PROJECT

Client Name.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
(STANDARD)

FOR

ROADWORKS

Prepared by:

Ho Chi Minh City Office

20th Fl., REE Tower Office Building
09 Doan Van Bo Street, Ward 12, District 4
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
T: +84 (0) 8 3943 1256

April 2008
Roadworks

Scope of Works and Specifications

 Project Name

CONTENTS

1001 SCOPE ..............................................................................................................................................1

1001.1 General ...............................................................................................................................1

1002 PLANT...............................................................................................................................................1
1002.1 Graders................................................................................................................................1
1002.2 Pavers..................................................................................................................................1
1002.3 Automatic Level Control.....................................................................................................1
1002.4 Rollers.................................................................................................................................1
1002.5 Watering Plant....................................................................................................................2

1003 PAVEMENT........................................................................................................................................2
1003.1 Thickness.............................................................................................................................2
1003.2 Materials.............................................................................................................................2
1003.3 Sub-Grades, Sub-Bases and Formations.............................................................................2
1003.4 Screening Applications........................................................................................................6
1003.5 Water Sprinkling.................................................................................................................6
1003.6 Excavation for Services.......................................................................................................7

1004 MATERIALS AND MATERIALS HANDLING...........................................................................................7

1004.1 General................................................................................................................................7
1004.2 Delivery Records.................................................................................................................7
1004.3 Material Stockpiling............................................................................................................7
1004.4 Road Base Primer................................................................................................................7
1004.5 Kerbs...................................................................................................................................8
1004.6 Protection ...........................................................................................................................8
1004.7 Guard Rails..........................................................................................................................8
1004.8 Carpark Pavers....................................................................................................................9
1004.9 Signage................................................................................................................................9
1004.10 Line Marking.....................................................................................................................9

1005 COMPLETION AND ACCEPTANCE.....................................................................................................11

1005.1 Drawing Conformity..........................................................................................................11
1005.2 Thickness...........................................................................................................................11
1005.3 Tolerances.........................................................................................................................11
1005.4 Laying................................................................................................................................12
1005.5 Compaction.......................................................................................................................12
1005.6 Test Rolling........................................................................................................................13
1005.7 Compacted Layer Protection ...........................................................................................13

447054529.doc
 Project Name

447054529.doc
1001 SCOPE

1001.1 General
Roadworks and paved areas shall be constructed as shown on Architect's drawings, Civil Engineers drawings,
or as directed by the Engineer or their representative. This Specification covers the requirements for laying
and compaction of the pavement, construction plant, construction materials, Materials and methods, etc.
Alternatives may proposed by the Contractor, but all proposed substitutions must receive the approval of the
Engineer or their representative, prior to use. Approval will be withdrawn if these Contractors alternatives
prove to be unsatisfactory.

1002 PLANT

1002.1 Graders

Graders shall be self propelled and have a mass suitable for the intended purpose, and be capable of
producing a uniformly textured surface within the specified line and level tolerances.

1002.2 Pavers
Pavers shall be self propelled, equipped with hoppers and distributing screws of the counter-rotation type to
place the material evenly in front of the screed. The screed shall be adjustable to the required cross section
and shall produce a uniformly textured surface texture within the specified line and level tolerances.

1002.3 Automatic Level Control

When spreading and finishing plant is fitted with automatic level control is used, it shall be capable of
operating both ends of the screed or blade within tolerances of ±3 mm relative to the preset or established
datum.

1002.4 Rollers
Smooth Steel Wheeled Rollers
Rollers for initial rolling shall be steel wheeled tandem rollers and shall have a mass of at least six (6) tonnes
with a load intensity on the drive roller of at least three (3) tonnes per metre of width.

Generally, other steel wheeled rollers shall have a mass of at least ten (10) tonnes with a load intensity of at
least (5) tonnes per metre of width on the rear wheels or drive rollers or self propelled rollers or on the roller
of drawn rollers, except that rollers for breaking material to size on the roadbed shall be capable of being
ballasted with twelve (12) tonnes with a load intensity of at least six (6) tonnes per metre width of roll.

