "wncr.
el'en under the care of the E"I>ositiofl authorities, and was fc:mo\,ed not long 3fter the opcninl: vf the Fair.
l'pon the \\'"l!~ :>.nd arou~d them arc &Ou,·en·r;; and men"'ri~l~ of pionecr day~. including ;. 1>o:,rlr";1
 TIll:" !JOO"" OF Till:" FAIN
(of ~ l arshalL phOl~!:ral.'hs of hydr:lUlie l11i1li1l\: and mim1lg processes and di"triet~, among them Sutter's mill and
mme, wIth Ihe pnnlltll'e rocker and p.ll!, the mining methods of Ihose: da)'~ bei1l,l: a eros.~ bet".."n Mexican
tradll!,)I) and Yank('~ ingenuity, In modcl~ i~ illustrated the science of mine timbering, espe(:ially as applied on
the C~J.n,l~t~>ck I~e: m Kel'a,b, in whal is known as the crib system of timbering, in"erll<cd b)' a Germa n Illincr
,m<l M.lenll,l, I lnhp Dmdeshemlt'r IJ)' name , \\ hen a depth of >ome 200 feet was reached in the Ophir mine,
~hc ore body WaS fOUlld to be 45 feet in width, thus rendering ahno~t u~eless the post and cap <ptem be /ore
In "M;, fur ,,,,,II \\'uuld nut uphoki Ihe roof of the chamber, T heil 11 was tha t tIllS l1Ian came to the rescue,
framin" timher~, i~ square sets or cribs frow four to six in size, piled one upon another, and filled wilh waste
rock, Ihu~ "'''tmlllng: bler.. 1 a~ \\'<:11 ,'~ u....""" .....1 I'n:~,ure. The 1'1.<11 wa,~ widel)' adol'tc<l; and but f(IT this or
!;(Hne ~lnlliar ,appliance. the deeper w('rkings of Ihe Comstock. ,Yhich ha"e added nearly $J30'0XI,ooo to the
<I,..-k 'f I'nCI<'>u~ nlelals, "'ould no::,"er ha>,e reached, :m Inter thC)' did. a dq>lh of more than 3,000 fcel, I n
slall~Lcal and olher forms mueh "alu"ble inform:l.lion is conveyed. and here not a fe" amoog the pilJ:rims of

tht' F~ir wi:! Jearn for the first limc that of Ihe tOlal yield of !:old. amounling ~ince 184 8 to 11,<)00.000,000
f'lr all the L:nited State,;., California ha~ eontribUled ST,Jlo,ooo.ooo.
Or('gon's di~play, though unprelcntiou~. was somewhat of a surpri.;c to Ihl majority of eXJlO"iti(,n ~ig~t­
seers. COol:, iron. and copper were knvII"n to exist: in abundance: but f('II' WHe prepared to s.::e in Ihi~ rullcetion
!'Urh specimens of gold and l'il\'\'r ores as arc here exhibil<.'<I. Among them are samples 01 gold 'Iuartz
as~a)'ing scI'eral hundred d,·lIars to the Ion. one of them from the surface croPlings of a recently di.;co,'e.ed
mille. l':,·".I), all Ihe mineral product~ of the state are rel"c.;cnted, and m a model is ~hown the pl<)ees.~ of
hydraulic mining, In 11!91 Oregon produced more Ihan SI ,iXx:>.OOO worth of gold, and some $300,000 in ~il"er.
tlw former the large~t )'ield rccmded up '" Ih;lt date. the I'rincip:d !Ili"e~ killg in Ihc ,,..,.... 1,"'e'IO:I'I1 di~lri<;l~
wl1<'r" Ihe \l'in~ arc small hut rid" Sineo::. in 1855. thc firsl cargo of co;,1 was shipped to San Francisco fr(t!1l
Iho:: c.:",)~ h~)' mines, Iho:"" !>",is h.l\e 1,.'0:" """",,d ";lh..,,,1 i"lcr111i3~i"n. the mn~in'um )idd ,,f 11>,000 t"n~ 1><.:;".1:
H'achl'(\ in It;Si. while the gradual (kert"ISt· 10 35,000 tons in 18<)l w~s due (111)' 10 low pricesalld !:tbor troubles:
f.... (I", <1q~"il~ nre prnclicdl1y in.-xl,,,u,liblc. In k·w sce. ;·,ns "I Ih~ United St~teii are iTO(] orc. ",,,n' wid,'I)'
di,uihutN\ or more acJ,-ant.lgeou_ly l<lCato:d, ttl<' O~,,-ego wMh furni~hing this nlctal 10 Oregon and Califomia
f,U"driN f".. more \h~n _~ ..,ore "f ye.Ir~ ('''1'1''-'' or"" ~rc pl.'ntiful ~nd rirh. Ih,mgh as yet but little Ulili1.ML
 rill;" /lOOA' l)j" Tllli /':IIN

Of ni,·k.·1 th.-T'- i, in Doughs

county (Jnc of tlw largc,t mines
in the world r i vall in!!: th.,
famous depo~it in thc Sudbury
di,triet. in the Ca~adia~ pm\"-
ince of Ont:lrio. Platinum :l~d
iridium ~rc f{'und 111 conncction
\\"ith pllcer gold: cinnabar
ex:sts in several districts. and
with marble. granite. and other
blOilding Hones, few of t3e
• Pacific ~tates arc better supplied.
In \\·;.shington·s tasteful
pen'ilion of tara cotla arc 150
tons of mineral samples. gath-
ered (n,nl c,"cry mine at whiC"h
sam pIc s could bc obtained.
Among them arc gold. ~ih·u.
iron. l(;Id, and coppcr or(s:
with CO.ll. gr.lI1ilo.:. lII« rb1o.:, .•. ".1 co,o .. oo •• ~."
onyx: !<"lI1ds and clays; bricks.
lih·~ .... ",1 lnr" (ott,,: thu~ ~l'fC1\('nl;ng lhe pfincir~1l m:ning reo;ource~ and indu~trie~ "f .hi~ y"nnl:( all(1
ambitious commonwealth. lIere also. or in the state pa\ilioll. ;He reproduced in models or in gl"<lphic art
''''''crn] of II,c mHC promin~nt mines, wilh Ihe mounl:<in~ :lnrl T~\'in"~ in whi,-h th-)" wUC' disco\"Cred. with
as,ap. ~tati,tic~. and other inforr:lation con"cycd in atlraCI,\C {orm. [n thc cenlrc is a mOIlUr:lcm compo>«l
of "old. GikH. lead. ~nd copperJTe~. Ihe sh",ft I'nliTf'ly ... f ~;h-..., sp.,<imrll~. and around it groups of minerals
in \'aritus dtsiglls. ~car by is all ornate structure of similar matcri~ls. "'ith a larhc ma.<;.S of maj.:ll1.:tic or('.
TIl(' ('ntin' (li'pla) i~ a ("Tf'<l:t to Ihp ('\"prgrr.-n slate. which. to add to its ;ttlractions. purch~scd a !lumber of
gc,[d nuggets. and c\'ell .;onstru.;tcd roads to remote di~tricts where co~tributions had been promisl'd.
In comparison with oth.:!r mdals and mincrals. \\"ashingt ...n's )'1cl(\ III gold and silvcr is in"unsidcrah!c,
the latter amounting for 1R91 10 Icss thall $600.000. During the Tl'~ime of the Hudson's Bay company eval
was di>'(o\'er('(i in the Cowlitz ,·alley. In 18S~ d~posits were found on Bellingham bar. and bet'H'CIl IRllo and
ll'i9 I'wducnl at the rale of 13,()(X) Ions a }('ar. :'kanwhilc ml)rc valuahle beds h:ld been disdo.'«:d, and the
total output gr:ldually ;nereascd t" its maximum of 1.:64.000 tons in 1&Jo. the yield for 1892 I,eing estmHted
at 9OO.coo IOn~_ I he entire
aT(a of coal L'Inds has been
~talcd al Il:Io.OOO a,r~·~. mo~t
of it wilhin 40 miks of tide
water. :l single co III pall y
owning claims on the Squak
";'cr 1\\" ",ilc~ in lcnJ.;lh.
with veins occurring at in-
tcn'al~ from h,·C 10 I"ckc
f..,el in thickness. and ~aid
to conlain IO,OOQ,Q(X> Ions
of merchantable coal. Bog-
iron ore is 3J,l1nd"nl. ~nd in
lre,n mlluntain. ncar Ihe
Sno'lu:llm;r pass. arr ,rins
of magneti\(! from ~o to 130
fef't in tllicknts., On Kettlc
rwer are copper or"s a",,-... y-
ing from 50 to i'i p.:r (ent,
all the,;e and other r"S(lllrces
.. as )"ct "Imo~t unt(>uclwd.
Turning to the adjacent
co<.ooooo'. """O~ ~tatc o{ Idah(), we find that
her yield of the precious
ll!('!als was c~timatcd for 1&)2 at <)0.000 ounces of gold and 3.150.000 of ,il,·cr. the latter Ihe sl1lalle~t output
in >;c,(rnl years, due to extreme deprcssion in price,. and to labor Irouhll'S in CO"ur d' .\!cue. thl' l'rlllclpal
argentifcrou~ diqrict. From the low-grade 1{alena orc~ of t'ti~ <li .. tTic!. occurring in \"j;illS of con-iderablc ",dth.
3nd wi:h 110 indications of £allure as dl'pth IS att:uned. were e).lracttd III 1S91 nearly 1.000.000 Qunets of !iln·r. and
 TilE JJOOA' OF TIlE FAIR
66.000.000 pounds of lead. Idaho ranking next
to Colorado in production of the [aller. Says
one who h:l~ made a careful stud) of her
mines: "Co'ur d' Alene is most h"omb[),
~i\ualed for produeing [cad. the silve r !J<oillA"
a[mo>t a by.product. The ore is cheap[),
worked. :Ind nume rous streams afford ample
",,,ter powe r. These min(s can I>c opera led
at a profit ",nh the pnce of wnite metal so
low Ihat othel"!i arc compelled to shul down."
AI' •.,l frvm Ihe pn:civu~ 'lIct"I>. ht,h",
has an abundance of c0.11 iron. COI)per. sui·
phur. nnd ,.....It. From the Narr~ltan!\oCtt mine
in Ow)hce courtty iron orC:s han: been taken
. ,,, rid, ;" met:\1 ,,~tO he ca~t inlO die~ for
stamp.mill~. and elsewhere arc veins which
yield from 50 to 60 [Wr cent. ",hili' II1/'
oopper orcs of Ihe Bear lake district assay .lS high as 75 per een\. Near Soda ~pring, is an immcnse dep""it
of sulphur. much of it oontlining 70 to 80 per cent of mineral,
and at the Oneida salt works a marketable qualit), of salt is pro·
duced by simpl)' boiling the waItt of springs in galvanized Iron
,"ess.:I,. I n northern Idah o there arc mica. marble. f;ranitt, and
sand~tone. and almost throughout the entire country metals and
mincr"b uf ...",unulllic mlue arc widely di~tributed.
Fir:st amor.g the hundreds of exhibits C()ntaincd in Idaho',
cla~~ic IM,·il;<.>n. c"lure<l in "hile "-,,.I "vld. m.• ) u.: Illcntivncd tl1<l1
of th e ~ta te. including. among othcn<. s.1mpk-s of /{old. sih'er, and
coppe r ore •. cinnabar.
building stones and
("I~)'~. (I,,~rl~ cry~(~I~.
sapphires. ameth)"st~.
a~d rub)' sands. From
nearly all the more prom·
in"llt mines contribu·
lions were ~cured each
cuun ty I>cing thoroughly
eaJl\assed. and wilh the
re,;ult Ihat nearly 2.000
s.1mples were forwarded
to Jackson rark in !)C\",
I."r.ll car-loads. Not a
fel\" of these arc con·
1.li".,,1 in Ih., ~.5uu <;,Iui·
net .~pecimens. selected
b)· nn expcrl. whQ al""
states the name of the
1nmC :tnd ilS ownn. the
as,ay '-aluc of the orcs. the depth at which they I\"ere obtained. and
ot'\Cr infmm~lion "I intn('~t to mining men.
Gold and sih"er arc freel)' dtspla)'ed in thc Idaho section: the
former :n the shalIC of nU!-!L:~ts frolll pn"ate cabinets. wme of thcm
found in the pbcen; worked in pioneer days. Of ,,·ire sher there are
heautiful specimem.. delicate threads of pure ,;ih·er. rcsemblin" fi ligree
\\ork. clinging tcnaciou.~l)' to bunches of galena ore. Among the
exhibits arc \\\"0 rcctanl.'lliar blocks of what appear, to be lead bullion.
but is in facl galena ore. eontlining 75 per cent of lead. 15 of ~ulphur.
and 130 ounces of 6ih'er to the ton. Of palladIUm ore there arc
..amples from Ihe E smerelda mine in Lemhi count)'. where it is
found in bUllehes yidding tw" or three ounces to the ton. in comb;-
n;ltiull with free milling gulu. This r:.rc alld ,·,,111,.1»)., IHewl 11()~""'»>-C~
the h~rdness of the finc,\ steel. and is used. amo~~ olhe r purposes.
(ur ...;t...,nomical. $Ur\"cY'''g. and electrieal in"lT1Jmenl~. tbe main
•

