SPE-191885-MS

Ground Breaking Technology in Artificial Lift; 1st Installation of Full Digital

Intelligent Artificial Lift DIAL System at DL field, Brownfield Offshore
Malaysia

Syahezat Ismail, Sy Puteh Mariah Sy Rahim, Zaidil Yahia, Saied Mustafa Elshourbagi, M Faizatulizuddin Ishak, M
Rizwan Roslan, and W Afiq Farhan Che Hamat, PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd; Abdel Ben Amara, Stephen Faux,
and Graham Makin, Silverwell Energy

Copyright 2018, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition held in Brisbane, Australia, 23–25 October 2018.

This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents
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consent of the Society of Petroleum Engineers is prohibited. Permission to reproduce in print is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words; illustrations may
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Abstract
Objectives/Scope: Moving to digitalization era in the current low oil price environment, paradigm shift
is really crucial in managing brownfield development and production. The challenge is to select the best
technology to harvest the optimum production from the field but at the same time reduce potential capital
and operating expenditure.
Methods, Procedures, Process: The paper highlights the technology evaluation of Digital Intelligent
Artificial Lift (DIAL) system. This includes it's working principles, candidates screening, risk mitigation
plan as well as technology success criteria developed specifically for the technology.
DIAL system is an in-well gas lift system that can overcome the well design and operational limitations
of existing side pocket mandrels and valves. DIAL enables a better gas lift well design as well as able
to interconnect downhole and surface monitoring & control in real-time. It provides opportunity for
automation, better subsurface and surface integration as well as minimizing well intervention requirement.
Based on the promising technology evaluation, one pilot well was identified by the team at DL field. The
well was part of DL drilling campaign executed in Q2 2018. Details of the well design & scope, as well as
gas lift design for the well will be shared. Commercial comparison was demonstrated between conventional
side pocket mandrel system and the DIAL system.
Results, Observations, Conclusions: The case study at DL field will be discussed in details, starts from
their wells’ design, technology deployment strategy, installation, production test result as well as lessons
learnt during installation and operationalization of the system.
Moving forward from the pilot application, root cause failure analysis was done, lessons learnt were
identified, design improvements were proposed and continuous monitoring of the system will be done,
according to the success criteria outlined. Potential replication candidates have also been identified by the
team with at least 10 promising potential candidates to be installed within the next 2 years.
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Novel/Additive Information: The technology deployment was the result of collaborative works between
PETRONAS, Silverwell Energy and Neural Oilfield Service.

Introduction
Gas lift is a method of artificial lift that uses an external source of high-pressure gas to assist lifting well
fluids from the reservoir to the surface. Gas is injected from the surface, usually supplied by compressors,
into the casing of the well and then ported into the production tubing. The injected gas reduces the overall
density of the fluid column in the production tubing, which will reduce the flowing bottom hole pressure,
increases formation drawdown and hence increases production.
Gas lift has been used in the oil industry for over 100 years, and there have been many advances
in gas lift system design during this time to increase efficiency and operability when compared to the
early rudimentary designs. These different design iterations and ideas encompassed the development of
the pressurized bellows gas lift valve, patented in 1944 by W.R. King. This was closely followed by the
introduction of the Side Pocket Mandrel (SPM) that enabled valves to be not only selectively positioned,
but also retrieved by wireline, and therefore replaceable to enable adjustments to the gas lift system beyond
those possible by manual adjustments to gas injection rate at surface. Although we have seen some further
advances in design, such as greater integrity of back flow check valves, and the introduction of exotic
materials to combat corrosion and erosion giving increased reliability and longevity of components, the
main principles of the gas lift system have remained the same to this day.
Moving to the digitalization era, a paradigm shift was enabled so that gas lift wells could be operated
with higher efficiency due to better understanding and control of downhole conditions, and reduction of
capital and operating expenditure.
PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd (The Operator), in line with its strategic objective of digital transformation
to reach operational excellence, has partnered with Silverwell Energy and Neural Oilfield (The Contractors),
to implement a digitally controlled in-well gas lift system called Digital Intelligent Artificial Lift (DIAL).
The objective of this paper is to discuss the approach to technical evaluation and pilot installation of Digital
Intelligent Artificial Lift (DIAL) system. This includes operating philosophies, candidate well screening,
risk mitigation, technology pilot success criteria, and finally, lessons learned from a recent installation of
the system in the Operator's DL field.

