Bearing Capacity of Granular Columns

Depth soft clay 15 m φ 15.48

Undrained shear strength 15 kPa Nc 12.9
Depth groundwater table 2m Nq 4.4
Soil weight above g.water 11.65 kN/m3 Ny 2.5
Soil weight below g.water 17.22 kN/m3
Square footing width 4.2 m
Square footing depth 0.3 m
Applied load footing 960 kN
Required factor of safety 5
Weight floor 108 kN
Column spacing 2m
Column diameter 0.8 m

The applied bearing pressure at the base of the footing is

p = P + Wf = 1068 = 74.16667 kPa
Af 14.4

The ulitimate bearing capacity of a single granular column is

q.ult,c = K.cu = 225 kPa

The ultimate bearing capacity of a square footing embedded at a depth of 1 m in natural

ground under an undrained condition is
q.ult,s = c Nc sc dc + 0.5ɣ' Bf Sɣ dɣ + σD' Nq sq dq
= c Nc sc dc + σD' Nq
sc = 1 + 0.2 (Bf/Lf) = 1.2
dc = 1 + 0.2 (Df/Bf) = 1.014286

q.ult,s = c Nc sc dc + σD' Nq
= 286.7771 kPa

The area replacement ratio can be calculated as follow :

as = 0.907 (cd/s)^2 = 0.14512

The ultimate bearing capacity of the composite foundation is

q.ult = 384.4752 kPa

The factor safety against bearing failure is

FS = q.ult = 5.183936 > SF
p
Nilai Faktor Daya Dukung Tanah Terzaghi
Keruntuhan Geser Umum
φ
Nc Nq Ny
0 5.7 1 0
5 7.3 1.6 0.5
10 9.6 2.7 1.2
15 12.9 4.4 2.5
20 17.7 7.4 5
25 25.1 12.7 9.7
30 37.2 22.5 19.7
34 52.6 36.5 35
35 57.8 41.4 42.4
40 95.7 81.3 100.4
45 172.3 173.3 297.5
48 258.3 287.9 780.1
50 347.6 415.1 1153.2
Concrete raft dimension 10.7 x 10 x 0.3 m
Embedment depth 0.3 m
Rows of column 4x 4
Diameter column 0.8 m
Length column 15 m
Spacing column 2.2 m (Square pattern)
Soft clay thick 15 m
ɣ.sat1 11.65 kN/m3
Drained modulus 5 Mpa
Ground water table 2m
Compressive strength column 1 Mpa
ɣ.sat2 17.22 kN/m3
Poisson's ratios soft clay 0.3
Poisson's ratios columns 0.2
Settlement of the raft 15 MN

lebar eff. 7.4 m

Rf factor is

Rf = √Ncls/Lc
= 1.531883 < 2

Therefor, the equivalent pier approach is suitable. Cross section area of group columns
(i.e., equivalent pier) is
Ag = 54.76 m2