Grid and Segmented Roller

Grid and segmented rollers shall be able to be ballasted up to 12 tonnes with a load intensity of at least 6
tonnes per metre width of roll.

Steel Wheeled Vibrating Rollers

447054529.doc Page 1
Steel wheeled vibrating rollers, not including hand operated ones, shall have a total mass of at least 4 tonnes
and a static load intensity on the vibrating roll of at least 2 tonnes per metre width of roll.

Pneumatic Tyred Rollers

Light weight pneumatic tyred rollers shall have a load per tyre of at least 2.5 tonnes, and the tyres shall be
inflated to at least 550kPa.

Heavy weight pneumatic tyred rollers shall be able to be ballasted to a load per tyre of 4.5 tonnes and the
tyres shall be inflated to between 400kPa and 1,000kPa from the operator's console.

1002.5 Watering Plant

Watering plant shall have spray bars able to distribute water uniformly on the road surface and shall be fitted
with fast acting shut-off valves controlled from the operator's console.

Watering plant used for construction of plant mixed wet-mix and cement treated crushed rock courses, are to
be fitted with constant head devices or pumps, which are able to deliver a uniform water flow rate for any
quantity of water remaining in the tank.

1003 PAVEMENT

1003.1 Thickness
The thickness of the layers of the roadwork are to be as indicated on the drawings. From time to time the
Engineer or their representative may instruct the Contractor to vary the thickness of various layers of the
pavements from that shown on the drawings.

The Engineer's or their representative's approval must be obtained prior to commencing any work on the
roadwork construction. Variations in the thickness of roadwork layers shall be completed without extension to
the Contract Period.

1003.2 Materials
The Engineer or their representative shall approve the source and quality of all materials used in roadwork
construction. Material testing and associated certificates for the materials from the nominated quarry
source(s) are to be supplied by the Contractor and submitted to the Engineer or their representative.

Two weeks prior to use, samples of a 20kg minimum (each) for all materials proposed to be used in the
roadwork construction shall be submitted to the Engineer or their representative.

Alternative gradings for proposed materials must be submitted to the Engineer or their representative for
approval. All material properties specified herein shall be tested by an approved and certified laboratory, with
the results submitted along with the request for consideration of an alternative. The Contractor shall bear the
costs for all such material testing.

1003.3 Sub-Grades, Sub-Bases and Formations

Definitions

 Sub-grade
The compacted soil beneath the pavement and shoulders but not including the sub-base.

447054529.doc Page 2
  Sub-base Formation
The surface of the compacted sub-grade shaped and compacted to the specified profile to receive the sub-
base.

 Sub-base
The compacted selected granular material to depths as shown on the drawings or as directed by the Engineer
or their representative, which forms the layer between the sub-grade and concrete surfacing.

 Base Formation
The surface of the completed sub-base shaped and compacted to the profile required to receive the concrete
surface.

Sub-grade Soil
The soil used for the top 500mm of the sub-grade shall have a soaked CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value of
not less than the value as indicated on the Contract drawings or in this Specification. Also, the sub-grade soils
shall comply with the following:

 Sub-grade fill areas shall be formed of material, and by the methods defined as "approved" in
Section 1003 of this Specification.

 In the soaked CBR value of the top 500mm of the sub-grade is less than the value indicated
on the Contract drawings or within this Specification, the Contractor shall remove and replace
selected fill or stabilise the in-situ soil by approved means, as outlined within Section 1003 of this
Specification to a depth as required by the Engineer or their representative. All costs associated with
soil excavation, replacement and/or improvement involved in replacing the soil shall be borne by the
Contractor.

 Where the soaked CBR value of the top 500mm of the sub-grade is at least the value as
indicated on the Contract drawings or within this Specification, the Contractor shall compact the top
500mm of the sub-grade to the specified density.