Gas Lift Limitations

Gas lift is the main artificial lift method used across the Operators’ assets, it accounts for more than 80%
of its oil production, with around 1,500-2,000 strings producing via gas lift in Malaysia alone. Most gas
lift techniques are currently operated: continuous and intermittent gas lift; both single and dual completion
wells; using different types of pressure operated valves such as IPO (injection pressure operated) or PPO
(production pressure operated).
High gas lift efficiency is paramount to maintain optimum oil production rates, whilst reducing gas
consumption requirements. Optimizing gas lift systems with existing technology is typically tedious,
costly and risky. Frequent well interventions are required with associated lost and/or deferred production.
Traditionally it was not possible to make on-demand in-well adjustments to gas lift injection depth and rate
and eliminate well intervention. Compounding this, when adjusting gas lift parameters, it was not easy for
the gas lift operator to make data-driven decisions to assure continuously maximized and stable production,
creating the need for an intervention less, real-time and digitally controlled in-well gas lift system.
The same concerns are experienced in DL field where more than 150 oil production strings are
equipped with conventional gas lift system. With the latest collaboration with the Contractors, via thorough
technology evaluation and candidate screenings, it was decided that one of the latest DL infill drilling
SPE-191885-MS 3

campaign wells would be completed with a Digital Gas Lift system on a pilot basis. The installation and
chronology will be discussed in the next subtopics.

Digital Intelligent Artificial Lift (DIAL) System

The Digital Intelligent Artificial System consists of multiple Digital Gas Lift units, tubing conveyed and
installed along with the tubing string during a workover operation. Each Digital Gas Lift unit can include
up to 6 independent injection orifices, each individually controlled from the surface, with a large spectrum
of gas injection rates.
The operator can vary the gas injection rate by opening or closing valves, in any combination, which can
each have a different port size, giving the operator a huge range of possible injection rates.
The system is controlled by a Surface Control System (SCS), connected to all Digital Gas Lift units, in
a multidrop configuration through a single downhole electrical control line (TEC) which is typically ¼" in
diameter. Digital gas lift units are spaced using maximum available surface gas injection pressure, without
any pressure drop required between each station, since the opening of the valves are digitally controlled and
not impacted by downhole pressures or temperature. The upper units in the completion are typically used
for well unloading requirements and the lower units are the operating units - used to adjust gas injection
depth and rate based on reservoir pressures and other well parameters.
Each Digital Gas Lift unit is also equipped with pressure sensors measuring tubing and casing pressures
as well as a temperature sensor measuring the tubing temperature. Sensor data is transmitted to and stored in
the SCS via the TEC control line. Since units are installed at different depths in the completion, tubing and
annulus pressure gradients as well as temperature gradients become available in real-time. Digital gas lift
units can also be augmented with a sensing unit, equipped with pressure and temperature sensors only, and
without the gas injection valves. The sensing unit is typically installed at the bottom of the upper completion,
above or below the production packer, and will transmit pressure and temperature data below the point of
lift gas injection. This allows plotting of pressure and temperature gradients above and below the point of
injection, as well as monitoring FBHP (flowing bottom hole pressure).
Additionally, as pressure sensors are available on both tubing and casing sides at each unit, deltaP across
the valves can be measured, and downhole gas injection rates calculated, by using the Cv values of the port
sizes being used. The downhole gas rate can then be compared to surface injection rate, and becomes an
excellent monitoring and diagnosis tool, to ensure that all gas injected on surface is used at the point of
injection (no multi-pointing), and there are no leaks through other completion items.
The SCS is also equipped with a Modbus connection to connect it to a SCADA type communication
system, allowing operators to monitor and operate the system remotely. It then becomes possible from a
land-based operator's office, to open and close gas lift valves in an offshore production well, as well as
monitor in real time pressure and temperature data along the tubing string.

