ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WASTE

WATER

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award

Of

Bachelor of Engineering

In

Civil Engineering

Submitted to
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDHYOGIKI VISHWAVIDHALAYA
(University of Technology of Madhya Pradesh)
BHOPAL (M.P.)

Submitted by
AMAN KUMAR PATHAK
[Enrollment No. 0176CE161002]

VARUN VERMA

[Enrollment No. 0176CE161039]

Under the Supervision

ASST. PROF. PRABHAT TIWARI

Department of Civil Engineering

Lakshmi Narain College of Technology Excellence,

Bhopal (M.P.) Session: July-nov, 2019

1
 Lakshmi Narain College of Technology & Excellence
Bhopal (M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work embodied in this dissertation entitled “Analysis of
Physiochemical Parameters of Waste Water” being submitted by Aman Kumar
Pathak [Enrollment No. 0176CE161002] and Varun Verma [Enrollment No.
0176CE161039] in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of B.E. in
Civil Engineering to RAJIV GANDHI PRODYOGIKI VISHWAVIDAYALAYA
BHOPAL M.P. during the academic year 2019-2020 is a recorded of Bonafide
piece of work, carried out by his under my supervision and guidance in the
Department Of Civil Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology
Excellence, Bhopal, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya Bhopal.

Guided by – Approved by -
Asst. Prof. PRABHAT TIWARI Dr. P.K.SINGHAI
(Head of Deptt.)
Forwarded by
Dr. V K SAHU
Principal

Lakshmi Narain College of Technology Excellence, Bhopal (M.P.)

2
 Lakshmi Narain College of Technology Excellence,
Bhopal (M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this dissertation titled ―Analysis of Physiochemical

Parameter of Waste Water‖ is my own work conducted under the supervision of
MR. PRABHAT TIWARI ―Civil Engineering Department, Lakshmi Narain
College of Technology Excellence Bhopal.

I further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief this dissertation does
not contain any part of work that has been submitted for the award of any degree
either in this university or in any other University/Deemed University.

Aman Kumar Pathak(0176CE161002)

Varun Verma(0176CE161039)

3
 Lakshmi Narain College of Technology Excellence,
Bhopal (M.P.)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

APPROVAL CERTIFICATE

This dissertation work entitled “Analysis of Physiochemical parameter of

Waste Water” being submitted by Aman Kumar Pathak and Varun Verma has
been examined by us and is hereby approved for the award of B.E. in ―CIVIL
DEPARTMENT” for which it has been submitted to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki
Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal (M.P.).

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date: Date:

4
 Lakshmi Narain College of Technology Excellence,
Bhopal (M.P.)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Words shall never be able to pierce through the gamut of emotions that are
suddenly exposed during the routine of our life. We express our heart-felt
thankfulness to Asst. Prof. Prabhat Tiwari for his unfailure inspiration, whole
hearted co-operation and constant encouragement throughout the training and
gave immense confidence to complete the work.

We would like to thank Mr. P K Singhai, Head of Department for his well
wishes and to provide their kind support and valuable knowledge on the subject
from time to time. We would also like to thank to all faculties of civil
department for guiding and connecting with us at each instant and for their
continuous motivation. We very thankful to friends, colleagues and all other
persons who rendered their assistance directly or indirectly to complete this
project work successfully.

AMAN KUMAR PATHAK

Enrollment No. 0176CE161002

VARUN VERMA

Enrollment No. 0176CE161039

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 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Objectives of the study
1.3 Literature Review

2. MONITORING PROTOCOLS
2.1 Study Area
2.2 Sampling Techniques

3. ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
3.01 Methodology for measurement of pH value
3.02 Methodology for measurement of Turbidity
3.03 Methodology for measurement of Chloride
3.04 Methodology for measurement of Total Solids
3.15 Methodology for measurement of hardness

4. OBSERVATION

5. CONCLUSION

6. REFERENCES

6
 ABSTRACT

The LNCT Group of College is one of the most important educational institutes in the state
of MADHYA PRADESH with a large number of studying in the campus consisting of a
number of laboratories of various departments, residential units for students, academic blocks
and number of hostels.

A study on domestic waste water characterization has been performed followed by the tests
of water. The present study involves the analysis of pH value, total solids, total suspended
solids, hardness, acidity, alkalinity, chloride, chlorine, BOD, DO and heavy metals such as
Iron, Copper, Zinc, Magnesium, Nickel, Chromium, Lead, Calcium, Aluminium, Silicon,
Potassium.

A sewage treatment plant is quite necessary to receive the domestic and commercial waste
and removes the materials which pose harm for general public. Its objective is to produce an
environmentally-safe fluid waste stream (or treated effluent) and a solid waste (or treated
sludge) suitable for disposal or reuse (usually as farm fertilizer).

The samplings of the domestic waste from hostels have been done in different times of the
day to have an average data of the measured parameters. The average values of pH,
Turbidity, Acidity, Chloride, Residual Chlorine, Hardness, Total Solid, BOD, DO, Alkalinity,
Total Iron Content, Zinc Content, Potassium, Copper, Magnesium, Nickel, Chromium, Lead,
Calcium, Aluminium and Silicon are found out.

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

8
 1.1 Introduction

Pollution in its broadest sense includes all changes that curtail natural utility and exert
deleterious effect on life. The crisis triggered by the rapidly growing population and
industrialization with the resultant degradation of the environment causes a grave threat to the
quality of life.

Degradation of water quality is the unfavourable alteration of the physical, chemical and
biological properties of water that prevents domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural,
recreational and other beneficial uses of water. Sewage and sewage effluents are the major
sources of water pollution. Sewage is mainly composed of human fecal material, domestic
wastes including wash-water and industrial wastes.

The growing environmental pollution needs for decontaminating waste water result in the
study of characterization of waste water, especially domestic sewage. In the past, domestic
waste water treatment was mainly confined to organic carbon removal. Recently, increasing
pollution in the waste water leads to developing and implementing new treatment techniques
to control nitrogen and other priority pollutants.