Sub-Base
The sub-base shall be granular, hard, durable and clean material, such as gravel or crushed rock or sand and
shall be free from organic material, clay balls, debris and other deleterious substances.

All crushed rock for sub-base, sand or gravel shall conform to one of the gradings given below.
(a) Crushed Rock
The particle size distribution shall be follows:
BS Sieve Size (mm) Percentage (%) by
Weight Passing

37.5 100
26.5 85 - 100
19.0 75 - 100
9.5 58 - 100
4.75 45 - 62
2.36 33 - 45
0.425 14 - 22
0.075 5 - 10
Other Material Properties Requirements:
Wet/Dry strength 35% maximum (passing 13.2 mm,retained 9.5 mm) variation

447054529.doc Page 3
Liquid Limit 28% maximum (passing 0.425 mm)
Plasticity Index 6% maximum (passing 0.425 mm)
Linear Shrinkage 1.5% maximum (passing 0.425 mm)
10% Fines Value (Wet) 120kN minimum (passing 13.2 mm, retained 9.5 mm)
Flakiness Index 35% maximum (passing 13.2 mm,retained 9.5 mm)
C.B.R. Value(soaked) 45% minimum
(b) Sand
The sand shall conform to the gradings as follows:
BS Sieve Size (mm) Percentage (%) by
Weight Passing

9.5 mm 100
4.75 mm 95 - 100
No. 14 45 - 80
No. 52 10 - 30
No. 100 2 - 10
(c) Gravel
The particle size distribution shall be as follows:
BS Sieve Size (mm) Percentage (%) by
Weight Passing
A B

53.0 100 100

37.5 85 - 100 100
19.0 55 - 90 80 - 100
9.5 40 - 70 55 - 90
4.75 30 - 55 40 - 70
2.36 20 - 45 30 - 55
0.425 10 - 25 12 - 30
0.075 4 - 15 5 - 20
Other Material Properties Requirements:
Liquid Limit 28% maximum
Plasticity Index 8% maximum
Linear Shrinkage 4.5% maximum
L.S. x % of whole sample passing 0.425 mm sieve 110% maximum
P.l x % of whole sample passing 0.425 mm sieve 200% maximum
C.B.R. value (soaked) 45%

Fines Ratio
The percentage passing the 0.075 mm sieve and percentage passing the 0.425 mm sieve shall lie between a
maximum of 0.65 and a minimum of 0.35, for All material grading.

Material Mixing
Materials shall be mixed to so as not to produce a specified grading unless the prior approval of the Engineer
or their representative has been obtained by the Contractor.

Grading Separation
Materials of different grading or source of supply must be used and placed in separate layers or locations of
the project works.

447054529.doc Page 4
Base
The Base for the road shall be placed on top of the sub-base or sub-grade as appropriate, and shall be of
crushed rock material. The total compacted thickness of the Base shall be constructed to the correct line and
levels as shown on the drawings, or as directed by the Engineer or their representative. The crushed rock
material shall consist of hard durable rock particles, or fragments, crushed to the correct size, and comply
with one of the alternative specifications shown below:

(a) Crushed Rock

The particle size distribution shall be as follows:
BS Sieve Size (mm) Percentage (%) by
Weight Passing

Nominal 40 mm

53.0 100
37.5 95 - 100
26.5 80 - 90
19.0 66 - 82
9.5 44 - 64
4.75 29 - 49
2.36 21 - 37
0.425 10 - 17
0.075 5- 8
Other Material Properties Requirements:
Los Angeles Abrasion Loss 25% maximum
Wet/Dry strength 30% maximum (passing 13.2mm, retained 9.5 mm) variation
Liquid Limit 25% maximum (passing 0.425 mm)
Plasticity Index 4% maximum (passing 0.425 mm)
Linear Shrinkage 2.5% maximum (passing 0.425 mm)
10% Fines Value (wet) 150kN minimum (passing 13.2 mm, retained 9.5 mm)
Flakiness Index 35% maximum (passing 13.2 mm, retained 9.5 mm)
C.B.R. Value (soaked) 80% minimum