Figure 1—Digital Gas Lift system architecture

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Real-time Production Optimization

The system facilitates greatly field-wide gas lift management, as one single operator could react in real time
and from a desk, to any unforeseen events such as a compressor failure, and reallocate gas available to the
most prolific wells to keep production optimized. This will also avoid physical trips to well locations and
their related HSE impacts, especially for offshore or remote desert locations.
Digital features of the system also allow for easy integration into a smart digital field. With the availability
of sensor data and the ability to control the in-well valves digitally, it becomes possible to automate gas lift
operations. By linking the digital gas lift system to a dedicated software program, several processes such as
well unloading, production optimization, gas usage optimization, troubleshooting, can be automated under
the supervision of the operator.
The ability to install several units at different depths along the tubing string, and the large spectrum of
gas injection rates available for each unit, enables design and implementation of the digital gas lift system
for the life of the well. This eliminates all requirements for interventions to change a valve or an orifice,
which can be extremely costly for offshore, deepwater or subsea applications. The ability to control the
valves downhole without pressure or temperature dependence also allows efficient operation in both single
and dual completion wells.

Technology Evaluation
DL pilot implementation involved collaboration of multidisciplinary teams from both the operator and
service companies and had several phases that will be described in detail in this section of the paper. It
included the preparation and validation of a business case, screening and selection of candidate wells, well
design and gas lift simulations, HAZID and risk mitigation, selection of pilot success criteria, preparation
for systems integration with DCS (distributed control system) and training of operators.
Crafting the business case was the initial step required to evaluate the financial benefits of the new digital
technology compared to legacy gas lift technology. The business justification for the digital gas lift system
is based on three main benefits:
1. The first is the oil gain, achieved by making use of the downhole pressure and temperature sensors,
monitoring the well performances daily and adjusting gas injection rates and depths of injection
immediately without well interventions. It was estimated that an average oil gains of 10-30% could be
achieved. This when compared to the legacy production optimization method for pressure operated
gas lift valves, which is based on periodic downhole pressure surveys and scheduling for wireline
interventions to change downhole valves and orifices.
2. The second benefit considered is the reduction of lift gas consumption, by eliminating any chance of
multi-pointing or shallow valve injection, since downhole valves of the digital system are not sensitive
to downhole conditions. The risks of lift gas over-injection are also mitigated, through continuous
surveillance of flowing bottom hole pressure and real-time adjustment of gas injection rate at depth,
it was estimated that gas savings of 20% could be achieved.
3. The final benefit considered in the business case is the reduction of operating expenditure by removing
any requirements for in-well interventions related to gas lift systems. It was estimated that on average
two wireline interventions and one well test could be saved for each year of operation, including
deferred production associated with these interventions as well HSE risks.
Graph below gives a summary of the assessed business case results with revenue generation attributed
to Digital Gas Lift (red curve) as compared to the revenue generated by legacy gas lift system (blue curve).
Both curves are declining per the estimated well decline curves. The higher value generation in the Digital
Gas Lift case is attributed to oil gains and gas savings. The periodic "dents" observed in the blue curve are
SPE-191885-MS 5

due to well interventions for gradient surveys and valves /orifices changes—cost and deferred production.
The first drop on both curves are indicative of capital expenditure to procure and install each system.

Figure 2—Potential DIAL vs Legacy GL revenue generation comparison

Table 1—CAPEX & OPEX rough estimation

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Table 2—Screening criteria

Candidate Screening Criteria

The screening phase considered several assets managed under Malaysia operations. The DL brownfield
appeared as an ideal location for the first pilot well, due to its relatively shallow reservoir depths, with lower
pressures and temperatures than other fields in the area. Three producing wells were originally planned
to be drilled during the 2018 drilling campaign in this field. There arose an opportunity to add one filler
well "OP4", which appeared as an ideal candidate for Digital Gas Lift implementation. Pressures and
temperatures were well within the rated values of the system, and this well would give the opportunity to
perform a direct comparison to a similar well "OP2" producing from the same reservoir layers but equipped
with legacy gas lift technology.

Figure 3—Candidates wells DL

SPE-191885-MS 7

Figure 4—Filler well selected for DIAL pilot

Gas Lift Design

Gas lift design was performed using WinGlue gas lift simulation software from AppSmiths. Performance
criteria for Digital Gas Lift valves were uploaded into the software making it easier to design and refine the
gas lift system. Surface gas injection pressure was set at 1,050 PSI, and a single 50 PSI pressure drop was
used as a safety factor to space the units and ensure that surface pressure would be sufficient to unload the
well. No further pressure drops were required for lower units since the valves are digitally controlled and
not pressure operated. This, allows use of full casing pressure from top to bottom reducing the number of
stations required compared to legacy gas lift systems. Since this was a newly drilled well, a 20/80 design
line was used to space the stations, resulting in the use of 4 stations and a distance of 24mMD between the
bottom unit and the packer.

