Chapter III

Centralized Air-Conditioning System 2013
CHAPTER III
COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS
Heat Transmission, Solar Radiation, Air Infiltration, Air Exchange, Lighting Loads, People
Loads and Equipment loads are parameters considered in cooling load calculations. This will
determine the capacity of the needed refrigeration system equipment to be used to attain the
desired conditions.
3.1 COOLING LOAD

It is the thermal energy that must be removed from the space in order to maintain the
desired comfort conditions. HVAC systems are used to maintain thermal conditions in comfort
range.
3.1.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS
Temperature is an important factor in calculating for the total cooling load. Table 3.0
presents the design temperature considerations to be used. The outside temperature taken is
from the highest recorded temperature in the Philippines (380C) as provided by the database of
PAG-ASA. The Soil Temperature of 20 0C is recorded from Metro Manila.
For offices, comfortable maintaining temperature ranges from 22-270C, taking the
average and considering climate change we get 230C (ASHRAE, 2006).
Table 3.0 Design Temperatures
Temperature (0C)
North 38.40C
1
East 38.50C
Outside Temperature
West 380C
South 38.30C
2
Soil Temperature 200C
3
Air-Conditioned Space Temperature 230C
4
Ambient Temperature 320C
*1 Source: PAG-ASA (http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/)
*2 Source: http://www.visitmyphilippines.com
*3 Source: Stoecker, 1982
*4Source: PAG-ASA (http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/)
13
3.1.2 HEAT LOAD CALCULATIONS
Heat load considerations are transmission load, Lightings, People load, Equipment load,
Solar Load, Air exchange and Air Infiltration. The calculation for the following design
parameters is presented below.
3.1.2.1 TRANSMISSION LOAD
Transmission Load of building structures is not steady and is therefore, difficult to

evaluate. The two principal factors causing this are:
o The variation of the outside air temperature-over period of 24 hours.
o The variation of the solar radiation intensity that is incident upon the surface
over a period of 24 hours.
The phenomenon is further complicated by the fact that the design considerations such
as walls, floor and roof has a thermal capacity due to which certain amount of heat passing
through it is stored and is transmitted to the outside and/or inside at some time later(Arora,
2009). In calculating transmission load the formula is given by:
Q=UAΔT
Where: Q = Transmission Load (Watts)
U = Overall Heat transfer Coefficient (W/m2-k)
A = Area (m2)
ΔT = Temperature Difference (0C)
Also, Total Transmission Load is equal to the summation of the transmission loads
calculated for each surface considered. We assume that the outside air film (hO) is equal to 22.7
W/m2-k, the inside air film (hI) is 8.29 W/m2-k and the soil convective heat transfer coefficient
(hs) is 71 W/m2-k.For the summary, refer to Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

Outside Air Film (hO) 22.7 W/m2-k
Inside Air Film (hi) 8.29 W/m2-k
Soil Film (hs) 71 W/m2-k
14
3.1.2.1.1 THERMAL RESISTANCE CALCULATION
Thermal resistance is a heat property and a measurement of a temperature difference

by which an object or material resists a heat flow (heat per time unit or thermal resistance).
Thermal resistance is the reciprocal of thermal conductance.
Formula:
𝒍 𝟏
𝑹=∑ +∑
𝒌 𝒉
Where:
l = material thickness (m)
k= Thermal Conductivity (W/m-k)
h=Air Film (W/m2-k)
Sample Calculation: Thermal Resistance for Walls

0.0127 0.0127 0.1524 0.0127 1 1
𝑅= + + + + +
0.72 0.17 2.56 0.72 8.29 22.7
𝑅 = 0.33 𝑚2 − 𝐾/𝑊
3.1.2.1.2 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT CALCULATION
The conduction heat transfer through the wall or roof will depend on the thickness and
the thermal conductivity of the material used. In addition there will be convection and radiation
from both the outside and inside surfaces. Hence the steady heat transfer is expressed in terms
of an overall heat transfer coefficient (U) and overall temperature difference between the
outside and inside. In that case, U will incorporate the effect of all the materials (Arora, 2009).
Formula:
𝟏
𝑼=
𝑹
Where:
U = Overall Heat transfer Coefficient
R = Thermal Resistance
Sample Calculation: Overall Heat Transfer for Walls

1
𝑈=
0.33
𝑈 = 2.99 𝑊/𝑚2 − 𝐾
15
Tables 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 ,3.6 and 3.7 shows the material details and equivalent thermal
conductivities to compute for the transmission load. Also the following Tables presents the
resistances and overall heat transfer coefficient as calculated.
Table 3.2 Wall Construction

Wall
No. Material L (mm) K (W/m-K) R ((m2-K)/W)
1 Plaster 12.7 0.72 0.0176
2 Gypsum Board 12.7 0.17 0.0747
3 Concrete Block 152.4 2.56 0.0595
4 Plaster 12.7 0.72 0.0176
5 Inside Air Film 8.29 0.1206
6 Outside Air Film 22.7 0.0441
R Total = 0.33
U for Wall = 2.99
Table 3.3 Window Construction

Window
1 Glass 6.35 1 0.0064
2 Inside 8.29 0.1206
3 Outside 22.7 0.0441
R Total = 0.17
U Window = 5.85
Table 3.4 Door Construction

Door
1 Hard Wood 50 0.1825 0.2740
2 Inside 8.29 0.1206
3 Outside 22.7 0.0441
R Total = 0.44
U for Door = 2.28
Table 3.5 Floor Construction