(b) Graded Granite Aggregate Base (Plant Mixed)

The base aggregate must comply with SS31:Coarse and Fine Aggregates From Natural Sources for Concrete and have a
particle size distribution as follows:
BS Sieve Size (mm) Percentage (%) by
Weight Passing

50 mm 100
37.5 mm 95 - 100
20 mm 60 - 80
10 mm 40 - 60
5 mm 25 - 45
2.36 mm 15 - 35
425 mm 6 - 18
75 mm 0 - 10
That portion of the material which passes a 425 mm sieve shall have the following properties:
Liquid Limit - not more than 25%

447054529.doc Page 5
Plasticity Index - not more than 6%
Linear Shrinkage - not more than 3%
The sand equivalent of the material passing the 4.8 mm sieve shall not be less than 30.
(c) Coarse Granite Aggregate (Crusher- Run)
Aggregate
The coarse aggregate shall consist of either crushed stone or crushed gravel free from excess flat, elongated or
disintegrated pieces, dirt or other debris and deleterious matter. The coarse aggregate shall have a percentage
of wear of less than 45 at 500 revolutions as determined by AASHTO T96 : Los Angeles Rattler Test and shall
have a particle size distribution as follows:

BS Sieve Size (mm) Percentage (%) by

Weight Passing

90 mm 100
63 mm 80 - 100
37.5 mm 20 - 65
20 mm 0 - 15

The fine aggregate must be screened material obtained from the crushed stone, gravel or other materials
approved by the Engineer or their representative.
Spreading
The Contractor is to spread coarse aggregate in lanes in a uniform layer and without size segregation to a
loose depth that, when compacted, the layer shall have the thickness needed. The maximum compacted
thickness of any layer shall not exceed 250mm for compaction by a vibrating roller, and 150mm when static
roller is used. The aggregate shall be spread by approved devices having positive thickness controls, preferably
a spreader box, that can spread the the required quantity of aggregate.

Compacting
After spreading, the coarse aggregate shall be thoroughly compacted by rolling. The rolling shall progress
gradually from sides to the centre of the lane under construction by lapping uniformly each preceding rear-
wheel track by one-half the width of such track. This process shall continue and be repeated until the entire
course has been rolled, the stones are thoroughly keyed, the interstices of the material are reduced to a
minimum, and creeping of the stone ahead of the roller is no longer visible.

1003.4 Screening Applications

First Application
After the layer of the coarse aggregate has been thoroughly keyed and set by rolling, screenings in an amount
equal to 50% (approximate) of the amount required to fill the interstices is to be gradually over the surface.
Rolling must continue while the screenings are being spread to ensure that the effect of the roller will cause
them to settle into the coarse aggregate voids. The screenings shall not be dumped in piles on the coarse
aggregate but shall be spread in thin layer. Hand brooming shall be used as required to distribute the
screenings and to sweep them into unfilled voids.
The Contractor shall spread, roll and broom screenings until no more screenings can be forced into the unfilled
coarse aggregate voids.
Second Application
The second application of screenings consists of about 25% of the total amount needed shall then follow. The
spreading, rolling and brooming is to be done using the same method as for the first application.

Third Application

447054529.doc Page 6
The 25% remaining of the required screenings shall be applied upon the completion of the second application
of screenings. The spreading, rolling and brooming is to be done using the same method as for the first
application.

1003.5 Water Sprinkling

As soon as the coarse aggregate voids have been filled with screenings, the base course layer surface shall be
sprinkled with water, and then rolled. Sprinkling and rolling shall continue and more screenings applied as
required until all voids are completely filled, and the coarse aggregate has set and bonded in a firm matrix.

1003.6 Excavation for Services

For excavation of service installations or other works under roads and paved areas, the backfilling shall be as
specified below:

All trenches and excavations are to be filled with approved fill material of the type used for the sub-base and
fully compacted in layers not exceeding 200mm so as to provide a suitable formation to the paved
construction.

