EXPLAINING THE PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION
SPEAKER >MESSAGE> LISTENER> CHANNELS>
RESPONSE> FEEDBACK> NOISE>
COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION
SPEAKER- Is the one who creates a message and
chooses his/her purpose, crafts the message
accordingly, and decides how to deliver it.
 Message- the message is what needs to
be delivered imparted to somebody
else. This is central to the process
because the point of communicating is
to say something.
* Why- the speaker wants to say it.(Persuade or
inform)
* What- the speaker wants to say the particular
topic.
* How- the speaker wants to say a topic.
 Listener- who receives the message. It is
said that even if the speaker is great
and the message beautiful. If listener is
not paying attention then
communication fails or nonsense.
 Channels- are the means by which the
message is said. There are five
channels:
*Ears *Eyes *Skin *Mouth *Nose
In other words, a message is sent and
received via senses.
 Response- the only way the speaker
knows that the message has been
received. Whether the listener response
or not is central to the communication
process. The response is also based on
the interpretation of the message by
the listener.
 Noise- It could be physical “noise” or
actual noise such as loud music, or the
imitating engine of a motorcycle.
Communicative situation has 2 components:
 Physical location- It is usually chosen
for the purpose it will serve.
Examples: A room that can be used for a
meeting.
An auditorium which can be
transformed into a theater for a play, and the
streets that serve as the setting for rallies.
 Psychological setting- it depends on the
participants.
The classroom is for teaching, but the Parent
Teacher Association (PTA) holds its meeting
there.
EXPLAINING THE DIMENSIONS OF
COMMUNICATION
 Verbal/non-verbal dimensions
 Oral/written dimensions
 Formal/informal dimensions
 Intentional/unintentional
 VERBAL- encompass the use of
language, the words chosen.
 NON-VERBAL- facial expressions,
gestures and bodily movement.
These are both that must be used
together to clearly impart the message.
A misunderstanding may happen when
words contradict actions.
Example: When a person may say “yes” but
the facial expression says “no”.
 ORAL- Spoken communication
Talks the use of language and the
choice of words to convey a written
 Message and imparts the message following
the Principles of Delivery.
 WRITTEN- Transcription of thoughts
and ideas.
Takes care of delivering those words.
 FORMAL- it usually means the
meticulous observation of
appropriateness in dress, language,
and setting.
 INFORMAL- is the opposite. It uses
a more casual approach with no
regard for the formalities.
 INTENTIONAL- If you want to know
about something or questioning
about a particular situation.
 UNINTENTIONAL- Unintended
meaning.
EXPLAINING THE DIMENSIONS OF
COMMUNICATION
Communication breakdown or
Miscommunication can lead to a total cessation
of interaction.
Miscommunication is brought about by the lack
of awareness of the dimensions of
communication, especially those influenced by
culture and gender.
4 Four Pairs of Dimensions:
A. Verbal/Non-verbal Dimensions-
encompass the use of language.
Verbal Dimensions- the words chosen.
Non-verbal Dimensions- Facial expressions, and
the gestures and bodily movement used.
These two dimensions must be used
together to clearly impart the message. A
misunderstanding may happen when words
contradict actions.
Example: He/she may say YES but the
facial expression says NO.
B. Oral Dimensions- mean spoken
communication.
Written Dimensions- transcription of
thoughts and ideas.
The verbal dimension talks of the use of
language and the choice of words to convey a
written message, The oral dimension imparts
the message following the Principles of
Delivery. The Written Dimension takes care of
putting down the words while the Oral
Dimension takes care of Delivering those words.
C. Formal and Informal Dimensions- speak
of the factors that may or may not highlight
traditional and conventional communication.
FORMAL- usually means the meticulous
observation of appropriateness in dress,
language, and setting.
INFORMAL- is the opposite. It uses a more
casual approach with o regard for the
formalities.
D. Intentional/Unintentional Dimensions-
rely on the fact that messages always have
a purpose.
INTENTION- refers to communication with a
specific goal in mind.
UNINTENTIONAL- refers to occasions when
communication takes place without the
communicator being aware of it.
Example: People laugh at something
that was said even if the speaker meant it to be
taken seriously.