Flooring
1 Plaster 12.7 0.72 0.0176
2 Concrete 152.4 2.56 0.0595
3 Inside 8.29 0.1206
4 Soil 71 0.0141
R Total = 0.21
U Flooring = 4.72
16
Table 3.6 Ceiling Construction

Ceiling
1 Plaster 12.7 0.72 0.0176
2 Polyurethane 101.6 0.03 3.3867
3 Concrete Block 76.2 2.56 0.0298
4 Inside 8.29 0.1206
5 Outside 22.7 0.0441
R Total = 3.60
U for Ceiling = 0.28
Table 3.7 Partition Construction

Partitions
1 Polyurethane Insulated Panel 102.6 0.172 5.8
3 Inside 5.88 0.1701
4 Outside 22.7 0.0441
R Total = 6.01
U for
Partitions = 0.17
3.1.2.1.3 TRANSMISSION LOAD CALCULATION
Transmission load varies directly to the material used in the construction and its
orientation which changes the temperature difference. Transmission loads are from walls,
windows, doors, floors and ceilings.
o Through Walls
The total Transmission load through walls is 29076 watts or 29.076 KW.
Sample Calculation
1st Floor, Room 1;
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇
𝑄𝑡 = 𝑄𝑁 + 𝑄𝐸 + 𝑄𝑊 + 𝑄𝑆
𝑄𝑡 = [(2.99)(28.024)(38.4 − 23)] + [(2.99)(16.498)(38.5 − 23)]

+ [(2.99)(15.82)(32 − 23)] + [(2.99)(22.08)(24.5 − 23)]
𝑸𝒕 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟓. 𝟕𝟕𝟔 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
17
Tables 3.8, 3.9 and 3.10 presents the transmission loads through walls for the 1 st, 2nd
and 3rd floors.
Table 3.8 Transmission Load through Walls 1st Floor

1ST FLOOR
Wall Area (m2) U Walls ΔT (K) Transmission
Room No.
North East West South (W/m2-K) North East West South Load (W)
Room 1 28.024 16.498 15.82 22.08 2.99 15.4 15.5 9 0 2475.776
Room 2 22.08 17.12 14.54 24.2 2.99 0 15.5 9 9 1042.493
Room 3 15.21 19.31 20.34 14.99 2.99 9 15.5 15 0 1841.182
Room 4 24.15 14.59 12.88 25.32 2.99 9 15.5 9 15.3 2547.408
Room 5 14.99 11.3 16.68 12.31 2.99 0 9 15 9 1079.360
Total Transmission Load = 8986.220
Table 3.9 Transmission Load through Walls 2nd Floor
2ND FLOOR
Room No.
Room 1 15.21 19.31 20.34 14.99 2.99 9 9 15 0 1841.182
Room 2 14.99 11.3 16.68 12.31 2.99 0 9 15 9 1501.040
Room 3 24.15 14.59 12.88 25.32 2.99 9 15.5 9 15.3 2261.872
MPH 28.024 33.618 30.36 24.2 2.99 15.4 15.5 9 9 4482.395
Table 3.10 Transmission Load through Walls 3rd Floor
3RD FLOOR
Room No.
Room 1 28.024 16.498 15.82 22.08 2.99 15.4 15.5 9 0 2480.709
Room 2 22.08 17.12 14.54 24.2 2.99 0 15.5 9 9 1835.920
Room 3 15.21 12 16.5 14.99 2.99 9 9 15 0 1472.246
Room 4 24.15 14.59 12.88 25.32 2.99 9 15.5 9 15.3 2830.965
Room 5 14.99 11.3 16.68 12.31 2.99 0 9 15 9 1383.443
18
o Through Doors
The total Transmission Load through doors is 133 watts or 0.133 KW.
Sample Calculation
1st Floor;
𝑄𝐷 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇
𝑄𝐷 = (2.28)(2.16)(32 − 23)(5 𝐷𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑠)
𝑸𝑫 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
Tables 3.11 show the transmission loads through doors for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd Floor.
Table 3.11 Transmission Load Through Doors

DOORS
NO. OF LENGTH WIDTH DOOR AREA U Doors ΔT Transmission
FLOOR NO.
DOORS (m) (m) (m2) (W/m2-K) (K) Load (W)
1ST FLOOR 5 2.4 0.9 2.16 2.28 9 44.3232
2ND FLOOR 6 2.4 0.9 2.16 2.28 9 44.3232
3RD FLOOR 5 2.4 0.9 2.16 2.28 9 44.3232
o Through Floors
The total Transmission Load through floors is 3602 watts or 3.602 KW.
Sample Calculation
1st Floor, Room 1;
𝑄𝐹 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇
𝑄𝐹 = (4.72)(17.78)(32 − 24.5)
𝑸𝑭 = 𝟔𝟐𝟗. 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
19
Table 3.12, 3.13 and 3.14 presents the transmission load through floors from 1st to 3rd
floor.
Table 3.12 Transmission Load Through Floors 1st Floor

1ST FLOOR
U Floor Transmission
Room No. Floor Area ΔT (K)
(W/m2-K) Load (W)
Room 1 17.78 4.72 9 755.232
Room 2 17.25 4.72 9 732.780
Room 3 15.3 4.72 9 649.944
Room 4 14.93 4.72 9 634.226
Room 5 11.43 4.72 9 485.546
Table 3.13 Transmission Load Through Floors 2nd Floor