Figure 5—DIAL GL design and spacing

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Risk Mitigation & Success Criteria

Once the well was selected and the gas lift design frozen, a HAZID session was scheduled with DL
Completions team. In the presence of Production Technologists, SME, Well Integrity, Well Interventions,
and HSE, all potential hazards were identified, and safeguards put in place. The requirements for Digital
Gas Lift system installation, commissioning and operations, follow standard oilfield procedures, and no
holding points were raised during this HAZID on the pilot implementation.
The success criteria were crafted with agreement from all stakeholders. These criteria, were part of
the contractual arrangements between Operator and Service Company and were divided into 4 categories.
Technology, accounting for 25% of the overall pilot success, Value creation accounting for 30%, Operations
accounting for 30% and HSE accounting for 15%.

Table 3—Digital Gas Lift Pilot success criteria

Technology Field Implementation

Integration Testing
As a final preparation step prior to installation, a systems integration test was performed in partnership
between the Operator's Instrumentation team and the Service Company. The Digital Gas Lift system can
be connected either locally or remotely to a Modbus host via RS485 connections, so as to access the full
range of features available at the SCS user interface. There are two RS485 interfaces: one provided via a
USB connector inside the front panel of the SCS for local laptop connection; and another one provided via
a SCADA connector for remote access and to connect to the Operators’ DCS (Distributed Control System).
SPE-191885-MS 9

Figure 6—Systems integration and connection to DCS

Modbus mapping addresses for the systems were shared with the Operators’ instrumentation team in
order to program the DCS. This allowed control of the opening and closing of downhole valves from the
DCS, as well as monitoring of the well's downhole parameters, through a user-friendly dashboard. The
dashboard was available through the PI (Plant Information) system, accessible in the regional office and
headquarters located in Kuala Lumpur.

Figure 7—Dashboard / User Interface

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The left side of the dashboard is used to visualize the status of downhole valves with a simple well
schematic. The center has a real-time Pressure vs. Depth graph, with pressure and temperature gradients
below and above point of injection. This facilitates production optimization decisions with a clear view
of opportunities for deeper injection or change of injection rates. The right side tracks the history of all
units with curves showing trends for casing pressure, tubing pressure, tubing temperature and downhole
gas injection rates.

Training Sessions
Training sessions were organized for the Operator's engineers, to familiarize future end users with the
system, its benefits, and operations. Two separate sessions were scheduled to accommodate for the rotation
schedule and train both teams of operators. The training programs included theoretical courses and a
practical session using the systems already in country.

Figure 8—Training Program and Photographs

Installation & Commissioning

Digital Gas Lift system equipment was mobilized to the rig on the 8th of April 2018, the equipment list
included 4 × Digital Gas Lift Units (plus 1 spare), 1 × Sensing Unit (plus 1 spare), 825 TEC below the packer,
SS316 TEC above the packer, Well Head Outlet Antech Type X with Grayloc flange, surface armored cable,
Surface Control System (SCS), Control Room Software (CRS) inclusive of pressure, temperature, flow rate
data and valve control. As well as installation tools required to run in hole downhole equipment, with two
spooling units for the 825 TEC and SS316 TEC, and 10ft workshop container with all tools required to
make-up cable-head connectors and test the units during installation phase.
Run in hole of the upper completion started on the 16th of April 2018 by making-up the sensor unit to the
tubing, feeding the 825 TEC through the packer assembly, making-up the cable head of the sensor unit and
pressure testing it for 15 minutes at 6000 PSI. TEC cable was protected by cross coupling clamps on each
tubing coupling. 4 Digital gas lift units were then installed at required setting depths on the tubing string
with bottom and top cable head connections made-up and pressure tested. Electrical continuity tests were
SPE-191885-MS 11

performed every ten tubing joints, confirming integrity of TEC line, functioning of all downhole valves and
reading of each station pressure and temperature sensors.