Radius of raft is
Rr = √Ar/π
= 5.837502 m

Radius of equivalent pier is

 Rr = √Ag/π
= 4.176062 m

Length of equivalent pier is

Leq = Lc = 10.7 m

Total cross-section area of column is

Atc = ∑Aci = 16.π.r^2
= 8.0384 m2

Elastic modulus of column is

Ec = E50 = 100qu = 100 Mpa

Modulus of equivalent pier is

Eeq = Es + (Ec-Es)Atc/Ag = 18.94536 Mpa

Shear modulus of soil is

Gs = Gl = Es / 2(1+vs)
= 1.923077 Mpa

For a uniform soil,

ξ = Gl/Gb = 1 and ρ = Gavg/Gl =1

For a uniform pier,

ղ = req.b/req = 1

The pier length to radius ratio, Leq/req = 2.5622227 < 5

therefore, C= 5

Maximum influence radius of the equivalent pier is

rm.p = Creq + {0.25+ξ[2.5ρ(1-Vs)-0.25]}Leq
= 39.60531 m

ϛ = ln (rm,p/req)
= 2.249595

λ = Eeq / Gl
= 9.851588

μl Leq = √2/ϛλ . Leq/req

= 0.769709

tanh (μl Leq) = 0.64676

Stiffness of the equivalent pier is

 = 8.030888 11.72449
1.397704
= 67.36623 MN/m

Stiffness of raft on soil (assuming a rigid raft) is

Kr = Pr / S = EsAr/(1-Vs^2)Br Is = 62.43756 MN/m

The column length to radius ratio, Lc/rc = 37.5 > 5

Therefore,C = 0

rm = {0.25+ξ[2.5ρ(1-Vs)-025]}Lc
= 26.25 m

Pier-raft interaction factor is

αrp = 1 - ln (rr/req)
ln (rm/req)
=1- 0.182198
= 0.817802

Overall stiffness of the pier raft is

Kpr = Peq+Pr / Spr = Keq + Kr (1-2αrp)
1 - (Kr/Keq)αrp^2
= 27.68069 = 72.818794 MN/m
0.380131

Settlment of the pier raft is

S' = Spr = P/Kpr = 0.205991 m = 205.9908 mm
Parking lot A= 100 x 100 m
Base course thick = 0.4 m
Asphalt surface = 0.075 m
Fill material has = 15% fines
= 20% oversized particles
G.os = 2.68
W.ssd = 2.60%
ɣw = 9.81 m/det2
Gs = 2.65 Gravity of the fill without oversized particles

Compaction Test Results

Moisture content 6 8 10 12 14
(%)
Moist unit weight 17.6 18.5 20 19.5 19
(kN/m3)

The moisture content of 6%

The dry unit weight can be calculated as follows :

ɣd = ɣmoist / 1+w
= 16.60377 kN/m3

The zero air void line can be determined using the following formula
using w = 6%
ɣd,zav = ɣw / w+(1/Gs)
= 22.43011 kN/m3

Compaction Test Results

Moisture content 6 8 10 12 14
(%)
Moist unit weight 17.6 18.5 20 19.5 19
(kN/m3)
Dry unit weight 16.6 17.1 18.2 17.4 16.7
(kN/m3)
Dry unit weight 22.4 21.4 20.6 19.7 19
at zero air void
line (kN/m3)

Maximum dry unit = 18.2 kN/m3

Maximum moisture = 10%

Since this fill contains oversized particles, its maximum dry unit weight
and the optimum moisture content should be corrected as follows :
ɣd,max.c = ɣw / (Pos/Gos + ɣw(1-Pos)/ɣd,max)
= 19.39365 kN/m3
w opt,c = w opt (1 - Pos) + W.ssd Pos
= 8.5%
The total thickness (fill+asphalt surface) is 0.475 m
The required relative compaction is 90% - 105%

Relative compaction selected 90%

The relative corresponding to the standard Proctor compaction test is

RC = 95%

Since the fill is a well-graded coarse-grained fill with 15% fines, a vibratory
roller or rubber tire roller may be used on tables 3.2 and 3.3 "Ground Improvement by Jie Han"

Based on the selected equipment (rubber tire roller), the compacted lift thickness is
150-200 mm and the number of passes is 4-6. Considering the base course thickness is 400 mm,
it is convenient to choose the lift thickness of 200 mm. For the thicker lift thickness, the higher
number of passes at 6 is selected

The total compacted volume is 4000 m3. Considering the "shrinkage" from the
borrow fill to compacted fill (use a factor of 1.15), the required borrow fill volume is
Vb = ϛ Vf,r = 4600 m3

Since a parking lot is typically not a large project, no field trial is necessary
Schedule Construction
Deg. Consolidation end
Design life
Use PVD dimensions of
All. Discharge cap. Drain
Required factor safety
Bearing Cap. (Nc)
= 365 days
= 80%
= 100 years
= 100 mm and 4 mm
= 0.000109 m3/s
= 3
= 12.9