Wastewater is any water that has been affected by human use. Wastewater is "used water
from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface
runoff or storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration". Therefore, wastewater is a
by-product of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities. The characteristics
of wastewater vary depending on the source. Types of wastewater include: domestic
wastewater from households, municipal wastewater from communities (sewage)
and industrial wastewater from industrial activities. Wastewater can contain physical,
chemical and biological pollutants.

Households may produce wastewater from flush toilets, sinks, dishwashers, washing
machines, bath tubs, and showers. Households that use dry toilets produce less wastewater
than those that use flush toilets.

Wastewater may be conveyed in a sanitary sewer which conveys only sewage. Alternatively,
it can be transported in a combined sewer which includes storm water runoff and industrial
wastewater. After treatment at a wastewater treatment plant, the treated wastewater (also
called effluent) is discharged to a receiving water body. The terms "wastewater reuse" or
"water reclamation" apply if the treated waste is used for another purpose. Wastewater that is
discharged to the environment without suitable treatment causes water pollution.

In developing countries and in rural areas with low population densities, wastewater is often
treated by various on-site sanitation systems and not conveyed in sewers. These systems
include septic tanks connected to drain fields, on-site sewage
systems (OSS), vermifilter systems and many more.

9
There is an increasing trend to require more efficient use of water resources, both in urban &
rural areas .The aim of the present research work was to determine the behaviour of various
parameters of the wastewater.

The present study comprises the study on quality of domestic waste water that is discharged
from the several lakes (LAKE VIEW and KHATLAPURA near PHQ) and DAM
(KALIASOT DAM), collected inside the plastic bottles. The study includes characterization
tests for pH value, acidity, alkalinity, chloride, residual chlorine, turbidity & DO. Total
suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), Biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD),Chemical oxygen demand (COD), oil & grease, chlorides & sulphates.

1.2 Objectives of Study

The principal objective of waste water treatment is generally to allow human and
industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or
unacceptable damage to the natural environment. An environmentally-safe fluid
waste stream is produced. No danger to human health or unacceptable damage to
the natural environment is expected.
Sewage includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks
and so forth that is disposed of via sewers. Sewage also includes liquid waste from
industry and commerce.

The objectives of the study are:

1. Physical, chemical and biological characterization of the domestic

Waste water from lakes and dam of BHOPAL

2. Comparison with the prescribed standard

Observation of Study:

Waste water samples from the lakes i.e LAKE VIEW and KHATLAPURA and the
KALIASOT DAM.

The following physical characteristics were studied:

i. Odour
ii. Taste
iii. Colour
iv. Floatables
v. Turbidity

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The following chemical characteristics were studied:

i. Total Iron
ii. Copper
iii. Zinc
iv. Potassium
v. Lead
vi. Aluminium

For determination of inorganic non-metallic constituents we determined the:

i. Alkalinity
ii. Acidity
iii. Chloride
iv. Residual Chlorine
v. Sulphate
vi. Ph. of the sample
vii. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
viii. Dissolved Oxygen

1.3 Literature Review

Physical characteristic of waste water:

Odour: It depends on the substances which arouse human receptor cells on coming in
contact with them. Pure water doesn’t produce odour or taste sensations. Thus waste water
which contains toxic substances has pungent smell which makes it easy to distinguish.

Odour is recognized as a quality factor affecting acceptability of drinking water.

The organic and inorganic substance contributes to taste or odour. The ultimate odour tasting
device is the human nose. The odour intensity is done by threshold odour test.

Taste: The sense of taste result mainly from chemical stimulation of sensory nerve endings
in tongue. Fundamental sensations of taste are, by 5 convention more than by research
evidence, salt, sweet, bitter, and sour.

The rating involves the following steps:

a) Dilution series including random blanks is prepared

b) Initial testing of about half the sample by taking water into mouth and holding it for
several seconds and discharging it without swallowing.
c) Forming an initial judgment on the rating scale
d) A final rating made for the sample
e) Rinsing mouth with taste and odour free water
f) Resting.

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How Does Taste and Odour Get Into Water?

Chlorine Smell or Taste

Chlorine tastes and odour is usually caused by the addition of chlorine to the water system or
the interaction of chlorine with other parameters in the water. If water has a chlorine smell
but not a chlorine taste, it may be due to not enough chlorine, while a chlorine taste is usually
caused by a high level of chlorine.

Rotten Egg Smell

A sulphur or rotten egg odour or taste is most commonly caused by bacteria growing in your
well, sink drain or water heater. However, in some cases, this is caused by naturally occurring
hydrogen sulphide. The smell may also be due to a reaction with the magnesium anode in
your water heater.

Petroleum Smell or Taste

Petroleum, gasoline, fuel or solvent odour is rare and potentially serious. It may be from an
underground storage tank or another source of petroleum contaminant near your water
supply.

Metallic Taste or Smell

A metallic taste or smell is usually due to minerals, such as iron or copper that can leach from
water pipes or be present naturally. Metals such as zinc and manganese are also potential
causes.

Earthy or Fishy Smells and Tastes

Earthy or fishy smells and tastes are commonly caused by bacteria growing in a sink drain or
from organic matter such as plants, animals and bacteria that are present in lakes and
reservoirs.

Salty Taste

A salty taste is usually due to naturally occurring sodium, magnesium or calcium, sulphate,
and chloride.

Colour: Colour in water results from the presence of natural metallic ions such as Fe or
Mg, humus and peat materials, planktons and weeds. It is removed to make water suitable for
general and industrial applications.
After turbidity is removed the apparent colour and that due to suspended matter is found out.

Tristimulus, Spectroscopic and Platinum cobalt method is used.

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If your water suddenly changes colour—no matter what colour it becomes—it could indicate
a public health concern. Contact your water utility or, if you have your own well, your local
health agency. It’s likely that something disturbed the water flow in the water main, such as a
line break or fire fighting, or a plumbing problem allowed unsafe water to enter the line.

