Matei Bunea - "A Life Out in Space "

NASA Project
“A life out in space…”
Student: Bunea Matei
CONTENTS:
Chapter 1: Space settlement

Chapter 2: Road map
Chapter 3: Radiation Protection Chapter 4: Construction
Materials Chapter 5: Moon mining Challenges Chapter 6:
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Computing, Networking, Security and Internal communication
Chapter 7: Construction sequence
Chapter 8: Energy
Chapter 9: Atmosphere Chapter 10: Population Chapter 11: Day-
Night cycle, Entertainment and LawsGovernment
Is space exploration the future of human race?

First of all we can start by saying that curiosity and exploration are deep inside us, in our DNA,
it’s printed right there. We meant to survive, go beyond our limits, that’s what we have
accomplished until now, look at us, from small brain creatures barely understanding the
surroundings we become an evolved type of species, homo sapiens, we have the capacity.
I’m going to tell you so if we want to continue and survive, not to get extinct, that will be a
colossus disaster, we need to move further, no limits as our scientists and philosophers describe.
We can include many factors that will create a threat in the future, such as: asteroids, the
damage dealt by us humans, resources are limited, population is growing. Earth can only keep
up to 4-16 billion people, the number is still growing fast, space disasters and anomalies, death
of our sun, the age of the sun is 4.3 billion years, it’s at the middle age but its own gravity.
One of the main reasons we are going to Mars is to find life, think what will happen it we find
some complex cells there, a game changing evolution in our thinking about our position in the
universe and other many examples change the perspective of how we think, in ways we can’t
even imagine at this moment.
Life evolved through a continuous cycle to maintain the conditions we have now, every single
part of it having a crucial role in this adding a constant amounts of elements into the
atmosphere. Most of the planets had water the closer ones had a hell effect instead of green
house, one but Mars went to a runaway ice house, it cooled too quickly and volcanos died. And
the atmosphere, without green house goes to form an atmosphere to create pressure and black
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radiation, if we add the little amount of gravity slightly smaller it can’t keep it’s atmosphere,
became cold and freeze up.
A space settlement?
A space settlement is a construction in space that will give people a new opportunity to have a
new life on a new planet, Red Planet, Mars and this is the only way to save people from
overpopulation risk. This kind of settlement should allow people to live under the same
condition like Earth’s ones.
Although many people, like us, are interested in space settlements and find the idea of living in
space exciting (mostly young adults and teenagers), the adults and elderly think that such things
are impossible and extremely dangerous.
Where the inspiration came?

The Apollo missions were the best ideas for many students to start pursue math and science
careers. Our society is already known for technology-dependent. Telling students that “You
could be the first astronaut on Mars!” or “You could be the one driving the next Mars rovers!” is
a pretty effective way of inspiring them to study science and math.
Some people believe we should not spend our money, time and resources on this enterprise,
because there are problems on Earth we still haven’t fixed. Other people believe that by
colonizing other planets, we will only bring chaos to those worlds, much like we did here, on
Earth. Still, another group of people believes that yeah, colonizing another planet would be cool,
but is not feasible, so why even bother trying?
Arguing about space expansion, people typically assume that even if we successfully colonize a
planet, everything else remains at the same level. Yes, there are some difficulties we still struggle
to fix here, such as poverty, starvation, diseases, poor economic growth, wars, climate change.
Yes, most of those problems are man-made or at least indirectly affected by people, so to some
extent it’s reasonable to fear that people will seed this destruction on other worlds if we ever
get there. And yes, space colonization is a very tricky task that requires us to gather all of our
intellectual and material resources to even start getting things done the way we want them.
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Chapter 2: Road map
Firstly, Moon it’s very close and can be reached in 3 days, this was in the Apollo and Gemini
missions, now it may be shorter with the present technology and finally it will turn into several
hours. It has a great economic impact, we can use lunar materials to facilitate continued
exploration and industry, from the Apollo studies, the sailor contained volatiles, substances
divvied from the solar wind, full of protons and electron, creating chemical reactions, there is
presence of hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen and perhaps water if we dig deeper. Water and
hydrogen will have a major importance in continued transport of materials and other economic
missions. Fuelling the rackets will consist of liquified hydrogen or oxygen mixed with methane,
kerosene and other substances combined with solid rocket fuel boosters.
Future missions to the Moon are going to push the economy dramatically, allowing the
production of more structures. In addition, raw materials are also predominant like aluminium
(light and very useful material for space voyage), titanium (hardest material able to resist the
high speeds of the objects, that could be a great danger for missions), magnesium, iron, silicon
can help in building the solar panels. If we produce and mine a large number of materials, it will
be very easy to get them back to Earth. It takes 20 times less energy to escape the Moon’s
gravity, it has no atmosphere, that means no drag. A cost-effective racket, not too big, to have
enough Delta V for a prograde from Moon’s orbit and perform an injection into Earth’s gravity
(Hoffman transfer), retro grade and land, of course it would be the best way to use a space
shuttle like Columbia, create a runway on the Moon, this will be a reusable process, that’s very
important, we are loading for money saving and efficient ways to sustain a positive increase in
the budget. The maintaining of this mining and extraction of materials from the Moon, will
consist of replenishing missions that will contain vital resources for keeping humans alive and
automatically keeping the machines in a good state. Food, water and materials processed on
Earth and from Moon’s material, so there will be a continuous development. But this trip can be
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shortened and can be much efficient. We currently have the International Space Station
(ISS),besides that we can link and build a gas station like on Earth, but on a more advanced
scale, this structure can be connected directly with Earth by an elevator, this is not science
fiction. This elevator will massively reduce the launch cost, even change the designs of the
future rackets. We will practically skip 400 km, for a racket it will take a great amount of energy,
DV, every racket taking effort and big amounts of money. Money is still the main problem for
space, if we find a way, we’ll take part of major experiences.
The elevator has two problems, the material needs to be the strangest material ever built,
it’s not impossible for us, with materials from the Moon and asteroids it will be much easier,
carbon can be a key factor and the second problem is the space debris, this is a very
complicated one, the exterior layer of the cable needs to consist of two or more layers of hard
and light materials, plus protection from radiation and the scattered oxygen molecules in the
law Earth orbit that will heal damage to the cable. So, this starts another project, cleaning the
space for the future of other solutions that will change the way we think. This tether elevator can
have its end extended to Moon, being connected and powered by solar energy and nuclear
power, this idea will drastically boost our space exploration, economy increasing, such as the
budget, the differences will be immeasurable, expanding our reach to Mars and other options.
Shipyards, fuel deports, and other stations can be attached to the elevator, transforming it in a
Metro, very similar.
We’ve explored just a tiny amount of the Moon, we left it with no reasons, but Moon can
be a blueprint for Mars, the main method for building a settlement on Moon, is to dig, if we dig
7 to 10 metres, we will be safe from radiation and it will raise to the surface building more and
more, so we can construct runways, solar panels and other innovative ideas. We have sufficient
life support technology for humans, technology from the ISS can be applied here. A night on
the Moon lasts 15 days on Earth and at the pales 4 days, so the first lunar station will probably
have to be at the pales where we will find iced water and more solar energy income. The cost
will be getting so slow, maybe we don’t even need to think of NASA doing it. The cost of this
settlement will be around 10 billion at the start and the upkeep cost of about 2 billion per year,
some for International Space Station, so the time will take 20-30 years to build a stable home on
the Moon and taking the additional factor is that NASA wouldn’t pay the bill alone. If water
deposits will exist on the Moon, a base could pay for itself, generating 40 billion in racket
propellant per year. Propulsor robotic missions are essential for filling strategic knowledge gaps
related to sale and successful human missions and for ensuring maximum return of the
investments required for subsequent human exploration. Activities to increase the synergy and
human exploration goals remain a high priority. In order to build a sustainable human space
exploration endeavour that lasts decodes, agency leaders should maintain a focus on delivering
value to the public. Agencies should increase efforts to pursue a coordinated approach to
mitigating the human health and performance risks of extended duration exploration missions,
putting priority on efforts to reduce countermeasure mass and volume, and on driving risks to
an acceptable level. We must perform key supporting objectives to have a coordinated prosper
future, such as demonstrating, test power generation, storage systems, develop and test
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highperformance mobility, extravehicular activity, life support and habitation capabilities,
demonstrate the use of robots to explore autonomously and to supplement astronauts
exploration activities, develop and validate tools, technologies, systems that extract, process and
utilize resources to enable exploration missions, demonstrate launch and advanced in-space
propulsion capabilities, learn how to best perform basic working tasks and develop protocols for
missions operations. Test and demonstrate advanced entry, descent and landing technologies,
an orbit assembly and satellite servicing capabilities, develop and demonstrate technologies to
support scientific investigation, develop space communications and navigation capabilities. We
need to stimulate Economic Expansion. To provide opportunities for the integration of
commercial transportation elements into the exploration architecture, provide opportunities for
the integration of commercial surface and orbital elements into the exploration architecture and
evaluate potential for commercial goods and services at destinations, including markets for
discovered resources.
“NASA’s Orion will be the crew vehicle capable of delivering a crew to exploration
destinations and back to Earth. Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (CPS), included in SLS evolution
plans, an in-space propulsion capability utilizing cryogenic hydrogen and oxygen as
propellants”. Could provide additional performance for missions to the lunar vicinity, lunar
surface to Mars and so on. Cargo Logistics Delivery Systems provide service and tools to enable
crew and robots to service space systems and assemble larger capabilities. These systems can
augment the functionality of the Orion and for the evolvable Deep Space Habitat. Advanced
InSpace Propulsion needs attention too, we need mobility. Using non-traditional propulsion
technologies, such as high power electric and nuclear propulsion, to enable deep-space crew
exploration and so on. Mars is an essential step to Mars exploration. Space is indifferent to what
we do, it has no feeling, no design, no interest in whether we grapple with it. But we cannot be
indifferent to space, because the grand, slow march of intelligence has brought us, in our
generation, to a paint from which we can explore and understand and utilize it. To turn back
now would be to deny our history, our capabilities.
This Global Exploration Road Map highlights the efforts of participating in the preparation
for human and robotic exploration of destinations where humans may someday live and work.
This goal informs capability evolution and technology investments. The pathway to Moon and
resources extends human presence to enable exploration of multiple destinations.
This Road Map creates a form work in three eras. Common goals and objectives to a long
range human exploration strategy and coordination of exploration preparatory activities, those
being divided in many other parts, each of them having an important role in forming our future.
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Chapter 3: Radiation Protection
Uncertainties
Despite many years of space explorations and intensive studies, radiation protection still
remains an important challenge for any space mission beyond the Low Earth Orbit. Current
technology allows full understanding and protection of solar events. However galactic cosmic
rays (GCR) and its secondaries still not completely understood. For example using a shielding
which is not thick enough may produce even greater problems due to secondaries and
increasing the thickness of used materials results in significant increase in total mass and
indirectly cost. The longest human mission beyond the LEO was Apollo Moon mission. Even
during this mission, Apollo didn’t have a full protection from cosmic rays. It was assumed that
the trip will be short enough that exposed radiation will be still under the limits. Protection from
GCRs remains as the main obstacle for any space mission currently. Considering we need a
protection for a permanent mission, careful evaluation of shielding approaches is very important
both for health of our inhabitants and also for total cost of settlement.
Comparison of Possible Materials
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Performance of shielding materials must be evaluated before
having a proper decision. There are basically 2 factors:
Provide proper shielding for all types radiation and keep the
total mass and cost as possible as minimum. Different
materials and approaches are evaluated by many studies to
have proper shielding. The common approach for a better
shielding material is the amount of hydrogen in the material.
Liquid hydrogen, polyethylene, water, lunar regolith, epoxy
and aluminium are possible materials to use in our
settlement. Each material has advantages and disadvantages
to use. The amount of materials used is changing depending
on the effectiveness of materials, however minimum
10gr/cm2 even more will be required to have sufficient
shielding.
Comparison of different materials on the figure shows that in