-
- -
-
 TilE HOOK OF TilE FAIR
supply coming from South .\nwr.
rean c"urrtrllS.
Of pure aluminium tlwre ~r('
sample. CXlr~',,\cd from tIlt' ('];,)
hanks of 1"lOl<:nai county. s~id to
"ontain more Ih;m fony ]Kr rent
of the 1ll/'lal. Among "aluable
stuncs arl' the ony" and opal, III('
I,Ulel f"und in a re<;crrlly discO\·crt·,l
mine 1111 the hanks of Snake ri\{" •.
and \;.k.·" f..... m mauicc:~ "'C:'<'r~1
indws in "idlh. Fru:n Lewislon
c(>",e~ a "I",,,ime,, of rock "lmO.1
unkno .. n to scientists, of \'~nl.'g~led
ri'lr~ ">I1W\\'h,,1 n'~"mbli"g i"'I"'"
and one Ihat will cut glass mOre
readily Ihall a diamund. IT(>I1 and
copp(·r orcs ;'re in liberal supply, ;, nd
a iarj.{C case is filled with sampks
•
.. -
of le"d arrd OOPI)(.'f \.'Oncentrates; of
gmrritl.'. marble, and alabaster there
are i\C,eral exhibirors, and of asbeslO~ there i~ a ,;.,"\ml'le from Cm'yhec county. "here a deposll was found tn
the ;,ulumn of r892. Fi'lally thcre is a large collection of mineml
",aler<. in which. as in othlr resources, Id"ho is especially rich, 3",ailing
only the means of lran'ponation for their fuller de,·e!opment.
E,"cpt for AI",k,l. "ho".., }icld uf ~o;d "Irc;rdy c,,~e ..-d:. $l.'lOO,OU<.)
'I year. and with one of the large~t gold quart<: mines in the Vnite<!
Slale. Ihe Treadwell l<Xle On O')U"I'I9 i,hnd with immenoo del'''' it.
of low J.:rade but dividend p~yin~ ore. Ne"ada is the only :'Ie<:liun of the
PacifIC ~I0l'e that i~ not '''l'rl'O«nrl'<1 ~mo~g IJw. main ""hihit, "f thl'
l\lining department. And yet. not many years ago. NC",lda was the
inrgl'" .~il"I'r pro<1urillg r~f:inn in the world. the bullion product of
the Com~too:::k mines alOlle amounting to $350'00Cl.00Cl, and for tho::
sinl(lc rear of r8;6, when the maximum was reached. to more than
$iO,OXI,ooo.
l,;(ah has some 300 exh:bits of gold, ~i:vcr. silver·lead. copper,
zinc, iron, and other orcs, with building stones. cool. ant'~lon}'. Ilu,ck·
~ilver. ~ulphur. s,"lh. ;!.si>est-.)S. and other metals and nlinerals. al' 11(·.1lly
arran.;ed and brrly .epresenllll~ the "bundant mIneral resourrcs of the
terrilory. In iron Utah is eSl)\;ci~lly rich. with surface depo;oits in Iron
coun t}' alone eSlimated at 50,000.000 tun~. one uf th"iIl " ",lid "'.' ~~ of
magne tic ore, r,OCQ feet long and hnlf that width. from which analy:;e~
~ho'" f,o", 60 10 65 pcr c.;nl ,,{ ",clnl.

• Of the r(}j,OOO tons of copl'"r obtained from dome~tic orcs ill

189', more than one half c,,"'~ frmn ~r"nl~n". wh~c yield for Ih"l
.O"UWE~' o' _ruN' CEWur }'c~r w;os 81. 150 ton~. against 53.700 tons for ;\Iichig"n mines. Of Ihis
enormou. OU l p~ t . Ih~ hrg,,~r rh,,~ fa . on n'Cflrd for a sin!:le stale.
;;O.OOCl ton~ c;orne from the .-\nact,nda cornp.1ny's "'ork~. who,;e property include~. be~ides the mine- Ilf that name,
the "'t I,~,,·f('n .." and th" s<,· .. ~llfd CIr."lmhCfS Syndicate mlllC;;' Of t!le predous mctals ;>' Iontana is also one
of the largcM producers. her )'idd of sih-cr exceeded
only h}' thM of Colo",do. Of told. sit.'er, lead and
copper her total output for tite dl.'cade cndin,: with ,890
,las e'tilnaled al 5250.00Cl,ooo. of which more than
t,,·o-thrrds cnn,istcd of gold and sit-'cr. In Ih"l rear
","s cbirned for Ihis ~tate the brr:;c~t gold mine, the
I;Lrgl.'s\ ~it.'er mine. ;rnd the largest c0l'l"cr mIne I!I Ihe
C<HlIltr\', ami in the follo"ing yt'ar the ""Iulnt and
I'alue ~f minrng products ",cr" tl](' largrst )Tt n'CI.r<1ed.
Of the se"~ral hundrrds of nhii,its disp];,)cd in
the \!ontana "'-'('lion, morc than ,j~l) ",,,,~i~1 "f OJ!'I"'l
and ~il\"Cr'Nl'per ore~ both melal a~d mineral lK'ing
di'l'la)I'1i jt: t·,,,,), ph"".., of l'",doct;<>n from .""ll'hides v . . ".~_"
 TilE /J00f{ OF TilE FAIR

and m;lttc to ~hccl. tube. WlIl', and other n1anufacturcd forms. Of sih-er. gold. and silver· lead orcs thous-lods
"f ~p•.:dlln.:n~ ,lie c.\hilmcd hy mvrc than -100 c\)ntriLulv~. T IlI.'rc j,; ,Lis.) the lar);est (OlIeCllon of nuggets
contained in the ~lil1ing hall. OIlC of them weighing nearly 4S <lunces. and with gO per cent of pure gold.
l\c~r i\ i~ ., <li~I'I .•) ,,{ ""Itl l.)~t,J~, ~"I'I)hire", ;mu !;drnel~ fwm El 1)", .• \1" hdl' UII the :\I;"""uri, allu within
a f"w miles d lieicna. and in another case are trays of gold-dust fr(lm tl,e pb.cers. each one holdin/:: about
Sl.Soc> ,r"rth uf md"l. Of c<>al there are '11;on,- .. ,mp:e~, ;U1d the I".ildin" ;\l,d vthe' ~t""c" .'lId ".iner.lI" uf
economic value include granite. marhl(', porphyry, limestone. clays, gyp~um, sulphur, graphite, and asbestos_
T he ~L.'IC h,,~ a I,,,W:: .",<1 ,,,Iu,,ul<:
collection. among Ilhich are si],er, sih-er-
lead and iron (If'C~, and .urf"t;C CUi'pc r ;
marble and other building stones: yellow
and red ochre. man"a.II.',q;" malachite. chry-
solite. tourr1l.1Iine. dendrites, s t a I ac t i t('~.
rhyolite. TO"" and ngnli"ed quartt. "arnet".
ja'pcr. and chalcedon)'. In a tin brick
wciJ.;hing ~om., thirlct:n IlO\Ind~, ,"ade by
the students of the college of Montana. is
represented Ihe yield of that me!:>l for rS9~ .
Another curio~ity is an old WOOdCll cam
",hkh did ~('n'iee ;1\ 1~6~ at a four_stamp
mill on Gra~shoppcr creek. in the Bannack
di'lrkl. whN" r\l" Y"1rs befM" were di~­
covered its placeT'! and quartz Icuges.
But tIll' (,"Iltr" of ~U!';l(' ! ;"n ;n \[(\n_
tana's beautiful pavilion. at the t:ntrance of
which stands a ca!'C of sped me ns from the Elkhcrn dist rict, is the sta.tue of J u~tice, fa~hinn"cl. nf nati"" ~;Iv .....
and with orthodO:l: ,;cales and sword. In this statue, placed under a canopy of ma roon I·e;ve t. in the centre of
the pal-ilion. and ~uardcd by two bronte lion~. was u>"ed nearly a ton of su::rlinl;: silve r. the figure n,sting on a
silve r globe, beneath which i~ an cagle with outstretched win,:;:s. Thc lowe r portion of the pedestal is of eoony.
and UpO:l thi~ is a plinth of pure gold, more thOin t\\'o feet square. and repw.;('nting. as is ><.lid. ~ vake of
$2,SO.<XlO. The model selecttd for this. the largc,;t sil"cr ~tatuc in the world. "'as the actre~ A~a Hehan.
whose stately and opulent form is cast in heroic mold. Behind the statue is a l'tructure
fa~hioncd of copper bal'<: on the walls the more prorr.inent min'n,!.: centre~ arc rcpro)·
dured in photographs. and at the back a paiming:. Mmcd A Good Strike. rCJlrcscnt~
the scene which its titk indicates.
Cllorado is well repreM:ll ted, as befits a state which ill r892 produced $5.500,000
in gold and more than 530,000.000 in sih'er, taking the lead of all other sections in her
output or the precious me tals. Of co.,1 the production increased from 4,s00 tons in
18;0 to 3.Soo.ooo tons III r892: of iron the yield for the latter year was 32.000 tons:
of lead. 6r.000. :wd of copper 3.600 tons. /\dd to this ber wealth of building and
other "aluable stones. her carnelian. chalcedony. on:'1<. jasper. jet. and agale: her
petroleum dcposit~, almost ri"allin(,( those of Pennsyh-ania. and already producing at
the rate of I'C,-cral mJlliullH of gallons a ycar. and it will be seen that Colorado is
not wanting in lllilieral re~()uree~.
The section allotted the centennLlI stJ te, adpcent to the southern ]Jortal of the
building. is faced along the aisles lI'ith marble, and on either side of thc main entrance
arc pohshed granrte pIllars wah Capilals of red sandstone. Wrthin IS a Circle of
columns fashioned of various building: stones. and a pillar of granite surmounted by a
globe, and a rnassive coal trophy, eight feet square at t he base and twenty-four in heij,(ht.
dominate the entire display. Two sides of the structure arc lined with cases filkd with
specimens of (,re, and rm,s-<csof gold and slh'er beann,!.: quartz are grouped alotlg the aIsle".
whilc in the centrc_ wire. nug..:el, 11lacer. and othe r forms of gold from the Breckcnrid;:e
district are frccly di~playcd. together with gold and sih-cr roses (r(,m a Denver eXhibitor.
Among the man) thousands of cabinet specimens contained in this collection,
indu<.lin~ thuse ill Ihe g,L ller)'. a large propurtion "'a,, furnished by the ~t"te school ... r
mir.e~ at Gulden. and from the Colorado scientific society are samples of eruptil-c' rods
,,-no mctL'Oritc. f"rming tugether a most ,·aluabl., and wrIll'reilelLs_'-e a>..wrtmcrtl. From
"U"'N '" " c.. "
the more prominent mil'e:> there are al>o contributions, and from business, manufacturing. and other firms and
compan;~~ .• re c"hil..ils of "".,1. (oke. iron. ",,,rUe. belldin): ~Ivnc. s:atc. cI;oJ. ;o_~phaltu"'. petlvt..:u"" miner ••1
waters. and other pr<ldUcb. togethl'T with smelting and refining processes. Abov~ thc cabinets are photogmphs
of the principal m;~i"g .cgioll~. a"d of building" (~shi(\ned of Colorado ~ ton(. wId e in map form are del'iclured
the geological and topoJ,;mphical katur¢< of the slate.
 TIlE BOOK OF TilE FAIR
From A,pen come samples of sill'er ore that a\'emge from ;0 to as much as 20.00CI ounces to the ton, the
latter rather <In exhibit of metal than of metal bearing rock. From Leadville arc also some high !Zrade
spccimens from the Chrrsol ite mine. especially of bromo-ch lorides: Fortst city sends c,'Iroona tes that as.o;;!.), ~. 500
ounces. and the Lion mine carbonate orcs almost as valuable. Of auriferous orcs there is also a large collection.
including ore from the Elkton mine containing more than S;.OOCI to the Ion in free gold: from the I31ue Bird
mine IdJuride which yields up to $I.ZOO a ton. and others "'hose average vuies Irom 57 or $8 to $1,100. Of
IUf(luoise there arc beaut1fuJ sl>CCLmens from the Blue Gem mine at \,iUa gro\'e, and in a word nearly aU the
minera ls of economic value contained in the centennial state arc here on exposition.
Arizona's exhibits, adjoining the Colorado section, arc displayed to excellent ad\'ant<lge on a ral_-;cd
platform. in the centre of which is a monument of copper ore. in rich colors of blue and green. one of the

SI>C<:lmens of which it is composed weighing nl'ariy i,(X)(> pounds. and the smallest exceeding 8<x> pounds,
Around it arc cases of cuprite, azurite. malachite, and other minerals of brilliallt hue. some of the samples
from the Holbrook mine, where is a cave 01 stalactite, being coveted with incrustations of silver. In blocks of
ore ,,~s,,)'ilJg horn 3v tv 70 per ,,~nt arc rcpresented all the mOle I'rominenl copper rnirrc~ of Arizon~, whose
total yield for 1892 was estimated al 19.000 torrs. The metal itself is shown in the form of bricks. bars. sheets,
r()lI~. rlnte~, wire", and all <)Ihef form~ ill which it i~ manufactured. alld from One of Ihe e"hibiting compallMoS
arc models of its mines and apparatus.
Of gold and gilVCf orcs and orcg of gilver :lnd le.1.d thcre are nearly rOO c"hibitorg. one piece of gold ore
assaying a dollar to the pound; and from Cochise county, which furnishes the bulk of the collcetion, arc a few
gold nuggcI,. ~nd a s~"'plc of ony" ne:lrly eight fccl long by Iwn in width; ",hil .. ~Ioh~\ ...'nunly. ,,·hich i~
also well represented. presents specimens of agate and silver glance or sulphurets. Sandstone of finest
grain i,; shown in the form of ,labs and pi1lar~. and there arc p(}rtions of petrified trees. ~ome of them
beautifully polished.
Almo't in the centre of Kew Mexico's section IS a structure composed entirely of native orcs in the form
01 a miner's C<lbin. and ncar it arc relief models of several prominent mines. Beyond arc Jlicture~ of the
typical mincr in onhodox costume. and with his patient and long-suffering burro. Here 3nd in the western
galleries is a large collection of minerals. includirrg all the varieties disco\'cred ~ince. in 18,p. \\ere extracted
from the SO-Called old placers a few thousand doHars worth of gold. Nearly all the metals common to the
Pacific slope arc contained in these sections. the greater number of the exhibits conslstmg of gold. sih·er. sih'er-
lead, and copper orcs: while cool is representcd in the form of a pyramid. its matcrials furni~hed by the
l\ladnd tnine~. the properly of a railway com\xlJl).
 Coal i. the f~'atur(: in \\y<;"l1ing'~ ('"hihit. rt'prescnting an industry who..c OUlput f>r J!~')2 \\ IS 'H,(XX)
IUII~. I"'1l 0",,1 CO'l'l""), M" ,,;,1..1) di~"il>uI"d: but n";lhcr h;l\'c bn'n as )""\ e"It'n~i yclr worked. though in
AH:mny count)' is a nwunlaill of krrut.:inoui rock as>'<!png as high as So per n·nt of md"L i\,trolcum i,
found ,,,·,,r the ~urbce;ot ""'n} 1(><;,,1;I;l'>; "~"'" L.,r,,,,,k i~ 'I 1;llge <l"Il<'~it "I wil';L: buihJing S10lle is ;llmlld.lIlt :
'lga\(·s. anwlh}~h, and olher valuable S\()lWS h;lH been found in the \;<lky of Ihe Swect",mer ri\'l'r: plumhago
and g'''philt', ~O(J:,. ~ull'hur, ahphnhu"l. and ,,~bc. t,,~ are '"'''''''' \\,),,,,,iu,,'s ",;u,'" d~. ""d Ihe I'rc";"u~ ",cl,d.,
arc fOl11ld in m;'lny portions of the statc, All th(se ,Ire rcpreselHcd in Ill'T p,n'il;on. in whkh the cenlT;11 point
of intt'rt~t ;~ a ~haft of e",,1 from Ihe BI",'k hi!l3 m;1\c~. "'o~t ,A the "".ter;.. 1 lurni~hed by Ihe Un;un P,l<;i(,e
Coal company's works at Hcoek spring,,- The \\'yoniing Hailwa) and iron coml';'Iny has a largc collectio" of
Of' ~: ~'I'h~h"m i, In::·dy di'pl;.y~-d. ard in gb~s tubes are the ""r10U~ hJ';l,dca of ]'<:Irolcu", m~nufactur"d by

tht, Bl;t(k Hill" 0,1 comp:lny.