ELABORATING ON THE INFLUENCE OF CULTURE
ON THE DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION
VERBAL AND NONVERBAL DIMENSIONS
The courtesy of a person depends on his/her
culture. Their way of communicating , verbal
and nonverbal, is affected because of what they
believed is appropriate in their society.
ORAL/WRITTEN DIMENSIONS
Misunderstanding occurs when oral and written
messages are not in agreement. Culture of
different people make them used to how they
deliver messages which can become a
hindrance to being open-minded to other’s
message.
FORMAL/INFORMAL DIMENSIONS
The type of society a person lives in, with their
culture, reflects how they deliver messages
formally or not. What a person is used to
hearing or saying in their society influences how
they will act and response to a message.
INTENTIONAL/UNINTENTIONAL DIMENSIONS
Culture can affect how a person acts and give
an impact when present in another society
wherein he or she is unaware of that is
considered discourteous.
ELABORATING ON THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER
ON THE DIMENSIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Girls and Boys have a differences when
pertaining to these two types of dimensions.
 Girls are only supposed to talk about
certain topics that are within the world
of women. “Girls talk”
 Boys are not more expected to talk too
much. They are non-confrontational but
when they speak expect that they are
direct to the point rather than girls.
Oral/Written Dimensions
Typically, women want to “hash out” the details
of conflict. And men just want to “fix” the
problems.
Formal/Informal Dimensions
 GIRLS- Ate(informal) Miss or Mrs
(formal)
 BOYS- Kuya (informal) Mr (formal)
Intentional/Unintentional
We all know that people love to smile but
smiles may express different emotions not just
happiness.
ENHANCING COMPETENCE IN USING
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES
 People do not communicate in just
one way, using only one method.
When communicating with others,
people interact in different ways.
 Group discussion is different from
public speaking.
 A different communicative strategy
that leads to effective
communication is needed for every
situation
Communication: Certain levels
 Intrapersonal- means “Yourself” is both
communicator and receiver.
 Interpersonal- involves more than one
person, from two.
Such as: Dyadic- to many person, group
discussion or public communication.
The level of communication dictates the type of speech
style and speech act to be used in a communicative
strategy.
Types of speech context
 Intrapersonal
 interpersonal
 Dyadic: Roles of the speaker and listener
are not fixed, they are interchangeable
(Exchanging opinions, ideas, thoughts)
- Conversation: is informal dyadic
communication
- Interview and dialogue: are formal dyadic.
Examples are: guidance counseling,
consulting with a priest, or a heart to heart
talks with a trusted person.
Small Group Discussion
- Requires 3-15 people to study an issue, discuss
a problem and come up with a solution.
- It can be divided into two according to purpose:
study groups and task oriented.
- Study groups- are meant to look into a problem
but not necessarily come up with a solution.
- Task oriented- study an issue such as perennial
traffic problem of metro manila or the pollution
of laguna de bay to come up with a plan to
resolve that issue.
o Panel discussions, symposia,
roundtables or meeting with an higher
position.
Public communication
- It is different from dyadic because there
is no interchanging.
- The speaker must well prepared to
his/her speech and dressed
appropriately.
- The listeners or participants are meant
to listen to the message.
Examples: Orientation of school, sona of the
president.
in this, participants are addressed
formally.
Mass communication
 With the aid of mass media technology
 Radio, television, internet or social
media.
Organizational communication
• There are two types of organizational :
Formal and informal
• Formal is illustrated by an
organizational chart, memos,
announcements and reports are passed
along the members of organization.
Company president-v.pres-managers-
supervisors-employees.
• Informal- bypasses the links, skips
forward or backwards.
Announcement of increasing a salary by passing
a memo, announcement or a report. Then, it is
to be announced by a secretary who typed the
memo and shared to the co-workers that is
being told by supervisor. (Pass to pass process)
Intercultural communication
 Exchange of concepts, traditions, values
and practices between and among
people with different nationalities and
ways of life.
Three types of speech acts
Are helpful in elaborating the meaning of what
is being said.
 Locutionary speech act: to make sense,
the same meaning should be shared by
both the speaker and listener.
 Illocutionary speech act: embodies the
speakers intention.
 Perlocutionary- meant to elicit a
response from the listener.
LOCUTIONARY: When the utterance of a sound,
word, or even a phrase as a natural unit of
speech.
What? (When someone is surprised)
It’s a bird! ( when people see superman in
the sky)
I'm hungry!! (it expresses hunger)
(Requests for something to eat.)
ILLOCUTIONARY ACT -It is not of saying