 Green or blue water: Usually caused by corrosion of copper plumbing. If corrosion is

occurring, dripping water will leave a bluish-green stain on porcelain fixtures. Certain metals
that can get into drinking water from corrosion, such as copper or lead, may pose a health
concern. Overly corrosive water may cause a problem with the home’s piping. If you suspect
corrosion, contact your water utility or a licensed plumber.

 Black or dark brown water: Often caused by manganese in the water or pipe sediment. If
the water doesn’t clear after a few minutes of flushing all your cold-water faucets and toilets,
wait about an hour and try again. If it still isn’t clear, contact your water utility. If you have
your own well, you may need a licensed plumber to evaluate and correct the problem. Check
with your local health agency for advice.

 Brown, red, orange or yellow water: Usually caused by iron rust. Galvanized iron, steel, or
cast iron pipes in a home or business, or the water main can cause rusty water. While
unpleasant and potentially damaging to clothes and fixtures, iron in drinking water is not a
human health concern.

 Milky white or cloudy water: Usually caused by tiny air bubbles. If your water is white, fill
a clear glass with water and set it on the counter. If the water starts to clear at the bottom of
the glass first, the cloudy or white appearance is trapped air. It is not a health threat and
should clear in a few minutes. If you have your own well, the pumping system may be
causing this issue. You may need a qualified contractor to determine how it to correct it.

Total Dissolved solids (TDS):

It refers to matters suspended or dissolved in water and waste water. Solids affect the water
or effluent quality adversely in a number of ways. Water with highly dissolved solids are not
palatable and may cause physiological reaction in transient consumer.

A limit of 500 mg dissolved solids/L is desirable for drinking waters. Evaporation method is
used to separate total solids and their weight is found out.

Dissolved solids" refer to any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved in water.
Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally calcium, magnesium,
potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates) and some small amounts of
organic matter are dissolved in water. TDS in drinking-water originate from natural sources,
sewage, urban run-off, industrial wastewater, and chemicals used in the water treatment
process, and the nature of the piping or hardware used to convey the water, i.e., the plumbing.
In the United States, elevated TDS has been due to natural environmental features such as
mineral springs, carbonate deposits, salt deposits, and sea water intrusion, but other sources

13
may include: salts used for road de-icing, anti-skid materials, drinking water treatment
chemicals, stormwater, and agricultural runoff, and point/non-point wastewater discharges.

In general, the total dissolved solids concentration is the sum of the cations (positively
charged) and anions (negatively charged) ions in the water. Therefore, the total dissolved
solids test provides a qualitative measure of the amount of dissolved ions but does not tell us
the nature or ion relationships. In addition, the test does not provide us insight into the
specific water quality issues, such as Elevated Hardness, Salty Taste or Corrosiveness.
Therefore, the total dissolved solids test is used as an indicator test to determine the general
quality of the water.
The sources of total dissolved solids can include all of the dissolved cations and anions, but
the following table can be used as a generalization of the relationship of TDS to water quality
problems

Cations combined with

Associated with hardness,
Carbonates
scale formation, bitter taste
CaCO3, MgCO3 etc

Cations combined with

Salty or brackish taste,
Chloride
increase corrosivity
NaCl, KCl

An elevated total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration is not a health hazard. The TDS
concentration is a secondary drinking water standard and, therefore, is regulated because it is
more of an aesthetic rather than a health hazard. An elevated TDS indicates the following:

1)The concentration of the dissolved ions may cause the water to be corrosive, salty or
brackish taste, result in scale formation, and interfere and decrease efficiency of hot water
heaters.
2)Many contain elevated levels of ions that are above the Primary or Secondary Drinking
Water Standards, such as an elevated level of nitrate, arsenic, aluminium, copper, lead, etc.

In a laboratory setting, the total dissolved solids is determined by filtering a measured volume
of sample through a standard glass fiber filter. The filtrate (i.e., filtered liquid) is then added
to a preweighed ceramic dish that is placed in a drying oven at a temperature of 103 C. After

14
the sample dries, the temperature is increased to 180 C to remove an occluded water, i.e.,
water molecules trapped in mineral matrix. Total dissolved solids means the total dissolved
(filterable) solids as determined by use of the method specified in Title 40 of the Code of
Federal Regulation (40CFR) Part136. High total dissolved solids may affect the aesthetic
quality of the water, interfere with washing clothes and corroding plumbing fixtures. For
aesthetic reasons, a limit of 500 mg/l (milligrams per litre) has been established as part of the
Secondary Drinking Water Standards.

Floatables: One important criterion for evaluating the possible effect of waste disposal into
surface water is the amount of floatable material in the waste. Two general types of floating
matters are found

(i) Particulate matters like 'grease balls'

(ii) Liquid component capable of spreading as thin visible film over large areas.
It is important because it accumulates on the surface and may contain pathogenic bacteria and
viruses.

Turbidity: Clarity of water is important in producing products destined for human

consumption and in many manufacturing uses. It is caused by 6 suspended matter such as
clay, silt, finely divided organic and inorganic matter, soluble coloured organic compounds.
Turbidity is an expression of the optical property that causes light to be scattered and
absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines through the sample. The standard method for
determination of turbidity has been based on the Jackson candle turbidimeter and
Nephlometer.

Turbidity is the measure of relative clarity of a liquid. It is an optical characteristic of water

and is a measurement of the amount of light that is scattered by material in the water when a
light is shined through the water sample. The higher the intensity of scattered light, the higher
the turbidity. Material that causes water to be turbid include clay, silt, very tiny inorganic and
organic matter, algae, dissolved coloured organic compounds, and plankton and other
microscopic organisms.

Turbidity makes water cloudy or opaque. The picture to the right shows a U.S. Geological
Survey (USGS) hydrologist sampling highly turbid water in the Colorado River in Arizona.
The water collected in a bottle will be used to find out the turbidity, which is measured by
shining a light through the water and is reported in Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).
During periods of low flow (base flow), many rivers are a clear green colour, and turbidities
are low, usually less than 10 NTU. During a rainstorm, particles from the surrounding land
are washed into the river making the water a muddy brown colour, indicating water that has
higher turbidity values. Also, during high flows, water velocities are faster and water volumes
are higher, which can more easily stir up and suspend material from the stream bed, causing
higher turbidities.

