Consider the structure shown below.

All the columns have the same dimensions and the

modulus of elasticity is constant. The effects of actions on column member BC are: NEd =
4500 kN, Mtop = 392 kNm, Mbottom = 230 kNm. Design the column using the following data:

fck = 25 N/mm2, γc = 1.5

fyk = 500 N/mm2, γs = 1.15

Concrete cover = 40mm
Stiffness

Second moment of area of beam DB = (0.35 × 0.73)/12 = 0.010 m4

Stiffness of beam DB (since E is constant) = 4I/L = (4 × 0.010) / 6 = 0.0066
Second moment of area of column BC = (0.35 × 0.73)/12 = 0.010 m4
Stiffness of column BC (since E is constant) = 4I/L = (4 × 0.010)/8 = 0.005
Reduce the stiffness of the beams by half to account for cracking;
Therefore, k1 = 0.005/0.0033 = 1.5
Since the minimum value of k1 and k2 is 0.1, adopt k1 as 1.5. Let us take k2 as 1.0 for base
designed to resist moment.

According to EC2 clause 5.8.3.2 :

Take the unrestrained clear height of column as 7500mm
lo = 0.5 × 7500√[(1 + (1.5/(0.45 + 1.5))) × (1 + (1.0/(0.45+ 1.0)))] = 6484 mm
Radius of gyration i = h/√12 = 700/√12 = 202.073
Slenderness ratio λ = 6071/173.205 = 32

Critical Slenderness for the x-direction

According to EC2 clause 5.8.3.1 :

λlim = (20.A.B.C)/√n
A = 0.7
B = 1.1
C = 1.7 - M01/M02 = 1.7 - (-230/392) = 2.287
n = NEd / (Ac fcd)
NEd = 3700 × 103 N
Ac = 350 × 700= 245000 mm2
fcd = (αcc fck)/1.5 = (0.85 × 25)/1.5 = 14.167 N/mm2
n = (4500 × 103) / (245000 × 14.167) = 1.296
λlim = (20 × 0.7 × 1.1 × 2.287 )/√1.296 = 30.93
Since 30.93 < 32, second order effects need to be considered in the design
Design Moments

According to EC2 clause 5.8.8.2 :

Mbottom = 230 KNm, Mtop = 392 KNm
ei is the geometric imperfection = (θi l0/2) = [(1/200) × (6484/2)] = 16.21 mm
eiNEd = 16.21 × 10-3 × 4500 = 72.945 KNm

First order end moment

M01 = MBot + eiNEd = -230 + 72.945 = -157.055 KNm
M02 = MTop + eiNEd = 392 + 72.945 = 464.945 KNm

Equivalent first order moment M0Ed

M0Ed = (0.6M02 + 0.4M01) ≥ 0.4M02 = 0.4 × 464.945 = 185.978 KNm
M0Ed= (0.6 × 464.945 - 0.4 × 157.055) = 216.145 KNm

Nominal second order moment M2

Specified concrete cover = 40 mm
Diameter of longitudinal steel = 32 mm
Diameter of links = 8 mm
Thus, the effective depth (d) = h – Cnom - ϕ/2 - ϕlinks
d = 700 – 40 – 16 – 10 = 634 mm
1/r0 = εyd/(0.45 d)
εyd = fyd/Es = (500 /1.15) / (200 × 103) = 0.0022
1/r0 = 0.0022/(0.45 × 634) = 7.6197 × 10-6
β = 0.35 + fck/200 - λ/150 (λ is the slenderness ratio)
β = 0.35 + (25/200) – (32/150) = 0.2617
Kϕ = 1 + βϕef ≥ 1.0 (ϕef is the effective creep ratio, assume 0.87)
Kϕ = 1 + (0.2617 × 0.87) = 1.2277 ≥ 1.0
Assume Kr = 0.8
1/r = Kr.Kϕ. 1/r0 = 0.8 × 1.2277 × 7.6197 × 10-6 = 7.4837 × 10-6
e2 is the deflection = (1/r) (l02) / 10 = 7.4836 × 10-6 × 64842 / 10 = 31.46 mm
M2 = NEd.e2 = 4500 × 31.46× 10-3 = 141.57 KNm
Design Moment MEd
MEd = maximum of {M0Ed + M2; M02; M01 + 0.5M2}
MEd = maximum of {216.145 + 141.57 = 357.715 kNm; 464.945 kNm; -157.055 + (0.5 × -
141.57) = -227.805 kNm}
MEd = 464.945 kNm

Longitudinal Steel Area

According to EC2 clause 9.5.2 :

d2 = Cnom + ϕ/2 + ϕlinks
d2 = 40 + 16 + 10 = 66 mm
d2/h = 66/700 = 0.094
Reading from chart No 2; d2/h = 0.094
MEd/(fck bh2) = (464.945 × 106) / (25 × 350 × 7002) = 0.1084
NEd/(fck bh) = (4500 × 103) / (25 × 350 × 700) = 0.7347
From the chart, (Asfyk)/(bhfck) = 0.5
Area of longitudinal steel required (As) = (0.5 × 25 × 350 × 700)/500 = 6125 mm2

Provide 6 x ø32 + 6 x ø20 (ASprov = 6708 mm2)

As,min =max[ (0.1 NEd)/fyd = (0.1 × 4500 × 103) / (500/1.15) = 1035 mm2, 0.002bh = 0.002 ×
350 × 700 = 490 mm2 ]
As,max = 0.04bh = 0.04 × 350 × 700 = 9800 mm2

Links

According to EC2 clause 9.5.3 :

Minimum size: max[ 0.25ϕ = 0.25 × 32 = 8mm, 6mm]
We are adopting x8mm as links
Spacing adopted: scl,tmax = 0.6 x min[ 20 times the minimum diameter of the longitudinal bars:
20 x 32 = 640mm , the lesser dimension of the column: 350mm, 400mm ]
scl,tmax = 0.6 x 350mm = 210mm
Therefore, adopt links of ø8 @ 210mm