2ND FLOOR
(W/m2-K) Load (W)
Room 1 0 4.72 0 0
Room 2 0 4.72 0 0
Room 3 0 4.72 0 0
MPH 0 4.72 0 0
Total Transmission Load = 0
Table 3.14 Transmission Load Through Floors 3rd Floor

3RD FLOOR
(W/m2-K) Load (W)
Room 1 4.37 4.72 9 185.6376
Room 2 3.74 4.72 9 158.8752
Room 3 0 4.72 0 0
Room 4 0 4.72 0 0
Room 5 0 4.72 0 0
20
o Through Ceiling
The total Transmission Load through Ceilings is 4949 watts or 4.949 KW.
Sample Calculation
1st Floor, Room 1;
𝑄𝐹 = 𝑈𝐴𝛥𝑇
𝑄𝐹 = (4.13)(4.73)(32 − 23)
𝑸𝑭 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔
Table 3.15, 3.16 and 3.17 presents the transmission load through Ceiling from 1st to 3rd
floor.
Table 3.15 Transmission Load Through Ceiling 1st Floor

1ST FLOOR
U Ceiling Transmission
Room No. Ceiling Area ΔT (K)
(W/m2-K) Load (W)
Room 1 4.37 4.13 9 162.4329
Room 2 3.74 4.13 9 139.0158
Room 3 0 4.13 0 0
Room 4 0 4.13 0 0
Room 5 0 4.13 0 0
Table 3.16 Transmission Load Through Ceiling 2nd Floor

2ND FLOOR
(W/m2-K) Load (W)
Room 1 3.67 4.13 9 136.4139
Room 2 0 4.13 0 0
Room 3 0 4.13 0 0
MPH 0 4.13 0 0
Table 3.17 Transmission Load Through Ceiling 3rd Floor

3RD FLOOR
(W/m2-K) Load (W)
Room 1 17.78 4.13 15 1101.471
Room 2 17.25 4.13 15 1068.6375
Room 3 11.43 4.13 15 708.0885
Room 4 14.93 4.13 15 924.9135
Room 5 11.43 4.13 15 708.0885
21
3.1.2.2 LIGHTING LOAD
Lights provide illumination inside the office for people working while in operation.
Lighting does not need to be excessive to allow safe movement.
A typical fluorescent lamp used in an office has a rating of 20 watts and has 1300
lumens/m2. Figure 3.0 shows a typical light fixture inside an office.
Figure 3.0 Photo Showing a Fluorescent Lamp
Determination of the no. of lamps needed to illuminate the cold storage is calculated
using the formula given below. Also, the minimum requirement for illumination is 540
lumens/m2(Arora, 2009).
Formula:
𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑋 540 𝑚2
𝑁=
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑎𝑚𝑝
Sample Calculation
1st Floor, Office Room 1

𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
17.78 𝑚2 𝑋 540 𝑚2
𝑁=
1300 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝑵 = 𝟕. 𝟑𝟖 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝟖 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒔
22
Tables 3.18, 3.19 and 3.20 presents the number of lights needed by each office. The
total no of lights needed by the building is 100 lights.
Table 3.18 No. of Lights 1st Floor

1ST FLOOR
Area
Room No. Lumen Output of Lamp Lumens/m2 No. of Lights
(m2)
Office Room 1 17.78 1300 540 8
Office Room 2 17.25 1300 540 8
Office Room 3 15.3 1300 540 7
Office Room 4 14.93 1300 540 7
Office Room 5 11.43 1300 540 5
Table 3.19 No. of Lights 2nd Floor

2ND FLOOR
Area
(m2)
Office Room 1 15.3 1300 540 7
Office Room 2 11.43 1300 540 5
Office Room 3 14.93 1300 540 7
MPH 29.35 1300 540 13
Table 3.20 No. of Lights 3rd Floor

3RD FLOOR
Area
(m2)
Office Room 1 17.78 1300 540 8
Office Room 2 17.25 1300 540 8
Office Room 3 11.43 1300 540 5
Office Room 4 14.94 1300 540 7
Office Room 5 11.43 1300 540 5
To calculate for the light load, light watt rating, lighting use factor and lighting special
allowance factor should be available. The total light wattage is obtained from the ratings of all
lamps installed, both for general illumination and for display use.
The lighting use factor is the ratio of the wattage in use, for the conditions under which
the load estimate is being made, to the total installed wattage. For commercial applications
such as stores, the use factor would generally be unity (ASHRAE, 1997). For Lighting Special
Allowance Factor, 1.2 is used for most common fluorescent fixtures (Stoecker,1982).
23
Table 3.21 Design Parameters for Lightings
Lighting Load Factors

Light Watt Rating 20 watts
Lighting Use Factor 1
Lighting Special Allowance Factor 1.2
Formula:
QL = W(Ful)(Fsa)(N)
Where: W = Light Watt Rating
Ful= Lighting Use Factor
Fsa = Lighting Special Allowance Factor
N = No. of Lights
Sample Calculation
𝑄𝐿 = 20(1)(1.2)(8)
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝑲𝑾
The light loads for each room are presented on Tables 3.22, 3.23 and 3.24. The total
Light Load is 2400 watts or 2.4 KW.
Table 3.22 Lighting Load 1st Floor

1ST FLOOR
Room No. Light Watt Rating Ful Fsa No. of Lights Light Load (W)
Office Room 1 20 1 1.2 8 192
Office Room 2 20 1 1.2 8 192
Office Room 3 20 1 1.2 7 168
Office Room 4 20 1 1.2 7 168
Office Room 5 20 1 1.2 5 120
Total Light Load = 840
Table 3.23 Lighting Load 2nd Floor