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Chemical characteristic of waste water:

Chemical characteristics of water state the presence of metals their treatment, the
determination of inorganic non-metallic constituents and the determination of organic
constituents. Here goes a brief description of all the experiments we have performed.

1. Total Solids and Suspended Solids

Total solids (suspended solids + dissolved solids) can be obtained by evaporating a sample of
water and weighing the dry residue left and weighing the residue left on the filter paper.

The suspended solid can be found by filtering the water sample. Total permissible amount of
solids in water is generally limited to 500 ppm.

2. pH value of Water

If concentration increases, pH decreases and then it will be acidic.

If concentration decreases, pH increases and then it will be alkaline.

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pH + pOH = 14

if the pH of water is more than 7, it will be alkaline and if it is less than 7, it will be acidic.

The alkalinity is caused by the presence of bicarbonate of calcium and magnesium or by the
carbonates of hydroxides of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium.

Some, but not all of the compounds that cause alkalinity also cause hardness.

pH Measurement: the pH value of water can be measured quickly and automatically with the
help of a Potentiometer.

17
The pH can also be measured by indicators as given below:

Final
pH range of indicator Original
Indicator color
dye color
produced

Methyl orange 2.8 – 4.4 Red Yellow

Methyl red 4.4 – 6.2 Red Yellow

Phenol red 6.8 – 8.4 Yellow Red

Phenolphthalein 8.6 – 10.3 Yellow Red

Permissible pH value for public supplies may range between 6.6 to 8.4.

The lower value of pH may cause incrustation, sediment deposits, difficulty in chlorination.

3. Hardness of Water
Hard waters are undesirable because they may lead to greater soap consumption, scaling of
boilers, causing corrosion and incrustation of pipes, making food tasteless etc.

Temporary Hardness: If bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium and magnesium are present
in water, the water is render hard temporarily as this hardness can be removed to some extent
by simple boiling or to full extent by adding lime to water. Such a hardness is known as
temporary hardness or carbonate hardness.

Permanent Hardness: If sulphates, chlorides and nitrates of calcium or magnesium are present
in water, they cannot be removed at al by simple boiling and therefore, such water require
special treatment for softening. Such a hardness is known as permanent hardness or non-
carbonate hardness.

It is caused by sulphates, chlorides, nitrates of Ca and Mg.

Carbonate hardness = Total hardness or Alkalinity (which ever is less)

Non-carbonate hardness = Total hardness – Alkalinity

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o Carbonate hardness is equal to the total hardness or alkalinity which ever is less.

o Non-carbonate hardness is the total hardness in excess of the alkalinity. If the alkalinity is
equal to or greater than the total hardness, there is no non-carbonate hardness.

o One French degree of hardness is equal to 10mg/l of CaCO3.

o One British degree of hardness is equal to a hardness of 14.25mg/l.

o Water with hardness upto 75 ppm are considered soft and above 200 ppm are considered hard
and in between is considered as moderately hard.

o Underground waters are generally harder than surface waters.

o The prescribed hardness limit for public supplies range between 75 to 115 ppm.

4. Chloride Content
The chloride content of treated water to be supplied to the public should not exceed a value of
about 250 ppm.

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 The chloride content of water can be measured by titrating the water with standard silver
nitrate solution using potassium chromate as indicator.

(5) Nitrogen Content

The presence of nitrogen in water may occur in one or more of the following reasons:

1. Free ammonia: It indicates very first stage of decomposition of organic matter. It should not
exceed 0.15mg/l
2. Albuminous or Organic Matter: It indicates the quantity of nitrogen present in water before
the decomposition of organic molten has started. It should not exceed 0.3mg/l
3. Nitrites: Not fully oxidized organic matter in water.
4. Nitrates: It indicates fully oxidized organic matter in water (representing old pollution).
o Nitrites is highly dangerous and therefore the permissible amount of nitrites in water should
be nil.
o Ammonia nitrogen + organic nitrogen = kjeldahl nitrogen
o Nitrates in water is not harmful. However the presence of too much of nitrates in water may
adversely affect the health of infants causing a disease
called methemoglobinemia commonly called blue baby disease.
o The nitrate concentration in domestic water supplies is limited to 45 mg/l.

6. Metal and other chemical substances in water:

Iron – 0.3ppm, excess of these cause discolouration of clothes.

Manganese – 0.05ppm

Copper – 1.3ppm

Sulphate – 250 ppm

Fluoride – 1.5 ppm, excess of this effects human lungs and other respiratory organs.

Fluoride concentration of less than 0.8 – 1.0 ppm cause dental cavity (tooth decay). If
fluoride concentration is greater than 1.5ppm, causing spotting and discolouration of teeth (a
disease called fluorosis).

7. Dissolved gases
Oxygen gas is generally absorbed by water from the atmosphere but it being consumed by
unstable organic matter for their oxidation. Hence, if the oxygen present in water is found o
be less than its saturation level, it indicates presence of organic matter and consequently
making the waters suspicious.

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Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):
The extent of organic matter present in water sample can be estimated by supplying oxygen
to this sample and finding the oxygen consumed by the organic matter present in water. This
oxygen demand is known as Biological oxygen demand (BOD).

It is not practically possible to determine ultimate oxygen demand. Hence, BOD of water
during the first five days at C is generally taken as the standard demand.

= Loss of oxygen in mg/l x dilution factor.

The BOD of safe drinking water must be nil.

Biological characteristic of waste water:

Water quality has a key role in deciding the abundance, species composition, stability,
productivity and physiological condition of indigenous populations of aquatic communities.
Their existence is an expression of the quality of the water. Biological methods used for
evaluating water quality include the collection, counting and identification of aquatic
organisms. Most microorganisms known to microbiologists can be found in domestic
wastewater like Bacteria, Protozoa, Viruses, and Algae.