In :ulditinn ~n Ihn~ .. alr.. a<ly m,'nlinn"'1. Calif",ni". :\<.". 'Ic";"". :\~\·ada. a"d Colorado ...."h:oilG
in Ihe northwestern galleriC>'. con~i~ling prineip,.!I), of cahinl'1 >I>l'<:il'lc,,~, con·ring Ihe enlire of dlcir

min.·ral ",,'al1h. '("'a,h, In ",hi"h no ~p;rn ",as ;'IlIoUNi "n Ihl' ((rool1<l t\(I('r, (1('('''1';e" th,' JaTgf'~t ar<",;I, the
\\'hitt.: Pine district making an dtll<)ratt.: di'play. In quartz CT)>-tals and orllal:wntal stones the collecti(Hl is
c~l'n'ially rich. T he Gunnis.: 'n r<"'cion of Col,)rado ~nd~ m<lny ~pec;mens: b .. t the kature in this scnion is til<'
heloic ftJ.:ure of the Siln'r Quel'n of tht \\'orld. sc;'lted in a triuDll'hal car of silver. thc canopy owrilead and
O

Ihe fOUl'dalio:! UIl('n which it r('slS heinc richk (m;ru>-tcd ,,;ilh II()wd,h'd tTy~la],.. This foundation serves as
the ent;lbl;tIUre of sen'ral marble l'illar~, Ihose at the main entran(;l; bdng arT;lng(·d in pair,;. Cup:ds pn-ccde Ihe
chariot. sc"tI~rinJ.: as Ihe,' run disks of gold and silver. each pil'C(! as it falls fronl Iheir cornuc"pias di~pl;l\"i"J.::
th~ watchword, F T("(' C)i"aW. Hrlwalh Ih, ir kN and UII<>lI the front of Ihe ~lfueturc arc ~kilillll) fashioned
In mint."wl sub~lanees Ihe words, ;\~i)Cn Coll'rado; and specimens of orcs ;'Ind cems arc taSlcfull~' d;~pl;'ly("(l.

hrst ;1I1l()llg the c~hibjls of foreign I'afli(:;pams may be rm'miolled G~rmnny's c!abOT<lle display. one in
which afC (ul:)' illustratrd th e mining <lnd metallurgical indnslric.~ of an t'mpire which r.. nb f\r~1 among Ihe
conlint·ntal nations "f EUfope, her \olume and \';1111<:: of pr<xluni"n ('sc('l'ckd only by th;'lt uf England and Ihe
l'rntl'd Stale" Uf go)ld and ,!I\"t'r l'Xlr:tl'tl'd from l1"tl"1; ()f('S the )Il"ld 'S 1Ill'<,"sldu:tblc; but from imll<)J'tt'd OT('S
th('r.' were pwc;luced in 1&)0 M'Hr,,1 th"us;md rnund; wci::hl of f(old. and of silver, in connectiun with the
sm,'ltinJ.: III I<-.. d and (Opper. more than 400 t<),,~. Of 0>:.1 the G('rman output for 1~9! ";IS j!.OOO,OOO
 TilE 11001.' UF TilE FAIR

Ions; of pig iron. 4.900.000 tons; of sulphur and sulphuric

acid. 4Ji.OOO; 01 7,inc. qo,ooo; 01 lead. 98.000. and of copper.
25.000 tons; th~>«: rcpr('~cnting the principal c<onomic min-
erals whos~ product ,,'a'; \"~lued lor th,n ye.1r at aoout $225.-
000.000. Copper l~ Jargrl)" imported. the 0111)" important
deposit hemg a vein of cupriferou~ schist in the ~[ansficld
mine,. of inferior'lual:t)". bUI larl(cly utlhzed Ihrough clabowtc
mining proce;;..<;c.: fur Ihe Germans hal'e no superion! as met-
'lilurgi~t~. the ;<1«:pli"" uf thi" ""icn,,~ ,btin).: /"r bad 10 the
prehistoric era of the fatherland. and in the midd:e ag<'s
:> tt:>ining n hif(hcr dC"clopmcnt than clscwhere in the wo.ld.
The G erman cxhibits arc dh'idcd between the ground
~nd pUe.y floo",. the laner con taining chiefly "urh '''' peruin
to metallurg)" and mining proccs,;es 3nd appar.!tus. A con-
<iderable portion of the g round ~onr spare is ""'"ul,i<'d hy Ih ..
Stumm pavilion, at the entrance of ,,'hich is a massive iron
gateway. surmounted by the heroic figure of " b[a(hmith.
11'lth fire-breathin~ dragons at hi" feel. Within is a large mctal ba~in. on which are the brawoy figurcs of
workers in iron, assisted by sturdy lads. one of whom is helping to grasp witl, his tongs a bar just issuing from
the roller. "hill' the other is pushing a cart filled with molten ore. Aoo\'e this group is a b~,t of Baron
Stumm, the founder of the works from which it (arne. the rereinigte Ei!;(·nwerke of Neunklrchen. one of the
largest of I'ru!;..'lan foundnes. cmplopng !;C"eral th('lusand hands. and producmg an enormous quantity of manu-
factured iron. Among its exhibits. "'hil'h form one of the most imposing
<.:01I~'Ctions in tl,e hall of ~ I ininl:. is a pOrlico of cast iron pipes. flanked by
o!>cli,ks d rolled and forged iron. the metal !>Cing d;splaycd in many
~lruuuI.11 furm •. i"dudin!; ~vib uf "ill' wI'e l ,ng like sume huge tropical
plan!. almost to the roof of the building. In thc background is II te rr:lce of
rail~. and abo,"e it a cold bent "pceimen. ~Ire lching in :serpentine {uTln alung
the rear "all~. Here :llso is reproduced the iron supe r~tructurc of the GOl1-
han[ railw~y sloti"n. and near by "r~ modd~ of the mill. and ,ho dwellinl;s
occupied by mechanics.
Nenr the "oUlhrrn poria I 0/ th,· hall. not far (rom Ill<' Colonelo
SlXtion. is nn imposing structure composed of seamless steel tubes. erected
by the :\[annesmann \\"orh of Ber[in. The e~hibit consists of tubing f,)r
boilers and pipe lines. whether for oil. gas. ,,·ater. or steam. and hollow
tapered poles for telephone. telegr.!ph, dcctric light. and electric railway
purl'0~e". The
special fe~ture in
these articles is that
all are rolled from
solid blocks by
a p~tented spiral
I" '''''''''. "I, idl ';"U,C,
the fibr<:s 10 [WIst
in,o II, rope like a11<l extremely lou;;h lllalcrilll.
E[>;t;l<"here in Germany's section arc ;;pccimens
IT"'" h<T q,,"rri('~ and eoal minc~. with eoal lar. oils.
alxl paraftinl'. gmphite and its produ" ts. and orn~·
1Iltnta[ "1W'rinlf'ns of zinr_ ,\ 1I .. ,<1 . . lhrrg firm h:N
eTCcted an ehborarc structure eompoM'd of c~ment and
gnlcl. though scuning:y fashionc'(l of limC>;lone of a
bluish tlilt. At the cntrance is an arch"'ay "ito fenlale
fiJ.,'llres III eb"ic llO,;e. Of cements thue are sc"eral
exhibit~, and in the di~pb)" of a Berlin laboratory arc
machinls and apparatu, for eomplr:lti,'c trsts of this
compound. "'[l<!ci:dly of the Porthnd qrict). thc e~-
perinwnls conducted in accordance with regulalions n".".'s "",'~Y 0' ~"'L
franll"tI by the gOl'ernment. B)" the L,'hne and \[is·
burg f!TI1l of :\lanske and compan} was er('cted. ncar the 1il'e-stock [)al-ilion ..1 portal of artificial s,lnd,tone. on
",Iudl 1< a hl'roi,; statue of G<.'rmania. iti !looring and swirw"l made 01 );/abs of cement. and with piles uf
ea,ks c(.ntail ... ng the manufactured articlc.
III the l:"llU} tile (;e:lU;<I\ dhi,;un i, in r.;uml"... n",cnl~. in <>I'e vf III,i ... 1I i,., tall gik!~d ~h,<f\. il~ Idee
 Till:' /JOO/-: OF rill:' I,: II/.'
rcpr('~('ntll1g in ~.,.,ti"ns lilt' fl.'lolIl'" )ic:d of lllineral plO(\UCb, ,,\mlx'r is ffl.'ely displ'l}ed, and in lllany of the
sl)('Cimens ar,' imll('dd.'d \';.rious f"rm" "f in_n't :if", 01l1('r at1T;u-li"1S "n' 'I 1","'r "f ;,,,n ,m''', a mN1f'1 of
the Hopi Pllls,ian s.• It-wIlrk", and a >-('i"nofic c.,l1('ction of crys~"ls ... jlh nwdd~ of crpt"llinc forms. ~h"",illg
eec,mctric figH.,,, in difT"r.·nt m;n,'mls "nd th"ir int.·rior lines of cnnlact. Hul II,,, 1,,;lIu ...• .,f Ihe galkry grou l1'-
is the mudd, of min,·" inu,trati,,: of PT<I("iSS(:S and apparatus and ('sp,cially of ((>''11 minc~, by "hich are
I' roouc('d :«) large a ,,")porlion of Ihe mlllcml "'('a1th of the ('mpir(', T he la,t ar(' connill('d in the .c::cncral
exhibi t {.f Pr~"ian milling. s<,rne "f II1l'm showing the mel hod of "-Nting the facc of the works !;O as 10 pre,-cm
the sprc~d of fiTt',darnp. I [ere al,,) is sho\<11 a cn.l1 d re~~:ne p:anl at Ihe TOpl mint's a Sa.,1rhruc·k, \\' th a
drift run in th.· K.-.nig wlli"T\ 10 tht Ihe u,..· of c"l'l()<i\'{~s in Ihl' l'r('.;cllce of firc.daml"

r ,>.,1 anc! iron aI''' th,' principal minine products of II", I ~ntish ,sl t·~. tlw ' 'II"" Il f Ih(' fnn n"T l)(o;ng mor,'
Ih'Hl six tim"s that of the blle r ncn in md;llIic form. while th~ annual yidd of pi)( and ba r irtln represents
nearl), QO p,:r ct'nt of t he 101;11 '-'Ilue uf all m('tals pr,:oducro from nalile .)r{'s. In IS'H IlwTt, "crc "'~I""cl<'d
J!'S.ooo,OOO \Ons of coal. worlh S,;50.000.OOO. and gi\'ing emplO}Ill('nt di reelly W 650,000 mirwrs 'lnd laborers:
of irOIi (Ore n(';lrl), q,OOO,ooo tuns ,,('re lI'ork,'d into s5~.ooo,ooo worth of nwta l ; of kad the output "as 3~.(XX)
tOil"; of tin ~nd ?inc. "adl abou t Q.OOO. and of c')]lpe r only iOO ton~. T he last of Ih('S(! m('\al~ is II<)W almost
('lItord\' imported, :IS pn:oduction steadill- decrea~ir.g ~ince 18~~. in which war the produclion was 2"000 Ions.
:\!callwhllc tbe ~tt.1dily intfl"lsinl: )idd of the ['nilro Sta t e~ Chile. .\u~I ,."lia, and ollwr countri~'s held
diminished Ihe prifc hy 1I(·arly 60 p,:r u'nt; thi". ",it h the .s:;radual exhausli'lIl of the lare" r d'·I'I(I~i t ~. c;. u~i~e a
,-irtual c,'~_<ati.m of f"pp.: r mining III Gr('at Brit;,in , O f iron the productIon al"o "h"w" a d"(r('a"" of abou t
20 p.... a'nt "ithin the last fift"en lean;, an.! with a more serious d ..dine in \'alue. Of ~on,m('\allic min"rals
apart fr<ffi rt~l1. and (")1"isling rm.inl)' "f hu:lding and OII1('r ~I<m,'s. cllp, f.:}l'sum. ~alt. and "il _hal." Ihe yield
may]", ('''timlll'd at ~iO,OOO.OOO. and the ertire mineral yi('kl of GTl'at Brit.lin is not far sl'''rt of 5~5().OOO.OOO,
Siln·r. f"und in ('nillbina t ioll wilh I(·ad ores. is pr(:oduc('(\ at the rate (If ~<.);'.'lOO or ,,00.000 ()Un(l'" a ),,'ar, and
"f ~nld a ft.w hundn'c] (Ul1l'(" have IX'{'n I;.hn from low grade d('posil' in \\';lks. "hilt from a mlnc in \ r itklo\\'
counly. Ireland. h;.,,: co rm' . f,'w "un('('~. c""ling perha ps Ht)' times tlwir '-'lluc to .·~tT;lel.
 TIll:' HOOK OF TIlE F.-liN 49'