2ND FLOOR
Office Room 1 20 1 1.2 7 168
Office Room 2 20 1 1.2 5 120
Office Room 3 20 1 1.2 7 168
MPH 20 1 1.2 13 312
24
Table 3.24 Lighting Load 3rd Floor

3RD FLOOR
Office Room 1 20 1 1.2 8 192
Office Room 2 20 1 1.2 8 192
Office Room 3 20 1 1.2 5 120
Office Room 4 20 1 1.2 7 168
Office Room 5 20 1 1.2 5 120
3.1.2.3 PEOPLE LOAD
Workers continuously give off heat while inside the air conditioned space. An average
office operates for 8 hours thus the people load shall be calculated for this time being.
Formula:
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑋 𝑁 𝑋 𝐶𝐹𝐿
Where:
Qs = Sensible Heat Gain, W
N = No. of People
CFL = CFL for people
Also,
𝑄𝐿 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑋 𝑁
Where:
Ql = Latent Heat Gain, W
N = No. of People
And,
𝑄𝑝 = 𝑄𝑠 + 𝑄𝐿
25
Table 3.25 shows the design parameters and the assumptions made for the calculation
of both sensible and latent loads for occupants.
Table 3.25 Design Parameters and Assumptions People Load
No. of People Working Inside the Office 2

No. of People Inside the Multi-Purpose Hall 49
Times Spent Inside 8 hours
CFL for People 0.49 (1 hour after each entry)
Sensible Heat (Moderately Active Office Work) (Office) 75 watts
Sensible Heat (Seated Very Light Work) (MPH) 70 watts
Latent Heat (Moderately Active Office Work) (Office) 55 watts
Latent Heat (Seated Very Light Work) (MPH) 255 watts
Source: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Stoecker
Source: ASHRAE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK 1997
o Sensible Cooling Load Calculation
Sensible heat is heat exchanged by a body or thermodynamic system that has as its sole
effect a change of temperature.
To determine the number of people, we use the recommended number of person per
m2 of space. In this design we chose the single room for offices with 10 m2person and for the
Multi-purpose building an area of 0.6 m2 is chosen.
Table 3.26 No. of Occupants per m2 of Space
No. Occupants per m2

Single Room 10 m2
Offices
Meeting Room 1.5m2
Lecture Room 0.6m2
Library 5m2
Assembly Buildings Cinema 0.6m2
Concert Hall 0.6m2
Theatre 0.6m2
Sample Calculation
1st Floor, Room 1
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑋 𝑁 𝑋 𝐶𝐹𝐿
𝑄𝑠 = 75 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑋 2 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑋 0.49
𝑄𝑠 = 73.5 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟 0.0735 𝐾𝑊

26
Tables 3.27, 3.28 and 3.29 presents the sensible cooling load values calculated. The total
Sensible Cooling load is 2636.2 watts or 2.6362 KW.
Table 3.27 Sensible Cooling Load 1st Floor

1ST Floor
Room No. Sensible Heat No. of People CFL Sensible Cooling Load (W)
Room 1 75 2 0.49 73.5
Room 2 75 2 0.49 73.5
Room 3 75 2 0.49 73.5
Room 4 75 2 0.49 73.5
Room 5 75 2 0.49 73.5
Total Sensible Cooling Load 367.5
Table3.28 Sensible Cooling Load 2nd Floor

2ND Floor
Room 1 75 2 0.49 73.5
Room 2 75 2 0.49 73.5
Room 3 75 2 0.49 73.5
MPH 70 49 0.49 1680.7
Table3.29 Sensible Cooling Load 3rd Floor

3RD Floor
Room 1 75 2 0.49 73.5
Room 2 75 2 0.49 73.5
Room 3 75 2 0.49 73.5
Room 4 75 2 0.49 73.5
Room 5 75 2 0.49 73.5
o LatentCooling Load Calculation
Latent heat is the heat released or absorbed by a body or a thermodynamic

system during a constant-temperature process. A typical example is a change of state of
matter, meaning a phase transition such as the melting of ice or the boiling of water.
27
Sample Calculation
1st Floor, Room 1
𝑄𝑠 = 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑋 𝑁
𝑄𝑠 = 75 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑋 2 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑠 = 110 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑟 0.110 𝐾𝑊
Table 3.30, 3.31 and 3.32 presents the latent cooling load values calculated. The total
Latent Load is 3635 watts or 3.635 KW.
Table 3.30 Latent Cooling Load 1st Floor

3RD Floor
Room No. Latent Heat No. of People Latent Cooling Load (W)
Room 1 55 2 110
Room 2 55 2 110
Room 3 55 2 110
Room 4 55 2 110
Room 5 55 2 110
Total Latent Cooling Load = 550
Table 3.31 Latent Cooling Load 2nd Floor

3RD Floor
Room 1 55 2 110
Room 2 55 2 110
Room 3 55 2 110
MPH 45 49 2205
Table 3.32 Latent Cooling Load 3rd Floor