Nc, Soft soil

Ɣ.sat = 17.22 kN/m3
Ɣ.w = 9.8 kN/m3
Cu = 15 kPa
φ = 15.48
Cv = 0.000000018 m2/s
kr/kv = cr/cv = 0.045
Cc = 0.43
e0 = 0.959
Cα = 0.032

Embankment
Ɣ = 19.7 kN/m3
c' = 0
φ = 30
height = 6m

Stage 1
The permissible height of the fill for the first stage :
H1 < Nc cu / FS . Ɣ = 3.274111675 m

First stage embankment = 3m

Construction rate = 0.3 m/week

Construction complete = 10 weeks
= 70 days

pattern spacing pvd = 1 m (triangular pattern)

Penetrate into soft soil = 15 m
eq. influence dia, de = 1.06 m

The total primary settlement in the first stage (the vertical overburden stress is calculated at
the mid-depth of the soft soil and the width of the embankment is more than three times the
thickness of the soft soil) is
Sc1 = Cch/1+e0 log σ'z0+Δσz/σ'z0
= 3.292496172 log 2.061994609
= 1.034790475 m

This settlement is about 35% the height of the fill to be constructed.

The coefficient of consolidation due to radial flow is
Cr = 2.5 x Cv
= 0.000000045 m2/s

The time factors for vertical and radial flow are

Tv = Cvt/h^2dr = 0.00024192
Tr = Crt/de^2 = 0.121110716

The degree of the consolidation due to vertical flow at t1 is

Uv = 0.017555009
= 1.8%

The equivalent diameter of PVDs is

dc = b+tg / 2
= 52 mm
= 0.052 m

Estimation of kv :
Cc = Δe / log σ'z2-logσ'z1
Δe = Cc (logσ'z2-logσ'z1)
αv = Δe / σ'z2-σ'z1
= Cc (logσ'z2-logσ'z1)/'z2-σ'z1
= 0.001294429 /kPa
mv = αv / 1+e0
= 0.00066076 /kPa
kv = cv ɣw mv
= 1.165581E-10 m/s
kr = 2.5 kv
= 2.913952E-10 m/s

The degree of consolidation due to radial flow can be calculated as follows :

Nd = de/dc
= 20.38461538
Fm(Nd) = ln Nd/Ns + Kr/Ks ln Ns - 3/4 + πz(2hdr-z) Kr/Qc
= 2.26619701
Ur = 1 - exp [-8/Fm(Nd) Tr]
= 0.34788749
= 34.8%

The overall degree of consolidation is

Uvr = 1-(1-Uv)(1-Ur)
= 0.359335331
= 35.9%

The settlement at t1 is
St1 = Uvr(t1) Sc1
= 0.371836778 m
In order to reach at least 80% consolidation at the end of the first stage. Assume
Uv = 10%

The required degree of consolidation due to radial flow is

Ur = 1 - 1-Uvr/1-Uv
= 0.777777778

The required time factor for the radial flow is

Tr = -1/8Fm(Nd)ln(1-Ur)
= 0.426066962

The required time is

t2-1/2t1 = Tr de^2 / Cr
= 10638418.64
= 123.1298454 days

t2 = 158.1298454 days
Tv(r2) = Cv.t/h^2dr
= 0.000851073

Uv = 0.032926738
= 3.3%

Therefore, the assumed degree of consolidation at 10% is higher than the calculated.
Adjustment of Uvr is needed
Uvr = 0.785094831

The settlement at t2 is
St2 = Uvr(t2)Sc1
= 0.812408652 m

The initial excess pore water pressure is

u01 = ɣH1
= 59.1 kPa

The excess pore water pressure at t2 is

ut2 = u01 - Uvr(t2) u01
= 12.70089551 kPa

The strength gain due to consolidation can be calculated as follows

Δcu = 11.59977612 kPa

Stage 2
The portal permissible height of the fill for the second stage is
H2 < Nc(cu+Δcu)/FS.ɣ = 5.806042504 m = 5m