Figure 9—OP4 Completion Diagram

The installation finished on the 18th of April 2018, by feeding the cable through the tubing hanger and
wellhead, and then installing the wellhead outlet where the TEC line was terminated and made ready for
surface hook-up.
Surface hook-up took place on the 7th of May 2018 with surface cable connections to the wellhead outlet
and to the SCS installed in the control room. The SCS was also connected to the platform DCS, allowing
control of downhole valves and receipt of sensor information directly at the DCS. During testing of the
Contractor system and the associated Foxboro communication and control system it was noted that three of
the units, those deepest in the well, had stopped communicating.
On May 16th, the spare back-up unit (DIAL #7) was returned to shore for DCS integration testing when
it also developed a fault that prevented communication via its lower connector to further units. This unit
was returned to Contractor for analysis. At this point the Operator decided to install IPO valves in the back-
up SPMs to operate the well.
12 SPE-191885-MS

Figure 10—Installation Photographs

Analysis of the system in the DL OP4 installation revealed that the likely failure mode was an open circuit
of the positive power connection immediately below the second of the five units. Additionally, resistance
measurements indicated the probable presence of salt contamination within the electrical connector. The
symptoms of the fault within the DL OP4 system and that of the spare unit returned to Contractor were
noted to be remarkably similar and a common failure mode was suspected. The returned back-up unit was
carefully stripped down to reveal that the positive power pin on the outlet electric connection had failed.
Considerable corrosion deposits were noted around the negative terminals.
Subsequent investigations indicated that the failure was due to an electrolytic corrosion mechanism,
whereby a positive anode corrodes in the presence of an electrolyte between two electrodes with an applied
voltage. This conclusion was backed up by 3rd party analysis by corrosion experts at The Welding Institute
(TWI). They also confirmed that the choice of materials used in the electrical connectors was good, these
materials being generally highly resistant to corrosion.
As electrolyte contamination (salt spray) cannot be fully avoided in an off-shore application. It is to be
noted here, that the connector housing did not fail, but the corrosion was due to a wet salty environment
trapped within the connector prior to run in hole.

Initial Operation
Well OP4 was unloaded on 27th of June 2018 using the conventional gas lift. Below are the data recorded
from the two (2) shallowest units; before and after the well was flowed. DIAL #1 showed good response as
there were changes in temperature and pressure observed before and during the unloading process.

Table 4—Data Recorded from DIAL #1

SPE-191885-MS 13

Table 5—Data Recorded from DIAL #2

However, DIAL #2 showed that the sensor was not functioning correctly, as indicated by the fact that
there was no change in temperature before and after the well started to be unloaded. Additionally, during the
unloading process, OP4 was beaned up from 48/64" choke to 56/64" choke. This had caused the FWHP to
reduce rom 414.7psia to 314.7psia. Nonetheless, there was no change at DIAL #2 pressure measurements
at annulus and tubing.
It was later revealed that the lower connector of DIAL #1 had failed with a similar failure mode as DIAL
#7. This was to be expected as all units were exposed to the same environment.

Lower Connector Failure

The Digital Gas Lift system uses a 3-core cable for power and communication. The strip down analysis
quickly confirmed that the PS+ (red wire) connection had failed at the glass to metal seal (GTMS) boundary
at the point at which the connection pin enters the glass seal. Significant corrosion deposits were noted
around both the PS- and Gnd connection pins while the area around the PS+ connection remained clean
(see photo, Figure 12). In the photograph the PS+ connection is top right.

Figure 11—Back-up unit observed lower connector corrosion

It was then possible to carry out a functional test of the unit from the output connection, by inserting
a probe into the aperture left by the failed PS+ pin and connecting this probe to the PS+ control signal.
14 SPE-191885-MS