Planktons, Periphyton, Macro-phyton, Macro-invertebrates, Fish, Amphibians and Aquatic

reptiles are the biotic group of interdependent organism. Wastewater contains vast quantities
of bacteria and other organisms. Aerobic bacteria break down organic matter in the presence
of available oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria disintegrate organic matter which is shut off from
free oxygen, such as in the interior of a mass of feces or a dead body. The products of
anaerobic decomposition have an extremely nauseating odour. Matter in which this condition
exists is said to be septic. A multitude of the bacteria in wastewater are coliform bacteria:
those found in the digestive tract of normal humans. It is these comparatively few pathogenic
organisms that pose the greatest public health hazard. Waste water which is not properly
treated may eventually find its way into a community water source and spread waterborne
diseases.

The extent of organic matter present in water sample can be estimated by supplying oxygen
to this sample and finding the oxygen consumed by the organic matter present in water. This
oxygen demand is known as Biological oxygen demand (BOD).

It is not practically possible to determine ultimate oxygen demand. Hence, BOD of water
during the first five days at C is generally taken as the standard demand.

= Loss of oxygen in mg/l x dilution factor.

The BOD of safe drinking water must be nil.

Bacterial and Microscopic Characteristics of Water

21
 Five types of parasitic organisms (i.e. bacteria, protozoa, viruses, worms and fungi) are
generally known to be infective to main and are found in water.

1. Bacteria
These are the minute single cell organisms possessing no defined nucleus and having no
green material to help them manufacture their own food. They are reproduced by binary
fusion and may of various shapes and sizes are 1 to 4 microns, examined by microscope.

a) Non-disease causing bacteria – Non-pathogenic bacteria.

b) Disease causing bacteria – Pathogenic bacteria.

2. Protozoa
These are single cell animals and are the lowest and the simplest form of animal life. They
are bacteria eaters and thus destroy Pathogens. They are counted by microscope.

3. Viruses
4. Worms
These are the larva of flies.

5. Fungi
These are those plants which grow without sunlight and live on other plants or animals, dead
or alive.

Classification of bacteria based on oxygen requirement:

1. Aerobic bacteria: Those which require oxygen for their survival.
2. Anaerobic bacteria: Those which flourish in the absence of free oxygen.
3. Facultative bacteria: Those which can survive with or without free oxygen.

Pathogenic bacteria
These can be tested and counted in the laboratories but with great difficulty. These tests are
therefore, generally not performed in routine to check up of the water quality. The usual
routine tests are generally conducted to detect and count the presence of coliforms which in
themselves harmless organisms, but their presence or absence indicates the presence or
absence of pathogenic bacteria.

Methods to measure the presence of coliform bacteria:

1. Membrane filter technique (modern technique)

2. Mixing different dilution of a sample of water with lactose froth and incubating them in test-
tubes for 48 hours at C. the presence of acid or carbon dioxide gas in tubes will indicate
the presence of coliform bacteria.
Most probable number (MPN) represent the bacterial density.

Coliform index

22
It may be defined as the reciprocal of the smallest quantity of a sample which would give a
positive portion. Coliform sometimes called bacteria coli (B-coli) or Escherichia (E-coli) are
harmless aerobic micro-organisms.

If not more than 1 coliform is present per 100ml of water, then water is said to be safe for
drinking.

23
Chapter 2

MONITORING PROTOCOLS

24
2.1 Study Area:

Achievement of a safe and healthful workplace is the responsibility of an organization, the

people residing in the place and the workers who are given the charge to protect the
environment. Waste disposal and minimization and pollution prevention should be the
preferred approach.
Stringent penalties for the improper disposal of wastes should be adopted.
Bhopal is one of the most significant and beautiful places INDIA.

Bhopal is known as the ―city of lakes‖; its name is a derivation of Bhoj Tal (―Bhoj’s Lake‖),
a lake constructed by Bhoj, a Hindu raja, in the 11th century. Today that lake is the Upper
Bhopal Lake (Bada Talab), which is connected to the Lower Bhopal Lake (Chhota Talab) by
an aqueduct. The lakes supply drinking water and are used for recreation. Around the lakes
are several palaces and a fort dating from about 1728. Bhopal has several mosques, including
the 19th-century Taj-ul-Masjid, the largest mosque in India. A three-day religious pilgrimage
is held at the mosque annually, which attracts Muslim pilgrims from all parts of India. Other
significant attractions in and around Bhopal include Fatehgarh Fort; Lakshminarayan
Temple; Bharat Bhawan, a multipurpose arts centre; the Museum of Man, an open-air exhibit
of replicas of different Indian tribal dwellings; and Van Vihar National Park, a zoological
park. Bhopal is located centrally in INDIA. It is connected to almost every part of country.
Bhopal ranked at 10th place in EASE OF LIVING INDEX, an initiative of Union Ministry of
Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) to help cities assess liveability via Global and National
benchmarks released last year in the month of August, 2018.

The following is the list of workplace which is the main sources of pollution generating unit
in the study area:

a. Lake View

b. Khatlapura (PHQ)

c. Kaliasot Dam

2.2 Sampling Techniques:Waste water samples have been collected in contamination

free sampling bottles of 1000 ml from the water bodies of various parts of cities.

25
Fig 2.1 MAP OF INDIA in which location of BHOPAL

26
Fig 2.2 WATER BODIES OF BHOPAL

27
 Fig. KALIASOT DAM BHOPAL

Fig. KHATLAPURA (CHOTA TALAB) BHOPAL

28
Fig. LAKE VIEW BHOPAL

29
Chapter 3

ANALYIS TECHNIQUES

30
3.01 METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF PH VALUE

(ELECTROMERIC METHODS)
The negative logarithm of concentration of hydrogen ion gives the pH of a sample. pH varies
from 6-8 in waste water sample, due to hydrolysis of salts of bases and acids. Carbon dioxide,
Hydrogen Sulphide and Ammonia which are dissolved affect pH value of water. pH value
may be more than 9 in alkaline springs and the pH may be 4 or even less than 4 for acidic
ones. Industrial wastes do affect the pH as it depends on buffer capacity of water. pH value of
water sample in lab changes because of lessor absorption of gases, reactions with sediments,
chemical reaction taking place within the sample bottle. Therefore pH value should
preferably be determined at the time of collection of sample. pH can be determined
electrometrically or calorimetrically. The electrometric method is more accurate but requires
special apparatus. The calorimetric method is simple and requires less expensive apparatus,
and is sufficiently accurate for general work.

