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Artificial sweeteners
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preeti bartwal, student at GBPUA&T Pantnagar

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Published on Mar 26, 2014
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1. 1. ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS Presented by: Preeti Bartwal

2. 2. CONTENT Sweeteners Types of sweeteners Reason for use Types of artificial sweeteners and their metabolism Characteristics of artificial sweeteners Commercial use of artificial
sweeteners Use of artificial sweeteners in various conditions Health effects and associated studies Products of artificial sweeteners Other properties of artificial sweeteners Conclusion
Reference
3. 3. Sweetener
4. 4. Types of sweeteners Natural sweeteners Artificial sweeteners
5. 5. Weight loss Dental care Diabetes mellitus Reactive hypoglycemia Cost
6. 6. 5 Artificial sweeteners approved by FDA Saccharin Aspartame Acesulfame K sucralose Neotame 6
7. 7. Saccharin Oldest artificial sweetener still in use today Discovered in 1879 300 times sweeter than sucrose Slightly bitter taste and metallic aftertaste and for this reason is
sometimes combined with other sweeteners .
8. 8. Chemistry and Metabolism
9. 9. Contd… Following ingestion, saccharin is not absorbed or metabolized. Excreted unchanged, via the kidneys. It is not metabolized, FDA considers this sweetener safe.
10. 10. Aspartame Discovered in 1965 Combination of two amino acids: phenylalanine and aspartic acid 200 times sweeter than sucrose Aspartame, sold under the brand names
NUTRASWEET and EQUAL, is the most popular artificial sweeteners.
11. 11. Food containing aspartame
12. 12. Metabolism of aspartame
13. 13. Acesulfame-K (ACE-K) General-purpose sweetener White crystalline structure 180-200 times sweeter than sucrose commonly known as Sunett and Sweet One. Popular
sweetener like aspartame, stable in high- heat situations and therefore often used in baked products
14. 14. Contd.... FDA continues to support the use of acesulfame k in diabetic and low- calorie foods. Extraordinarily long shelf life and because of this is ideal for use in candies, canned
foods and alcoholic beverages. Not metabolized or stored in the body.
15. 15. Sucralose Discovered in 1976 6oo times sweeter than sucrose Sold under the trade name SPLENDA Made from the sucrose Heat stable in cooking and baking
Marketed in India under the brand name NATURA SWEET Very soluble in many different types of liquids
16. 16. Chemistry and Metabolism Sucralose is a sucrose molecule in which three of the hydroxyl groups have been replaced by chlorine atoms. Although sucralose is made from table
sugar, it adds no calories because it is not digested in the body. Most of the sucralose given orally to mice, rats, dogs, and humans passes through the gastrointestinal tract and is
eliminated in the feces unchanged.
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17. 17. Sucrose vs Sucralose Structure