almost all the tests liquid hydrogen shows better results
however keeping hydrogen in liquid form requires proper
thermal insulation.
Shielding from In-situ Resources

It is known that the greater amount of total mass of our settlement will be dedicated to
radiation shielding. Total amount of shielding mass will reach to millions of tons. Launching all
these materials from Earth will be a great costly operation for us. Any material that we can find
from Asteroid and Moon mining for shielding have a cost advantage over Earth launched
materials. For example lunar surface, even if it is heavy, is considered as a good shielding
material. Similarly, water if it can be harvested from Asteroid mining can also greatly help us for
radiation shielding.
Our Shielding Conclusion
Due to its high performance on GCR protection, liquid hydrogen seems to be very effective
option but the cryogenic container removes all the advantages of less mass of liquid hydrogen.
A better solution would be using water as the shielding material since water can be acquired
from in-situ resources, launch cost considerations can be omitted.
As well as water, titanium and aluminium that will be used primarily for tensile strength and
overall structure can also help radiation shielding.
10gr/cm2 water will be used as the main protection layer from GCR, with the help of other layers
contribution, the desired protection from radiation will be acquired.
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Chapter 4: Construction Materials
What is a settlement on space?

Space settlement (also called space colonization or extra-terrestrial colonization) is permanent
human habitation off the planet Earth.
Currently, the building of a space colony would present a set of huge technological and
economic challenges;
But,
The primary argument calling for space colonization is the long-term survival of human
civilization. By developing alternative locations off Earth, the planet’s species, including humans,
could live on in the event of natural or man-made disasters on our own planet.
The theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking has argued for space colonization
as a means of saving humanity. In 2001, Hawking predicted that the human race would become
extinct within the next thousand years, unless colonies could be established in space. In 2006, he
stated that humanity faces two options: either we colonize space within the next two hundred
years and build residential units on other planets, or we will face the prospect of long-term
extinction.
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In 2005, the NASA Administrator Michael Griffin identified space colonization as the ultimate
goal of current spaceflight programs, saying:
“... the goal isn't just scientific exploration ... it's also about extending the range of human habitat
out from Earth into the solar system as we go forward in time ... In the long run a singleplanet
species will not survive ... If we humans want to survive for hundreds of thousands or millions of
years, we must ultimately populate other planets. Now, today the technology is such that this is
barely conceivable. We're in the infancy of it. ... I'm talking about that one day, I don't know
when that day is, but there will be more human beings who live off the Earth than on it. We may
well have people living on the Moon. We may have people living on the moons of Jupiter and
other planets. We may have people making habitats on asteroids ... I know that humans will
colonize the solar system and one day go beyond.”
A space settlement is a very challenging task because finding resources in space is very difficult.
The best place for extracting materials would be the Moon. The structure of material design
needs to have a very careful selection of materials which is based upon their strength, thermal
properties, electrical properties, strength, stiffness, toxicity and the shielding ability and space
vacuum factors.
The main problem is weight! Weight means funds, we need to minimise the weight
but this should happen without affecting functionality and usability. That’s means a careful
design and construction material selection procedure should apply.
Generalised requirements for choosing the right material, obviously it is impossible to find
materials that provide all these properties, we will make optimum solutions.
 Strength
◦ Must support itself and the payload through all phases of the mission.
 Stiffness
◦ Oscillation of structure frequency. Considering space environment is tough,
we can easily say that stiffness has more importance for us.
 Environmental protection
◦ Shielding from radiation, should be protective high space radiation level (e.g:
electromagnetic, solar flares, gcr and secondary particle effects), those being
available for both humans and electronics.
 Electrical and thermal resistance
◦ Conductivity of materials (thermal and electrical)
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◦ Regulating heat retention (it must not be too hot or too cold)
Materials properties and their usage
areas Magnesium (and its alloys)
ρ=1738 kg m-3, melting point=922 K
Good specific strength and higher stiffness Not as common use as aluminum More
expensive compared to aluminum Titanium (and alloys) ρ=4540 kg m-3, melting
point=1933 K
It has lightweight and high specific strength. Stiffer than aluminum (but not like steel)
Resistant at corrosion Capable to resist at high temperatures Are less ductile than
aluminum/steel. It has lower availability and is much less workable than aluminum is ( around
6 times expensive than steel) Ferrous alloys (stainless steel) ρ =7874 kg m-3, melting point
(Fe)=1808 K
higher strength Very high rigidity and hardness Resistant at corrosion Resistant at high
temperatures (1200K) Very cheap
Austenitic steels (high temperature formation)

Non-magnetic. No brittle transition temperature. Easy to produce, easily machined.
Widely and cheap available. In cases of hydrogen absorption, it is brittle. Used in cryogenic
systems and propulsion. Beryllium (BeCu) ρ=1848 kg m-3, melting point=1551 K
Stiffest material in nature High specific strength, low density High tolerance of temperature
Very expensive and difficult to work Low atomic number Already used in rocket construction
Aerogel (Frozen Smoke) ρ=1600 kg
m-3, melting point=1473 K
Extremely low density Low thermal conductivity Structurally strong
Composite materials
Composite materials is a combination of two or more materials (reinforcing elements, fillers and
composite matrix binder) differing in form or composition on a macro-scale.
Advantages of composites
• Very high specific strength. Which means very high strength and low weight
• Great freedom of shape. Double curved and complex parts can be simple produced.
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• High degree of integration possible. Which means simple integration of stiffeners,
inserts, cores, and production of self supporting structures in one or two production
cycles.
• Material can be tailored. Which means fit for the loads / performance the end product
has to perform during its lifetime
• Excellent fatigue endurance concerning number of load cycles (many times higher than
with metals) and residual fatigue strength (aramide and carbon epoxy laminates retain
more than 60% of their residual static strength, which is far more higher than is possible
with metals.)
• Excellent chemical resistance against acids, chemicals etc.
• Excellent weather/water resistance. Material has almost no corrosion, takes on little water
which leads to low maintenance cost especially on the long run.
• Composites have excellent RAM features (Radar absorbing materials). It's also possible to
make special laminates which are radar and sonar transparent.
• Excellent impact habits
• Excellent electrical habits, concerning isolation but also conduction, dielectric habits, EMS
shielding etc. Structures can be tailored on RF transparency but can also be made RF
reflecting. Great for telecom especially UMTS frequencies.
• Great thermal isolation habits, fire retardancy habits, and high temperature performance
Common properties of composites materials
-lightweight, high strength-to weight ration, corrosion resistance, low thermal conductivity, low
coefficient of thermal expansion and non-magnetic.
Composite materials examples:
 Glass fibres – ‘fibreglass’

