Lab Manual Part

UG Lab Staff

January 18, 2017

Contents

1 HT 306: Heat Transfer in Turbulent Flow 4

1.1 Learning objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Introduction and applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Principles and Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1 Schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.2 Photograph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.3 SOP (startup, controls, shutdown) . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.4 Do’s and Don’t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4.5 Measurement Apparatus and Chemicals . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 Sample observation table format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.1 Calculation tables sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.7.2 Plots expected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.8 Expectations of a good report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.9 Find out (FAQ on expt setup and procedure) . . . . . . . . . 11
1.10 Open ended questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

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1.11 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.11.1 MSDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.11.2 Electrical safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.11.3 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

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Experiment 1

HT 306: Heat Transfer in

Turbulent Flow

1.1 Learning objectives

Remember that at high Reynolds number ordered flow (Laminar) is re-

placed by randomly moving eddies (Turbulent) which enhances the mix-
ing. This mixing affects the heat transfer in fluid. Carry out an experiment
to study heat transfer in turbulent flow using double pipe heat exchanger.
Compare the heat transfer coefficient in both the regimes (Laminar and Tur-
bulent). And understand how these would be helpful while designing heat
exchangers.

1.2 Introduction and applications

Heat transfer is essentially made up of two different mechanisms. Radia-

tion and conduction.A third mechanism, convection, is the conduction of

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heat between two objects with a relative velocity between them.For exam-
ple, with a gas moving over a hot plate, the plate transfers heat to the gas
and the heated molecules move on. Cooler molecules move into the va-
cated area, and they are heated as well. Convection typically transfers more
heat because the heated particles move on and are replaced by cooler ones,
allowing for a greater temperature difference for a longer time. There are
two different scenarios under which convection occurs. It can be natural or
forced. Natural Convection: Natural Convection has no freestream veloc-
ity, but there is movement of air that is created by buoyancy effects. When
air is heated it expands and becomes less dense. Hot air will rise and cooler
air will replace it. Forced Convection: Forced convection is the transfer of
heat by convection in which the relative velocity is created by some outside
source. For example, a fan blowing air. Turbulent flow can be desired on
parts of the gas turbine blade internal cooling, surface of an aircraft wing or
in industrial applications such as heat exchangers and the mixing of fluids.

1.3 Principles and Theory

In a heat exchanger, heat transfer takes from the hot fluid to the cold fluid
through a metal pipe/wall due to the temperature difference between the
cold and the hot fluid. In the given setup, hot fluid (mono ethylene gly-
col) is in the inner pipe and cold fluid (tap water) is in the annulus. Every
substance offers resistance towards heat transfer which is one of the main
properties used to design a heat exchanger.This resistance has contribu-
tions from conduction in the metal piping and convection on the metal-
liquid interfaces. These resistances are summed up (all are in series) to
obtain the overall heat transfer coefficient.These resistances depend on the

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geometry and the properties of the fluids/solids. As we have kept the ma-
terial and geometry of the heat exchanger fixed, this resistance will depend
upon the temperature difference and flow rate of the fluids. The overall
heat transfer coefficient in a heat exchanger is given by the expression

1/Ui = 1/hi + ∆ x Ai /KAlm + Ai /A0 h0 (1.1)

where, Ui is the overall heat transfer coefficient, hi is the inside heat transfer
coefficient h0 is the outside heat transfer coefficient, Ai is the inside heat
transfer area, and A0 is the outside heat trandfer area.
As we have kept the cold water flow rate constant, so the resistance
offered by outer film is almost constant and the contribution to the overall
heat transfer coefficient is coming through inner film only. If inner flow
is turbulent flow then it will change in accordance with the Dittus-boelter
equation which can be used to predict the inner heat transfer coefficient

Nu = 0.023Re0.8 Pr n (1.2)

Nu is Nusselt number, Re is Reynolds number, Pr is Prandtl number

If the bulk mean temperature does not differ much for the different flow
rates, then all the physical properties will remain nearly the same and the
above equation can be written as

Nu = constant ∗ velocity0.8 (1.3)

Substituting the above expression, where

Nu = hi di /K (1.4)

in the Dittus-boelter expression we get

1/Ui = constant1 ∗ 1/u0.8 + constant2

(1.5)

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 Temp.Indicators

Thin
Tcout
Tset

Control box
Cold Water
H Inlet
E
A
T
E
R Tcin
Thout
Drain
Tank

Ts

Figure 1.1: Schematic Diagram

This expression will be used to verify the Dittus-boelter equation. We

will plot this on a graph, constant1 is the slope and constant2 is the y-
intercept.