FiNt among the British elhibit, may l>c mentioned the large coll~ctions of minerals, somewhat too
widely scattered around the pavilion. but represcnting together all the minerals of economic value found in the
L'nited ]{ ill~dom . Among them arc many specimens of interest to the scientist. as of the blue-ball cla),s usc<!
for a century or more III the m:lIlufacture of the finest description, of earthenware; flint and Hint implemeDts
such as Bnwm has produced from tl1lle nnrnemorial. Jet from jet shale III Yorkshire l)(!ds. and auriferous
quartz lI'ilh its encasing rock from Nonh \ Valcs. T he processes of smelting kad and copper ores are sho"'n
in samples Irom metallurgical works. the former both by rew!riJc ratory and blast furnace methods. and the
metallurgy of nidel i~ displayed in samples from a Birmingham establishment. while Sheffield and Bradford
r;"llo ~how how Heel ;",d ,wn Me wr"~gh( int" \'a"i"u~ furlll'.
,\mong the blocks of coal is one <>econd only to the Washington specimen. contained in her state pavilion
and I'rc~cntly to l><: described. the former weighing more than 28,000 pound~ and containing 3.,0 cubic fe~1.
or building and omamcntal stones there are slate and /:ranite. the lal1er
,n ""my shal'e~. us polished eolumns. "'onu"'ent~. eros~e~, ::tnd concrete
p""ing blocks. with porphyry from ancient Egyptinn quarries worked by
:1 London firm ,,~conN'ssionaircs. I\nmlwr group consists of Portland
and other cement._. limestone. and artificial stones. Fire clays and fire
bricks arc freely exhibited. as ali;<) arc kaolin and fuller's earth in its
cr~de and manufactured statc. Iron. copper, lead. cobalt. antimony,
•
manganese arc amollg the ~a1nPJcs in the collC{;\ionsabo\'C referred to. and
elsewhere arc salt in display and decorative forms. and an :1ssortment of
grinding. abrading. and polishing substances and app;uatus. While in some
fe'peels a creditable exhibit. the British s<xtion doc,; not worthily repre<>ent
the great qricty and volum e of the minera l products of that country.
To m~ch b~uer advantage appears the dominion of Canada. In
her ample space to the north of the British di"ision, and extending
thence bene"th th c gallery floor. In this section a large arca is c1e,'otcd
to the collec tions of the Geologic") a nd ;-I«tural History survey at
Ot(;<"';\, and of the ~\'er« 1 l',X)viuci;ti g,,\·cfl"'ll'n(s. induding Dritj~h
Columbia and the i\onhwcst territories. [n these are included ~11 the
c<x>nonllc mincmb cont~incd in tho dominion. some of them here for the
fir;;t time placed on exposition. From the Sudbury di~triet in Ontario
come,; an jn~ot of I""" nickd w~il;:hing 4.5"" pOUI\{t" with ore< and
m~tlcS suffiCient to give color to the superintendent's opinion that nickel
will lal" II", l'b~c <1f tin in tlw m'\1lt1f~~tur" of h<>"_,,,hol<l utensils.
T he orc~ arc mainly of the pyrrhotite description. and of these there are
s~mrl(" from other Ontario mines. Of :;<old and gold bearing roek the
 Till: /JOOA' OF TIlE I:-IIR
proVInce S('nd~ many ~pecimc'ls. must of tl1("II' from hl'r gO"ernml'nt ,"oll("Ction. and of nali,-e silver, ~iln'r orcs. and
argl'ntiftrous ~a!l'rms th ~ e:<hillits arc almost ;IS numerou~. 01 platrnum thal' IS a ,mall display, arld "f ,Intimnny
a sillgle specimen from a \ein wl,..rl' it is ((,und in combinati"n \\th siIH·r.
lead, and ~ul]lhur. There is 1.inc blcndc from the Thund"r nay di~lri<l
"n the northern shore of Lake Sllpcrior. Iron in the form of mag-
lIt·liws. hematiles. bog-iron. and 1ll;1J;1I<:lic iH)lI ~'lIld c"llle~ frv", ~e\c.-"I
score of depo~il~.
COI'I""f anu l'VPI>C' "I<:~ .,ull I'J,il"~ ,He in l'kntiful "upl'l)" the
largest m~~s being of eopper.nick<:l ore. weighing I ~,OOO pound~. and
("rn:inl)' wilh <llh"r block. of coppe. and nickel benrio!) rock. " lrophy
disp:ay from the Canadi;,n (\,ppl'r comr;lI1),. ThCl"e is a pr(,fusion "f
building and ornamental btunt',. of eby~. marls. and kaolin: of !)"'pbte.
slealite. actinolite. and m'li),lxIcnitc: with ,;,llt, t::}psum. 'luicklimt. and
hydr"u)ic cement. ,\p.1ti:e. or pho.phatt of lime, is pruminl·nt :Hr.->n~
the group of £Crlilizinl; substancts. The Imperial Oil cmnpan)' h:JS a
large a~~Qrtment of I'""trnt ... um and it~ l'mdu("t~. A~b"~Ir" i, [\ f".11ur,'
in the Ontario section. :IS al>'<) aTe the sh~ets of mica and the dl'licatdr
l;nl"<1 variNy known a, amhl·r mie;t. of which there is ;1 ,.cr,l'~lal
lI'eighinA" 400 pounds from the G .xlfrey mine in Frontenac county,
",lwr<' in tI,,· Syc\,'nham district ~imilar cry~tals h:<I"e I)(.'en found ~i:o:
feet in diameter and with a lIeight of s<:veral ton~,
In the e:o:hibits of olher provinces tho~ (f Ontario ;tre in a
me-a.~ure duplicated, Quebec'~ collection rivals that of t!te ~i,tl'r pro\'-
ince especiall) in t!te display of asbcslo~, mica. plum bag,>. phosphalls,
building ~ ton c5. and iron orc~, the last from the Canada Iron Furnace
company of :llontreal. Amo~g N'w i3runs"'ick specimens art' Tl.d
grallite, frce~tone, and olher I uildillg swnes, ,,'ith I:),psum and pla'ter.
In the 0:o"a Scotia dcpmtmtnt <tTC many ';"1.mples of gold and I,,'old·
be,lring orc~. some of the I:lttlr ass,tying man}' thousand doll;lrs to the-
tOll, In the central court of the Canadian >cction i~ displayed in pyramids of gilded blocks the yield of ),'old
in the ."C\'t:ral pro"inces since tirst it was discovercd in British ColumbIa. J lere is represented the output of
Ihat province, <.lmuonting since 1858 to more than SS3,OOO,OO:X>. wilh a production since 1862 of about S9.000,000
from th e Cambri;tn rock formations on the eastern Co.1st of I\o,'a Scotla. and ..,m;tllcr "mountS from SJuet>cc,
Ont<.lrio, and the i\orthwe~t lerrit(lries. the last plOdllcing only sillce 1f(89, III numerous o.1mple. 0:o\'a Scotia
sholls her wealth lit coal. for here art' some of the largest car!)onif('mus dcp()'<its in the world. one of the
mincs runninl: far under the 1K'<i of the Atlantic. and with seams of c:<traudinary richness. I3riti~h Columbia
and tht North"'bt h",'c al,;o mJny specimens of bituminous ;.nd anthr'l..:i .., w,~1. anu [rv'" Ih<: Litle, ,He
samples of cu..1.[ tar. petroleum. clay. and buikIing stone. Fin:l.lly there ~re sh mn in topographical and ):'eo[O/:ical
cha rts. in !;eCtion;t) maps. in photographs ;tnt! ur"winl)~, the Ioc:"ti" n~ "f min<: .... 1 "~gions, t"J.;~lhcr "illl the
more plominent mines. their lIorkings and ['rocesses.
\\'ilh ... 11 her ""dllh of "C""Ul'~C" il i, "",m~wh;;tt rem ... rkable th.,t Canada im]>o.ts more lar~c1r thnn ~he
produce, of miner,lls and their manufacturl'S, First on the li~1 "f her products is coal. of which 3.400.000
h.,"~ \VUe CHr"ctcd in ,891, nnd neXl ill Ih e order ",,,ned. in relmi"e ,·,due. "re copp~r, gold. petroleum.
a~best{)~. Iron. and gil,·cr. For that year hlr mming output W'l~ e,timalCd at $20.-\00,000, against
,1S,(X)Q.(X)Q of imporlS. ,he 1,'ller mainly
in the form of manufactured iron and sleel.
whieh ~Ione amounted to $'~.oooooo. O"t;,rio
b "sp(:ciaHy rich in minera:s; and lwre have
b..,." """nlly di","o\'('r('d illlm"'n',' '["I""il" o(
nickel. (.,..peci~llr in the Sudb~ry d,striet "hence,
Iho,,~h the OT<'~ ~ re 01 In,," ~ra('". yi"ldin~ on
an ;t\"\;rnge k,s tlun three per Cl'nt, S:. iOO.OOO
worth of that metal were esported in I!I()I. Of
iron. dudl)' in the form of magnetites and hem·
ames. and 111 quality cq\l~l to the best of
Swedish, there arc bn:e and I',lluabk' strata.
em! i~ widell' di~tributed throughout the domin-
ion. Ihe arca of co.11-bcHing lands in tIl<' 0:orth-
w('st territories alone being estim;aed at 65,000
s(luare miles.
From the far nr)rth lct u' tUTTI to th e
great "'luth{'rn e.mtinent. where l)('n"alh the ""'.S ... D WlT'L woo.
 TI/I£ /JOOK OF 1'1/1£ FAIR
5<",<h"", Crv"-~ i~ " hUl<l al>ounding in miner:ll r(sourtts. ,\ s in oth", d" plrtmeJl\s cf Ihe F:li., :>'cO\' ~uth
\\;tk~ is the only ,\u~Ira.lian cokn)' r<'presented in Ihe mining divi~ion, hut in thi s section is full), illu~lrat('(1
the Illin~rnl we"hh of "eoumTY "hi<l, h<,~ Ihu~ (,u I'n..tlu,-<.:d ., l."l:"r """-'UIIII)£ goltl lh~" <Ill the I'.,dfi ...,tales.
S:ncc. in d';J. a luckless IlI"o~!)(,Ch)r. obsc n'ing that Ihe California placers ,n're found amid geological form-
"ti"n~ do'dy re .CIllLlin.<;: Ih Ol<<': which he had Heen ill Austral in. ""d mki"J.: ~hil' for Ihal «)unl '} ~tr.,iJ.:hIW"}
di~co\""rcd ~()Id. Ihe southern continent h~s "dllcll more than $1.600.000.000 10 the ",orlll's s\()ck of the
]lIN·i"".. m('<\:lk \"icIOI"ia is the brge~t pro<lu<:er. her tot,,] yield up 1<> the do~e of 189~ being "~t im"lcd "I
$1.JOO.ooo.oco. and of thc remaind er ncarly
~20C>."""".""""" i~ :lurNlit~d to '\",v South \\' .. k-~,
whose output !;r.ldually dim:ni"hed from $56,-
000.000 for Ihe dL'C.1.de endin,: with I&')(). to 1cs~
than half Ih~t amoont for thc len )cal'; ending
with 1890- The d,scon:n' of )ar"" siln·r depo,it~
in Ihe lalte r colo~y is of comparati'cI)' fI'(:("nt
date. and yet from a single lli,trict "-ere cxtr.tctc([
in 18<)2 nearly $1,,000.000 III that metal. lIith
more than 40.000 Ions of lead.
Hy VIsItor" of all nntiollaliti<:" it is cun-
ceded th"t the exhibits of !\CW South \\'~lcs
foml OM of the most mtercstmg and eotn]'re·
hensi.-e collC\:ti<.ms in Ihe h..l11 of ~!ining. f;lr
~UJII·I",,'''g Iho..-.c of Great Brita:n and oti... r
countries whOM: ~ ppropri<ltions "ere of much
la"!;cr IImOunt. In """,,,,1 11""""""d f'",-k.J';~"
were fOlwarded hundreds of tons of ~I't:(:imens.
consi~"~" largel)' of gold in C'"C'Y c.;,ncei,·ablc
foml. b~t induding also many s,lmples of loilla
and ~ill"('r orcs. of <:0.11. !TOO. r"ppN. l.-~(l antimony. hi~llluth. and (,,,ball. with !x.ildinq-. orn"mental anll
ptcciou~ stones. mine r.l l paill1s. petrolcum, cement anll lime, and diamond-hearing earth.
,\t the entrancc of the pa\"ilioll. frQlltin!:" on the C(:l1\wl navc and nonh ()f Ih(' Canadian s.-rtion , I< ~
pilla r of frosted sih'cr from the Hroken J lills Sihcr Mining company. II"hO$e veins bid fa ir to ri"al the f:.r
famed lodes of POtosi.' The shaft is festooned lI'ith garlands and s"rmountell by a figure of Atl:ts, supporting
his customary borden. wilh masses of OI"e at its base, and on one side minor structures of coppcr. ti n. ~,ntinlony.
a~d silver. From the gO"emment collection arc "ih'er ores and block.s. and in a nugget of 'irgin gold is rC llTC-
sented ,6,000 worth of that metal. with gold (Iuartz assaying ~58 ounces to the ton. T o the exhibit of priv.l1tl
stone~ IheTe are ccnlribution~ from scvcral private collections. and of special "aloe is the display 01 opak
In the b.lckground of thIS se<.: 1tOIl are in;crilx:d on a 10flY wall stati,tic!> as to Ihe minera.I yield of Sf"\1 South
\\alc~, liere the visitor rna)' learn that this colony has produced gold
to the "<lloe of $tl:ij,ooo.ooo: slher ~nd lead. $54,000,000; coal. 1I24.·
000.000; tin. 5-16.000,000; copper. $29.000.000; iron, $1.&0.000: and
pdwkulU "",.I otlo..,r mineml ()il~. 56.000.000. Add to these the '"~ lue of
o ther products of the mine. and wc h;I\'c a total yield of at least $500000.-
00:>, for a country ..·ho"" PUP"]" t iun i" III<.P dill nvt eM;..,".] I. 'W. CQ) ~o"k
Beneath these figures arc pillar~ of various minerals. one of then1
in Ihe form ,)1 ","crti",,,l section of kCrO'l<:IIC ~hnlc . C0<11 is liber"ll,.
reprc~ented in columns, blocks. and snJ.lllcr specimens. and in diagr~,m
form am ~ho\\"n thc thickne"$ of .e"m~ and J;o:>ol<>.,:i<: formations of Ihe
lIlore prominent districts. El.;(:where nTt till. coppu. antimony. bi~muth.
m~r('urJ. and ir"n or.-<. ""m" 01 tlu'n1 armngNl in structural forms_
lI'ith ingots and bus of tin ,ul(l cOPI)Cr. and specimens of the lin·bear·
ing gr.lnitcs of Sew Sooth \\"ah'~ whidt cI( "'I)' n''''"1bl .. !h.. Cornish
formntions on the southwestern C,)'lSt of Engl:lnd whtnce tin w~s cx·
tracted Ion!:" before \30.1dicea did b.lIllc with the R.)man lecions. Build-
ing stones "rc fred)' di<playcd. 'IS also are cla),s and brick~. and in the
form of an cntrance wa)' are sp(:t:lfncn block> of colonial marblc.
Though <IS a mining coontry Fr,tnee docs not compare wilh
Gre'at Britnin or Genn~ny. her production of melals and minerals i~
very eon~iderabk. the yield for ,891 ucin!; valued at more than s<)O.OC::O.ooo. Of coal the OUlput for that )~ar
IH~t .. ~" ~la)' ,U6 .... <1 \b)' ,j?, thor. wtf. u~.n ('0.' Ih~ .har< h~<I t_" ,I,,,,ib,,,,,,1 , ... 1;,';,I~,,,f,. , ... ,1 bonn., n "".-k ...... w~;~h
mOOt J""du~ti" • ..,f tlk: IIroken I!ills mi.", 36,500,000 ",unco< (If onl)' $.is" ,h.". wb pai'.] "I'. nu~ giring" n.t '."'" "f "Hr 3.oco
_ilr., and '50.<>00 W,. of ·ud.... me of Ihe or. "''''yinII' m"ny per cent ..,n the j~\·._I.d c"f"ul. p.ob.abl)· the 1~1'\(c,t ,...,,,,dt<~ in
th,u-.>nd. ',f dollars.~ Ih. 100. ~1 .... n.hiJ. 100'. tbn $!.lOC a .he hi>!o.)· of .ilHr mll""g.
 j