3RD Floor
Room 1 55 2 110
Room 2 55 2 110
Room 3 55 2 110
Room 4 55 2 110
Room 5 55 2 110
Therefore the total People Load is equal to the sum of the total sensible and latent loads.
Qp = 2.6362 KW + 3.635 K = 6.27 KW
28
3.1.2.4 EQUIPMENT LOAD
Appliances such as computers, television, refrigerators and etc. emit heat which is
needed to be included in the cooling load calculation. The formula is given below.
𝑄𝐸 = 𝑁 𝑋 𝑊𝑅
Where:
𝑄𝐸 =Equipment Load, Watts
N = No. of Equipment
WR = Wattage Rating of the Equipment, Watts
Table 3.33 shows the wattage rating for the assumed equipment found inside a typical
office. Amongst the appliances are, desktop computers, television, coffee maker and a
refrigerator.
Table 3.33 Design Parameters for Equipment Load
Equipment Wattage Rating (W)

Desktop Computer 150 watts
Television 100 watts
Coffee Maker 1500 watts
Refrigerator 500 watts
Source: DaftLogic.com
Source: WholeSaleSolar.com
Sample Calculation
1st floor, Room 1;

𝑄𝐸 = 𝑁 𝑋 𝑊𝑅
𝑄𝐸 = (2)(150) + (1)(100) + (0)(1500) + (0)(500)
𝑸𝑬 = 𝟗𝟎𝟎 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟗 𝑲𝑾
The complete calculation for the equipment load and the equivalent equipment loads
for each room on each floor is presented on Tables 3.34, 3.35 and 3.36. The total equipment
load for the building is 16703 watts or 16.703 KW.
29
Table 3.34 Equipment Load 1st Floor

1ST FLOOR
Equipment
Desktop Computer Television Coffee Maker Refrigerator Equipment
Room No.
Wattage Wattage Wattage Wattage Load (W)
No. No. No. No.
Rating Rating Rating Rating
Room 1 2 150 1 100 0 1500 0 500 900
Room 2 2 150 1 100 0 1500 0 500 900
Room 3 2 150 1 100 0 1500 0 500 900
Room 4 2 150 1 100 1 1500 1 500 2401
Room 5 2 150 1 100 0 1500 0 500 900
Total Equipment Load = 6001
Table 3.35 Equipment Load 2nd Floor

2ND FLOOR
Equipment
Ro Desktop Computer Television Coffee Maker Refrigerator Equipment
om No. Wattage Wattage Wattage Wattage Load (W)
No. No. No. No.
Room 1 2 150 1 100 0 1500 0 500 900
Room 2 2 150 1 100 0 1500 0 500 900
Room 3 2 150 1 100 1 1500 1 500 2401
MPH 0 150 0 100 0 1500 0 500 500
Table 3.36 Equipment Load 3rd Floor

3RD FLOOR
Equipment
Desktop Computer Television Coffee Maker Refrigerator Equipment
Room No.
Wattage Wattage Wattage Wattage Load (W)
No. No. No. No.
Room 1 2 150 1 100 0 1500 0 500 900
Room 2 2 150 1 100 0 1500 0 500 900
Room 3 2 150 1 100 0 1500 0 500 900
Room 4 2 150 1 100 1 1500 1 500 2401
Room 5 2 150 1 100 0 1500 0 500 900
30
3.1.2.5 AIR INFILTRATION
Infiltration most commonly occurs because of air density differences between rooms.
For a typical case where the air mass flowing in equals the air mass flowing out minus any
condensed moisture, the room must be sealed except at the opening in question. If the cold
room is not sealed, air may flow directly through the door (ASHRAE, 2006).
There are two types of heat gain from infiltrating air:
 Sensible Heat Gain from Infiltrating Air; and
 Latent Heat Gain from Infiltrating Air
To calculate for the sensible heat gain, the formula is given by the equation,
𝑸𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟏 𝑿 𝑪𝑭𝑴 𝑿 ∆𝑻
Where:
Qs = Sensible heat gain from infiltrating air, W
CFM = cubic feet per minute
∆𝑇 = Temperature Difference, K
Also, to compute for the Latent heat gain the formula is,
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝑿 𝑪𝑭𝑴 𝑿 ∆𝝎
Where:
QL = Latent heat gain from infiltrating air, W
CFM = cubic feet per minute

𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝐻2 𝑜
∆𝜔 = Difference in humidity ratio, 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑖𝑟
And, to calculate for the CFM,
𝑽
𝑪𝑭𝑴 = 𝑨𝑪𝑯 𝑿
𝟔𝟎
Where:
ACH = Air Change per hour
V = Volume of the Room
31
Design considerations and parameters for air exchange are enumerated as follows:
o ACH – tight construction therefore ACH is equal to 0.5(Stoecker,1982).
o Dry bulb Temperature – The average dry bulb temperature for an inside
condition is 230C or 73.40F and outside condition of 320C or 89.60F (chegg.com).
o Wet Bulb Temperature - The average wet bulb temperature for an inside
condition is 110C or 51.80F and outside condition of 300C or 860C (chegg.com).
o 𝜔i– Inside humidity ratio 17.4 (Engineering Tables and Charts).
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑖𝑟
o 𝜔o – Outside humidity ratio 170.1 (Engineering Tables and Charts).
𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑖𝑟
Sample Calculation
Sensible Heat Gain,
1st Floor, Room 1;
𝑄𝑆 = 1.1 𝑋 𝐶𝐹𝑀 𝑋 ∆𝑇
Solving for CFM,
𝑉
𝐶𝐹𝑀 = 𝐴𝐶𝐻 𝑋
60
2835.910𝑓𝑡 3
𝐶𝐹𝑀 = 0.5 𝑋
60
𝑓𝑡 3
𝐶𝐹𝑀 = 23.633
𝑚𝑖𝑛
And,
𝑓𝑡 3
𝑄𝑆 = 1.1 𝑋 23.633 𝑋 (89.6 − 73.4)𝐾
𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝒃𝒕𝒖
𝑸𝑺 = 𝟒𝟐𝟏. 𝟏𝟑𝟑 𝒐𝒓𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝟑 𝑲𝑾
𝒉𝒓
The total sensible heat gain from infiltrating air is 5223.126 btu/hr or1.531KW.
32
Table 3.37, 3.38 and 3.39 shows the sensible heat gain calculated per room.
Table 3.37 Sensible Heat Gain 1st Floor

