Name : Chong kai jian(1688203027)

Vita Andini(1688203004)
SUMMARY

Statistics is a data analysis for research. Statistics recognized as analyzing data, interpreting
data, displaying data and making decisions based on data or we call it hypothesis. There are 2
kinds of statistics, which is Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Statistics is important
because it not only for improving our knowledge in educations and to complete our studies but
when we can mastering the statistics, we can apply the knowledge in our everyday life as well
cope with information or news that encounter to our life. The knowledge of the statistics enables
us to found the problem solving in our life. We need to use statistics in our research because we
have to collect the data and analyzing them. In this way, we can have an accurate and believable
result or findings of data. Statistics have some of vocabulary in statistical language, which is
variable, constant, discrete and continuous in a quantitative variable. Cardinal and ordinal being
recognized as a number which means cardinal is a number count 1,2,3. On the other hands,
ordinal describes position first, second, third and so on. In statistics, there is population and
sample, population is a group of people or set of thing that we want to analyze. Sample is a small
group of person or things that we choose from the complete set(Population). People or
inexperience researcher always misuses statistics with bias, using inappropriate tests, making
improper references, and assuming causation from correlations. In term of data collection, we
have to link the questionnaires, interview to our plans. So it can help researcher to avoid finding
that inaccurate and avoid researchers to get confuse how to analyze and interpret data that
they’ve got.

The Mean
The mean is simply an average. To compute a mean, all you do is add up the scores
and divide by the number of scores. So given these numbers, 2,3,4,5, if you want to
compute the mean you add them (and get 14), then divide by the sum of the number of
scores (4), giving you 14/4 = 3.5. If you understand this, you understand the mean and
are ready to go on.

The Standard Deviation

When researchers report a mean, they nearly always report the standard deviation with
it, which is a very good idea.
The t-Test and Statistical Significance
In the TPRS (Teaching Proficiency Through Reading and Story Telling) method of
teaching second and foreign languages, the focus is on providing interesting,
comprehensible input, largely in the form of stories that teachers and students co-
create.

Statistical Significance
t-values
Here are the results of another study, done by Joseph Dziedzic, again comparing TPRS
with a more traditional approach to Spanish for high school students. The test was given
after one academic year, and Dziedzic supplies us with results for all four components
of the test.

A rule of thumb
the p-value is determined by a
formula that takes two things into consideration: the t-value (as noted above, the higher
the t-value, the more likely it is that the difference is significant) and the number of
subjects (for a given t-value, the more subjects, the easier it is to get statistical
significance).

The Correlation Coefficient

The correlation coefficient, sometimes just called the correlation, is one of the most
important statistical concepts. It shows us to what extent two sets of data are related.

“Correlation is not causation”

A very important point is that “correlation is not causation.” Showing that two variables
are correlated does not necessarily mean that one caused the other.

Multiple Regression
Multiple regression is amazing. With multiple regression, a researcher can determine
the impact of one variable, while holding the effect of other variables constant.

Case Histories
Case histories are an important source of data. Discussions of case histories, however,
have not emphasized the most important feature of using case histories: You have to
have a lot of them.