◦ Most common composite material
◦ Very lightweight
◦ Can tailor the strength and stiffness via material choice
 Kevlar-49
◦ Very high tensile strengths
◦ Very low density means lightweight
◦ Have a negative coefficient of thermal expansion
 Carbon Fibers
◦ Available in a wide range
◦ High strengths and stiffness
◦ Are brittle and fail at relatively low strain levels
 Polyethylene
◦ High tensile strengths
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◦ Very low compressive strengths
◦ High levels of impact strength
◦ High levels of radiation protection
 Carbon Nanotubes
◦ Unique combination of stiffness, and strength
◦ High levels of thermal and electrical conductivity
◦ Very low density, lightweight
The difference between composite materials and other materials (e.x. Metals)
The basic difference of composite materials and metals is that they have a “An-Isotropic”
behaviour which means that the habits of the composite material or formed laminate are
directional depended. Metals have in general an “Isotropic” behaviour which means that their
habits are in all directions the same.
Some other differences:
• End material is formed during production process, in most cases in the end form of the
end product.
• Materials habits are also determined by production/curing process
• Fibrous composites are more versatile than metals and can be tailored to meet
performance needs and complex design requirements.
• Higher specific strength (material strength/density material). Aramide and Carbon Fiber
reinforced epoxies have approx. 4 to 6 times higher spec. tensile strength than steel or
aluminum
• Great fatigue endurance especially for aramide and carbon reinforced epoxies, compared
with metals.
Composites vs. Metal

Material Density Ultimate Tensile Specific Specific
Tensile Modulus Strength Modulus
Strength (GPa) (MPA/Kgm) (GPa/Kgm)
(MPa)
E-Glass 2.08 1103 44.8 0.53 0.022
S-Glass 1.99 1931 51.7 0.97 0.026
Kevlar-49 1.38 1448 75.8 1.05 0.055
Type HMS 1.63 1172 206.8 0.72 0.127
Graphite
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Type AS 1.55 1724 137.9 1.11 0.089
Carbon
Emerging 1.63 2413 310.3 1.48 0.190
High Strain
Graphite
Aluminium 2.77 572 68.9 0.21 0.025
Titanium 4.43 1103 113.8 0.25 0.026
Steel 8.00 1379 200.0 0.17 0.025
Production methods:
• hand lay-up (thermo sets and prepregs)

• spray up (thermo sets)
• cold press (thermo sets)
• injection molding (thermoplastics)
• vacuum infusion and vacuum injection (VI-RTM)
• compression molding (prepregs and thermoplastics, glass, ceramics and metals) •
pultrusion (thermo set and thermoplastics)
• filament winding (thermo set, thermoplastics and ceramics)

• vacuum bagging (prepregs lay-up and cure in oven)
The Moon
One of the goals of the space settlement is to find natural resources on other planets and
satellites. Looking to Mars or the Moon as the perhaps the best places to find many of the
natural resources we are using up on the physical planet.
NASA's Apollo missions of the last century found that Lunar surface soils are comprised of
about 20 percent metals (suitable for space construction) and 20 percent silicon (which is
needed for making solar power cells). Much of the rest of lunar soil is composed of oxygen.
Lunar soil
Oxygen 42%
Silicon 21%
Iron 13%
Calcium 8%
Aluminum 7%
Magnesium 6%
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Other 3%
The NASA Apollo missions found that Lunar soil is composed of useful elements such as oxygen,
silicon, and metals such as iron and aluminum. The Moon also has other advantages as a source
of construction materials for near Earth orbit . Its weak surface gravity is only one-sixth as strong
as Earth's. As a result, in combination with its small diameter, it takes less than five percent as
much energy to boost materials from the Lunar surface into orbit compared with the launch
energy needed from Earth's surface into orbit.
The Apollo missions were surprised by the difficulty of extracting subsurface samples. While the
top was powdery and soft, attempts to drill into the surface and extract subsurface material
resulted in seizing of drill tubes which could not be removed and had to be abandoned.
It is now thought that underneath the very top layers, lunar soil is actually more dense than
equivalent Earth soils at the same depth. Due to small, repeated vibrations by distant meteor
impacts over the eons, the soil particles have settled down by shifting relative to each other into
ever more dense geometrical orientations.
The table below shows the amount of time astronauts spent on the surface of the Moon during
each lunar landing.
Mission Total Duration Lunar Surface

Duration
Apollo 11 08 days, 03 hrs, 13 21 hrs, 38 mins

mins

mins
Apollo 14 09 days, 01 min 33 hrs, 31 mins
Apollo 15 10 days, 01 hr, 11 66 hrs, 54 mins

mins
Apollo 16 11 days, 01 hr, 51 71 hrs, 02 mins
mins
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mins
MODEL OF A SETTLEMENT
This a full model of a potential settlement designed

to make a colonization possible. This include two
possible leaving spaces with a torus part and a
cylindrical one, full energy produced by the sun
throughout the solar panel. The heat will be
removed by the radiator so the temperature will be
good for people leaving there.
(The name of the software used to create this

potential settlement is High Frontier.)
Total mass (Kt): 205

Volume: 10.413.580
Air (Kt): 11.2
Estimated cost: $20.6 B
Details for each part of the settlement:
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1. The Barbell part: is a series of spheres
connected by spokes. A bit cramped, but
stable and cheap.
Part mass (Kt): 57.5 volume:

2.242.108
Air (Kt): 2.42
Estimated cost: $5.78 B
2. The Radiator: It radiates heat away from a

colony.
Part mass (t): 8.25

Estimated cost: $990 K
3. The Docking Ports part: Ensure that residents

and visitors can reach your colony.
Part mass (Kt): 144
Volume: 7.320.507
Air (Kt): 7.91
Cost: $53.9 M
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4. The Torus: Donut-shaped habitat shell. Very
stable but relatively short sight lines.
Part mass (Kt): 144
Volume: 1.320.507
Air (Kt): 7.91
Cost: $5.65 B
5. The Cylinder: Cylindrical shell with adjustable

endcaps. Provides a large living area, but unstable if
too long.
Part mass (Kt): 89.4
Volume: 4.517.212
Air (Kt): 4.88
Cost: $8.98 B
6. The Tube: Basic structural component.

Part mass (t): 537
Volume: 31.416
Air (t): 33.9
Cost: $53.9 M
7. The Solar Panel: Provides energy from the sun

for the settlement.
Part mass (t): 873
Cost: $88.1M
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Chapter 5 Moon mining Challenges
The concept of mining on the Moon has been for decades, the basic idea is to extract materials
from the Moon that create new capabilities in space. The Moon’s resources could be put to a
number of uses, such as a source of fuel for farther flung journeys through space, or providing
an alternate source of rare metals and minerals for use on Earth.
There is a hierarchy of material resources, arranged according to their ease of acquisition and
their utility. The easiest stuff is bulk regolith (lunar soil), which can be used to backfill
installations on the moon and to make shielding to protect habitats thermally and from
radiation. Regolith would not be transported to Earth, but for missions such as SpaceX’s, which
include building a lunar base, it could be very beneficial.
When, in 2008, samples from the 1970s Apollo 15 and 17 missions were re-examined, the
presence of water brought greater hope of establishing lunar habitations. Since then, multiple
studies have confirmed that the Moon has water in abundance.
Why mining the water on the Moon? Water ice (and other volatile substances) is found in
the dark areas near the poles and have many uses, including life support and rocket propellant.
Water is the oil of the solar system and those companies who are able to harvest and harness
extraterrestrial deposits of water will make Exxon look like a lemonade stand. Along with water,
the Moon has a number of other materials which would be useful for space exploration. Metals
can be extracted from the oxides in the soil by chemical reduction – iron, titanium and
aluminium are the principal useful metals to be manufactured on the Moon.
ENGINE
Electrical propulsion; Why use electric propulsion? The system has been stimulated by
limitations in conventional chemical propulsion that derive from Newton’s laws of dynamics. A
rocket-propelled spacecraft derives its acceleration from the discharge of propellant and its
equation of motion.
Time varying (instantaneous) mass of the

vehicle
Vehicle acceleration
Velocity of the exhaust stream
Rate of change of spacecraft mass due to

propellant expulsion
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The result of rate of mass expulsion and the exhaust velocity is the thrust generated by the
propulsion system.
Thrust generated by propulsion system
The integral of the thrust over the time for which it is applied is the impulse, or change of
momentum. The ratio of thrust to the rate of expulsion of propellant measured in units of
weight expelled per second is known as the specific impulse.
Specific impulse
Gravitational acceleration at sea level
Rate of expulsion of propellant measured in

units of weight per second
If the exhaust velocity is constant during the thrusting time, the spacecraft experiences an
increment in velocity which is linearly dependent on the exhaust velocity and logarithmically
dependent on the propellant mass ejected.
Increment in velocity
Velocity of the exhaust stream
Vehicle mass at beginning of thrust period
Vehicle mass at end of thrust period
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Chapter 6 Computing, Networking, Security and Internal

communication
Communication is a process of sending and receiving information among people. Humans

communicate with others not only by face-to-face communication, but also by giving
information via the Internet and printed products such as books and newspapers. Many people
believe that the significance of communication is like the importance of breathing. Indeed,
communication facilitates the spread of knowledge and forms relationships between people.
The most easy way to communicate is via the Internet due to the fact that internet not only
allows people to have better access to knowledge and information in all fields, but also makes it
easier and faster to contact with people around the World.
Undoubtedly, the sharing knowledge and information process cannot function without
communication.
To create a strong communication you need to have a strong networking, supercomputers to be

able to manage big data.
What is a networking? A networking is interconnection of two or more networks in different