18. 18. Cyclamate Approved by the FDA in 1958 but then banned in 1969 Useful as a flavor enhancer as well as a good flavoring agent for many pharmaceuticals and toiletries. 30–50
times sweeter than sucrose
19. 19. NEWER ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS
20. 20. Neotame Similar to aspartame 7000 to 13000 times sweeter than sucrose Chemical modification to the structure make it 30-40 times sweeter than aspartame Used in beverages and soy
based nutritionally fortified products
21. 21. Chemistry and metabolism of Neotame t-butyl group is added to the free amine group of aspartic acid This addition adds a second hydrophobic group and results in a product that is 30
to 40 times sweeter than aspartame
22. 22. Contd…. Rapidly metabolized by hydrolysis of the methyl ester present throughout the body. Yields de-esterified neotame, the major metabolite, and an insignificant amount of
methanol. Neotame and de-esterified neotame are rapidly cleared from the plasma. Completely eliminated from the body with recovery in urine and feces within 72 hours.
23. 23. Characteristics of Artificial Sweeteners Common Name Brand Names FDA Approval kcal/g FDA (ADI) mg/kg bw JCEFA (ADI) mg/kg bw Acesulfame-K Sunett Sweet One 1988-
tabletop sweetener 1993- Beverages 2003- General use 0 15 9 Saccharin Sweet’N Low Sweet twin Necta sweet 1938- GRAS 0 5 2.5 Aspartame Nutra sweet Equal 1981- Tabletop
sweetener 4 50 40
24. 24. Common Name Brand Names FDA Approval kcal/g FDA (ADI) Mg/kg bw WHO (ADI) mg/kg bw Cyclamate 1958- General purpose and banned in 1970 0 Neotame 2002- General
purpose 0 18 2 Sucralose Splenda Natura sweet 1998- Tabletop sweetener 1999- General- purpose sweetener 0 5 5
25. 25. COMMERCIAL USE OF ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS Used as tabletop sweeteners. Used extensively in the beverage industry in both hot and cold beverages. Sucralose and
acesulfame-K are used in baked products. Saccharin and aspartame are mainly used in cold beverages.
26. 26. Diabetic foods mainly contain sucralose and saccharin Used as a bulking agents or diluents with many sweeteners Many hygiene products such as toothpaste, mouthwashes contain
sucralose as sweeteners
27. 27. USE OF ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS IN VARIOUS CONDITIONS Behavioral Disorders Excessive consumption of sugar in growing children causes extreme hyperactivity,
restlessness and leads to attention deficit disorder (ADD). There is no clear evidence that carbohydrate rich foods are linked to this condition. Artificial sweeteners would be a
tremendous help in preventing this situation.
28. 28. Conti.. Children Aspartame is restricted in children as this compound diffuses easily across the blood-brain barrier and high levels of this causes alteration in brain activity.
Diabetes Mellitus In type 2 obese diabetics, artificial sweeteners are recommended. Use of these would increase adherence to the diet regime. Artificial sweeteners like equal,
Sweet’n low and splenda do not increase blood sugar level.
29. 29. Pregnancy GRAS sweeteners are accepted Saccharin is restricted in pregnancy as the placenta actively concentrates it Aspartame was found to have no adverse effect on fetal
exposure but it is restricted in pregnant women with hyperphenylalaninemia. Sucralose is found in low levels in the placenta so it is safe in pregnancy.
30. 30. Health effects and associated studies
31. 31. Weight gain or obesity Artificial sweeteners play a crucial role in weight management strategies. Cutting down 500 calories in a weight reduction diet. A reduction of direct sugar
i.e. about 100 calories from the diet by replacing it with an artificial sweetener. If this is done daily for about 2 months, one has lost approximately 1 kg weight. Helps in improving the
adherence to the diet program.
32. 32. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2002; 76,721. By: Anne Raben, Tatjana H Vasilaras, A Christina Møller, and Arne Astrup Study Role of artificial sweeteners in
body- weight regulation
33. 33. For 10 week, overweight men and women consumed daily supplements of either sucrose n= 21( BMI = 28.0) or artificial sweeteners n= 20(BMI = 27.6). On average, sucrose
supplements provided 3.4 MJ and 152 g sucrose/d and artificial sweetener supplement provided 1.0MJ and 0 g sucrose/d.
34. 34. CONCLUSION of the study: Overweight subjects who consumed fairly large amounts of sucrose (28% of energy), mostly as beverages had increased energy intake, body weight, fat
mass, and blood pressure after 10 week. These effects were not observed in a similar group of subjects who consumed artificial sweeteners. 34
35. 35. 35
36. 36. 36 Study: Two-generation saccharin bioassays Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 1983; 50, 27-36. By- Arnold, D. L.
37. 37. Design: • Saccharin provide both positive and negative results, including the potential to induce cancer in rats, dogs, and humans. • Animal were exposed to saccharin at all stages of
development (i.e., in utero, during lactation and in feed as an adult). • Provided information on two-generation saccharin bioassays. • Two-generation studies are beneficial in researching
the potential effects of substances.