1004 MATERIALS AND MATERIALS HANDLING

1004.1 General

The sizes of particles shall be determined in accordance with the requirements of B.S.1377.
Material handling, including the loading and stockpiling, shall be carried out in a way that minimises
segregation.

1004.2 Delivery Records

The Contractor shall maintain a record that includes;
 the driver(s) of the delivery vehicle(s)
 the point of delivery
 a docket showing the date, the supplier's name, the vehicle registration number; the source
and type of the material. When material is scheduled for measurement by mass, the docket shall also
show the empty and loaded vehicle masses.

1004.3 Material Stockpiling

Upon consent of the Engineer or their representative, crushed rock may be stockpiled prior to delivery subject
and provided the following requirements are met:
 The Contractor is to provide all necessary assistance to enable Engineer or their
representative to secure samples from the stockpile.
 The product, after recovery from the stockpile, complies with this specification.
 The stockpile site is clean, adequately paved, and well drained.

 The maximum stockpile height is to be 4 metres, and unless otherwise approved by the
Engineer or their representative, the maximum stockpile weight is to be 1,500 tonnes.

447054529.doc Page 7
  If a stockpile is consists of more than one layer, each layer is to be fully contained within the
area occupied by the upper surface of the preceding layer.

 Cementitious filler cannot be used.

1004.4 Road Base Primer

Upon completion and obtaining the Engineer's or their representatives approval of the base course, the
Contractor shall apply a primer coat with an approved mechanical sprayer only. The primer coat shall be
uniformly applied at the rate of 1.2 litres per square metre. The primer shall be a medium curing cut-back
bitumen in compliance with with AS 2157 (AMCO). The Contractor may submit alternative primer
specifications to the Engineer or their representative for approval.

1004.5 Kerbs
Kerbs to main roadways shall be pre-cast concrete constructed to the profiles shown on the drawings. All
kerbs shall be natural concrete grey colour and a sound smooth finish free from blow holes and pitting and the
like. The Contractor is to lay kerbs on a 12 mm mortar bedding with 25MPa Grade concrete foundation and
backing as shown on the drawings, all on top of a compacted sub-grade constructed in accordance with this
Specification. For bends of 15 metres radius or less, kerbs shall be specially formed with purpose made
moulds to the radius required.

Upstand kerbs between main roadways and paving slab pathways shall be constructed in 1.0 metre lengths
and bedded on a 12 mm mortar bed on concrete foundation and backing on the compacted sub-base. All
kerbs shall be formed and manufactured fully in accordance with the requirements of BS 340 with the
exception of dimensional sizes which are to be varied as shown on the drawings.

Flush kerbs to car parking bays and access roads shall be natural concrete grey colour, pre-cast concrete units
constructed on a sub-base layer as shown on the Contract drawings.

To allow for thermal and other movements, the Contractor shall construct kerb movement joints at 6.0 metre
centres (maximum). Movement joints are to be 20 mm wide, and filled with an approved sealant material on
a compressible backing. The sealant used shall be suitable for use in the prevailing local climatic conditions.

Movement joints to concrete paving and roads shall be as detailed on the drawings.
Concrete materials and workmanship for kerbs and paving blocks shall all be in accordance with Concrete
works Specification, and shall be hydraulically pressed. Concrete quality shall not be less than Grade 25MPa.

Concrete kerbs, channels, edging and quadrant units shall manufactured using a machine capable of exerting a
minimum hydraulic pressure of 7000kN per square metre over the entire surface under pressure. Radius kerbs
under 15 metre radius shall be formed with purpose made kerb moulds, but these shall not necessarily by
hydraulically pressed.

1004.6 Protection
The Contractor shall be responsible for the protection of all finished and unfinished roadway and other paved
areas.

Should constructed areas become damaged, the Contractor shall carry out all necessary repairs to make good
the damaged areas to the satisfaction of the Engineer or their representative.