places. For a network we will need a server which hosts information; an IP address which is
connected to that server; a DNS points you towards the IP address; an ISP which provides a
gateway to the rest of the internet; a browser to communicate with the devices and a user who
creates information or accesses information through the browser;
What is a supercomputer? Is a third generation machine Blue Gene, projected by IBM, that can
reach operating speeds in the petaFLOPS with low power consumption. The Blue Gene runs on
1.6 million processor cores and the speed that can be reach is up to 20 petaflops.
Radio communication; You can also communicate through radio connection. You can use many
frequencies to establish a connection internal or external. Internal in the settlement or between
spacecrafts and external in different countries from our planet. Countries use different
frequencies from 136 MHz to 32.3 GHz.
NASA with DSN (Deep Space Network) uses the following frequencies:
Band Uplink Frequency (MHz) Downlink Frequency (MHz)
S 2110 - 2120 2290 - 2300
X 7145 - 7190 8400 -8450
Ka 34200 - 34700 31800 – 32300
22
Deep Space Network (DSN); The Deep Space Network - or DSN - is NASA’s international array
of giant radio antennas that supports interplanetary spacecraft missions, plus a few that orbit
Earth. The DSN also provides radar and radio astronomy observations that improve our
understanding of the solar system and the larger universe.
The DSN has three ground stations located 120 degrees apart for 360 degree coverage. The
ground stations are located in Canberra, Australia, Madrid, Spain, and Goldstone, California. The
antennas are parabolic dishes, up to 70m in diameter (the equivalent of the height of a 20 story
building!
NASA also launched Laser Communication Relay Demonstration (LCRD) which has as a mission
to increase traditional radio data rates that are transmitted to spacecrafts or astronauts by 10 to
100 times. As an example, radio frequency communications system take up to 9 years to send a
1 foot resolution “Google Map” of the entire surface of Mars back to earth and laser
communication process could take only 9 weeks to transmit the data back.
External communication; Communication with the outside of the settlement is important from
several points of view. Information exchange in cultural, economic, political and social terms is a
crucial matter for the existence of space settlements. Communication with Terra can be made
through the Internet, telephone and television. To establish a connection with other space
stations and satellites Internet and radio waves can be used. Radio waves are indispensable in
communication similar to the “walkie-talkie” principle, especially for coordinating arrivals and
departures on and from space settlements. For the communication with other celestial bodies
with material potential, useful for improving the life quality on the space settlement, some
similar antennas with the one on the central cylinder can be placed. This antenna has a metallic
parabolic reflector, segmented in mobile plates, to facilitate the compaction and expansion of
the transmission-reception surface.
23
:
Chapter 7 Construction sequence

The Space Shuttle – a mostly reusable, human-rated launch vehicle, spacecraft, space
habitat, laboratory, re-entry vehicle and aircraft was an unprecedented structural engineering
challenge.
The design had to meet several demands which resulted in innovative solutions. The vehicle
needed to be highly reliable for environments that could not be simulated on Earth or fully
modelled analytically for combined mechanical and thermal loads. It had to accommodate
payloads that were not defined or characterized. It needed to be weight efficient by employing
a greater use of advanced composite materials, and it had to rely on fracture mechanics for
design with acceptable life requirements. It also had to be certified to meet strength and life
requirements by innovative methods. During the Space Shuttle Program, many such structural
design innovations were developed and extended to vehicle processing from flight to flight. So
the spacecraft structure small or large must be made of materials that resist without failure or
excessive distortion the static, dynamic and thermal stresses that occur during launch,
deployment and service.
Although the spacecraft structure and the material of which it is composed are inextricably
linked entities in their influences on cost, strength, stiffness, weight, reliability and adaptability
to change.
1. STRUCTURES: In small spacecraft a simple truss structure provides the primary resistance
to static and dynamic loads and flat panels (often of sandwich construction) support the
payload and associated spacecraft contents.
2. DEPLOYABLE STRUCTURES: A small spacecraft may require an appendage, such as a
boom or a surface, that is very large relative to the size of the spacecraft.
3. CONTROL-STRUCTURES Interaction: It refers to the coupling between the displacements
of deformable structures and the performance of control systems.
4. SMART STRUCTURES: It has sensors and actuators as integral parts along with a control
computer that is required to actively control vibrations and shape.
5. MATERIALS: Aluminium is the conventional material for flight structures of all types. In
addition, graphite-fiber/polymer-matrix composite materials having much higher
strength to density ratios and stiffness to density ratios are finding substantial use in
aircraft and spacecraft.
-Aluminium-Lithium alloys: a weight-saving alternative to the use of conventional aluminium

alloys in spacecraft design could be the use of aluminium-lithium alloys. The lower density of
aluminium-lithium alloys, coupled with their somewhat increased stiffness and in specific alloys,
higher strength, could provide immediate weight savings of 7 to 20% with few required changes
in fabrication and design.
-Polymer-Matrix composites: in currently planned small spacecraft programs, very significant

weight savings (perhaps 25 to 50%) could be achieved in the spacecraft structure. The most
commonly used polymer-matrix composite for primary spacecraft structures is graphite epoxy.
24
A Space Settlement Design:
The structure: In order to start attacking the problem of designing an orbital space settlement,
after deciding the exact location in space (one of the liberation points along the Moon’s orbit
around the Earth), the next logical step would be to define its outward shape.
Many factors condition the design:

- Population: Obviously the size of the colony will be directly linked to the number of
people living in it. This is not an imposed design constraint, but at least an estimate of
the stable population must be formulated prior to committing to any design
- Agricultural area: The agricultural area is crucial to sustaining life in the settlement.
Depending on the life support system to be adopted, the actual requirements for
agriculture will vary, but in any case food supplies will not be eternally imported from
Earth and so must be grown in space.
- Light industry: Any self-sustaining city must be capable of producing the equipment and
supplies it needs for everyday life.
- Recreation areas: If people are to live in space for many years on end, the space
settlement must include recreation facilities similar to those existent on Earth, like for
example parks, sports facilities, etc.
- Differentiated gravity areas: Even though microgravity is extremely harmful in the long
run, Zero- G facilities will have to be included for investigation, manufacturing and
processing of materials that could be better done in the absence of gravity.
- Radiation shelter: Outer space is abundant in harmful radiation. The space settlement will
have to shelter and protect its inhabitants from the hostile conditions existent in space.
- Energy: All man made processes require energy, and it must be remembered that the
main economic reason that justifies the endeavour is the collection and distribution of
abundant solar energy.
- Life Support System: Other life support system tasks must be taken care of, such as the
generation and maintenance of a breathable atmosphere, a comfortable temperature
and atmospheric pressure and the processing of waste and/or hazardous materials.
Gravity: Artificial Gravity As it can be seen in the Medicine chapter, there is no way
humans can live in microgravity for several years without severely deconditioning.
Because of this, artificial gravity or pseudo gravity must be generated by means of
rotation.
How to generate the pseudo gravity? As we have already seen, an inertial force called
centrifugal force will be generated whenever a body is rotated. The familiar expression for the
centrifugal force is :
Fc = m w^2 . R where m is the mass of the object, R the radius of rotation and w the angular
speed. The acceleration generated by this force will be equal to the force divided by the mass of
the object
25
: ac = w^2 . R In this way, any acceleration can be radially generated. By giving different values
to the two variables that determine the acceleration, the angular velocity and the radius of the
circular structure, gravity can be obtained.
Problems of rotating structures: Although pseudo gravity will solve some of the biomedical
problems of living in space, it will generate others. Living on a permanently rotating structure
can be harmful to human beings. The rotating motion and subsequent Coriolis acceleration can
cause equilibrium and inner ear problems. Although research is difficult due to the impossibility
to recreate pure g downward rotation on Earth, it appears to show that eventually humans can
adapt to rotation rates of several rpm. Most negative effects are hardly noticeable at rotation
rates below 2 rpm.
Possible shapes: sphere – cylinder - ring