•
 lilt: IIOVA' OF 71IE f: liN -195
w,,, ,'~urnat~,<1 "I :6.CX>o.ooo ton •. ~nd \d
with imp()rL~ "f 10.000,000 IOn<. tilUS
'""kinl( :>n "",·r"/.,<e C()n.umplion of ne~lly
rOUN[RYM[N PliASl '
a ton a yea r per capi ta of hu popubtiOll.
Of pij,( iron the :1I1nu~1 pro.1urt i< "lw,",,1
1.000.000, and among other l11etal~ the
larJ,:t'H ridd is of zinc, lead. and C()I'I}('r.
with a few kilogrammes of g(,ld and a
IMge ~m()unt of si:,er from imported or,~,
'I'll(' Fn:nch ~ti()n is adjac.::nt on
th: n"nh to that of :\cw South \\'all'S:
a feature ('/ it IS an exhibit from what i~
cbimN: to be the only mine in the world
which produc.::s l'ure caroon.1te o[ m~o.:'
nt~i;t. ,\ mong th: l11(1re artistic ('01ll"
ti"n~ ;1\,. hr"n~'·~.l'namelled tiles, and C;t,'S
~ho\\'inl: the qu~lit)' of molding sands.
., -'" ." ~

C"mcn! i~ l;lrgelr "'pre"""te,!; .1 l.l""le,'u.' ",in",,,,,,,",,- h;l~ .1 Ji~I'I.,) of """'J.:"ilehc. "uJ a few ~'''IJl'ks of sl,nc.
"oal. and patent fuels alm(.s\ Clllnpkote Ihe IN of what F rallce has to ~h{)1Y in the \linin~ h~ll ill tIll' way
o{ n:1twe product" In COmmOn with Crc", B ri l~ in ~nd "omc (lth,," f"rej~n p.uticlp,1Ilt.-. Franc" i, "ul worthil}
rCl're'('[lI('(1 ,n thi, dep.ut lll,·nt of the Fair. a large p(,rtion of hu sl);\Ce being (m-en.'Ii by a ru"ic pa,-ilion,
w·th " /oem"J' or "'IU"li~ pl~IlIS ill tIl<! c~ntre. ,,/lording " pl~c~ of r<'~1 f"r "'e;,ry ~i"ht ><eer... F T<;)m the Laurium
min('s in Greece. e:'1I11roll,·d hy i'ren,hmen. arc ma~~"'e sl'l.'<:imtns
of .ih-('f. le,.,d_ ,.,nd ,inl' .• ne! fmm '\"w C:..te<loni" l l'nUrni"" of
nidcl ores, drome, and cuIM't.
In th(' .\ustri~n ,,'('tion. wc~t uf t1e F r"nch 1';lviliun. ~re
sc\'eral cxhibits wonh)' of note, T he mineral "allOT>' of Carlsbad
arc contained in 'tH,c!S fashi<Hlcd in Ihe shape d a pa"ilion.
WlllCh pre"Cnts in dior:tmi(' foml thi.; not~d resort. \\-ilh the lofty
mount;:lins th,.,t surround it. On the outer walls ale depic ted in
detail thc hotd~, drinkillJ.: b,)(,ths. and 3rchit~e:tural rc"tures of
the plact. But it ~~ in iron and steel that ,\ustria n1~kes th"
best dl~l'lay. nOtic('.1bJc amon~ her cxh:btts bemg a hexaf::'onal
~tructure of crucible ~I('d. known as the J>oldi ,·ariet)'. T he
IlO",S. ei;:IHeen feel in height. w('re hammered from ingots. a
ccn:rc'pi~ce and sl"'cral cases within rcpresentinl: ,-ariolls com'
nl<'l~i,1l f"rno~ ,,{ Ihc II1"t .• I. "ith " ... t"'n. (.."otur,," 10 ,J",w th"
uniformity of the m~tl"i"1. ,\nother exhibitur ad",ni""s hi~
",-)'th<:$ by CUlling ~hccu "f
I h(' li~hte<1 li~~J(' I'al',:r Wilh
tI",:r ke~n "d<:c~, ~nd (,n
the w:'Ill of the aisle is a
~I",.,t of iron 160 f('l·t IOIli':.
a yard in width. and on.',
\wrlfth of an inch in thick-
nes.,. s~id to IJe one of the
br)::est plates ewr mllcd.
This. as well as the Poldi
stN'1. como's Imm Bohemia, ,,-hose mctal·workers arc almC*1 as famous as
IhuM.' who product the beautiful glass.ware displayro in Ihc Inll of ;\fanu,
betun",
A kalure in the [talian ~Iion adj~ccnt to Ihe Canadi~n groups
..,-, ' -
" \ " j \ -"-',<
:
'

is a tr;mslue~nt mound of al.!ba~ttT, COIllI)()sed of blocb ~s t~kc" fro'll

the iIU;,rri{·s. ,ide by ~ide wilh which arc bf":1ulTful ~t~lueU{S 'Inri other ,)j . '".,'
/~ •
~,..,,,,;.
.
~
s('ulplnr('d f"rms, An admirabl~' pin'c of work ,n their vicinil) is 1111' , J',
!calling towcr of Pisa. Cllt fmm a hlo('k <)( alahaster e~trac1Cd H\';lr 111;11
cltr. TIll're aTe al,;o many spe<::mcns of the famous marbles of It"I)',
mdndll1g a large oc!<lgonal lotH. which fur more !h,tIl tlneo.: Len\n';,"
~t,)(>(l in tIl(' nmn'llt d C"'II e \IMi.! at l~(lm", T his is Illa(k of the
. .
... u'l'<l b)' the 1/"0'.11' Catholic church. "~ in
C L'ludian \Mi.-l'· ' ullo.: 1...-"..1,
the ero.. s l)\' the "hol\' I!alc" d St I'l'ters. ;:Inti the conse<:rmcd ~t(lnc~ "f the a:tar. Sulphur from Ihe
\'~SU';IL' .• n,: "Ihu dj~l~icu I~ di~I'I"ye,1 in block ~nd J>owdc!'>1, wilh '''l'h:1ltum. bilum('n.
 ,/"///:' HOOA' OF TIlE FAIR

from nlkanic regions. and tiles of cement richl} colored ~nd ornamented with
j.,'<'!omctric <.l..,~ign,;.
The Grecian section was originally allotted to the l'nited Slah."; of
e...lomhi;>. which accounls for its I,<." ili"n among tlw 5p,...,;"h and L."in_
.\ml"Ti~an exhibits. The di~play. although small. i" sugj.,~·sti\"(:. cOlllaini~);" a"
il cit ...·, rontr;hUli ... n~ from Ih,' r:.mon~ I."nr;um "';n('~ n..". '\l l,,·n~. "h...""
tre,iSures in the lncierlt days of her \!a\"al supremacy went far toward bui:ding
hI" tit-I'll' and l'ul'pon;ng hl'r (";\;7,·"" in It;"<urr. "1"1",)" ;'11"(' nnW ("<lnlr<>II.·.1 a ...
I haH: said by a French company. which also exhibit brimstone ar.d sulphur
in on's ancl pnwdl'rs. E I",,,h"re are mag""~i'" hl...d,~. "ith emery and learl
in crude and manufactured form~. ~Iarbies from the cb~sic i~le of Selros
pescllt a business-like aspcct. a,; though ad\"Ntising: thel11s,'h'(·~. "ntl an altar
(If Athenian ma rble is erected by the COl11mince of Olympus. not in hOMr of
the f.;ods but of the Columbian E Xll()o;ition,
In the western ,·estil.ouk of Ih ~ hall aru threo.: large gilded cube;:. the
inscriptions upon which inform us that since 1745. when Hussian gold W:lS
first mined in (ommercial quantitie>. the empire has produced more than
1.800 ton~ of that metal. Siberia furni~hing In:ariy three-fourths. South of
this monument are shown ill specimens and photographs the varied miner~l re-
sourcc~ of :. domain which c"ve rs one-sixth of the en tire I:Hld surf:.ce of the ~Iobe,
one ~ide being occupied with ;J row of cases in which arc hundreds of bronze
figures symbolic f)f chili:wtion and barbari'm. ,\ l>hagl.(y-coa ted bear rears hi"
unwieldy form beside the figure of a nobleman. and a gaunt wolf crouches
near the feet of a richly attired lady. H orse~. ~tag" and dog,. peasants and
hi g h offidall', prmces
and Coss."lch. with typ:-
cal rcprescntati\es of
... rious ciaSl;Cs are here
.. .., -
reproduced in min i;l-
ture. The iron worKS of the l,;ral and other noted districts
ha"e also contributed (,f th ...ir ores and first forms of
manufacture. and a fine disp~\)" is made of sworcs :lnd
cutlery. many of the :lTticlt, wilh handles of skilful
des:gn and workmanship. :\hps indicate the most prom-
Ism:; and productl\e d\~·trlctS for gold. co.a!. pelroleum.
saiL iron, coppe r. and other minerals. T here are also
photographs of the more ,·aIU:l.blc mines of coal and rock
saiL and ncar one (Of the entrances arc massi,'C specimens
of the latter. In conlrast "nh which block, of il lack marble
di~plar their shining ~urfac('~.
Adjacent to the l~ussian se(:tion on the north is
the small space in which J apan fCveal, hcr mineral wealth. as yct but little
de'c!0pl:d. The cntrano.:c-wap> arc in rustic form. and wJlhin is a tastefully
arranged. instructi,c. and unique exhibit. In the centre ~I'l! ingeniously con·
~truo.:teu models showing the cros~ sections (11 min~'s a~ w'~'ked in ancient and
modcrn times. Front views arc al~o gi"cn re]lr(:~~ntin!: a dark cave wfiich forms
the inkt tu tho.: ulJ mino.:. ;\11\.1 all urn,.t'"' I).(.ili"" thlUugll whid, olle I'''~~o.:~ intu
the other. J~pane,e miners are sh"'\"JI in the narrowest of g:lllenes. Iring upon
th~:r u.1<k~ ur ~tu"':I<;h~, wurkin;.: liko.: sI."c~ ..",d e'~l'"..... d tv ... 11 the d"nge,~ uf
t.wes anJ explosioIL~. while the tool., and apparatus for c:o.trncting or~ and pumping
w.,to.:r •• re of tho.: "'O~l I'rim;[i,c kind. A~ JqMn h.,~ re<co.:ntl) .IJupto.:U llwonn
marhiner} anll mClhod~ of timbering. the interior vic,,' of tlw mine of tv.day
prc<cnl~ no rtmar~able featurc~. the eh:cf intcn·,t eenlring in the lIki:ful work·
ma'l"hip of the nwdcl. Close at hand :Ire "1X'Cimens of ('oal and copper, silver
;'''0 gold in the ore "nd !soaf. "1I1;mo,,)". commerc;al clay' .. ",.ritgated marhk.
grnphilc. sulphur. nati.,", and refilled. and table s..,h in phin and ornamc'ntal
forn,,,. I~" (''''1 two anicles '''I,rcocntin;: "n annud yidd of about s 10.000.000.
An:ong the minerals displayed in manufactured forms art crucibles made tlf
graph it". There are aloo photognphs of "... nc 01 th<' m()t.1 pT,<iucli,'c m;ne~,
and mal'S ~hl·wing: the ioc:lti"n of cQ."lI-fields and col!icrie~. as wtll as the J.:colo::ical di~tributi()n "r Silils. ,,·hile
~]""";"l('n~ "I II", ""il~ tht'mo.ekc~ mal ,,11'0 be exa mined. the entire cxh,bit be;,,/{ m:oinly or!;::on;ztd by the
mining and geological burl'au_.
 1'11/; /lOaf( OF TilE F."llIt

