ME 401: Microprocessors

and Automatic Control

Basics of digital logic design

P.S. Gandhi
Mechanical Engineering
IIT Bombay

PRASANNA S GANDHI 1

How these work?

– Floppy drive
– CDROM drive : Gross positioning servo
system
– CD ROM Drives: fine positioning and
focussing servo system
– Scanner
Scanne
– Micromouse
– Autofocus camera
– Deskjet printer
PRASANNA S GANDHI 2

1
 Other applications
of logic design
„ Embedded products and real-
real-time
control systems: as we saw already
„ Scientific equipment
– Testing, sensing, reporting
„ Conventional computer design
– CPUs, busses, peripherals
„ Networking and communications
– Phones, modems, routers
PRASANNA S GANDHI 3

Brief history
„ 1850: George Boole invents Boolean algebra
– Maps logical propositions to symbols
– Permits manipulation of logic statements using mathematics
„ 1938 Cl
1938: Claude
d Shannon
Sh links
li k Boolean
B l algebra
l b to switches
i h
– His Masters’ thesis
„ 1945: John von Neumann develops first stored program
computer
– Its switching elements are vacuum tubes (a big advance from
relays)
„ 1946: ENIAC
ENIAC--
--world’s
world’s first all electronic computer
– 18,000 vacuum tubes
– Several hundred multiplications per minute
„ 1947: Shockley, Brattain,
Brattain, and Bardeen invent the transistor
– replaces vacuum tubes
„ enable integration of multiple devices into one package
– gateway to modern electronics
PRASANNA S GANDHI 4

2
 Logic design
What is design?
„ Given a problem develop a solution using
available resources to meet some specific
design performance parameters
Logic design?
„ Converting application task inputs and
outputs
p to specifications
p in terms of 0s and
1s. (encoding) Î several possible ways
„ Establishing mathematical relationship and
developing combination of basic elements to
achieve the goalÎ
goalÎ several possible ways
PRASANNA S GANDHI 5

„ Selection of optimum design

Typical steps in
logic design
„ representation: "0", "1" on a wire
– set of wires (e.g., for binary integers)
„ assignment: x = y
„ data operations: x + y – 5
„ control:
– sequential statements: A; B; C
– conditionals: if x == 1 then y
– loops: for ( i = 1 ; i == 10, i++)
– procedures: A; proc(...); B;
Study how these are implemented in hardware
PRASANNA S GANDHI 6

and compose into computational structures

3
 Switches to
create logic
Logic implementation
„ AND logic

„ OR logic

PRASANNA S GANDHI 7

Switching networks
„ To build larger computations
– Use a light bulb (output of the network) to set
other switches (inputs to another network)Î
network)Î
concept of relay

This is the way

older big
g size
computers
were created

„ Connect one network with another and so on

PRASANNA S GANDHI 8

4
 Transistors replacing
relays
„ Relays: bulky unreliable
„ Invention of transistors first in the form of
cathode ray tubes and next in the form of
semiconductor revolutionized digital circuits
„ Current technology: Complementary metal
oxide semiconductor (CMOS) :
– Several chips including pentium use this
– Fabrication using VLSI technology (Very large
scale integration
„ MOS transistors act as voltage controlled
PRASANNA S GANDHI 9

switches

CMOS Transistors

„ Have 3 terminals source S, gate G and drain

D two varieties (hence the word
complementory) mentioned below

PRASANNA S GANDHI 10

5
 Simple network
Logic Gate
„ Input is X and output is Y
„ Can you generate a truth
table (1 means 3v):
X Y

NOT Gate 0 volts : 0 3 volts: 0

3 volts : 1 0 volts: 1

Why not just the upper

„

P type devices not very good in connecting

MOS???
low voltages. Output may not get quite low
enough and could not be used appropriately
Y
PRASANNA S GANDHI 11
to connect the transistor in the next circuit

Logic gates

Truth tables
NAND
X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
NOR
X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1
PRASANNA S GANDHI 0 12

6
 How to construct other
gates in similar way?

„ AND = NOT(NAND) so invert output of NAND

gate (circuit??)
„ OR = NOT(NOR) so invert the output of NOR
gate (circuit??)

PRASANNA S GANDHI 13

Some practical aspects:

CMOS networks
„ What influences the speed: charging
and discharging on the wires and
transistors
„ Is zero perfect 0v or is 1 perfect 3v?
No. there is a noise margin Î transfer
characteristics (example: NOT gate)
3v
Logic 0 input Vin Vout
Vout Logic 1 input
PRASANNA S GANDHI
Vin 14

7
 Some practical aspects:
CMOS networks
„ Why do we use digital abstraction??

„ Why does it work??

So are these Vin Vout

circuit analog
or digital
3v
Logic 0 input

Vout Logic 1 input

PRASANNA S GANDHI
Vin 15

Course Goals
„ Be in position to develop logic for application
and design
g preliminary
p y digital
g circuits.
„ Understand digital number representation.
„ Know microprocessor fundamentals and be in
position to find out resources, understand
datasheets of a μc, and program it for given
control application.
„ Be in a position to interface microprocessor
with peripherals.
„ Understand basics of control
implementation PRASANNA S GANDHI 16

8
 Course Goals

„ U d t d fundamentals
Understand f d t l off ffeedback
db k
control system: “System perspective” of
looking at dynamics
„ Be able to model the system, linearize if
not, and analyze it for stability and develop
simple control algorithms
„ Be in position to quantify parameters of
control to match desired specifications

PRASANNA S GANDHI 17