Spheres or cylinders of huge radii (several hundred m, to allow for reduced spinning rates) result
in a huge space colony with considerable volumes of trapped atmosphere. The size of this
atmosphere and of the settlement itself leads to the concept of naturally regenerative
environment, in which the Earth like natural mechanisms could be recreated. On the other hand
the ring like structure reduces the size of the atmosphere with opposite advantages and
disadvantages with respect to the above mentioned options. That is, the structure itself will be
easier to construct but a careful watch must be kept over the now smaller atmosphere.
Sphere or Cylinder?
A good way to decide upon the suitability of each shape would be to compare the surface areas
that could be utilized in comparably sized spheres and cylinder.
Taking a sphere of radius R and a cylinder of radius R and equal height (2R) the surface areas
would be :
Sphere = 4. PI . R^2
Cylinder = 2.PI.R. 2 R = 4. PI . R^2
The ring: Based on gravity considerations, a rotation rate of 1.25 rpm is adopted for the ring
structure, with an external radius at the surface of 570 m.
The cylinder: Calculation of surface areas and volumes become simpler in the case of the
cylinder shaped colony. In accordance to the above expressed criteria, the cylinder will be
dimensioned in a way that ensures maximum comfort and with enough of an atmosphere to
guarantee the smooth flow of natural processes. An angular speed of 0.75 rpm is adopted and
this consequently results in a radius of approximately 1580 m.
ILLUMINATION:
Due to radiation hazards, the colony will have to be completely shielded by means of a
composite material. This will apparently be incompatible with the requirement of sunlight for
the settlement and views of space.
26
The ring: In the case of the ring sunlight will enter naturally through the ceiling. This seems to
be the most natural arrangement, and it helps from the point of view of radiation shielding. The
ring will be oriented in such a way that its axis of rotation is always parallel to the orbital path. In
this way mirrors are uniquely placed for both sections of the ring. Because light will enter the
ring in an opposite direction from the Sun's rays, it will help in adequate shielding. In order to
achieve the day - night effect, 3 plane mirrors and 1 concave mirror will be used.
The cylinder: A similar mechanism can be engineered for the cylinder shaped space settlement.
A novel idea is considered in the design : two mirrors, one on each side or cap of the cylinder,
that will present two suns instead of one. Because the intensity of the sun's rays will be dimmed
by the mirrors, having two sources og light instead of one will result in amore uniform
illumination. To generate days and nights the external mirrors will be movable and tend to close
into the structure. When this happens, the sunshine will first be attenuated and finally
semidarkness will prevail.
Construction:
Materials: The construction of both types of structure will basically use the same methods and
materials. The ring and the cylinder will be made up of a light and strongly resistant metal like
titanium or aluminium, both of which can be obtained from the Moon.
In particular, the decomposition of ilmenite (Fe i O6) will yield iro, titanium and oxygen. The
University of Wisconsin has already designed an ilmenite processing plant.
These metals would constitute ribs that would serve as a framework for the regolith based
composite material blocks (NASA has studied the facility of creating lunar bricks) that could be
glued together by special resins. Sealing techniques would need to be especially careful to
prevent the gaseous atmosphere from leaking out.
Construction techniques: The fact that the structure will be both built and assembled in space
complicates matters from the point of view of workers, that could be replaced by robots. But
moving things around in microgravity and in the vacuum of space can result helpful.
New techniques currently being developed could be used, like solid freeform fabrication (SFF),
vapor molecular deposition, etc.
Although this should of course be studied further, both the ribs and the regolith blocks could
shaped by using sliding molds, taking the lunar ore and concentrating solar energy until it is
transformed into a hot liquid, then framing it against the mold while it remains hot. Once the
desired shape is obtained, we could use the cold of space to solidify it. Putting it into place
requires minimum energy due to microgravity.
Testing: The importance of testing before putting in practice is essentially due to many factors
that are outside of Earth. First step which is hard for the spacecraft is the launch, the dynamic
and thermal stresses that occur during the process. Then the deployment and service. That’s
27
why the materials have to be choose carefully because they have to resist without having
problems to any of the factors.
Communication: radio communication has been the go-to method of communication for
spacecrafts. Well, that's about to change. NASA has recently announced they will be making a
major change to some of their upcoming communication systems by implementing new,
cutting-edge, laser communication technology.
Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) has a mission to increase traditional radio
data rates that are transmitted to spacecrafts or astronauts by 10 to 100 times!
For example, a radio frequency communications system would typically take up to 9 years to
map and send a 1 foot resolution "Google Map" of the entire surface of mars back to earth.
However, with the implementation of laser communication, the whole process could take only 9
weeks to transmit the data back.
Training: While teaching undergraduate physics at Princeton University, O'Neill set his students
the task of designing large structures in outer space, with the intent of showing that living in
space could be desirable. It is very important for the population to be prepared for a life out of
Earth and to be educated.
28
Chapter 8: Energy
Humans are trying to find a solution for colonization in Space. They have explored space
without the benefits of gravity and sufficient radiation protection for more than 50 years. Four
fundamental problems must be solved before humans can survive long-term in space:
i.) sustainable food supply; ii.) radiation protection; iii.) gravity; iv.)
a growable technology that enlarges the habitat as economics dictate.
In the future people may live and work on the moon for weeks or even months. Energy and
power will make it possible to travel to and live on the lunar surface. The idea is to choose the
appropriate energy source and technological means to produce that power.
2 main types of energy can be used in the settlement:
Nuclear power: A nuclear fission reactor might fulfil most of a Moon base's power
requirements. With the help of fission reactors, one could overcome the difficulty of the 354
hour lunar night. According to NASA, a nuclear fission power station could generate a steady 40
kilowatts, equivalent to the demand of about eight houses on Earth. Radioisotope
thermoelectric generators could be used as backup and emergency power sources for solar
powered colonies.
Solar energy: Many of the raw materials needed for a solar panel production can be extracted
on site so this is one of the main reasons that solar energy is a possible source of power for a
lunar base. Since lunar regolith contains structural metals like iron and aluminium, solar panels
could be mounted high up on locally-built towers that might rotate to follow the sun.
Concentrated sunlight could also be relayed via mirrors and used in Stirling engines or solar
trough generators, or it could be used directly for lighting, agriculture and process heat.
How to store the energy? Fuel cells.

A fuel cell combines a fuel (hydrogen or hydrogen source) with an oxidizer (oxygen or air) to
produce electrical power. These electrochemical devices work similar to batteries, but they never
run down or need to be recharged. Like a battery, a fuel cell has two electrodes (a cathode and
an anode) that are separated by an electrolyte. Batteries have at least one solid metal electrode
that is slowly consumed as electricity is produced. In a fuel cell, the electrode is not consumed
and the cell can produce electricity as long as more fuel and oxidizer are pumped through it.
Combining fuel cells with electrolysis would provide a "perpetual" source of electricity – solar
energy could be used to provide power during the lunar day, and fuel cells at night. During the
lunar day, solar energy would also be used to electrolyze the water created in the fuel cells –
although there would be small losses of gases that would have to be replaced.
A habitat suitable for long-term human presence in space must shield from space cosmic
radiation and provide an adequate thermal environment with enough light for agriculture
29
support and personal consumption. Mass of the structure required to sustain the centrifugal
forces and the atmospheric pressure is minimized using the tensegrity structural paradigm.
The total habitat system is composed of four rotating bodies: the shield, the habitat, and the
two isolated mirrors. Part of the shield is composed of a 5 m blanket of regolith and water on
the outside surface away from the spin axis. To allow light inside while protecting from
radiation, 5 m glass shields are present on the side faces pointing in the direction of the spin
axis. Finally, there is a thin circular ring on the outside as a radiator.
Here we seek energy balance at desirable values of heat, solar and electrical energy. To maintain
a sustainable environment for habitat, energy needs to reach an equilibrium to avoid the surplus
heat. A detailed quantitative analysis regarding inlet and outlet energy is necessary. The habitat
collects solar energy when sunlight enters through the glass and collects electricity from PV
panels attached outside of the shield. The habitat grows crops for food supply and a green park
that consume solar energy, and people consume electricity in daily life.
Solar light reflected from side mirrors will pass through the glass shields and light the interior.
Several assumptions about reflectance of mirrors, transparency of glass and solar power
constants are established to estimate the amount of absorbed solar energy.
Also the devices have to be chosen very carefully due to consummation factors,
What do we choose between LED light bulb, CFL Light bulb or Incandescent
bulb?
Or between LCD/LED/TV and CRT monitor display? Laptop or Desktop computer?
• the electricity cost of a single LED light bulb running at 10 Watts for 5 hours a day:
Cost per hour: 0.0010
Cost per day: 0.0050
Cost per month: 0.15
Cost per year: 1.83 kWh
per day: 0.05
• the electricity cost of a single CFL light bulb running at 14 Watts for 5 hours a day:
per day: 0.07
• the electricity cost of a single incandescent light bulb running at 60 Watts for 5 hours a
day:
30
Cost per year: 10.95
kWh per day: 0.30
• the energy consumption of a 22 inch LED-backlit LCD display using 30 Watts for 5
hours a day:
per day: 0.15
• the energy consumption of a 17 inch CRT display using 75 Watts for 5 hours a day:
Cost per year: 13.69
kWh per day: 0.38
31
Chapter 9: Atmosphere
How much air a human need per year?

A human breath about 9 tonnes of air in a year, but only 23% of that air is produced by oxygen
and we only extract a little over a third of the oxygen from each breath and that means 740kg of
oxygen per year which is seven or eight trees worth.
How oxygen is produced by trees?

Sunlight makes glucose from carbon dioxide and water so this helps trees release oxygen. On a
24 hour day they produce more oxygen than they use up. One molecule of glucose is produced
by six molecules of CO2 by photosynthesis so six molecules of oxygen are released as a
byproduct.
Carbon dioxide – concentration and elimination
Carbon dioxide concentrations are approximately 0.04 in the atmosphere. Humans produce
carbon dioxide in the human body when our cells break down food and release it when they
exhale.
In the confined cabins of spacecraft like the space shuttle or space stations, the carbon dioxide
can get much higher which this is a big problem because carbon dioxide is toxic. If the
concentration in the air around people increases it may cause certain symptoms:
• At 1% - drowsiness
• At 3% - impaired hearing, increased heart rate and blood pressure, stupor
• At 5% - shortness of breath, headache, dizziness, confusion
• At 8% - unconsciousness, muscle tremors, sweating
• Above 8% - death
Earth reduces the carbon dioxide with the help of the plants through the process of
photosynthesis. The plants take in the carbon dioxide and release oxygen.
In the spacecraft or in the settlement, carbon dioxide from the cabin air can only be removed
through chemical processes. One of the most common process for removing the carbon dioxide
is by using canisters that contain powdered lithium hydroxide. When carbon dioxide (CO2) gets
passed through the canister it combines with the lithium hydroxide (LiOH) to form lithium
carbonate (Li2CO3) and water (H2O).
CO2 (g) + 2LiOH (s) -> Li2CO3 (s) + 3 H2O (l)
Once all the lithium hydroxide is used up, the canister must be replaced and discarded. The
Apollo 13 mission is the most famous example of using lithium hydroxide canisters.
How to produce oxygen in a space settlement on Mars?