PRINCIPLE
The pH value is found by measurement of the electromotive force generated in a cell. It is
made up of an indicator electrode which is reactive to hydrogen ions such as a glass
electrode. When it is immersed in the test solution the contact between reference electrode
(usually mercury/calomel electrode), and the test solution the electromotive force is
measured. A pH meter, that is, a high impedance voltmeter is marked in terms of pH.
Varieties of electrodes have been suggested for the determination of pH. The hydrogen gas
electrode is the primary standard. Glass electrode in coordination with calomel electrode is
generally used with reference potential provided by saturated calomel electrode. The glass
electrode system is based on the theory that a change, of 1 pH unit produces an electrical
change of 59.1 mV at 25°C. The membrane of the glass forms a partition between two liquids
of differing hydrogen ion concentration thus a potential is produced between the two sides of
the membrane which is proportional to the difference in pH between the liquids.
The apparatus used are:
(i) pH meter - With glass and reference electrode (saturated calomel), preferably with
temperature compensation.
(ii) Thermometer - With least Count of 0.5°C.

The apparatus required for the determination of water pH are:

 pH meter that is suitable for field as well as laboratory analysis. These can have either
one or two electrodes.
 Distilled Water
 Standard Buffer solutions with pH of 4, 7 and 10. The solutions of known standards
can be used.
 Thermometer that can read 77±18oC to the nearest value of 0.1 degree Celsius
 glass stirring rod
 Minimum capacity scale to read up to 1.1 lb

31
PROCEDURE:
The instrument is standardized after required warm-tip period. A buffer solution of pH near
to that of the sample is used. The electrode is checked against at least one additional buffer of
different pH value.

The temperature of the water is found and if temperature compensation is available in the
instruments it is adjusted. The electrodes are rinsed and gently wiped with solution. If
necessary, the electrodes are immersed into the sample beaker or sample stream and stirred at
a constant rate to provide homogeneity and suspension of solids. Rate of stirring is minimized
and the air transfer rate at the air-water interface of the sample is noted. The sample pH and
temperature is noted.

 The water sample is properly mixed and stirred using a glass rod
 By using a watch glass, sample of water equal to 40ml (5ml more or less) is added to
the beaker. The temperature of the water is allowed to stabilize by placing the sample
stand for 1 hour. In between this time stirring can be done. After 1 hour, the
temperature of the water is measured and this temperature is adjusted in the pH meter.
Hence the pH meter shows temperature similar to that of the sample.
 All these adjustment to the apparatus must be performed and fixed before the test is
conducted. There are some pH meters with automatic temperature controls. In such
cases, the instructions provided by the manufacturer have to be followed.
 The standard solutions are used to standardize the pH meter. Here also the
temperature is adjusted as mentioned above procedure.
 Next, into the water sample, the electrodes are inserted. The beaker is turned and
adjusted so that there is good contact between the electrodes and the water.
 Before starting the reading, the electrodes have to be placed in the solution for more
than 30 seconds. This time period is required for the proper stabilizing of the meter to
have proper reading. In pH meter that have an automatic reading system, a signal will
be provided to tell that the meter is stabilized.
 Once the reading is shown, it must be read to the nearest tenth of the whole number. If
the value shows to 100th place then it has to be rounded off. The tenth-place digit is
left if the 100th place is less than 5. For values greater than 5 after decimal, it is
rounded to 1 unit. If the 100th place is equal to 5, the nearest even number is taken as
rounded value.
 The apparatus must be maintained after each use. The electrodes used are washed
thoroughly with distilled water. If there is any form of film around the electrodes, it
has to be cleared. Wiping of the electrodes must be avoided as this will result in
polarization which will result in slow response of the experiment.

32
Various colours obtained while performing PH test on LITMUS PAPER

33
 3.02 METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
TURBIDITY:

PRINCIPLE:
The intensity of light scattered by the sample under defined conditions is compared with the
intensity of light scattered by a standard reference suspension under the same conditions,
forms the basis of determination of turbidity.

Higher the intensity of scattered lights higher the value of turbidity. Formazin polymer is
generally used as turbidity standard because it is more reproducible than other types of
standards used previously. The turbidity of a particular concentration of Formazin suspension
is defined as 40 Jackson turbidity units. The same suspension of Formazin has a turbidity of
approximately 40 units when measured on Jackson candle turbidimeter. Thus turbidity units
based on the Formazin preparation closely approximate those derived from Jackson candle
turbidimeter but it may not always be identical to them.

The apparatus used are:

Sample Tubes - The sample tubes should be of clear and colourless glass.
Turbidimeter
The reagents used are:
Turbidity-Free Water
Hexamethylene Tetramine Solution
Hydrazine Sulphate Solution
Turbidity Standard Suspension I ( Formazin)
Turbidity Standard Suspension II

PROCEDURE:
TURBIDIMETER CALIBRATION - The manufacturer’s operating instructions is followed.
The standards on turbidimeter covering the range of interest are measured. If the instrument
is already calibrated in standard turbidity units, this procedure will check the accuracy of
calibration.

Turbidity less than 43 Units - The sample is shaken to disperse the solids. Air bubbles
disappear gradually. Sample into turbidimeter tube is poured carefully and turbidity value is
directly read from the instrument scale.

Turbidity greater than 40 Units – If turbidity values are more than 40 units, the sample is
diluted with clear distilled water to compare and bring the values within range. The readings
are taken of the diluted sample. Then the turbidity is computed of the original sample from
the turbidity of the diluted sample and the dilution factor.