In the lIOulhw"~lern [lOfl;,," uf til<' 1~\1l

arc 11t( cxhi!);IS of Sp<lin and Latin.,\maican
"'''un'r;~~, ,.1".'" d;~pb)" ",ade I,,· tIl{" forn,,"f
COIl~i~b of mas~i"e spceimcn~ "I I,'ad OfC. with
primary manulartu!' .. " "I 1.. ,,<1. "arnl,I,'~ "f ""1'1"'" •.
pho."ph.ue ... salt. ,bl('", marble. and mall)' otll('r
minerals. There is at", Cuban ;L<phalt. wh~'h
contain_ iO l)C r cent of bitumen, and i, said to
1>Ol-,;c~s great commcrcial p(ls-~ihilities. l\mOng
the decorati\(~ features in the Sp':Ulish l'.'\\'ilion
Is a large array of mininit tods. taste/ulI)
grouped at "arious poinb.
Elscwhere among the,e groups is ~u'li,
ci~nt ~'ldellce that Ihe republtcan olbl'ring of
Sl'ain arc hy no mean, lading in enterprise.
A 1') r~llIid ill the centre ol Brazil's p:l\ilion
... 'cOT."" .... c"'~
rcpre:'\{'llts the output in gold of the once fam·
OU5 ;\[,na~ Gem"._ ",hid, du,-in~ III" "...-1) p.llt uf the ci!;hlcetlth Wlltury produced S700,OCQ,OCQ of thH
metal. Around it., base <Ire ~e"eral v':l1ieti('~ of marble and granite. while in tr<'ph), and otlier for1l)~ the coal
min~" of ni<) Grande do SuI ;l1u:!tratc the m;ner~1 wt:"lth uf lh~ <;uIIUlI)'. /Iii ..... '!lMn~. a"d ~~IJo:>to~ ale
shown in many beau tiful sh;lpes. to~('ther with lead and copper on'"s. and the display of gems, thou);tl
hril1ianl. attracts I~s .. "l1ent;on Ihan a remarkable ~tonc of clo"tic
(Ilialitics, 01 which there arc abundant deposit> in the ~tatt: ,f
\Iin~~ l,!'r:w,.
The li\'e·~:ock and agriculturnJ inte~e~ts of the .-\rgcntine
I~epublic comple tely o\('~hado\\' h<'r n,inin~ inOll-\ri<''', whirh thu~
fJr ha\e not d('\'('lopcd into (tImme'reial importance. In this dq>.ut·
ment. howe\'er. the gon.!rl11r.ent bureau 01 mines and geol()o.!\, has
t;lstdully decorated a brge section in blue and white, ill~talling
ther('in ~I>e<:imclls of marble;; and other building s!on~. with eLt)s
and salt~. ifl}l1 and coa l. Th e g('Ological maps hung u['on the walls
i!l(licate that the m!)';t promising mineral deposit~ are 'n the norlh·
"(,,tern porl1ons 01 th~ (ounlr),. near Ihe headwaten< of tht· Sewo
and Colorado ri.-(rs.
E<:uador and Bolhia ha\-e
bul a miniature display. the
f<,rmcr prc"<nting " few ~I",ci·
n'ens 0: gold amof'g a rr.iscelbne·
OilS collection. whilo the "nc;ent

giorics of Potosi are Lut feebly

r<'pr~~('IlI~o in Ih~ liny p~\',Ii"n
of the laller, her minl'"s. which
in the sixteenth century I'rodu('('d
:\. much as s80.OCQ.OCQ "f ~lh'er
a year being- almo;t abandoned. '["he large);! mines arc now at Iluanchaca.
and arc mainly con trolled by Chilean capit~lists: but thtir wealth finds little
cxprcssion in the hall of ;\Iininl-:. Other cxhiblts arc Illa~""s of elUde
rullber. :t portrait of the president. and a 1.:.rl(C table made by a r~~ident of
Cuzco. who inforn~s us that he is no cabinet maker but !<ends l'i~ handi·
w,·rk. c... mpo~:<1 ot the choicf~t '"afletles of nal!\'C wooC.". as a contnbullon
10 the Fair.
:-;itratc of socia forms the te~t of Chile's exposition. tt is disllla)'ed
in various ~h.lpes. ~ lar,.;e mood of the famlus works at 1~05a r io de Huara
~hu"inJ.; uno: "f llO<,: l.tr;;c~l e,t,.bh,h",,,,.1S fOI il~ m"nuf.u.;tur" in lhe ".,dd.
L"pon n shaft within this s~ction arc ·a:lIi~lics as to the !;rowth of this
indl<~lry from 1830. wh~n only 800 t"n. uf nitrate wer~ e~!,<>rtcd. unlil, in
181)0. c~ports had increased to morc Ihan I,OCQ.OCO tons. ;-':ot only is this
" rn"~t ;"'I'"rtant source of ind;\'idll~1 wealth. but the national trcaoury
clcri\'('"s therefrom an ;umoal inconw of S~O.OCQ.ooo. or more th.1n one·half ,,-, ... TtR .un.'''''

nf il~ r, \'''n,,~,
In illexico nearly 4.0Cl0 mi,)", art under regular exploitation_ with others worked at intervals. and a \au
nU'llbl'r of ahand(lled claims. many "I which if ref>pcncd 1\'ould ~'i,.]d (·xCt·1!ent rctullls. While as a ru:c
 TNt:: HOOI( OF TJI£ FAIR

processes are somewhat primiti\·c. modern appliances ha\'e been largely imroouced among the more productivc
mines, and cspecially in those which ha\'e passed under foreign owner~hil" Onc advantage is the chcapnc:iS of
labor. wages v~,rring. a~cordillg to the nature of the task. from 50 cents to SI.~5 a day. the latter rate for the
b;lrrateros who extract the ore. wmetillles rewi\';ng in "dditioll " ~1"Hc of \l'h"t the) \;[ke uH. O ther fo~tcrill!.;
inAuences are the security for life and property established under the Oi;.!" r~gime. and the building of railway~,
alTonlill!; dir~-..;t cumn""ni.;"t;"n ,,·ilh the Uniled State.s, for until recent years nearly all the heavier machine"y
was imported by way of Vera Cruz.
Tlte history of min;l1g ill '!cxico dates "Imost from the time of the 51'anish conquest. and )'et her
deposits of the precious metals show no signs of exhaustion, the yield of those which have been ahandoned
bcin~ more than coml'emm ted by new dibco\·cr;eG. Between 152 J ,,"d
!89!. a period of jiO year~. the total produCtion of Sliver n;ts been
estimated at $3. Sio,0C>0.0<Xl. :lnd of gold '~i7 . 0(X).0<Xl, ,d,ile the pre<en!
yield of both these metals may be stated at ~omc\\'ha t over s-l-o.<xlo,ooo
~ }";,\r. Of coal the am",,, 1 output ;~ ",(\rth allout ~ \.(XYl.<'lOO: of
copper. $2,500.000: and for other minerals, metals. and metalloids.
including iron. ~lliphur, ~~lt. nwrcurr cb)'. ~nd omanll'ntal ~nd
preciou~ ~tOnc;;. may be added a ,-alue of $25.000,000. thus ,gidng to
Iwr minin!! and mineral products a total \'aluation of more than
S ;0, 000. 000.
T o :llcxico was allotted a Iiber~1 spaee in the ~oulh\\'c~tern
~ection of the hall. her display far ~urpassing those of Spain and other
Spani~h-r\lllerican countries. Ilere, as in the Manufactures building.
an attractive feature is the collection of ornamental stones. and
especially of onyx. with a newly discovered v~,riety to "hiGh has been
given the name of rose game\. The latter is on" of the most r"muk·
able of minerals. combining ffime of the best qua lities of ornamen tal
and building stone,. and the only deposit thus 1;11' discovered is at
;;:alostoc ~Iorelos. within 100 miles from ~lexico. near a line of r;lilway.
and III sutliclent quantity to permit ~ystcmatlc development. it IS.
moreover, a merchantable stone, one which. though harder than granite.
can be e<lsil), (]u<lrricd. cut , and polished. and is not affected hy tht most I'iolent changes of temperature.
Tcd1l1ically it is descrihed ~, a ~ilicate of lime and alumin~. and \\'1:Cll worked into thin ~Iabs and placed in a
strOll:; light. a beautiful c,-,lor effect is produced. the garncb ];tTgely adding \() i\~ {kcorative {Iu<llities. Nc,l[
 Filii /JOOK OF TilE FAI/{ 4'/9
tll<: c"~t",,u ",utrauu;-""yarc pilla •• , ~law.,
and orn'lInent ... 1 and geometric dc,iJ.;ns in
r,,,',, ""r~d, «hile th~ ,,,r~ b(>"ut,. "I '10;
te"ture is funher illu<trated in a ddic;1tc plate
of th,· m;n".,,1 "(lnt~in ..n in "n ill"mil1"til1g
apparatus. EliiCwhere the .;xhi!>it<. ,<.'Iccted
with th<' utnm,t <;:lrc through" conuni"i,)fl
appointed by the 1<0\·erl1')1(,'llt. arc for the
most pari arranged ;n cabinet form. manr
of t!.em c<>nlai,ed in hanesomc bronze ~h<)\\'­
ca,*-~ Tht:re:s also a group ...l ore-,,-ashi'g
apparatu,;, and ,-ie,yed as a 0011<;<:1;\'1.' {';\:_
Jlo~it;on "f mining resources a~d indu'lrics.
the enme dlsp:ay is one ....r which our sl~ter
republic has good reason to be proud.
Nowher~ in the hall of ;\linlng is thue
a more allracti"e ~llQt th"l1 the Cap.. Colony
"",-',ull . '>Uullo "I the I3r.lI-ili.lIl c.,loi]'it~, lUI
her~ of an ;lfltTnOOI1. bctl<'c.;n the huurs of
tW(' nnd four. ;. ~ho«n the p.OCC.9 of dinmond
washing frolll soil impurttd from the riche~t
d(·l'0~it. of the Kimbcrl~}' min('., To
:\ml'ricani this should be of sp<;<:ial intere,t,
fnr by th,' (-nil<-'d ~t:ltesare purcha«'d n·n-
sid.;rably more than one-half of the t~o.-
000.000 ,.onh of diamond, annua\J\' rmduO!d
by thi~ famous district. a:mmt entirely b) a
sinJ:1c com pan)'. whose rme of production b
thus re~llict<.'{! only to maintain the market
"alue of its output.
The section IS surlOundcd b) a hH;h
partition. Wilh plate-glass windows, wilhin
which the ellfth is scattered as found in the
c••• CCCOHV mines: but a better view of the processes of
""..tlin): ,.. ".I CUllin~ rna) he ub'.linnl fn""
an elel'ated platform. to which a stailway leads from the /.;found floor. First of all the "."lud is washl'd away
from the l'·cbbl~~ ,n " la rge I",n
or pulsator. and that "hich re'
ma;n~ ;~ pboed m " cylindH,
with spiral motion and apertures
of l':1r;,,,,< ~iU'<. thmur:h wh'("h
the Il<'bbks are dropped into
the He,'es beneath. These
operation~ arc eonducted by
stalwart Zul\l~. at tired ;n full
dress Exposition eo~t\ll1le- a
cap and a pair of short lrou;;ers:
f(·r 01her J:arment~ the\' cannot
be incuced to wear. One of
the Zulus stands guard at the
gale. armed ·,,-ith a ,~ar dub
Il1th ma~SII"t~ "'ory head. He
I~ a chicft'-1in of hi~ tribe. a
man of gigant;!; stature_ and
one of the i'npi "hich defeated
lh ..· Blili~h l'vup' in the dap
of I\in;; Cel,hw"yo.
The I,,-·l)bl~~ arc h"ncicd
to the sorter. who spre<ld~ them
uj><,n " tabl" ""d """,chc~ for
•
the di;ulloncs. ,;eye",1 "aluable
~tone~ lll';n~ t:lkpn "1 limes
500 TIlE IJOOA- OF TIlE F/'/IR
from a .inglc pan of carth. The rough di<lmonds are then delivered 10 mnnipuhtors for cutting and poli~hing.
and th"" prf'par('n /"r rn~rk('\, ]os;,'g ahout half their weight throuf.!h these l'rocc>scs. of which the btl(>r is
:IT ...

performed by a rCl'oh'ing plate making ~.OOO revolutions to the minute. In a glass case aTC rough diamonds
":l]u(>n at Si50,(lOO. including "II r()lor~. fClTm~, ;111(\ d('..:rf''''~ of rry"".lIiz;j(;on, from dcep url'lwll In r"rc~t white.
and with many intermediate shadc~. as blue. green. pink. ~lI1d orange-yellow, There arc also the black diamonds
used for cutting, the harde;;t of all I':lricti('s. and Mrh frc<lh of as 111<' twin diamond. 111<' blt!'r '>"T<'NI.
natufr
ingly rare. Other exhibits from southern Africa are specimcn~ of copper £lre fr£lrn Narnaqu<lland: asbestos.
whose fibre~ arc 01 a bluish tint: and a eahinpt of minerals colil'flerl in the TegHHl "<'>lIth (If the Z;l.Inb(>si ri\'l'T .