32
The idea of having greenhouses and plants make air is ideally but it can be dangerous because
plants can get sick which means they can consume oxygen, die or produce less oxygen that they
should. Also, making enough air for one person it can take a huge amount of plants.
One of the easiest way to make it from the carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air. The Martian
atmosphere is 95% (CO2) so you can make oxygen by:
2 CO2 --> 2CO + O2.
Using a zirconia ceramic membrane it requires a temperature of 1,100 C to electrically separate

the two gases. The carbon monoxide is vented as waste (or kept if use metal carbonyl
lithography to cast metal parts) and keep the oxygen.
Another method is simply use electrolysis on water. Take water and add power:
2 H2O --> 4 H2 + O2.
The hydrogen is very valuable (can produce plastics, hydrocarbons and rocket fuel) so to store it
and breath the oxygen.
NASA: “We’re going to try and make oxygen from the atmosphere on Mars. We have to get
there and then we have to survive.”
In my opinion getting humans to land on Mars is the biggest space project this generation will
ever see. After the successful launch of SpaceX’s CRS-12 mission, NASA Acting Chief
Administrator Robert Lightfoot Jr. explained how getting to Mars requires small, incremental
steps and he noted that NASA has a remarkable project in the works:
“When you look at our plans today [for getting to Mars], we use the International Space Station
as much as we can…for example, our life support systems, we test them up there.”
The Red Planet’s atmosphere is thinner than Earths with some 95.32% carbon dioxide, 2.7%
nitrogen, 1.6% argon and about 0.13% oxygen. As a contrast, the Earth’s atmosphere has 78%
nitrogen and 21% oxygen.
Is it possible to make oxygen from Mar’s atmosphere?

NASA had plans for this since 2014 when it first revealed the Mars 2020 Rover. The experiment
known as MOXIE involves using the abundant carbon dioxide gas found on Martian atmosphere
and turning it into oxygen. The oxygen can be harnessed and made available for breathing and
also to make rocket fuel for returning to Earth.
Mars habitable include plans of building a magnetic shield around the settlement, similar to
Earth’s and also building a nuclear reactor.
33
So making oxygen on the settlement so people can live there is not a big problem by using
plants, trees and create photosynthesis or chemical methods which guarantee 100% that will
work it out.
34
Chapter 10: Population
The population for colonizing Mars if one of the most important task because they will be the
future of the Red Planet. Developing a settlement on another planet it takes many tasks but this
can only take place with a very good population.
In my opinion the selection should also include some tests that will help the researchers to have
a good view about the population selected:
• Emotional test – because people might be affect by the new life there;
• IQ test – because people need a very high IQ level for developing a new world;
• Health test – people should have a good health condition due to a big atmosphere
changes;
• Physical test – they need a good physical condition for creating a new habitat;
Mars. It’s a pretty unforgiving place. On this dry, desiccated world, the average surface
temperature is -55 °C (-67 °F). And at the poles, temperatures can reach as low as -153 °C (243
°F). Much of that has to do with its thin atmosphere, which is too thin to retain heat (not to
mention breathe).
So why then is the idea of colonizing Mars? Of creating a settlement? A new

world?
There are a big number of reasons in order of colonizing Mars. The similarities between our two
planets, the availability of water, the prospects of generating food, the amount of oxygen and
the most helpful thing, building materials on-site.
During the 1950’s, many classical science fiction authors wrote about colonizing Mars:
• Arthur C. Clarke and his 1951 story The Sands of Mars, which is told from the point of
view of a human reporter who travels to Mars to write about human colonists. While
attempting to make a life for themselves on a desert planet, they discover that Mars has
native life forms.
• In 1952, Isaac Asimov released The Martian Way, a story which deals with the conflict
between Earth and Mars colonists. The latter survive by salvaging space junk, and are
forced to travel to Saturn to harvest ice when Earth enforces an embargo on their planet.
• Robert A. Heinlein’s seminal novel Stranger in a Strange Land (1961) tells the story of a
human who was raised on Mars by the native Martians, and then travels to Earth as a
young adult. His contact with humans proves to have a profound affect on Earth’s
culture, and calls into questions many of the social mores and accepted norms of
Heinlein’s time.
• Philip K. Dick’s fiction also features Mars often, in every case being a dry, empty land with
no native inhabitants. In his works Martian Time Slip (1964), and The Three Stigmata of
35
Palmer Eldritch (1965), life on Mars is presented as difficult, consisting of isolated
communities who do not want to live there.
NASA’s proposed manned mission to Mars which is planned to take place during the 2030’s
using the MPCV (Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle) and the SLS (Space Launch System) is
not the only proposal to send humans to the Red Planet. In addition to other federal space
agencies, there are also plans by private corporations and non-profits, some of which are far
more ambitious than mere exploration.
The European Space Agency (ESA) has long-term plans to send humans, though they have
yet to build a manned spacecraft. Roscosmos, the Russian Federal Space Agency, is also
planning a manned Mars mission, with simulations (called Mars-500) having been completed
in Russia back in 2011. The ESA is currently participating in these simulations as well.
“Mars One” Mission selects final 100 candidates to colonize the Red
Planet…
Already, for some time we’ve known that we are consuming our planet and it’s limited
resources can not sustain our ever-burgeoning population. A various possible “ideas” came
out, such as building floating cities in the ocean, but the most popular idea is migrating to
Mars.
This idea of migrating to Mars may seem radical and unfeasible to some, but there are
people who thinks it is doable, including big names like SpaceX’s Elon Musk. There is even a
project already taking steps toward getting humans on Red Planet, called “Mars One”.
Since 2013 when the application process started, more than 202.000 aspiring astronauts
applied. After the first round they were only 1.000 then 660. Now after online interviews with
“Mars One” medical director Norbert Kraft, these have been culled to just 100. “The large cut
in candidates is an important step towards finding out
Age 19 to 60 50 men/50 women who has the right stuff to go to Mars,” said Mars One
co-founder and CEO Bas Lansdorp in a news release.
39 USA “These aspiring Martians provide the world with a
glimpse into who the modern day explorers will be.”
31 Europe
Although the 100 have proved themselves as
individuals, they now have to demonstrate that they
16 Asia
can work effectively as part of a team, because working
7 Africa as a team is the future of the settlement, of creating a
new life on the Red Planet. Probably the
7 Australia next step will be a group challenges created to test
their willingness to deal with the strains of living on
Mars. After this the remaining candidates will be split into groups of four which they should
36
receive some trainings in a replica base on Earth so they would be prepared for what is going to
happen inside the settlement. So the final group will consist of 24 cosmonauts who will become
employees of “Mars One” helping the project prepare for colonization in 2025.
So as a result, there are people interested in this idea of colonizing the Red Planet, but there are
some issues that should be solved before. A good preparation of the chosen ones is the most
important, so we should have many replica bases on Earth so they can be prepared for what’s
next, on Mars. Replica bases would create a real settlement with all the factors from out there.
But before that the selection will be very hard because medical condition is important so you
can survive there, after that the life experience from Earth will be a point of view in choosing
them. But after all the project in the next decade is not impossible.
Chapter 11: Day-Night cycle, Entertainment and LawsGovernment

Typical schedule for each habitation deck
37
Time Upper level Lower level
00:00 Sleep Lunch Break
01:00 Sleep Work
02:00 Sleep Work
03:00 Sleep Work
04:00 Sleep Work
05:00 Sleep Free Time
06:00 Wake Up Free Time
07:00 Morning Activity Free Time
08:00 Work Free Time
09:00 Work Free Time
10:00 Work Sleep
11:00 Work Sleep
12:00 Lunch Break Sleep
13:00 Work Sleep
14:00 Work Sleep
15:00 Work Sleep
16:00 Work Sleep
17:00 Free Time Sleep
18:00 Free Time Wake Up
19:00 Free Time Morning Activity
20:00 Free Time Work
21:00 Free Time Work
22:00 Sleep Work
38
23:00 Sleep Work The importance of light;
Light is the most important element that contribute to
the development of natural life and human activities. The absence of light it is known that can
cause severe damage to living organism like plant and human beings leading to biological
extinction. Also light has a very serios role in influencing people’s morale and mentality. So we
can not image a long term habitat or a settlement without light.
A adequate sunshine on the body, on exposed skin, on a regular basis is important for human
health, without this we can not expect to achieve superior health onboard the space settlement.
But there are also bad sides of artificial light so before everything we have to be aware for any
influence, so we can have an optimum well-being on the colony.
As human activity onboard, the settlement in very important, a full-spectrum lighting in a closed
work place will create an important lower stress on the nervous system than standard cool-
white lighting and will reduce the number of absences due to illness. The full-spectrum lighting
will act to boost the immune system in the same way as natural sunlight.
But the effects of artificial light will remain, and they can be notice in both plants and animals.
As an example, plants can grow using artificial light, but they should be stimulated by subjecting
them to longer hours of light but although this forces growth will produce plants with a low
quality of their products (fruits, flowers) than those that are using natural light. Fluorescent light
can cause genetic mutations, cancer and death.
The most important fact is the negative effects of unnatural light on our body rhythms. By
turning night into day this may imbalance the regular cycles of rising and falling body
temperature, variations in body chemicals that naturally occur approximately once every 24
hours. The result is called “light stress”. All life forms (plants, animals, humans) require
alternating periods of light and dark so that some vital process may rest while others become
activated. This is the reason that a space settlement needs an artificial 14 hours days and 10
hours nights.
Mirrors and light generation:

The best option for illuming the residential and recreation areas inside the settlement using
natural sunlight is to dispose of two big mirrors to reflect the solar rays in the desired location. If
the two mirrors will be placed symmetrically towards the centre of the ring ( 0 gravity point),
directly being connected by two long cylindrical bars made of titanium.
Another idea, less stressful and more rapid accommodation of people in space, would be
creating an artificial “sky”. So, we can generate the illusion of having a sky by using a
transparent ceiling made of special glass which will not allow the passing of UV radiations.
39
As we said, the regular sequence of days and nights plays a major role in the proper
development of human beings, affecting both metabolism and social activity. There are three
possibilities for simulating the circadian cycle.
What will the astronauts do on Mars? Entertainment…