something, but the act of saying something with
the intention.
Stating- an opinion, confirming, or denying
something
Making- a prediction, promise, request
Issuing- an order or a decision
Giving- advice or permission
Theres too much homework in this subject
(opinion)
I’ll do my homework later (promise)
Go! Do your homework (order)
PERLOCUTIONARY ACT- The effect of speech of
the both speaker and listener
 Inspiring/insulting
 Persuading/convincing
 Deterring/scaring
‘I WAS BORN A FILIPINO, I WILL LIVE A FILIPINO,
I WILL DIE A FILIPINO” (inspiring)
“It is the bleak job situation that forces Filipinos
to find jobs overseas” (persuading)
“Texting while driving-you, your loved ones,
other people” (deterring)
EXPLAINING NONVERBAL
MISCOMMUNICATION
 One of the customs that still exist in
Philippine society is the tradition of
“mano po” which involve touching the
hand of an elder to one’s forehead to
show respect.
 The way we ask permission to pass
through two or more people who
conversing. We signal our hand while
saying pasintabi po as we duck our head
and shoulders, but it replaced by
“excuse me” or by saying nothing at all
when passing between two people
talking to each other.
PARALANGUAGE – The “How of saying
something”
 How something is said, not what is
said.
 Tones or voices must match the
content of the message if the
message is to be understood at all.
LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS – the use of flowers
based on the meaning of each type of flower.
 Say for many of us what we cannot say
ourselves. These meaning are also
influenced by culture and gender.
 Nonverbal communication using
flowers can become problematic when
we move outside of Philippine culture.
 Hawaii’s state flower is the Plumeria
otherwise known as “Kalachuci” in the
Philippines. Many Filipinos may not feel
welcome in Hawaii at all by a lei made
plumeria’s because kalachuchi has a
disagreeable smell to Filipinos.
 Italians send chrysanthums for special
occasions.
LANGUAGE OF COLORS – the use of colors
based on the meaning of each color;
 Colors have certain meanings based on
the dictates of culture and gender.
  In Thailand, only the King can wear
yellow. Tourists who dare to wear the
royal color are punished.
LANGUAGE OF TIME – the use of time based in
position or power.
 Chronemics shows how time is viewed
differently in various countries.
 “FILIPINO TIME”
 Some in authority may show that
his/her time is more important than
that of the visitor by making them wait.
 Europeans will wait only for 5 minutes
beyond the appointment time.
 Filipinos will wait for someone to arrive
for as long as an hour.
LANGUAGE OF SPACE – the use of space shows
importance;
 Proxemics or the use of space provides
us with ideas about how close or how
far people from the center of power or
where a person is in the social ladder.
 When employees are promoted, they
are given a bigger table and a larger
space.
 A middle class house will have enough
space according to the budget of te
couple, balanced by their needs.
LANGUAGE OF TOUCH – the use of touch to
express what cannot be said;
 Haptics or the use of touch is one of the
most powerful of the types of
Nonverbal Communication.
 What differentiates this from among
other types of Nonverbal
Communication is the fact that there is
contact between the sender and the
receiver of the message.
 Can comfort, can encourage.
 Embarrassment.
 There are few exceptions, particularly in
countries where men and women are
segregated ( A woman is not supposed
to see, talk, or touch until they are
married)
LANGUAGE OF GESTURES
1. Emphasizing – “YES!” (fist pounding the
table)
2. Regulating – “Shh” (Forefinger in front of
Lips)
3. Illustrating – “This large” (hands set apart)
4. Emblems – clenched fist upraised.
 Emphasizing gestures that punctuate
what we want to highlight are examples
of this type. Helping emphasize a point
being made, but for thais, such an
action is considered as rude.
 Regulating gestures are used to control
the flow of communication such as
nodding one’s head so that someone
will continue talking.
 In middle east, nodding means “NO”
while shaking the head means “YES”
 Illustrating gestures are used to show
size, height, distance, or similar
qualities like using one hand to mimic a
certain height or size.
FACIAL EXPRESSION – the configuration of
eyes, eyebrows, lips, cheeks, nose, and
forehead to show how the person feels.
 Type of Nonverbal communication that
assists the listener in understanding the
message better.
 It is important to the communication
process that the listener any nad all the
facial expressions of the speaker.
 Eye contact
 Raised eyebrows\kiss on cheeks.
POSTURE AND PERSONAL APPEARANCE - the are not expected to be harsh and have a
way one carries and dresses one self. low pitch voice.
 How one stands or sits in
Communicative Situations tells the TOPIC
people around how one sees oneself as
 May also present possible barriers to
a Speaker, one’s attitude towards the
communication because of its
message, and how one looks at listener.
vagueness or ambiguity, complexity,
 Personal appearance
emotional pull and hidden agenda. The
 Confidence
speaker must avoid these qualities for
the message to be clear.