34
 Fig. TURBIDITY METER

- Switch on the power supply and check the battery of the turbidimeter.
- Press the 1 N.T.U button and coincide the scale with zero by using focusing template.
- Again press 1 N.T.U button and coincide the scale with zero using the focusing template.
- A Standard formazine solution of N.T.U is placed on tubidimeter in the path of rays and
scale is brought 9 n.t.u
- The Water sample is taken in a test and is placed in turbidimeter
- Use A Cell rise if the turbidity is more than 100 N.T.U and get the turbidity dilution factor.

CALCULATION:
Calculate the turbidity of diluted samples, using the following equation:
Turbidity units = A x (B+C)/C
Where,
A = turbidity units found in diluted sample,
B = volume in ml of dilution water used, and
C = volume of sample in ml taken for dilution.

35
 3.03 METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF
CHLORIDE

PRINCIPLE:
: To determine the amount of chloride (in the form of Cl–) present in the given water sample
by Mohr’s method. The apparatus required are:
 Burette
 Pipettes
 Erlenmeyer flasks
 Measuring cylinder
 Chloride free distilled water.
 Standard silver nitrate solution (0.0141N)
 Potassium chromate indicator.
 Acid or alkali for adjusting pH.

Soluble and slightly dissociated mercuric chloride is formed when Chloride is titrated with
mercuric nitrate. Diphenyl Carbazone within the pH range of 2.3 to 2.8 signals the end point
by the formation of a purple complex with extra mercuric ions.
The apparatus used are:
Erlenmeyer flask - 250 ml capacity.
Microburette - 5 ml with 0.01 ml graduation intervals.
The reagents used are:
Standard sodium chloride solution
Nitric acid - 0. I N
Sodium hydroxide - 0.1 N
Reagents for chloride concentrations below 700 mg/l
Indicator-acidifier reagent - Nitric acid concentration of this reagent decides the success of
the determination and it can be varied as indicated in (a) or (b) to befit the alkalinity range of
the sample.
Reagent (a) contains sufficient nitric acid to counteract a total alkalinity of 150 mg as
CaCO3/l to the proper pH in a 100 ml sample.

a) 250 mg s-diphenylcarbazone, 4-O ml. concentration nitric acid and 30 mg xylene cyanol
FF in 100 ml 95percent ethyl alcohol or isopropyl alcohol.
The sample is stored in a dark bottle in a refrigerator. This reagent is not stable indefinitely.
Deterioration causes a slow end point and high results.
Standard mercuric nitrate titrant - 2.3 g mercuric nitrate [Hg (NO3)2 or 2.5 g Hg
(NO3).12H2O] is dissolved in 100 ml distilled water containing 0.25 ml concentrated nitric
acid. It is diluted to just less than 1 litre. Replicates are used containing 5.00 ml standard
sodium chloride solution and 10 mg sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) diluted to 100 ml with
distilled water. It is adjusted to 0.0141 N and a final standardization of 1.00 ml = 500 μg Cl-
is made. It is stored away from light in a dark bottle.
Mixed indicator reagent - 0.50 g diphenylcarbazone powder and 0.05g bromophenol blue
powder is dissolved in 75 ml 95 percent ethyl or isopropyl alcohol and dilute to 100 ml with
the same alcohol.
0.141 N standard mercuric nitrate is used as titrant.

36
PROCEDURE:

 Take 50mL of sample (V) and dilute to 100mL.

 If the sample is coloured add 3mL of aluminium hydroxide, shake well; allow to
settle, filter, wash and collect filtrate.
 Sample is brought to pH 7-8 by adding acid or alkali as required.
 Add 1mL of indicator (Potassium chromate).
 Titrate the solution against standard silver nitrate solution until a reddish brown
precipitate is obtained. Note down the volume (V1).
 Repeat the procedure for blank and note down the volume (V2).

100 ml sample is taken such that the chloride content is less than 10 mg. 1.0 ml indicator
acidifier reagents are put. pH is conformed to about 8 for highly alkaline or acid waters
before adding indicator-acidifier reagent. 0.411 N Mercuric Nitrate is titrated with the
solution to a definite purple end point. The solution turns from green blue to blue a few drops
before the end point.

The blank is determined by titrating 100 ml distilled water containing 10 mg of sodium

bicarbonate.
Chloride, mg/l = (V1 – V2) x N x35450/V3

Where,

V1 = volume in ml of silver nitrate used by the sample,

V2 = volume in ml of silver nitrate used in the blank titration,
V3 = volume in ml of sample taken for titration and
N = normality of silver nitrate solution.

37
 fig. Silver Nitrate

fig. Potassium Chromate Indicator

38
 3.04 METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS:

PRINCIPLE:
The sample is evaporated in a weighed dish on a steam-bath and is dried to a constant mass in
an oven either at 103-105°C or 179-181°C. Total residue is calculated from increase in mass.
Note - In general, by evaporating and drying water samples at 179-181°C values are obtained
which conform more closely to those obtained by summation of individually determined
mineral salts
The apparatus used are:
Evaporating Dish
 Steam-Bath
Drying Oven
Desiccator
Analytical Balance

39
TDS meter used for calculating TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLID

CALCULATION - The total residue is calculated using the following equation:

Total residue, mg/l = 1000xM/V
Where,
M = mass in mg of total residue, and
Y = volume in ml of the sample.
3.08 METHODOLOGY FOR MEASUREMENT OF DO:
The apparatus used are:
Incubation bottles
DO meter
Air incubator

40
PROCEDURE:
Water is kept in incubator and a magnetic stirrer is put inside the bottle.The magnetic stirrer
is incessantly rotated inside the bottle. Then with the help of DO meter 3 readings are noted.
The first reading is taken at the bottom, second at mid-point and third at top of the bottle.
Thus the average of the readings will give the dissolved oxygen present in the water sample.
1. The clean evaporating dish is heated to 180°C for 1 hour. It is cooled, desiccated, weighed
and stored in desiccator until it is ready.

2. The volume of the sample is selected which has residue between 25 and 250 mg,
preferably between 190 and 200 mg. This volume may be found out from values of specific
conductance. If a measurable residue has to be obtained successive aliquots of sample can be
added to the sample dish.