38. 38. Results when rats were exposed to diet containing 5% or 7.5% saccharin from the time of conception to death, an increased frequency of urinary bladder cancers was found
predominantly in rat males Pathway for saccharin linked cancer in rat does not exist in human being and saccharin consumption therefore does not trigger bladder cancer in human
population Saccharin is not metabolized, it is nucleophilic and does not bind to DNA At dosages of 5% or greater, saccharin does not act as a typical chemical carcinogen
39. 39. Lifespan exposure to low doses of aspartame beginning during prenatal life increases cancer effects in rats. Study: Source: Environmental Health Perspectives. 2007; 115(9), 1293-97
By- Soffritti, M., Belpoggi, F., Tibaldi, E., Esposti, D. D., & Lauriola, M.
40. 40. design Studied groups of 70–95 male and female Sprague-Dawley rats Administered aspartame (2,000, 400, or 0 ppm) with feed from the 12th day of fetal life until natural death.
41. 41. Result and conclusion: • Significant dose related to increase of malignant tumors in males, an increase in incidence of lymphomas and leukemia in males and females, and an increase
in the incidence of mammary cancer in females; particularly in 2000 ppm group. • These results confirm the carcinogenic potential of aspartame and increased carcinogenic potential if
exposure occurs during gestation.
42. 42. GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Bloating and irregular bowel movements are common in the use of artificial sweeteners Effect that artificial sweeteners have on the gastrointestinal
tract mostly has to do with their interaction with the microbial flora
43. 43. Contd…. Aspartame hydrolyzes into its component molecules within the gut and the increase of these components were considered a possibility for gastrointestinal problems sucralose
has been proved through scientific experimentation to cause decrease in beneficial micro-organisms
44. 44. Brain Damage Negative effects on the central nervous system, causing difficulty to concentrate and carry out mental operations. Aspartame has been thought to cause brain damage
because of one of its component molecule, phenylalanine.
45. 45. Effects of aspartame on the brain Aspartame is composed of phenylalanine (50%), aspartic acid (40%) and methanol (10%) Phenylalanine plays an important role in neurotransmitter
regulation, whereas aspartic acid is also thought to play a role as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system Methanol, which forms 10% of the broken down product, is
converted in the body to formic acid, which can either be excreted or can give rise to formaldehyde, diketopiperazine (a carcinogen) and a number of other highly toxic derivatives
46. 46. Contd…. Consumption of aspartame could cause neurological and behavioural disturbances in sensitive individuals Excessive aspartame ingestion might be involved in the
pathogenesis of certain mental disorders and also in compromised learning and emotional functioning Headache, insomnia and seizure are also some of the neurological effects that have
been encountered, and these may be accredited to changes in regional brain concentrations of catecholamines, which include norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine
47. 47. Neonat al exposur e t o sucr al ose does not al t er bi ochemi cal mar ker s of neur onal devel opment or adul t behavi or . study By- : Viberg, H., Fredriksson, A. Source: : Nutrition.
2011; 27(1), 81-85
48. 48. Design of study Mice were orally exposed to 5-125 mg of sucralose per kilogram of body weight per day during postnatal days 8-12 24 hours after last exposure, brains were analyzed
for calcium/calmodulin- dependent protein kinase II, growth- associated protein- 43, synaptophysin, and tau protein At the age of 2 month the animals were tested for spontaneous
behavior
49. 49. Result and conclusion Protein analysis showed no alterations in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, growth-associated protein-43, synaptophysin, or tau protein. No
disturbances in adult behavior or habituation after neonatal sucralose exposure. Repeated neonatal exposure to the artificial sweetener sucralose does not result in neurotoxicity, which
supports that sucralose seems to be a safe alternative for people who want or need to reduce or substitute glucose in their diet.
50. 50. Impair brain ability Beverage with low calorie artificial sweetener Beverage with high calorie sweetwner Rat group 1 Rat group 2 10 Days Rat group 2 High calorie sweet chocolate
Rat group 1 Rat group 2 given artificially sweetened beverage, shows impaired ability to control calorie intake based on sweeteners
51. 51. RESULT Experiment shows how the consumption of artificial sweeteners may cause the brain to underestimate the amount of calories in foods based on sweetness and result in
overeating. Consumption of artificial sweeteners does decrease the caloric intake but it impairs the brain’s ability to estimate caloric intake based on sweetness. 52
52. 52. Toxic Potential of Artificial Sweeteners Common Name Known Metabolites Acute Chronic Acesulfame- K - Headache Clastogenic, genotoxic at high doses, thyroid tumors in rats
Aspartame Methanol, aspartic acid, phenylalanine Headache, dry mouth, dizziness, mood change, nausea, vomiting, thrombocytopenia Lymphomas and leukemia in rats Cyclamate