1ST FLOOR
ΔT
Room No. ACH V (ft3) CFM Sensible Heat gain (btu/hr)
(F)
Room 1 0.5 2835.910 23.633 16.2 421.133
Room 2 0.5 2751.370 22.928 16.2 408.578
Room 3 0.5 2440.190 20.335 16.2 362.368
Room 4 0.5 2381.330 19.844 16.2 353.628
Room 5 0.5 1823.080 15.192 16.2 270.727
Total Sensible Heat Gain 1816.434
Table 3.38 Sensible Heat Gain 2nd Floor1

2nd FLOOR
ΔT
(F)
Room 1 0.5 2440.190 20.335 16.2 362.368
Room 2 0.5 1823.080 15.192 16.2 270.727
Room 3 0.5 2381.330 19.844 16.2 353.628
MPH 0.5 4681.320 39.011 16.2 695.176
Table 3.39 Sensible Heat Gain 3rd Floor

3rd FLOOR
ΔT
(F)
Room 1 0.5 2835.910 23.633 16.2 421.133
Room 2 0.5 2751.370 22.928 16.2 408.578
Room 3 0.5 1823.080 15.192 16.2 270.727
Room 4 0.5 2381.330 19.844 16.2 353.628
Room 5 0.5 1823.080 15.192 16.2 270.727
Sample Calculation
Latent Heat Gain,
1st Floor, Room 1;
𝑄𝐿 = 0.68 𝑋 𝐶𝐹𝑀 𝑋 ∆𝜔
33
The CFM for latent is equal to sensible heat gain.
𝑓𝑡 3
𝐶𝐹𝑀 = 23.633
𝑚𝑖𝑛
And,
𝑓𝑡 3 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝐻2 𝑜 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝐻2 𝑜
𝑄𝑆 = 0.68 𝑋 23.633 𝑋 (170.1 − 17.4 )
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑖𝑟 𝐷𝑟𝑦 𝐴𝑖𝑟
𝒃𝒕𝒖
𝑸𝑳 = 𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟑. 𝟗𝟏𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟕𝟏𝟗 𝑲𝑾
𝒉𝒓
Tables 3.40 , 3.41 and 3.42 presents the data for the latent heat gains in each floors.
Table 3.40 Latent Heat Gain 1st Floor

1ST FLOOR
Room No. ACH V (ft3) CFM ω0 ω1 Latent Heat gain
Room 1 0.5 2835.910 23.633 170.1 17.4 2453.913
Room 2 0.5 2751.370 22.928 170.1 17.4 2380.760
Room 3 0.5 2440.190 20.335 170.1 17.4 2111.496
Room 4 0.5 2381.330 19.844 170.1 17.4 2060.565
Room 5 0.5 1823.080 15.192 170.1 17.4 1577.511
Total Latent Heat Gain 10584.246
Table 3.41 Latent Heat Gain 2nd Floor

1ST FLOOR
Room 1 0.5 2440.190 20.335 170.1 17.4 2111.496
Room 2 0.5 1823.080 15.192 170.1 17.4 1577.511
Room 3 0.5 2381.330 19.844 170.1 17.4 2060.565
MPH 0.5 4681.320 39.011 170.1 17.4 4050.746
Table 3.42 Latent Heat Gain 3rd Floor

1ST FLOOR
Room 1 0.5 2835.910 23.633 170.1 17.4 2453.913
Room 2 0.5 2751.370 22.928 170.1 17.4 2380.760
Room 3 0.5 1823.080 15.192 170.1 17.4 1577.511
Room 4 0.5 2381.330 19.844 170.1 17.4 2060.565
Room 5 0.5 1823.080 15.192 170.1 17.4 1577.511
The total latent heat gain from infiltrating air is 30434.825 watts or 8.919 KW.
34
3.1.2.6 SOLAR RADIATION
Heat gain through transmission of solar energy through a transparent building

component or absorption by an opaque building component(Stoecker, 1982).
The primary weather-related variable influencing the cooling load for a building is solar
radiation. The effect of solar radiation is more pronounced and immediate in its impact on
exposed no opaque surfaces. The calculation of solar heat gain and conductive heat transfer
through various glazing materials and associated mounting frames, with or without interior
and/or exterior shading (ASHRAE, 2009).
Formula:
𝑄𝑠 = 𝐴 𝑋 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹 𝑋 𝑆𝐶 𝑋 𝐶𝐿𝐹
Where:
Qs = Solar Load
A = Area of the Transparent Surface
SHGF = Solar Heat Gain Factor
SC = Shading Coefficient
CLF = Cooling Load Factor
o Solar Heat Gain Factor