3. This volume is pipetted to a weighed evaporating dish placed on a steam-bath. A drying

oven can be used to perform evaporation. To prevent oiling and splattering of the sample the
temperature should be lowered to around 98°C. The dish is taken to an oven at 103-105°C, or
179-181°C and dried to constant mass, after complete evaporation of water from the residue.
It is done till the difference in the successive weighing is less than 0.5 mg. To eliminate
necessity of checking for constant mass drying for a long duration (usually 1 to 2 hours) is

41
done. The time for drying to constant mass with a given type of sample when a number of
samples of nearly same type are to be analyzed can be determined by trial.

4. The dish is weighed as soon as it has cooled. Residue is avoided to stay for long time as
some residues are hygroscopic and may absorb water from desiccant which may not be
absolutely dry.

42
 3.05 METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
HARDNESS:

Principle:
This method is contingent upon the power of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid
(C10H14O8N2) or its disodium salt to form stable complexes with calcium and magnesium
ions. When the dye eriochrome black T (EBT) is added to a solution containing calcium and
magnesium ions at pH 10.0 a wine red complex is formed. This solution is titrated with
standard solution of disodium salt of EDTA, which extracts calcium and magnesium from the
dye complex and the dye is changed back to its original blue colour. Eriochrome black T is
used to indicate the end-point for the titration of calcium and magnesium together

43
The reagents used are:
i. Buffer solution (NH4Cl + NH4OH)
ii. Standard calcium solution
iii. Eriochrome black 1 indicator solution
iv. Inhibitors
v. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution
vi. Potassium ferrocyanide crystals
vii. Sodium sulphide inhibitor
viii. Sodium cyanide solution
ix. Standard EDTA solution

PROCEDURE:
25.0 ml of standard calcium solution is pipetted in a porcelain basin. The volume is adjusted
to 50 ml with distilled water. 1 ml buffer solution is used. 1 to 2 drops of indicator is put.
After continuous stirring until the reddish tinge disappears, it isn’t titrated. Few drops of
sample at 3 to 5 second interval are added. At the end point the colour is sky blue.
For drinking, surface and saline waters - An aliquot of water sample is pipetted, in a porcelain
dish or 150-ml beaker. The volume is tuned to approximately 50 ml. 1 ml hydroxylamine
hydrochloride (NH4OH.HCl) is added to the solution. 2 ml of buffer solution is mixed so as
to achieve pH of 10.0 to 10.1. 2 ml sodium cyanide or sodium sulphide inhibitor solution is
put if the end point isn’t sharp. If Cu, Zn, Pb, Co and Ni are absent and if the sample contains
less than 0.25 mg of Fe and 0.025 mg of Mn the addition of NaCN or Na2S may be omitted.
2 ml of Eriochrome black T indicator solution is added and titrated with standard EDTA
solution stirring rapidly in the beginning. It is stirred slowly towards the end when all the
traces of red and purple colour disappear and solution is clear sky blue in colour.

For waste waters and highly polluted waters - An aliquot of the sample is digested with 3 ml
of distilled conc. HNO3 in a beaker on a hot plate. It is evaporated to near dryness while
ensuring that the sample does not boil.
Digestion with nitric acid is repeated till the digestate is light in colour. It is evaporated to
near dryness and cooled. Little amount of 1: 1 hydrochloric acid (5 ml) is added and warmed
on a steam-bath to dissolve the residue.
Note 1 - For water with very low hardness (less than 5 mg/l) micro burette is used.
Note 2 - Sample size may be selected such that the result lies between 200 to 300 mg/l of
hardness (as CaCO3).

44
CALCULATION:
The hardness is calculated as follows:
Total hardness (as CaCO3), mg/l = 1000 V1/V2
Where,
V1 = Volume in ml of the EDTA standard solution used in the titration.
V2 = Volume in ml of the sample taken for the test.

45
Chapter 4

OBSERVATIONS

46
OBSERVATIONS:

47
Chapter 5

CONCLUSION

48
 5.1 Conclusion:

The average ranges of physical and chemical of waste water quality are experimented and
found out.

The pH ranges from 7.00 to 9.00.

The Chloride is in the range of 5 to 30 mg/l.

 The Turbidity ranged from 5 to 120 NTU.

The value of Turbidity was found to be within the permissible limit.

Total Dissolved Solids ranges from 75ppm to 181ppm.

Hardness ranges from 48mg/l to 180mg/l.

49
Chapter 5

REFERENCES

50
 5.1 References

1.AMERICAN HEALTH ASSOCIATION , 1985 : STANDARD METHODS FOR THE

EXAMINATION OF WATER & WASTE WATER - (16th edition )

2. ORHON.D. ATES. E., SOZEN.S., 1997 : CHARACTERIZATION AND COD

FRACTIONATION OF DOMESTIC WASTE WATER, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
95(2), 191 - 204

3. GERARD KIELY, 2007 , ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

4. KHANNA PUBLISHER, GARG S.K. , 1976 : ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING -

(2010 edition)

5.S. I. KHAN AND N. KAMAL: ASSESSMENT OF TREATMENT EFFICIENCY BY

QUANTITATIVE RECOVERY OF INDICATOR BACTERIAAND PATHOGENS IN
SEWAGE EFFLUENTS. 129. DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF
DHAKA, BANGLADESH.

6. IS: 3025 (PART 10) – 1984 METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST (PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL) FOR WATER AND WASTE
WATER, PART 10 - TURBIDITY.

7.IS: 3025 (PART 15) – 1984, METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST (PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL) FOR WATER AND WASTE
WATER, PART 15 - TOTAL RESIDUE (TOTAL SOLIDS —DISSOLVED AND
SUSPENDED).

8. IS: 3025 (PART 16) – 1984, METHODS OF SAMPLING AND TEST (PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL) FOR WATER AND WASTE WATER, PART 16-FILTERABLE
RESIDUE(TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS).

51