[n the ea~lern setrions of the hall. and extending into the area occupied by th e states. is a large display
of mining rnachiner), of many patterns and for many uses. The most exte"si'e exhibits arc by Fra ~c r and
Chalmers. the Chicago [ron works. and th e Gates manufactory. all of Chicago. the specimens from the first
of these firms being among the most massi\'e in the building. An imposing structure is the so-called Chilinn
mill for the crushing of gold and silver ore. it~ ponderous rollers. as they rc,-oh·c upon their axis. ha\'ing ~tlso
" hori~onta\ rotary motion within the huge metallic die. This i, a s~ml'le <,I the score of ~uch mills now in
operation in IIIcxico and the United States. and its companions in this section arc se,-eral huge quarl~ mills. a
lead furnace. rollers for such fine work a~ the cIllshing of diamond bearing earth. and a large asSOrtment of
apparatu~ for the reduction and refining of copper orcs. 01 the latter mineral. there is a compartment filled
with m;'lny h .. ~utiflll sl'f-~im .. ns. tI", comp;'lny al"" showing ,;'Imp]'--''' of " nY,--.ntly rli~()\'f'rNl alloy. I",own ;'Is
ferro-alumina. which is claimed to be the strongcst and hardest metallic sub~tance kno\\n. and is ~pedally
\'aluahlf' for ~u{"h {"astillg~ as the ~hOf"~ antI .-lil's (If ~tamp mills and rock cmshcN. In till' !'f'ninn ...... cupied hy
the Chicago Iroll works arc apparatus for crushing qu~rtz. for smelting ore~. and for hoi,tin~ and pumping.
",hill' a!'TOSS the ai.~l(> is " cnlshing plant. in~talkd by the Gates company. indurling ~ l(,\,;,ltll"n rrwk hrr:!!.:(>r
with a capacity of r 50 tons ~n hour. In this section is also a model in operation. showing the proces<;('s of
cru,hing'. ele\·ating. screelling. and distributing stone used for pa\'in~ or balla~ting.
Elscwhere ;He various mills for the grindinl<" of rocks. ores. and all other refractory materials. their chief
distinction consistilH! of the ,'anous mOlions with which the rollers work in their die~. lIlan)" of the machines
arc arran~ed lor either wet or dr), grinding. some of them ~tauonaT\-. and others portable. There arc also
 TII£ 11001.' OF TIllE FA'N Y"
mill; which se~\"e both as puln~rizer;; and separators. "jth apparatus ~pccially designed for the prcpar.nion of
paint materials.
The colltttion of drills i~ an inte rbting f('ature. tile machines being of all sizes and makes. one of them
for boring to a depth of a mile or more. EI><:where is apparatus for s,lwing and polishing stone. comril)l,l\()r~
from the CJgtf'rn and middlc
staleS being forlmost m this
dispby. Anoth~r group (nn-
SlstS of t;ham ueltlng and
appliances for ele\'ating' and
ha u Ifn g mincrals. Of this
class the Jeffrey manufactur-
Ing cullll)'!Il). ul CoIUlUUUS.
Ohio. is a prominent exhibitor.
il~ ""lliun ~ul1l.,ining. 1J.:~i<'~·~
a large aSS<..rtmellt of mach:n-
cry. " model shuwing " :<ceti,,"
of a eool vein. J:lustr.uin~ the
method of tno,·;nJ.( ortK and
co.'!L is an unde rground h,IUI-
age planl. in " lunn.;:l 1",,'n";. l h
thc southern poniun uf the
huilrlil'g. "'OInp'N'(] (If a wir.·.
rope tramway. cars. and engine
furlli~l'ed b~ scH'.al compani,·~.
At til{: further end of lhe hall.
on the J2:round floor. is ;1 system
~,va,,,,,y SOU'N ".I<!.< .'''.''
of iron pipes. representing an
inl·cntlon whereby it is claimed
great ~;l\'ing of tillle and money would re~ult from conveying minerals in scmi-li(lUid form from mil~e IU m,lrket,
puherized. mi~cd with wate r, piped. anti then, "fter reachinJ2: thei r dc~tin"tion. pressed into solid e;lk{·"
[II the lIlachinery depart men t arc also exhibi ts of metal manufactures. Ploughs. rail~. fence,wlre, and
other forms of iron and steel arc di,played by a Pennsylvania c;ompany. the key·swnc stlte being further repre-
sented by two ta~tdul 1':lI'ilions of shect iron, one of them surmounted by a golden eaJ2:le. In the oflicial
das"ihcation thesc exhibits are grouped under the head of the metallurgy of irOJl and steel. while under the
 •

If•
-
 '/'111:' !JOOI, OF TilE FAIR 50 3
da"~ de"l;:~at"d as ("'l'llCT HId
it~ all"},, 's Ill<' pa"ilion en",
~tru(lcd (If hr;"" an,l (ol'lKr
tul",-,~ by Ihnd"lph ~,,,l CI"w.'<.
()f W " t erbllry. C01\nel,t inll.
T Il(' l"I\,'r ~I~ ,,,l~ al 11", r·:t~I_
ern ~ ntrance to the hlli i<linj!.
I " • I, ~ (" r"_~ 11". h~ll Iwinf[ IIH'
g-olden trophy ~)'mb"li~ of
H u~~'~'s min,'''' and 1»I·tween
the t"·o thc gT{';lt shaft of
co~llrom Po::nn~yh';oni;\. C,,;ol
is ~j,;o. as [ h:1\'e said, al the
base of the mo~umC~1 in Ihe
northc·rn end of the hall, rel'-
rcscnt inr::; the mincral produc-
tion of the t.:mtcd S t ~tcs for
each second of t ill\('. with
asbc~tos :\t t h~ ap~ ~ of the
structu re. But among all Ihe
form~ of mineral manufacture
there arc none more striking
than thoo;e exl·.ibited by Ih"

" .- " , II . W . J,lhns ;>' I :lnufacturin~

comj':lny uf :\e\\' York. In a
t:l~tc!ul pa"ilion the firm h;ls
a dl> p lay of raw asbestos.
~howing al"o their I(lolm in
operatIon. with fell In I'anous
~ha pe~. a fi n 'ma n cl:ld in ga r·
ll1enl~ of asbestos, ~lnd a min-
iature theat re "urtain of the
same sul)stance. one cons idered as neuly fire-proof as l e~tilc fa brics ean I)C.
N"a r the German SC{;tion, in the "outhwc>'tcrn entresol, is the general exhibit of ores and olher minerals,
with an expo~ition (If Ihe modern proces:;cs 11)' which the metals arc ext raCted and transformed illlo commcrdal
procuct~. :\ Iong Ihe CCI~lral aisle. as a supplemen t to these object lc,,;;o,,_~, is a series of small tr.l.nsl'arencil's,
<.:opi,·s vf (otCIllJl"'r.UlCVU~ illU»lr.u ivIlS tkpi<.:ling the an<.:icnt ;UlU In;",ilj,c ''''rkers in mcla:~ uf ;,11 "oll"l,ic~.
with their rude apl';uatu, and em-ironmtnt. T hc entire exhibi t is Ihe creati,)fl and special pride of tht chid of
lhe 'llillir:g Ul·p'l rt ment.
[ n the (Opper and tin sec lion arc illustrated, by I)hot~raphs and specimen,. the dry and wet proce'ses
uf I'cdu<.lIul1. the tin of s..,ulh D"kul., .",,1 Ihe {;0pl'er of ;>'1""I",l.I
be ing plentifully
di~l' l"ycd in their
(T ude for m s. t\
• '":'
company ", ho~c
specialty is the
refining of c('p pcr
a l ~o shows its
method o f docom_
po>ition by electri-
cal ao:::encics.
It is in this
vicinily Ih:u .\r _
thur C. \ \'end l. a
l\~w Y nrkf'ngi-
neCT, sh()w~ II\{'
fir_t " r 111(' 11l~ n)'
plH>tographs which
11<' ha~ distributed
almost throuJ.!hout
the entire df']lJ.rtn1('llt. lIe re are f('pn~lun'd the works Ihat Ill"
has t'Tt'I,tt'd al _\nto(aga~ta. Chiit-. fnr th' cru~hin~ smelling. and
 TIll:' IlOOA' or TilE F /IN
''" wfini~g of ~ih-c r and copper. The lI uancha Will pan)'.
by "hom he w"s .;ornploycd. is now one of the largot
prj,-ate producers of sih-e r in the wvrld. wIth a }idd
from its mines. since 1877. ,-aJucd at mOIl' than 543.-
()()CO,ooo. The plant at Anlofagasta indudrs nea rly (>0
fu rn aces, of which \ \10 arc for the refinmg of ~Ikcr.
with many huge copper pans and settling- wnk~.
,\ rnong these ..:ruups a Nc\\' York hrm pftscn lS "
collection ol rart coin~, and of cruder forms 1>1 mctal~,
with thCIT allo)", Another l\cw York company h,,;; a
complete ;l";()Tlmcnt of metallic nickel salts, and allop.
while a Virginia faCt(lTy shows arti~LC fVII"~ ,,( ~i,,,-.
Elsewhere. in photvgr.'ll'hs and models. the methods of
extracting ,;uld ~nd ~ihc r by mu.,krn Ic" ... h."g I"OC(~""~
are {ully e~plain~d, the Hu.«.."Cll company 01 1':\11.: City.
Ut"h, ",al.:l1": the lar..:e~t and mo..t in tere. \in..: di"play.
[ts [,rocess is diMingui~ hcd from the old lcachin~
method b} tho U~() (If b l ue~tone in the hypo_,,]!'hit,·
solution. alld of ~()da a~h <lS a prcd p itant for I(~<ld .
T his Ill<l}' be applied to free and rebel Ii"", "il\"('T nTf'~.
and tt) sil\"C r ·~old OT(S and taiLngs. either in the ra\\'
.;tat" or aft.·r rn."tin~. al1(1 ha" ]'""n adopted by ,·arin... "
mills in ;\Itxico. ;\[ontana. T.:tah. and Colorado. \\'hat-
e ....,r it" muilS ~s {'omll.ued with oth~r proccsse~. maRl
expert mctaUuTp~IS d~im that Ihe extra("tion of R'.]d
and siln~ r by :ixh·iation. or leachin..:, will c"cntuall}
,;upcrscde bolh the ~mcltin..: of orcs and the scpar.l1i,Jlj
"f the met"l" byamalgam<ltion ,,·jth the use of mercury
as a di~:<ohin/.: ag(·nt.
.\mont; the {'xhibit~ of antimony and mercury. the
quicksi!>cr of hew Almaden. Californm. and (lnnal~\r
orcs from the golden state form the ba~is of the coll~c­
lion. most of the remamdcr coming from ca~\cm hrms.
I n this cla~ is included the new me tal called elcct ricon,
d\~pla)'l::d by ~ 1\'c'" YOT~ firm as an anti·friction compound. It is ,,'{'ncr;\:ly admittcd. ho .... e'·cr. that aluminium in
somc fOlm is the coming metal of thc world, and to this has l>cen allotted a liber.ll space side by side "ith the
gT(>U[>S (If jron aml sted. :\1\lIniniu", is ~h,,"n jn LU"'ll<.Isiliun "ith i101I. gol<1. {cr.....·"' ... n.;'U\c>C. tin. _",<1 <'uI'P""·

"".t... ..... Of .......,.,..

 Till;" 1I00K OF TIll:: F.-IIf( 50 5

' -. -
,

as well as in many manufactured products, a reduction company of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, occupyilllo: the
largest space in this section. There arc several exhibits on the ground Hoor which illustrate the metal!uq::)' of
iron and steel, induding those which show the methods of manufactl,Jring- crucible and open hearth ~tecl. the
different forms of sheet iron and steel, steel casting>'. and projectiles. In the galler)' are more compact displays.
explanatory of these and such other branches as the chemical process of lluddling. ,,.jth mine!':.l \\'001 in all
forms, furnace slags. samples of welding. and specimens of tools whose heads are finely tempered.
Be)ond the metallurgical department. III the south gallery. is a librar), containing publication~ of interest
to the mineralo~ist, "ith a collection
of photographs of eminent men in
the domain of this practical science.
1I1idway in this galkry is a lilrge
I pavilion. in and around which
American manufacturers of tin and
terne display their wares; and ill the
suuthcastern corner arc aS~1)'ing and
testil1~ lalx>ratorics. A P ittsburg
rompan)' shows chemical substances
• for the testing of minerals. and ad-
joining its compartment is that of a
Chicago establi~hment, containing
furnaces, blow-pipes, and other ap-
paratus. in the operation of which
Ileat plays the leading part.
Excepl for a few mincml cabinets