1.4 Problem statement

Determine the overall heat transfer coefcient making use of logarithmic

mean temperature difference. From the overall heat transfer coefcient de-
termine individual lm heat transfer coefcients and verify the Dittus-Boelter
equation for turbulent ow heat transfer.

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1.4.1 Schematic

1.4.2 Photograph

1.4.3 SOP (startup, controls, shutdown)

Connect 15amp and 5 amp plug pins to a stable 230V A.C. electric supply.
Switch on the temperature indicator cum heater and controller. Ensure that
the valve at the bottom of the hot fluid tank is opened. While shutting
down the setup, stop the heater and controller first, then stop the pump.
And then stop the power supply.

1.4.4 Do’s and Don’t

Allow the system to reach steady state. Make sure that the valves are in
proper position. Maintain the cold water flow rate constant and Hot water
flow rate above 144LPH (Turbulent). Note down zero error at the beginning
of the experiment.

1.4.5 Measurement Apparatus and Chemicals

**Not required

1.5 Procedure

1. Connect the 15 amp and 5 amp plug pins to a stable 230V A.C. electric
supply. Switch on the dual temperature indicator-controller. Check
the set point of the controller .The set point should be around 65 to
70oC.

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 2. Open the valve at the outlet of the hot fluid tank. Switch on the power
supply to hot fluid circulation pump and slowly increase the speed
of the pump by regulating the voltage supplied to it. Initially run
the pump at low speed. Check the inlet and outlet temperatures of
the fluid indicated by digital thermometer. Note down the temper-
ature difference between inlet and outlet temperatures, which gives
the zero error.

3. Connect the suction line of the cold fluid to cold water supply line.
Keep its flowrate constant throughout the experiment.

4. Adjust the flow rate of the hot fluid through the heat exchanger by
adjusting the speed of the hot fluid circulation pump. Measure the
hot fluid flow rate by using rotameter.

5. Note down the inlet and outlet temperatures indicated by the digital
thermometer on the control panel after the steady state is reached.

6. Change the hot fluid flow rate and repeat 5 and 6 for at least 6 differ-
ent flow rates of hot fluid. 2

1.6 Sample observation table format

1.7 Results

1.7.1 Calculation tables sample

• calculate velocity, cross-section area, Prandtl no.

• calculate the amount of heat transfered and LMTD

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 Table 1.1: Observation table
Hot Fluid Temp. Cold Fluid Temp. Flow Rate

Inlet (T1) Outlet (T2) Inlet (t1) Outlet (t2)

◦C ◦C ◦C ◦C Lit/hr

Table 1.2: Results Table

Flow Rate LMTD Qhot Ui velocity v

lit/hr ◦C KJ/hr KJ/hr m2 ◦ K m/s

• calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient and plot the Wilson’s
plot

• calculate Nusselt’s no and Reynold’s no

• from the plot, calculate ho and then hi

1.7.2 Plots expected

Plot1: 1/U vs 1/v0.8

Table 1.3: Data calculated for Wilsons plot, Nusselt number, Reynolds num-
ber
1/v0.8 1/Ui hi Nu Re

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 Plot2: Log(Nu) vs Log(Re)

1.8 Expectations of a good report

1. In detailed sample calculations for one data set from the observation
table.

2. Plots with the fitted equation.

3. Explanation for the trends observed in the graphs.

1.9 Find out (FAQ on expt setup and procedure)

1. Which fluid is flowing through the inner tube?

2. Is the flow pattern is co-current or counter current.

3. In the current experiment thermal resistances are in parallel. (True/False)

4. The flow-measuring instrument in the current experiment?

5. In the present experiment which fluid is flowing through the Annu-

lus?

1.10 Open ended questions

1.11 Safety

1.11.1 MSDS

1.11.2 Electrical safety

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 1.11.3 Troubleshooting

Table 1.4: These are some commonly found problems and tips how to address them.

Problem Possible causes Action

Pump is on but there is no flow Choking Follow the steps given in the SoP for priming
the pump

Temperature does not change Sensor connectivity Use an alternative sensor to check the con-

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nectivity

The bed is not fluidising Flow is blocked check the compressor pressure indepen-
dently
Bibliography

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