447054529.doc Page 8
1004.7 Guard Rails
Guard rails shall as shown on the Contract drawings, and comprise posts, packer and steel rails provided and
to local Authorities requirement.

W-section guard rail beams shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M180-74 : Corrugated Sheet Steel
Beams For Highway Guardrail or equivalent approved by the Engineer or their representative. The post shall
be of mild steel channel 127mm x 64mm x 11.90 kg/m section or 125mm x 175mm hardwood post. Bolts shall
be 16mm diameter and comply with the requirements of AASHTO M 180 and ASTM A307 and galvanised to
the Specifications of AASHTO M232 or other equivalent approved by the Engineer or their representative.

The posts shall be placed into dug or drilled 1000mm deep and temporarily held in position. The beam
elements shall then be loosely bolted to the posts which shall also be left loose until the final alignment. The
rails and post shall be checked for alignment and when correctly aligned, the bolts are to be tightened and the
holes filled with well compacted 20MPa Grade concrete.

1004.8 Carpark Pavers

Unless otherwise stated in the drawings, the Contractor shall construct carpark pavers on sub-base and on a
hardcore bed as previously described within this Specification. Perforated pre-cast concrete slabs are to be laid
butt jointed on 100mm thick (consolidated) hardcore bedding with grass turfing in slots together with with the
topsoil and sludge. Each piece of the perforated carpark slab shall have at least 25 to 35% of aeration area.
Perforated pre-cast concrete slabs shall be "Hume" or other equivalent approved by Engineer or their
representative.

1004.9 Signage
Signage shall be supplied and erected as indicated on the drawings and in accordance with tthe relevant
Authority Standards.

1004.10 Line Marking

General
Line marking shall be in accordance with the drawings and Specification as well as to Local Authorities'
requirements.

Thermoplastic Paint
(a) General Requirements
The thermoplastic material used for road line and pavement markings shall be either of the following:
 Hot-screeded thermoplastic material complying with the requirements of BS 3262.The
thickness of material laid shall not less than 1/8" (3.15mm) or in excess of ¼" (6.3mm).

 Hot-sprayed thermoplastic material "Spray Plastic" or other similar approved material by the
Engineer or their representative and in compliance with the requirements of BS 3262. The material
thickness laid shall comply with BS 3263.

The constituents of the thermoplastic material shall be such that the material does not deform in hot weather
and does not discolour under the prevailing conditions of temperature and light.

447054529.doc Page 9
The properties, sampling, testing and application of the thermoplastic material shall comply with the
requirements of BS 3262. The thermoplastic material shall be reflectorised with ballotini in accordance with
BS 3262.
(b) Material Requirements
The material use for line marking shall consist of a light coloured aggregate, pigment and extender bound
together with thermoplastic resin, appropriately plasticized, and shall be reflectorised with ballotini of a
suitable grade.

Pigment and Extender

The pigment shall be titanium dioxide complying with the requirements of Type A (anatase) or Type B (rutile)
of BS 1851.

The extender shall comply with whiting (i.e. calcium carbonate prepared from natural chalk) complying with
the requirements of BS 1795

Aggregate
The aggregate shall consist of light coloured silica sand, calcite, quarta, calcined flint, or similar material
approved by the Engineer or their representative.
Binder
The binder shall consist of synthetic hydrocarbon resin, or with the approval of the Engineer, gum or wool
resin, plasticized with mineral oil.
Ballotini
The incorporated ballotini shall be made of soda glass and shall all pass a 1.70 mm sieve and not more than
10% shall pass a 425mm sieve. Not less than 70% by mass of the ballotini shall be of transparent glass,
reasonable spherical and free from flaws.

(c) Composition of Mixtures

The proportion of the constituents of the mixed materials as found by analysis shall comply with the
requirements of the following table.