This confirmed that the failure of the PS+ pin was the only failure within the system. The GTMS connector
was then removed from the unit for additional analysis. Further strip down and analysis of the remaining
components of the unit found no further defects.
Failed PS+ pin and associated GTMS were analyzed at The Welding Institute (TWI). The conclusion
was that the broken pin was severely corroded, with both a reduction of the pin diameter and loss of the
protective coatings. The corrosion products were a mixture of Mo-, Cr- and Ni-rich oxides. Mo-, Cr- and
Ni-rich oxides were also detected on the glass wall adjacent to the broken pin. The results suggested that
the pin was in contact with an aqueous solution when it was subjected to the applied voltage, causing the
pin to corrode by electrolysis.
The most likely candidate for the electrolyte seemed to be brine or salt spray. The equipment, both that
installed and the back-up unit, could have both been subjected to such contamination during shipping to
the well and while stored on the platform. Normally the electrical connections would be protected by a
cover that is sealed by an O-ring. Any ingress must have taken place while the cover was removed. The SIT
(System Integration Test) conducted at the Neural Workshop is near the port and a saline environment.
The Contractor simulated the failure mechanism in the laboratory on a new GTMS sample, by submerging
it in brine and applying 0.5 amps of continuous current. This, resulted in the corrosion by electrolysis of
the PS+ pin as shown the photograph below.

Figure 12—Electrolysis corrosion of PS+ pin in new GTMS sample

Proposed Mitigation Plan

The findings from analysis done, which also witnessed by independent 3rd party, were shared and presented
to the Operator with detailed analysis, results and mitigation plan.
The main mitigation proposed was that all electrical connections subjected to an external environment
shall be fully insulated such that any saline deposits cannot conduct when a voltage is applied. This
protection will be achieved by the application of a suitable insulation and epoxy coating after making the
wired connections and cleaning.
SPE-191885-MS 15

Preliminary testing was carried out as proof of concept for the proposed remedial actions. A sample
GTMS was wired up and the connection pins covered with a heat shrink sleeve as per the existing process.
The remaining exposed conductive surfaces and the creepage paths across the glass seals were then covered
in a high-temperature, low-outgassing epoxy and heat cured. No sign of conduction was evident after 26
hours total immersion in brine (5ml of NaCl in 125ml tap water) at an applied voltage of 62V.

Figure 13—GTMS with epoxy coating

A highly accelerated life test is also on-going with GTMS fully submerged in brine at a temperature of
125 deg Celsius and continuously powered. At the time of writing the GTMS sample had already exceeded
the equivalent of 10 years of life under normal operating conditions.

Way Forward
Even though this initial pilot it was considered ‘mixed success’ for the Digital Gas Lift implementation in
DL field, the Operator is committed to continue evaluating and searching for innovative technology to be
implemented in its operations worldwide.
Based on the proposed mitigation plans provided, further candidate wells are currently being evaluated
for Digital Gas Lift implementation.
In parallel, dual completion wells are planned to be piloted with Digital Gas Lift in 2019, as gas lift
operating challenges are further amplified with dual completion strings using legacy pressure operated
valves: fluctuating casing pressure; unpredictable temperatures due to the proximity of the two strings; and
inability to individually control the injection rates to each string. The string dedicated to the formation
with the lowest productivity and reservoir pressure tends to "rob" gas from the other string. Digital Gas
Lift systems installed on both strings would allow direction of the right amount of lift gas to each string
efficiently.
Another focus for further deployments are wells with higher intervention costs, such as highly deviated
wells requiring tractor interventions to change pressure operated valves, as well as deep offshore and subsea
wells.
Systems automation and software developments are also planned to be developed in partnership
with the service company, with the target to automate well unloading and well kick-off, as well as
automate production optimization, with gas injection rates and injection depths changed automatically based
downhole pressure and temperature values, making the Digital Gas Lift system an autonomous gas lift
production optimization system.
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Conclusions and Acknowledgements

A methodical approach to pilot new technology was adopted to pilot the Digital Gas Lift system in the
Operator OP4 well at DL field, efficiently and in a fast track manner. The execution of the pilot strategy took
around six months, involving multi-disciplinary teams, and was achieved on time for the target installation
date.
The piloting strategy included a phased approach with several candidate wells pre-selected for further
larger scale implementations after a successful initial pilot. Although the system encountered a premature
failure, the cause of this has been identified and mitigation plans were in-place. The Operator remains
committed to pursue further implementation, as the potential benefits of the technology described in this
paper remain unchanged and will have a significant impact on the Operator's operations.
The Authors wish to thank all PETRONAS Management and staff involved in this project, as well as
service companies Neural Oilfield and Silverwell Energy for their support and professionalism throughout
the preparation phase, installation, commissioning and operations of this technology. In particular, the
investors, management and staff of Silverwell should be acknowledged for their proactiveness and complete
transparency before, during and after the installation, resulting in successful collaboration among all parties
involved.