The importance of entertainment on the settlement is categoric one of the most important task,
because they can not work 24 hours per day, they will need and have some time for themselves.
On the settlement they should have spaces where to have same activities as here on Earth, like
read, play games, write, paint, work out in the gym, watch TV, use the internet, contact friends at
home and so on. Because without these things the big change may affect their mental condition
because we, as human being, need time for rest and pleasure activities.
There will be some communication and media limitations due to the distance between the Red
Planet and Earth, resulting in time delays, but should not affect the way that they will
communicate.
Easy Internet access will be limited to their preferred sites that are constantly updated on the
local Mars web server. Other websites will take between 6 and 45 minutes to appear on their
screen - first 3-22 minutes for your click to reach Earth, and then another 3-22 minutes for the
website data to reach Mars. Contacting friends at home is possible by video, voice or text
message (e-mail, WhatsApp, sms), but real time dialogue is not possible, because of the time
delay.
Do Earth laws apply to Mars colonists? Laws and Government;

Elon Musk is expected to outline a plan to send human colonists to the Red Planet. Colonizing
Mars won’t be easy for sure, and if it ever happens that won’t be until the mid 2020’s-2030’s. In
Musk’s plan we find a permanent home for humanity on Mars and that take out some intriguing
legal questions.
Can you do whatever you want in space?

Private companies are perfectly free to set out for Mars, build permanent habitats, and start a
new society there--just as long as that society follows the rules of the Outer Space Treaty.
Outer Space Treaty is Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration
and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies and is a treaty that
forms the basis of international space law. The treaty was opened for signature in the United
States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union on 27 January 1967, and entered into force on
10 October 1967.
The Outer Space Treaty represents the basic legal framework of international space law. Among
its principles, it bars states party to the treaty from placing weapons of mass destruction in
Earth orbit, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or otherwise stationing
40
them in outer space. It exclusively limits the use of the Moon and other celestial bodies to
peaceful purposes and expressly prohibits their use for testing weapons of any kind,
conducting military manoeuvres, or establishing military bases, installations, and fortifications
(Article IV).
For launching a rocket into space, you have to ask for permission from the government, then it
depends on the activities in space, you need a second license to do specific things.
We're supposed to avoid contaminating the celestial bodies that we explore, according to the
Outer Space Treaty. Not only does that mean 'don't spread trash all over the solar system,' but
it's generally interpreted to mean 'keep your microbes to yourself,' too.
So, everything is followed by rules and laws so everything will take place in a normal order so
we can be away from disasters because if we want to colonize Mars the only purpose is to
create a new habitat, a new world, so we can live there happy and safe.
Waste management;
On a long-duration space mission the amount of waste produced must be used in a good way
or recycled. For using we can transform the waste into useful gases to be either vented to space
or used in various propulsion systems.
The recycle process is also an option, we can use different colours trash bins to separate the
amount of waste. For organic ones that we can also obtain from animals, plants we can use a
red trash bin. For inorganic waste which are the most dangerous because they do not
decompose naturally we can use blue trash bin. And for the metallic wastes a green trash bin
and these can be easily recycled over and over.
Over long-duration missions away from Earth, significant amounts of waste will be generated.
Saving this waste to package and return to Earth or burn-up in orbit will no longer be an option
and alternative solutions must be developed. One option that has been suggested is to dispose
of the waste to space through a small airlock. An evaluation of physical reactions of the waste
when exposed to a vacuum indicated that minimal water flashes to vapor upon initial exposure
to the vacuum.
Thermal management in space;

The habitats or the vehicles for space industrialization of another world needs energy systems.
Due to the duration of these missions it is mandatory to consider systems that involve
expendables such as non-regeneratable fuel cells. Hundreds of kilowatts to tens of megawatts
of electrical power is needed to a product a fabrication system by using raw materials.
Heat rejection system;

Heat pipes. This is the base system for heat rejection and it is completely passive, no moving
parts and that make it perfect suitable for use in the space environment. The heat pipe is thin,
41
hollow tube filled with a fluid specific to the temperature range. Basically, the system is a small
vapor cycle which uses the temperature difference between the hot and cold ends of the tube
as a pump to transport heat.
Pump loop system. Here heat is collected through a system of fluid loops and pumped into a
radiator system (like conventional radiators on Earth). The best advantage of pump loop system
is that you can easily introduce it in a spacecraft or space factory.
The liquid droplet radiator. The basic concept of the liquid droplet radiator is to replace a
solid surface radiator by a controlled stream of droplets. The droplets are sprayed across a
region in which they radiate their heat; then they are recycled to the hotter part of the system. A
aluminium radiator would require 256 m2 and have a mass of nearly 1300 kg to radiate the low
temperature waste heat from lunar processing. Using the properties of a liquid droplet radiator
and a low density.
10 Questions Survey regarding Space exploration

 1.Do you feel that Earth is overpopulated?
 2.Do you think that Earth’s resources are limited and are beginning to
decay?
 3.Do you think that space exploration is necessary for the survival of the
human species?
 4.Do you think that establishing a colony on another planet is okay if we
have determined that there is no possibility of a preexisting life form of life
on the planet we wish to colonize?
 5.Can space colonization act as a way of preserving our species in the event
of a major Earth catastrophe?
 6.Do you feel that current technology is advanced enough to allow for a safe
colonization program to be developed?
 7.If we have means to colonize another planet,should we at least try to do
so?
 8.Can establishing a colony on another planet allow us to learn much more
about the universe,possibly helping us understand where we came from and
why we are here?
 9.Do you think that time and money spent on space colonization would be
better spent on bettering our species on Earth?
 10.If a colony is established on another planet,would you be willing to
leave?
42
 Survey Analysis Representation(10 individuals max),these
results are based on the individual’s answer ).
Clustered Analysis
Question 10
Question 9
Question 8
Question 7
Question 6
Question 5
Question 4
Question 3
Question 2
Question 1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Strongly Disagree Disagree Unsure Agree Strongly Agree
 Pie representations for each classified type of response.
Strongly Agree Agree Unsure
1, 4% 2, 1, 5% 2,
4, 16% 3,
4, 16% 2, 10% 14% 3, 11% 1, 5%
10% 16%
1, 4% 2, 9%
1, 5% 3,
1, 5%
3, 12% 3, 12% 1, 5% 1, 5% 16%
2,
3, 4, 11% 1, 5%
2, 8% 2, 8% 14% 19% 4, 1, 5%
1, 4%
4, 16% 2, 9% 21%
Question 1 Question 2 Question 1 Question 2 Question 1 Question 2

43
Disagree Strongly Disagree
2, 10% 1, 7% 1, 6%
3, 15%
1, 7%
2, 13%
2, 10%
2, 10% 2, 13%
2, 10%
1, 5%
3, 20% 1, 7%
2, 10%
4, 20% 2, 13%
1, 5% 1, 7%
1, 5% 1, 7%

Question 10 Question 10
 Communication between the different varieties of answers.