-. from the eastern states, and miscel-

- ,
laneous collections from California
and l\cw Mexico. the southeastern
f.:alleries a rc "irttlall}, monopoli?cd by
the eXhibits of \\ ard·s ;\aturnl Science
institute of New York. T o describe
 rilE /JOOA' OF TIIH F.IIR
this c(>![eclion in delai[ would l>c
~inJply to Tt,-iew the tnt ire dom.lin
of gl'Olof()'. wilh its kindred dep;lrt.
m"llt of mincT<llof:),. There arc ~rv·
Cf;l[ collccti~\ns, ho\\"c'cr. of which
sp('ciai mention ~hould be made.
B e~idl's nwny spedmens of Ihe pw::-
IOUS metals. there IS a ra~e con-
mining casts of gold nuggels \\]Ilch
h;.vc I.>e<:omc historic. th e list includ·
in..: th( \Yckome nugget f,)und al
Ibll ar.H. Yictori ... ill ,858, 1I0:i).:II;,,1o:
ir more than 2.000 ounce,. and ,-akerl
at $4' ,......-.0; Ih" \,i""""111 _.. "J Ihe
\" ~>;countes.s C;lI1terhury, Ix,th also
fWIll Yictoria. unearthed III 1$70.
and valued respc<:tivcly at '21,000
nnd '1 ;.000: the Precious. d;,;cove red
during the ~ucceeding year in the
",,,ne di~triet. valued at $31.000: tlw
gold nugget taken in 184~ from the
L'ral lIlo"nu;n~, Soil",.;a. "'-"iglnlg
100 pounds and worth $22,000. and
til(' mass of platinum. wdght : I
pounds. found there in 18~7 and
~a;,1 to "" thl' I~rf.lt'~t ev"r min('cI in a sinl~[1' piffc. Another rell'arkabie collection is contained in llal ca-e~
along the c('n lral J.i~le. including scl'(:-nl hundrcd gems and ornamental Monc~, the more precious ,-aridi,,~
r('rrrs<'llted bl' actn:ll ~pecimens or hy nl()(k[ .. in j([ass. showing the exact color of the originals and the form~
in whi..:h Ihe) arc usually cu\. Tbere ;,rc ~imilar models of th e cclcbrat ... d diamonds of the world. comprising
iac·,illlih' .• of fiftecn hiotoric gems. from the Polar Star. weighing 40 car;lts and Ix'[onging to the Huss';111
princ<:ss YOUSiOUPOlT, to the I\oh ·i-no()r of the British CTOwn, and the imm('nse stolle in the possession of the
Grrat ;-'I"I-:u[. said to weigh 297 caratK Of meteorites there i~:l brge mlleclion. and anOlher intcr~stinli exhibit
is that which cX]lI~ins the strllcture of the earth in specimens and geological models. the btle r ~ho\\ing not
only the order of stratification, hut the principal
features of ero~ion and displacement.
·111e most noteworthy collections in the north-
ea~tern and northern gal.eries arc those which consIst
of coal, coke, and petroleum, The nortllern entresol
IS mam.y occupied by the Standard Oil com pan).
which lias tran~fonned it into a pa"i[i~m. it, walls
and cei l:ng of ;t dC!i~ate ~rcam ~uIUl, \lith <1e~ol'''-'
tions in gold. At either end of the sectioll is a
n",,,,r p"-"ilic'n, "YTmounted by n c\\pola, within
whvsc c<)[onnade is a female figure holding aloft a
lamp of antique dc~ign. Along Iho front ;~ " goo-
10!,ical reprcscntation of the oil producing districts in
~tW York "-nd Pcnn8y[,.~n;"-, "-nd aRa;"~1 Ihe w;ndo"~
at Ih e re~r is a l~rge g~llery of l>c~utifui trall'paren·
ci", sh"wing Itl<' m'lnuf~norif.s of the cOml~'ltl)' in
Phibde[phi~, "'hiting. and Lima, aud its bcihtics ,
for piping ~nd transporting by stcamer and rai[ro;,d. , '
In one corne r is n. pyramid of miniature oil barrels.
,".:::-
rq.r(·senting Ihe daily product; cl~where arc models
showing app.1ratus for refining. and eHr)'whe re ale
glass \'t'Sse[s filled wilh petroleum of ,-arions grades.
and for many purposes. The col[ecti\lll of [amps
rangc~ from the tiniest spc<:imcns 10 such as arc
used in [ighthou,;e" and in one of the pavilions to
which reference has l>ce~ made arc some magnificent
specunens of nchl)' orn~menta! metal and porcelam,
In sho\'·case~. bui lt into the outer W;][[$, ~re o thers
of le!iS tlabor.Hc d~,>;ign. with thO>,C typical vf ,-"rions
 TilE IJOOK OF TilE I;: IIR 50 7
countrle~,
one of the latter being an oil lamp
u".,d in northern IlI<li" lun" I.>dur.: the
Chri~ti"n era.
\" lh~· n ... rthc .."tcrn gillkr;c~ the Frick
Cuke tOlul'"ny of Penn~l·l\"ani'l reproduccs
it" 1,lanl :n a ...,ric," of models, a portion of
the miniature machmery being opc~tcd by
dcclr;c power. In the centrC of the ~l'etion
is the name 01 Ihe company. in letters of
coke. and upon a huge pile of that matNi,,1
is the jllscril'lion '·41.COO tons daily."'
'Iaoy month. "go " ,·..t .. r:,o milll'r.
named B"yce. undertook the L1.~k of collect-
ing. In. '·"p"~;ti,,n :1.1 the F"ir. s:ltnl'k~ of
coal from the ~reat producin.:: di,tr;elS of
thl' l'niwd State!>.. The re~ull is di~plan~d
in a l"r.l:c number of eubc~, conuined in
cast.'S, which form the enclosure of a ~m;!11
-"C(;lton adj;lcent to Ihal of the F rick com·
p.1.ny. T he grealer portLon of the sl)"1.e~ is
occupied by a map of Ihe Cnill'd States
pailllNI UpOIl panel$ of ~I"ss. and sh(ming
the location of mines which produc(· suth \"ari<'lics as gas. smithy, ~I('mn. coking. and domestic coals. All the
calmwt ~Il('cimens haw: numbers corresp('nding to those ()(l the map. and thus the ,·isitor may ascert.lin at a gbne('
the v"ril"li(·s d coal produced in ('ich lo("alit).
i\,·ar by ;ore many collecti ...! exllibib which here need only Ihc bride~t mention. .·\mon~ them an:
huikling and orna'llemal ston<.-s, the :\ew Enghnd statc!-, ;-\cw York. South Can.>lina. Iowa. IIhn(H~. Jnd
Col"rado sho"ing: samples of their granitl·s and ~Iates> while a rirm doing business in the elOl,ire !ol,l\c hH
Nl'U(·d a I)"wilion ror the display of ~ltxican and Californian onyx. lkyond thIS are ill Ihe sub,tances known
to manulactur.. rs for grirlding. abnding. and polishing. including em(>f)". pumice. corundum and a Nmp,,~nd
 TilE HOuK OF TilE /.: II}..'

known as carl,M,)rundum. coml'o);(:J of silica

and car:>On combined by an electrical "fO-
,
cc~s_ \rhed. made of this ~ub_,tancc arc
d.ti",,,cl It) I""
p;Halu~,
lh~ h.m.lc~t <.If <,;UltillJ.; "P-
<lnd arc cspecially valuable for
poli.hinJ: di'l,"onds.
II! !

I
0 0

In this "ieinily :lfC al"" \"ariou_. ex- •

,.'/. ~
hiLits of ,,"'phile, and crucibles ,"ade of n o
that su\}slance. including collc<.;tion~ from "
s(',('r:d of the old~~1 manufactur('n; in the
United State>. In one of the sections is a
""h-l hl(o("k of gr:lphite from (('ylon. w('igh_
ing more than ~60 pound;;. Cements,
asphalts. and artificial stones arc arr:ln~c<1
in many att~cli"e form~. sevcral of thcm
in ornate pa,·ilions. as those of the \\'alTen
Chemical and :'Ilanufacturing company and
the Barbe r Asphalt company. of "til' YQrk.
and the Acme Cement Plaster compan). of Salina. Kansas. Samples of natural asphalt are shOll'n from Ihe
lake of pitch on the island of Trinidad. with an artistic model of that mmeral curiosity. At th e northern
extremilY of the eastern entresol i., a comprchcnsi,-e assortment of sulphur. saltpetre. brimstone. and mineral
waters. mainly furnished hy Kew York companies, with a large relief map of that swte. and a smaller olle of the
\\ est Jlldian Isle of Na,-ass.1. Iloted for its extensive deposits of ~u!phalc. Close at halld is the only collcctivc
exhibit of salts in the :'Ilining hall, with specimens from New York. West Virginia. Ohio. Michigan. Kansas.
Texas. Utah, Ne,·ada. and Cahforma.
IIOkl.~·. ~""R ~[I":".~A~".~ co"ery in ,$67 ....eral '~ns of di3mo,d$ ha,'" b«n Up<:rttd from
\Vhi e. as in olh.". deranmen". u· Ihal oounvy. represenling a moot)' ..aloe of $5<><>.001>.000. The f.ld
hibi'Orl • .me,her of mlchinery Or is no .. "imully ab50rbed b)' Ihe I)e liters comp.o.n)·. "'hieh. for Ihe
u_.
p ...... """.... c.-
be .he;. "",o"f.. four lura codi", Jun. Jc, Is., •• I"OO,,<o:d 1.~".'-' ,~r~, .. "e,,,I,, ",
ure .... '" i... enlo.-$, .her migb! be d;3mrn<ls, ""Orlh ITore Ih.n 850,000.001>. payi., annual <li,i<lend. of
rep~nled h)' a~ agent apr<' nled '0 10 .. ~ per c.,1 on .n inveiled apilal of nenly 8'0,000.000.
for Ihe lJUr['k>>C, ~ubj~1 .0 Ihe During t he bs. of the .. 1""'" Ihue ....,..., ... a,hed J,'40,00I> Io.>d. of
o appro"al of .he d ..tctor.geccral. urth. yieldi'g J.cH,ooo carals, ,'alu,<I al .boUI $19,000,000, Iht
lI'i' k all .",,~imo"" of (Ire mu .. be di.id."d ,'.~I.'eJ 4111"Ulllill~ '0 "~dr\ ~ $'.50<>.000. \\'hll~ Iherc are
g;"cn " hrid deocripllon of Iheir some large and ,'.Inable ,;tones i~ Ihe Cape Colony cxhibll. nO"e "'ill
.,,<1
Ch' .... clcr 01 Ihe locO\io, of bear comp."i!lO" with t he 1"'1« Qranl(e·yellow. dou~e·ded brilli.nl
Ihe d<po.;I, w;lh ~ rouch ana·y.is. ,Ii.played in Ihe 'ri'Tany collcc,iQn in ~I.nuf.. c.uru hall.
, • ".'HO'OO N~"" antI. al the di",,,,,;nn of the ex· The <lepo<il of r05e_garnel_ "'enlloned :11 con"e~lion wilh the
hibj,o., ouch other dRt .... might be ~Iui,an uhi!>i ...... a~ <,I,><o.· ••• d I>y ~". />"i'cl> vf Xe. Yurko a
of lIeneral intere.1. Xo blocks of or< or co,al mu,1 exceed thrc. feel min~ .... l pro';>tctor of OCi,nlif,c ~tI.inlf,en\". A ~pecimcn lor ... arded
in diame ...... exCepl by .pecial permISSion. 'n<l fm .Iab. of m.rble, 10 X ...· \'ort was I'rono""ced to be the 1><" orn.mental ilont of
arli'i(:ialltOne, elc.. Ihe limit .. as fOur feel >'Iuare of .u,face. mooeln lim.... In an aMiele 0. Ihe Columbian E<p"'itlon in Ihe
The .~.ooo poun<l block cf coal conta;.e<l ;n the Ilr.t;sh "«tion Ikrhn bit.",. Juli .. [.. ~,jng <lescribes il as "a gral marb~ conl~in·
,...id '0 ,a,', coo, more ,han $5.000 '0 place it h Iho ).lining hall, ing 3 ..... ,·,.d I.. ~_ ... h ~h hue e,.,y ;o.pl"'~ran~. vr ~"",'ly Inlaid
or at the ..... e of SJS1 a ton. To hew ,I oUl an<l \oi<l il'o the our· mos.aic "'ork. all..a,i.ti". of colo', fronl dN:1' ,e<llo 'he mO,! deliate
fac, ...a. a nine mOnth" la.k. ""il. t .. ing I'i<l through t'le gal~ries l"~lIo... and ""Ik ""itc. appearinl( in the same block." l.abora\)ry
(If ,~e mille. an<l • long ote<:\ <ar con'lructed to hul i, t~ the .hafl. lestS ~a"e <l"",on"rated il> hard'Clili. Slreng! 1>, re.i,l,nce t~, e ..,cmu
Several '~ns of carlh .. ere .. mo,"e~ from Ihi. OJ,...;'m.n ~fQre it of tCtlpcral~re. and olhn ,'aluable I'ropcrties as a b"il<l;ng ,.tonc,
"'a. f"''''ard"d t~ 'h~ '\'ex~nd", dod. ~. L"·c'l><HI1. Rnd Ihcn~" «In·
veyed 10 J~ck8o. t>-lIk.
The ,ilver (onlaine<l in the ",,,Iue of JU'lice ill tI,e .\fo.m"a
seC"un wa exlr>cle<l lrom nali,·. or"s 31 ".\rio," ~"'elling ,"ork,
Ihrouilhoul .he ,laIC. t"e enlire ma~ I><in:c ",~hed in • crucible 31
(; .. ,,'\ 1" ....... i"l/. a,,<1 po",,,d in.o a mold mQ'. 11\." e;ght , ... , in
len,'h. 'rO cOnillrucl a mold which would ",produce." eUd eOun-
I"parl (If .be nv>del, fashioned in pb.ltr by l'arh. an,t 10 Ca,;{ Ihe
llfOll"e ""I~OUI h ... Or blemi.!>. was • \asl of n? "lillh, dIfficulty.
This ..... ~n.ally Kcom~lished durin: Ihe monlh of Motch. lhough
f'" ... ~,r.oI ....... h l.. fOl"" u!'<tt '''''''d ..... had bun al "'o'~. Th" .If.e,.he do.e of ,h. hi, it was in'e"dro 10 prt:«n. Ihe Id.ho
R>(Ibe" ",.,al ..... earehlly poured into 'hc mold i. 'he p,... nc. of. s,ate collecl,oll of minerals to hr uni •• r;.i.)". An ~ffer m:lde fo' it
nu .. ber of invi,ot! gue>I>. am')ng " 'hom ........ Ihe preSio:!enl. of Ihe by.h. "ni"''';I)' 'f Chirago ""S dtc:;ntd. The ,uby .. n<l, men.
;'>.IIonal Ulmm""on a~<I Iht (.:hlcago bo.ard, T'I. fig~re. s ...-.Ihed tioned in the te" ~< one "f Id.ho'. uhibits, i. co.Ia;"ed in ~tlall
in COIlon b.o.uina and woole" clolhs. wa. bruught to Ihe ~Iming hall ,-iab.and c~me frtl" tl,e Xeal <li.trie<. At f"'1 "j:hl ildotl nOl
no. t",,.k i" • I, "g. I" ... o:-offin_,haj>cd box •• I>d ..... . h~""o removcd ~l'pca, 10 ,1;[",I,,'n> c,""""'" .. "d. bu t when <10",,11 i'''I'''''<'' rcd
by • <lerri(·. and f,{'een .10"1 labo«« to the Aoor \>f Ibe blliMil>ll. and brown l","iele< arc ~bll",,·.d. <hiDinll li):e rubie$. Tlte.e f"''''
fro., which il"'''' ha"l«1 by lI'indla .. and cro ...··b"r~ 10 ,he ~lo"lana Ihe melallic has. of the c~T1h know. 311 .irconia. and Ire wort h
""Cllon. I ~e slolye was ulwe,led on lite Joth of ~13)·. more than tlltice their wcighl in 1(0"1. In 'r"<.hin~lon eo"nl},.
I" cO~n~clioo wilh Ihe uhib;1 of (l;a",o,,<I. fruln \he Kimberley Idaho. Ihere are pl>Ch "·here .itcon ,and exi'ts in I».)'; ng quan,ilie •.
mint. in ("fl" /'"Inny. it mor I ... ~nli"".d Ih~, .• ioco ,h.ir di._ an,\ ., Ll~It, .. o.., ~, . ,h. only w" ,ks for il' redoc,i"n.