Mixture Proportions
Constituent Percentage of Mass
Min. Max.
Binder (resin & oil) 18 22
Pigment 6 -
Pigment & Extender 18 22
Ballotini 20 -
Aggregate Pigment Extender 78 22

The grading of the combined aggregate, pigment, extender and ballotini as found on analysis must comply
with the requirements of the following table.

Combined Grading of Aggregate Pigment, Extender and Ballotini

Sieve Percentage (%) by Mass
Passing

2.80 mm 100
1.18 mm -

447054529.doc Page 10
 600 mm 75 - 95

Site Preparation
All bituminous surfaces scheduled to receive markings must be clean and dry. No material shall be laid over
loose debris, mud or similar unsuitable matter. If the bituminous surface is wet, the Contractor may dry it
with a road heater, or be treated with a tack coat if approved by the Engineer or their representative.

The Contractor shall break the material into pieces to avoid discolouration and becoming brittle due to heating
at a temperature above that specified by the material manufacturer. Each piece shall weigh not more than
4kg, and these shall be melted in a heater fitted with a mechanical stirrer so that heating is even. Upon
becoming molten, the material shall be used expeditiously. The material shall not remain molten for longer
than six (6) hours for hydrocarbon resins, nor four (4) hours for wood and gum resins. Material shall at no time
exceed the manufacturer's recommended safe heating temperature.

The materials application to the road surface shall be carried out either by a spraying or screeding method
using mechanical equipment approved by the Engineer or their representative. Following the transfer to the
laying equipment, the material must be laid at a temperature within the range recommended by the
manufacturer for the particular laying method used. The material surface shall be uniform in texture and
thickness and substantially free of streaks and blistering.

As much as possible of the material remaining in the heater and laying apparatus shall be removed at the end
of the day's work. This may be broken and used again provided that the maximum heating temperature has
not been exceeded and that the total time during which it is in molten condition does not exceed the
requirements specified above.

1005 COMPLETION AND ACCEPTANCE

1005.1 Drawing Conformity

Base and sub-base pavement courses, consisting of one or more layers each, are to be finished to smooth
uniform surfaces. Following compaction the courses shall conform to the following limits in the thickness and
cross sections shown on the drawings, or specifications, or as directed by the Engineer or their representative.

1005.2 Thickness
The thickness of the base or sub-base course at any point shall be not less than the specified thickness by
more than 10mm. Where the base consists of two or more layers the thickness of the top layer at any point
shall be not less than that specified by more than 5mm. The average thickness of base as determined from
measurements at 6 points randomly selected by the Engineer or their representative over any 100 metres on
any lane, shall be not less than the specified thickness.
The combined thickness of sub-base and base courses at any point shall be not less than the specified
thickness by more than 10 mm.

1005.3 Tolerances
Surface Level s
The level of sub-base and base courses shall be determined from the true pavement surface, which shall be
the surface of wearing course of flexible pavement or of the slab for concrete pavement, calculated from the
pavement vertical profile and cross-falls as shown on the drawings. The vertical depth below the true

447054529.doc Page 11
pavement surface of any point on the constructed surface of sub-base shall be within the tolerances stated in
the following table.

Tolerances In Surface Levels

Tolerance in Surface Levels

Base ±15 mm

Sub-base + 20 mm

To check conformance, measurements of surface levels shall be taken at grid points, starting 1 metre from the
edge of the pavement, at 30 metre centres longitudinally, 10 metre centre on curves and 3 metre centres
transversely. Over any length of pavement represented by the grid, not more than one measurement in ten
can exceed the tolerance specified in the table above.

Shape
No point on the surface of each layer of base or sub-base, shall not be more than 10mm below a 3 metre
straight-edge laid parallel to the centreline of the pavement, or below a template placed at 90 degrees to the
centreline.

Alignment
The bottom edges of the pavement not placed against an edging, must not be not grater than 50mm inside,
nor exceed 100mm outside of the designed offset from centreline, or design line. Within these tolerances, the
rate of change of offset of the edge of the layer shall be not mote than 25mm over 10 metres.