 General topics such as religion or

EXPLAINING VERBAL MISCOMMUNICATION
 Verbal dimension – The words chosen
and used for the message and the
context in which they are used also
leads to communication being effective
or not.
There are several possible
barriers to verbal communication,
- People (opinions and beliefs)
- Topic
- Communicative situation
politics and particular topics such as
abortion or militarization are more than
likely to give rise to emotionally
charged discussion.
COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION
 Is the third group of barriers, first there
is a noise in the physical settings and
the participants themselves.
 Second, there maybe confusion as to
the purpose of the communication
itself. {PIE}

 Third, the listener may have limited

PEOPLE knowledge or experience to form a
basis for interpreting and responding to
 They may have physical infirmities such the message.
as poor hearing, bad eye site, stuttering
etc.
 They have personal opinions and beliefs
 They follow cultural mores (customs,
values, and behaviors that are accepted
by a particular group.
 Gender comes into communication
when we categorize certain ways of
speaking or using words as being
masculine or feminine.
Example:
We do not expect a male
speaker to be soft spoken and high
pitched voice, while the female speaker
EXPLORING THE FUNCTIONS OF directs simply others and insists on
COMMUNICATION his/her own agenda.

Why do people communicate? Example: You are convincing your

friends to go to the mall after the class in
• Communication is a complex process, with
school.
elements, levels and dimensions.
INFORMATION
Humans communicate for several reasons:
• This function is only used when the
REGULATION AND CONTROL
speaker wants to make others aware of
SOCIAL INTERACTION
certain data, concepts, and processes.
MOTIVATION
INFORMATION • Information that based on facts and
EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION useful for a real life.

Examples are news: Typhoon such as

REGULATION AND CONTROL
• If the speaker’s purpose is to control others
by managing their behaviour.
Example: Making an announcement that the
community will start segregating their garbage.
Yolanda, Children dying or crying because of
hunger.
Five functions use both verbal and
nonverbal cues to accomplish a specific
communication that the Speaker has in mind.

And this function is also demonstrated by the EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS

simple act of telling someone to be quiet or
Appealing to the Listener’s feelings.
encouraging someone to continue discussing
the topic. -Listening to a sad songs
SOCIAL INTERACTION -Watching a drama where in your emotions are
involved.
• It is the most familiar and primary
reason why people communicate.

• It allows people to be connected with

one another.

People love to talk with one another.

Conversation with one another gives the people
involved pleasure while passing the time in an
entertaining way.

MOTIVATION

• This is when the Speaker’s purpose is to

persuade or try to persuade another
person to change his/her opinion,
attitude or behaviour.

• This is different from Regulation and

Control where the speaker simply
Telephone Model by Claude Shannon & Warren Weaver

Field Of Experience by Wilbur Schramm