An estimate used in calculating cooling loads of the heat gain due to transmitted and
absorbed solar energy through 1/8"-thick, clear glass at a specific latitude, time and orientation.
Determination of Solar Heat Gain Factor (SHGF), we assume that the sunlight is 400
north latitude and taking the hottest month of the year which is April (PAGASA).
Table 3.43 Solar Heat Gain Factor
35
o Shading Coefficient
The total shading coefficient is a measure of the total amount of heat passing through
the glazing (known as the total solar heat transmittance) compared with that through a single
clear glass. The shading coefficient (SC) is derived by comparing the solar radiant heat
transmission properties of any glass with a clear float glass having a total solar heat
transmittance of 0.87 (i.e. clear float glass about 4mm thick)(ASHRAE, 2009).
In the Determination of the Shading Coefficient, the designer should be mindful of the
thickness of the glass and if it has shading. The glass is 6.32 mm thick considered as a single
glass, plate without any indoor shading. Therefore the shading coefficient is equal to 0.95.
Table 3.44 Shading Coefficient
o Cooling Load Factors
One more factor must be considered since the solar energy entering the space does not
appear simultaneously as a load on the cooling system. The radiant energy is first absorb by the
surfaces in the space, during which time this surface temperature increase at a rate dependent
on their dynamic thermal characteristics. Thus, the solar energy absorbed is delayed before
being transferred to the air in the space by convection. Since this process may involve a
significant time lag, it is also usual practice to include a cooling load factor (CLF) in calculating
the cooling load attributable to radiation through glass.
36
To determine the cooling load factor the solar time in hours and the direction to where
the window is facing should always be considered. The hottest time in the Philippines is from
12:00-5:00 PM, taking the average 3:00 PM or 15:00 (PAGASA).
Table 3.45 Cooling Load Factors for glass with interior shading, north latitudes
Table 3.46 shows the summary of the design parameters in calculating solar heat gain.
Table 3.46 Design Parameters for Solar Load
North 110
Solar Heat Gain East 690
Factors West 690
South 475
North 0.82
Cooling Load East 0.2
Factors West 0.72
South 0.5
Shading
0.95
Coefficient
Solar Load Calculation
Sample Calculation
𝑄𝑠 = 𝐴 𝑋 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐹 𝑋 𝑆𝐶 𝑋 𝐶𝐿𝐹
𝑄𝑠 = [(0.84)(690)(0.95)(0.20)] + [(0.16)(475)(0.95)(0.5)]
𝑸𝒔 = 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟐𝟒 𝑲𝑾
37
Tables 3.47 , 3.48 and 3.49 shows the complete solar load calculated per room and per
floor. The total solar load calculated for the entire building is 2944.3654 watts or 2.944 KW.
Table 3.47 Solar Load 1st floor

1ST FLOOR
Solar Heat Gain Factor
Area (m2) Cooling Load Factor
(W/m2) Shading Solar Load
Room No.
Coefficient Window (W)
Window 1 Window 2 Window 1 Window 2 Window 1
2
Room 1 East 0.84 South 0.16 690 475 0.95 0.2 0.5 146.224
Room 2 East 0.84 North 0.16 690 110 0.95 0.2 0.82 123.8344
Room 3 West 0.84 North 0.16 690 110 0.95 0.72 0.82 410.1568
Room 4 South 0.84 East 0.84 475 690 0.95 0.5 0.2 299.649
Room 5 South 0.84 --- 0 475 0 0.95 0.5 0 189.525
Total Solar Load = 1169.3892
Table3.48 Solar Load 2nd floor

2ND FLOOR
Room No.
2
Room 1 West 0.84 North 0.16 690 110 0.95 0.72 0.82 410.1568
Room 2 South 0.84 --- 0.16 475 0 0.95 0.5 0 189.525
Room 3 East 0.84 North 0.84 690 110 0.95 0.2 0.82 182.1036
MPH East 1.68 --- 0 690 0 0.95 0.2 0 220.248
Table 3.49 Solar Load 3rd floor

3RD FLOOR
Room No.
2
Room 1 East 0.84 South 0.16 690 475 0.95 0.2 0.5 146.224
Room 2 East 0.84 North 0.16 690 110 0.95 0.2 0.82 123.8344
Room 3 West 0 North 0.16 690 110 0.95 0.72 0.82 13.7104
Room 4 South 0.84 East 0.84 475 690 0.95 0.5 0.2 299.649
Room 5 South 0.84 --- 0 475 0 0.95 0.5 0 189.525
38
3.1.3 COOLING LOAD SUMMARY
The cooling load is summarized in Table 3.55. The total cooling load calculated is
68.55896 KW however; a factor of safety of 10% should be anticipated for overlooked
parameters (ASHRAE, 2009).
Table 3.50 Summary of Cooling Load
Cooling Load Summary