R A DA R W I T H M A R K E RS
Strongly Agree Agree Unsure Disagree Strongly Disagree
Question 1
4
3
2
1
Question 6
44
 General conclusion taking in consideration the survey…
Humans seem to have an inherent desire to surmount great obstacles and push into new
frontiers. There have always been brave people willing to risk their lives on bold and dangerous
journeys into uncharted territory. They have climbed Mount Everest traversed wild jungles,
crossed barren deserts, and sailed stormy seas. Successful explorers become popular heroes.
Their achievements thrill and delight people who do not have the energy, resources, or courage
to go themselves. Humanity's interest in the heavens has been universal and enduring. Humans
are driven to explore the unknown, discover new worlds, push the boundaries of our scientific
and technical limits, and then push further. The intangible desire to explore and challenge the
boundaries of what we know and where we have been has provided benefits to our society for
centuries.
Human space exploration helps to address fundamental questions about our place in the
Universe and the history of our solar system. Through addressing the challenges related to
human space exploration we expand technology, create new industries, and help to foster a
peaceful connection with other nations. Curiosity and exploration are vital to the human spirit
and accepting the challenge of going deeper into space. So what drives humans to such
lengths? the answer lies in human nature. For all the different forms it takes in different historical
periods, for all the worthy and unworthy motives that lie behind it, exploration—travel for the
sake of discovery and adventure,it’s a human compulsion, a human obsession,it is a defining
element of a distinctly human identity, and it will never rest at any frontier, whether terrestrial or
extra-terrestrial. There is a state of mind where all questioning come to an end. Asking further
question after that is meaningless. That final point of mind is the state of joy. For example, Why
do you play cricket? Answer, Because I like cricket. Why do like cricket? Because it gives me
joy. There is no further questioning beyond this. Because joy is final. It is the very nature of our
soul, that's why we are extremely comfortable in that state. Curiosity has worked out very well
for us. All art, science, technology, culture, and so on have resulted from or at least heavily
benefited from our curiousity.
Hundreds of thousands if not millions of years of being rewarded for expiring and learning has
pretty well baked it into our nature. It is an evolved response. The people who were curious and
exploratory accomplished important things. These discoveries helped survival for the group and
encouraged others to act the same way. I think the urge to explore is innate within our species.
Whether we live out our desire to explore in the form of a very strong interest in, and advocacy
for, manned interstellar travel as we spaceheads at Tau Zero do, or take an interest in seeing
just how much money we can acquire such as those who make billions on Wall Street, every
one of us on this planet seems to yearn for something new and beyond our current experiential
horizon.
In a sense, we are all open to the infinite whether we believe that ultimate infinite reality is God,
the Universe, the Cosmos, some sort of Cosmic Consciousness, or an ever ascending series of
ever more advanced and intellegent bodily ETI beings.
It can even be said that certain military generals who are anxious to prove the utility and
effectiveness of a new weapon system, even in the very dark theme of the situation of modern
warfare, experience the desire to reach into the unknown.
45
This desire to reach into the unknown is lived out even in the perhaps unfortunate instances of
young adolescents or pre-adolescents experimenting with sex with class mates, or those of the
same age who experiment with illegal drugs.
The desire to explore seems to be ever present everywhere in our modern society and in every
previous eras in human society. We have human groups that are nomadic while we have other
groups that never travel more than a few miles from their homes. A big difference. One that I
doubt is genetic. Probably it is more due the very adaptable human animal adapting to its social
environment.
A culture that encourages exploration is probably more likely to have explorers. Of course even
if one’s culture does not encourage exploration exploration might still occur. People with no
desire for exploration might be fleeing persecution in which case exploration is just a side affect
of their main purpose – to get away from the persecution. Some might go for the profit, in which
case it would be the drive for wealth that might be innate to human kind rather than a drive for
exploration. Some might go just because of religion in which case it just means that people are
susceptible to religious influences, not that they have any more desire to explore than your
average person does to randomly fast on any particular day of the year.
Of course there are a few that explore just for the sake of exploring.
How to encourage exploration in the long term? Finding a way to make a profit would be
effective. Maybe a major find in space that draws and focuses the attention of people, such as
life on Europa, would work. Either that or constant bombarding of people with issues on space
via the media and schools. Make space real to them, not just something a hundred or so
kilometers up that they believe will never affect them. Also improved economic standing – a
poor person in a gang who is wondering if they will get shot in the next fight probably isn’t
going to concern themselves with space or its development in any way (this would probably
apply to countries as well as gang members). We humans have a deeply curious nature, and
more often than not it is about the minor tittle-tattle in our lives. Our curiosity has us doing utterly
unproductive things like reading news about people we will never meet, learning topics we will
never have use for, or exploring places we will never come back to. We just love to know the
answers to things, even if there's no obvious benefit.
From the perspective of evolution this appears to be something of a mystery. We associate

evolution with ‘survival-of-the-fittest’ traits that support the essentials of day-to-day survival and
reproduction. So why did we evolve to waste so much time? Shouldn't evolution have selected
for a species which was – you know – a bit more focussed?
But our joy is not permanent. So, playing cricket does not give us permanent happiness. So, we
have to play cricket again and again. From the state of joy we are coming back to The state of
46
sorrow. So, we have to create joy again and again. This is life. Life will end if we can realize
permanent joy. This is self-realization or liberation. That permanent joy is inherent in our own
self.
Exploration and learning gives us joy, so, humans inherently want to learn and explore.
Because, in the moment of learning and exploration, we come in contact with our true self,
whose inherent nature is joy. But as this joy is not permanent, we have to learn and explore
endlessly and both the internal world and external world being infinite, there is no end to our
exploration and learning.
We all have the experience of our limited beings as separate individuals, but when we learn and
explore, momentarily and unconsciously, we come in contact with our infinite being or true self
and that is the cause of joy.
Knowing that true self is the essence of all spiritual practice.
Bibliography
Data source: https://martianchronicles.wordpress.com/2008/04/16/nine-good-reasons-forspace-
exploration/
Data source: https://futuretravel.today/why-we-must-colonize-space-ea7d54e2deb6
Chapter 2: Road map

Book: Space Resources and Space Settlements NASA Ames 1977 Summer Study
Book: Space Resources Overview NASA-California Space Institute 1992 Summer Study.
Chapter 3: Radiation Protection

Data Source: https://three.jsc.nasa.gov/articles/CucinottaKimChappell0512.pdf
Chapter 4: Construction Materials

Book: Space Resources Volume 3, Materials Nasa-California Space Institute 1992
Data source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_colonization
Data source: http://www.unitedcomposites.net/usapages/whycomposites2.htm
Data source: http://www.compositesblog.com/2010/03/composites-vs-metal.html
Data source: http://www.crystalinks.com/lunarmining.html

47
Data source: https://www.permanent.com/mining-the-moon-for-lunar-resources.html Data
source: https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/284273main_Radiation_HS_Mod1.pdf
Chapter 5: Moon mining Challenges

Data source: https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/23/17769034/nasa-moon-lunar-water-
icemining-propellant-depots
Data source: https://www.mining-technology.com/features/mining-the-moon/
Chapter 6: Computing, Networking, Security and Internal

communication
Data source:
https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-major-components-of-internet
http://techland.time.com/2012/06/19/what-exactly-is-a-supercomputer/
Data source: https://www.quora.com/What-frequencies-do-spacecraft-use-to-

communicatewith-earth-How-is-communication-done
Data source: https://blog.bliley.com/laser-communication-could-multiply-data-rates-by-100xin-

space
Data source: http://maimultverde.ro/_files/Ananke_Space_Settlement.pdf
Chapter 7: Construction sequence

Data source: https://www.nap.edu/read/2351/chapter/7#46
Data source: https://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/Contest/Results/96/winner/tres.html
Chapter 8: Energy
Book: Space Resources Volume 2, Energy, Power, and Transport NASA-California Space Institute
1992
Data source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon#Energy
Data source: https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/technology/fuel_cells.html
Data source: http://energyusecalculator.com/electricity_crtmonitor.htm
48
Chapter 9: Atmosphere
Data source: https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/how-many-trees-does-it-take-
toproduce-oxygen-for-one-person/
Data source: https://science.howstuffworks.com/carbon-dioxide-eliminated-

aboardspacecraft.htm
Data source: https://science.howstuffworks.com/oxygen-made-aboard-spacecraft.htm
Data source: https://futurism.com/nasa-were-going-to-try-and-make-oxygen-from-

theatmosphere-on-mars
Chapter 10: Population

Data source: https://www.universetoday.com/14883/mars-colonizing/
Data source: https://www.iflscience.com/space/mars-one-mission-whittles-potential-

candidatesdown-final-100/
Chapter 11: Day-Night cycle, Entertainment and LawsGovernment

Data source: https://www.universetoday.com/14717/how-long-is-a-day-on-mars/
Data source: https://space.nss.org/settlement/nasa/Contest/Results/2004/winner/LEDA.pdf
Data source: https://space.nss.org/settlement/nasa/Contest/Results/2004/winner/LEDA.pdf
Data source: https://www.mars-one.com/faq/mission-to-mars/what-will-the-astronauts-do-

onmars
Data source: https://www.popsci.com/who-would-rule-colony-on-mars#page-2
Data source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty
Data source: https://www.popsci.com/who-would-rule-colony-on-mars#page-3
49
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NASA Project

“A life out in space…”

Student: Bunea Matei

Chapter 1: Space settlement

Chapter 1: Space settlement

Is space exploration the future of human race?

Where the inspiration came?

Comparison of Possible Materials

Comparison of different materials on the figure shows that in

Shielding from In-situ Resources

Our Shielding Conclusion

What is a settlement on space?

◦ Oscillation of structure frequency. Considering space environment is tough,

available for both humans and electronics.

 Electrical and thermal resistance

◦ Conductivity of materials (thermal and electrical)

Materials properties and their usage

areas Magnesium (and its alloys)

ρ=1738 kg m-3, melting point=922 K

Austenitic steels (high temperature formation)

Aerogel (Frozen Smoke) ρ=1600 kg

m-3, melting point=1473 K

Extremely low density Low thermal conductivity Structurally strong

Common properties of composites materials

Composite materials examples:

 Glass fibres – ‘fibreglass’

Some other differences:

Composites vs. Metal

• hand lay-up (thermo sets and prepregs)

• filament winding (thermo set, thermoplastics and ceramics)

Mission Total Duration Lunar Surface

Apollo 11 08 days, 03 hrs, 13 21 hrs, 38 mins

Apollo 12 10 days, 04 hrs, 31 31 hrs, 31 mins

Apollo 15 10 days, 01 hr, 11 66 hrs, 54 mins

This a full model of a potential settlement designed

(The name of the software used to create this

Total mass (Kt): 205

Details for each part of the settlement:

Part mass (Kt): 57.5 volume:

2. The Radiator: It radiates heat away from a

Part mass (t): 8.25

3. The Docking Ports part: Ensure that residents

5. The Cylinder: Cylindrical shell with adjustable

6. The Tube: Basic structural component.

7. The Solar Panel: Provides energy from the sun

Chapter 5 Moon mining Challenges

Time varying (instantaneous) mass of the

Velocity of the exhaust stream

Rate of change of spacecraft mass due to

Thrust generated by propulsion system

Gravitational acceleration at sea level

Rate of expulsion of propellant measured in

Vehicle mass at beginning of thrust period

Vehicle mass at end of thrust period

Chapter 6 Computing, Networking, Security and Internal

Communication is a process of sending and receiving information among people. Humans

To create a strong communication you need to have a strong networking, supercomputers to be

What is a networking? A networking is interconnection of two or more networks in different

Band Uplink Frequency (MHz) Downlink Frequency (MHz)

S 2110 - 2120 2290 - 2300

X 7145 - 7190 8400 -8450

Ka 34200 - 34700 31800 – 32300