Cyclohexylamine Bladder cancer in mice, testicular atrophy in mice
53. 53. Neotame De-esterified neotame, methanol Headache, hepatotoxic at high doses Lower birth rate, weight loss (due to decreased consumption at higher doses) Saccharin
O-sulfamoylbenzoic acid Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Cancer in offspring of breast-fed animals, low birth weight, bladder cancer, hepatotoxicity Sucralose Diarrhoea Thymus shrinkage
and enlargements in rats Source: American Association of Occupational Health Nurses 2008; 56(6) 254
54. 54. Sugar free Natura pellets Price:Rs.65/ 100 pellets Sugar free Natura sweet drop Price:Rs.135/ 10 gm Sugar free gold pellets Price:Rs.6o/ 100 pellets Sugar free Natura diet sugar
Price:Rs.240/ 80gm
55. 55. Sugar free Natura sachets Price:Rs.45/ 25 sachets Sugar free Natura gold power Price:Rs.120/ 100gm Sugar free Natura powder Price:Rs.140/ 100gm
56. 56. Splenda Vanilla butter sugar free cookies Price:Rs.85/ 132gm Natural ginger & cinnamon cookies Price:Rs.155/ 200gm Chocolate & blackcurrent cookies Price:Rs.155/ 200 gm
Natural fig cookies Price:Rs.91/ 100gm
57. 57. 58
58. 58. Products of Aspartame Nutrasweet sucra Price- Rs.55/ 100 pellets Equal sweetener tablet Price- Rs.70/ 100 tablet 59
59. 59. OTHER PROPERTIES OF ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS Aspartame is available in tablet as well as powder form in sachets. Tablet provides 18 mg of aspartame and is equivalent
4 of 52 10/20/2019, 3:43 PM
to one teaspoon of sugar. Sachet contains 35 mg of aspartame and is equivalent to two teaspoons of sugar. Saccharin is available in tablet form and contains 12 mg. It is equivalent to
two teaspoons of sugar. High intensity sweeteners e.g. saccharin, aspartame, acesulfame-K, sucralose are usually promoted as food additives
60. 60. Reference: O Whitehouse et al. The Potential Toxicity of Artificial Sweeteners. American Association of Occupational Health Nurses Journal. 2008; 56(6),251-259. O Raben Anne et
al. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners. The Americal journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 76,721–729. O Humphries et al. Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on the
brain. European-Journal-of-Clinical-Nutrition. 2008; 62(4), 451- 462 O Arnold, D. L. Two-generation saccharin bioassays. Environmental Health Perspectives. 1983; 50, 27-36. O Viberg,
H et al. Neonatal exposure to sucralose does not alter biochemical markers of neuronal development or adult behavior. Nutrition. 2011; 27(1), 81-85
61. 61. Thank you
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Result and conclusion: • Significant dose related to increase of malignant tumors in males, an increase in incidence of ly...
41 of 52 10/20/2019, 3:43 PM
42 of 52 10/20/2019, 3:43 PM
43 of 52 10/20/2019, 3:43 PM
Effects of aspartame on the brain Aspartame is composed of phenylalanine (50%), aspartic acid (40%) and methanol (10%) Phe...
44 of 52 10/20/2019, 3:43 PM
Contd…. Consumption of aspartame could cause neurological and behavioural disturbances in sensitive individuals Excessive ...
Neonat al exposur e t o sucr al ose does not al t er bi ochemi cal mar ker s of neur onal devel opment or adul t behavi or...
Design of study Mice were orally exposed to 5-125 mg of sucralose per kilogram of body weight per day during postnatal day...
45 of 52 10/20/2019, 3:43 PM
Result and conclusion Protein analysis showed no alterations in calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, growth-ass...
Impair brain ability Beverage with low calorie artificial sweetener Beverage with high calorie sweetwner Rat group 1 Rat g...
RESULT Experiment shows how the consumption of artificial sweeteners may cause the brain to underestimate the amount of ...
46 of 52 10/20/2019, 3:43 PM
Toxic Potential of Artificial Sweeteners Common Name Known Metabolites Acute Chronic Acesulfame- K - Headache Clastogenic,...
Neotame De-esterified neotame, methanol Headache, hepatotoxic at high doses Lower birth rate, weight loss (due to decrease...
Sugar free Natura pellets Price:Rs.65/ 100 pellets Sugar free Natura sweet drop Price:Rs.135/ 10 gm Sugar free gold pellet...
47 of 52 10/20/2019, 3:43 PM
Sugar free Natura sachets Price:Rs.45/ 25 sachets Sugar free Natura gold power Price:Rs.120/ 100gm Sugar free Natura powde...
Splenda Vanilla butter sugar free cookies Price:Rs.85/ 132gm Natural ginger & cinnamon cookies Price:Rs.155/ 200gm Chocola...
58
48 of 52 10/20/2019, 3:43 PM
Products of Aspartame Nutrasweet sucra Price- Rs.55/ 100 pellets Equal sweetener tablet Price- Rs.70/ 100 tablet 59
OTHER PROPERTIES OF ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS Aspartame is available in tablet as well as powder form in sachets. Tablet pro...
Reference: O Whitehouse et al. The Potential Toxicity of Artificial Sweeteners. American Association of Occupational Healt...
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preeti bartwal, student at GBPUA&T Pantnagar

Published on Mar 26, 2014

Lata Jantli , Student at Jain University of M.tech

Prisky Donia , CEO at Prisky Sterling cosmetics

1. 1. ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS Presented by: Preeti Bartwal

17. 17. Sucrose vs Sucralose Structure

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