Design Parameters Cooling Load (KW)
Walls 29.076
Doors 0.133
Transmission Load
Floors 3.602
Ceilings 4.949
Light Load 2.4
People Load 6.27
Sensible 1.531
Air Infiltration
Latent 8.919
Equipment Load 16.703
Solar Radiation 2.944
Total Cooling Load 76.527
Factor of Safety
𝐹𝑆 = 10% (76.527 𝐾𝑊)
𝑭𝑺 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟓𝟐𝟕 𝑲𝑾
Total Cooling Load
𝑻𝑪𝑳 = 𝑪𝑳 + 𝑭𝑺
Where:
TLC = Total Cooling Load, KW
CL = Cooling Load, KW
FS = Factor of Safety
𝑇𝐶𝐿 = 76.527 𝐾𝑊 + 7.6527 𝐾𝑊
𝑻𝑪𝑳 = 𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟕 𝑲𝑾
39
The detailed cooling load per room is shown in Table 3.51 which will be used in the calculation for the flow rate per zone.
Table 3.51 Summary of Cooling Load per Room
Walls Floors Ceiling Doors Light People (W) Air Infiltration (W) Equipment Solar TOTAL
FLOOR
(W) (W) (W) (W) Load (W) Load (W) Radiation (W) (W)
Latent Sensible Latent Sensible
1ST FLOOR
Room 1 2475.776 755.232 162.433 8.865 192 110 73.5 2453.912923 421.133 900 146.224 7699.076
Room 2 1042.493 732.780 139.016 8.865 192 110 73.5 2380.760461 408.578 900 123.834 6111.828
Room 3 1841.182 649.944 0.000 8.865 168 110 73.5 2111.496407 362.368 900 410.157 6635.513
Room 4 2547.408 634.226 0.000 8.865 168 110 73.5 2060.564849 353.628 2401 299.649 8656.841
Room 5 1079.360 485.546 0.000 8.865 120 110 73.5 1577.511124 270.727 900 189.525 4815.035
2ND FLOOR
Room 1 1841.182 0.000 136.414 8.865 168 110 73.5 2111.496407 362.368 900 410.157 6121.983
Room 2 1501.040 0.000 0.000 8.865 120 110 73.5 1577.511124 270.727 900 189.525 4751.168
Room 3 2261.872 0.000 0.000 8.865 168 110 73.5 2060.564849 353.628 2401 182.104 7619.533
MPH 4482.395 0.000 0.000 8.865 312 2205 1680.7 4050.746196 695.176 500 220.248 14155.13
3RD FLOOR
Room 1 2480.709 185.638 1101.471 8.865 192 110 73.5 2453.912923 421.133 900 146.224 8073.452
Room 2 1835.920 158.875 1068.638 8.865 192 110 73.5 2380.760461 408.578 900 123.834 7260.971
Room 3 1472.246 0.000 708.089 8.865 120 110 73.5 1577.511124 270.727 900 13.710 5254.649
Room 4 2830.965 0.000 924.914 8.865 168 110 73.5 2060.564849 353.628 2401 299.649 9231.085
Room 5 1383.443 0.000 708.089 8.865 120 110 73.5 1577.511124 270.727 900 189.525 5341.66
40

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Centralized Air-Conditioning System 2013

3.1 COOLING LOAD

3.1.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS

Table 3.0 Design Temperatures

3.1.2 HEAT LOAD CALCULATIONS

3.1.2.1 TRANSMISSION LOAD

Transmission Load of building structures is not steady and is therefore, difficult to

o The variation of the outside air temperature-over period of 24 hours.

Where: Q = Transmission Load (Watts)

U = Overall Heat transfer Coefficient (W/m2-k)

ΔT = Temperature Difference (0C)

Table 3.1 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

3.1.2.1.1 THERMAL RESISTANCE CALCULATION

Thermal resistance is a heat property and a measurement of a temperature difference

l = material thickness (m)

k= Thermal Conductivity (W/m-k)

h=Air Film (W/m2-k)

Sample Calculation: Thermal Resistance for Walls

3.1.2.1.2 OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT CALCULATION

Sample Calculation: Overall Heat Transfer for Walls

Table 3.2 Wall Construction

Table 3.3 Window Construction

Table 3.4 Door Construction

Table 3.5 Floor Construction

Table 3.6 Ceiling Construction

Table 3.7 Partition Construction

3.1.2.1.3 TRANSMISSION LOAD CALCULATION

1st Floor, Room 1;

𝑄𝑡 = [(2.99)(28.024)(38.4 − 23)] + [(2.99)(16.498)(38.5 − 23)]

𝑸𝒕 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟓. 𝟕𝟕𝟔 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Table 3.8 Transmission Load through Walls 1st Floor

𝑄𝐷 = (2.28)(2.16)(32 − 23)(5 𝐷𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑠)

𝑸𝑫 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟐𝟑𝟐 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Table 3.11 Transmission Load Through Doors

1st Floor, Room 1;

𝑸𝑭 = 𝟔𝟐𝟗. 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

Table 3.12 Transmission Load Through Floors 1st Floor

Table 3.13 Transmission Load Through Floors 2nd Floor

Table 3.14 Transmission Load Through Floors 3rd Floor

1st Floor, Room 1;

Table 3.15 Transmission Load Through Ceiling 1st Floor

Table 3.16 Transmission Load Through Ceiling 2nd Floor

Table 3.17 Transmission Load Through Ceiling 3rd Floor

3.1.2.2 LIGHTING LOAD

Figure 3.0 Photo Showing a Fluorescent Lamp

1st Floor, Office Room 1

Table 3.18 No. of Lights 1st Floor

Table 3.19 No. of Lights 2nd Floor

Table 3.20 No. of Lights 3rd Floor

Table 3.21 Design Parameters for Lightings

Lighting Load Factors

Where: W = Light Watt Rating

Ful= Lighting Use Factor

Fsa = Lighting Special Allowance Factor

𝑸𝑳 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔 𝒐𝒓 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗𝟐 𝑲𝑾

Table 3.22 Lighting Load 1st Floor

Table 3.23 Lighting Load 2nd Floor

Table 3.24 Lighting Load 3rd Floor

3.1.2.3 PEOPLE LOAD

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑋 𝑁 𝑋 𝐶𝐹𝐿

Qs = Sensible Heat Gain, W

CFL = CFL for people

Ql = Latent Heat Gain, W