Width
The width at the bottom of the pavement not placed between edgings, must be within the tolerance of
-50mm and +100mm relative to the design width. The average width at the bottom over any 300 metres shall
be not less than the design width. The face of the boxing shall be vertical or have a minimal slope outwards.

1005.4 Laying
The Contractor shall not start spreading any layer of material prior to receiving approval of the Engineer or
their representative.

All work on the portion of the sub-grade or sub-base on which the road base is to be laid, must be correctly
shaped and compacted prior to placing the road base material. The Contractor shall prepare and complete
the sub-grade or sub-base for each section, prior to placing of the road base material. The road base shall be
constructed to the full compacted thickness as shown on the Drawing or as directed by the Engineer or their
representative.

The Contractor must place and spread all material evenly by approved mechanical plant to the full width of
the road-base. The maximum compacted thickness of any one layer shall not exceed 150 mm. When the
specified compacted thickness of road base exceeds 150mm, the road base shall be constructed in two or
more layers of approximately equal thicknesses.

The Contractor shall compact each road base layer to the required density before the next layer is placed. The
Contractor shall take every precaution to prevent segregation of the material into coarse and fine fractions.
The Contractor shall remove and replace, at their own cost, segregated surface areas of road base materials
contaminated to such an extent that it no longer complies with the required specification.

447054529.doc Page 12
1005.5 Compaction
The Contractor shall undertake compaction as soon as possible after each layer has been correctly spread and
shaped. Compaction operations shall begin along the edges and progress towards the centre gradually in a
longitudinal direction. On super-elevated curves the rolling shall begin at the low side and progress towards
the high side. The rolling operation for each layer shall continue until all rolling marks, ridges or cracks are
eliminated. Any irregularities, segregation or loose material which may develop in the surface during or after
construction shall be corrected and/or removed and the defective areas made good to the full thickness of
layer and re-compacted. The surface of road base shall be well drained at all times. Compaction requirements
are as shown in the following Table.

Characteristic Compaction Value Characteristic Compaction

of Value of
Base Sub-base Contractor's Required Action

More than 98.0 More than 95.0 Nil – entire lot will be accepted
97.0 to 97.9 94.0 to 94.9 Re-roll as directed by the Engineer or their
representative
96.0 to 96.9 93.0 to 93.9 Re-roll and re-present for testing
Less than 96.0 Less than 93.0 Rip, re-work and represent for testing

For compliance testing of work the number of tests required per lot shall be six (6). Testing shall be according
to Modified Compaction Test as specified in BS 1377.

1005.6 Test Rolling

Pavement layers shall be compacted to an extent that they are able to withstand test rolling with either a
smooth wheeled Roller, without visible deformation or springing. The test Roller shall have a mass of not less
than 12 tonnes, and have a load intensity on the rear wheels of not less than 6 tonnes per metre of width.
Alternatively, the test roller maybe a pneumatic tyred Roller, having tyre pressures of 700kPa, and a load of
not less than 4.5 tonnes per tyre.

Prior to the placing of the next layer of pavement material, the Contractor shall undertake Test rolling to the
satisfaction, and in the presence, of the Engineer or their representative. The final layer shall be test rolled as
soon as compaction is completed. The Contractor may chose to repeat the test rolling at some later date.
However, the entire compacted surface must be watered and receive at least eight (8) passes by the test
Roller, before the final test rolling commences.

1005.7 Compacted Layer Protection

The Contractor must keep the surface of any compacted layer sufficiently moist in order to maintain the
appropriate optimum moisture content in that layer, until such time any successive layer is placed or until any
subsequent pavement Contract works are started, or the Engineer or their representative approves and takes
responsibility for that area. Construction or other traffic shall not use a compacted layer of pavement without
the approval of the Engineer, except where a pavement is being constructed under traffic. The Contractor shall
maintain the pavement in good condition by grading and rolling and keeping the surface free of debris,
deleterious material and contamination.

447054529.doc Page 13
447054529.doc Page 14