Considering the settlement of the embankment during and after construction, the actual
height of fill to be added should be greater than that in the design section. Assume the
total height of the fill to be added is 8 m, which is within is within the total permissible
height for the second stage. The expected total primary settlement is
Sc2 = Cch/1+e0 log σ'z0+Δσz/σ'z0
= 3.292496172 log 2.769991015
= 1.456858308 m

Therefore, the final height of the embankment after the primary settlement is close to
6.5 m
The height of the fill to be added in the second stage is 1.725888325 m which
can be completeed in 5.8 weeks if the same rate of construction is adopted.
Therefore, the time right after placing the fill for the second stage, t3 is
t3 = 198.400573 days

The time for calculating the degree of consolidation under the first stage loading
t3-t1/2 = 163.400573 days

Tv(p1,t3) = Cv(t3-t1/2) / h^2dr

= 0.00112942

Tr(p1,t3) = cr(t3-t1/2) / d^2e

= 0.565416009

Uv(p1,t3) = 0.0379
= 3.79%

Ur(p1,t3) = 1 - exp [-8/Fm(Nd) Tr]

= 0.864122222
= 86.41%

The overall consolidation degree for the first stage loading at t3 is

Uvr(p1,t3) = 1 - (1-Uv)(1-Ur)
= 0.869276196
= 86.93%

The remaining excess pore water pressure induced by the first stage loading is
ut3(p1) = u01(1-Uvr.p1,t3)
= 7.725776791 kPa

The time factors for the second stage loading are

Tv(p2-p1,t3) = Cv(t3-t2) / 2h^2dr
= 0.000139176

Tr(p2-p1,t3) = Cr(te-t2) / 2d^2e

= 0.069674523

Uv(p2-p1,t3) = 0.013315172
= 1.33%
 Ur(p2-p1,t3) = 1 - exp [-8/Fm(Nd) Tr]
= 0.218047315
= 21.80%

The overall consolidation degree for the second stage loading at t3 is

Uvr(p2-p1,t3) = 1 - (1-Uv)(1-Ur)
= 0.22845915
= 22.85%

The initial excess pore water pressure induced by the second stage loading is
u02 = 34 kPa

The remaining excess pore water pressure induced by the second stage loading is
ut3(p2-p1) = u02 (1-Uvr(p2-p1,t3)
= 26.23238891 kPa

The total excess pore water pressure at t3 is

ut3(p2) = ut3(p1) + ut3(p2-p1)
= 33.9581657 kPa

The overall degree of consolidation is

Uvr(t3) = 1 - ut3(p2) / u01 + u02
= 0.635250637
= 63.53%

The primary settlement at t3 is

St3 = Uvr(t3) Sc2
= 0.925470168 m

The time factors at the end of the year for the first stage loading are
Tv(p1,t4) = Cv (2t4 - t1) / 2h^2dr
= 0.00228096

Tr(p1,t4) = Cr(2t4-t1) / 2d^2e

= 1.141901032

Uv(p1,t4) = 0.053904374
= 5.39%

Ur(p1,t4) = 1 - exp [-8/Fm(Nd) Tr]

= 0.982244753
= 98.22%

The overall consolidation degree for the first stage loading at t3 is

Uvr(p1,t4) = 1 - (1-Uv)(1-Ur)
= 0.983201838
= 98.32%
The remaining excess pore water pressure induced by the first stage loading is
ut4(p1) = u01(1-Uvr(p1,t4))
= 0.992771365 kPa

The time factors at the end of the year for the second stage loading are
Tv(p2-p1,t4) = Cv(2t4-t3-t2) / 2h^2dr
= 0.001290711

Tr(p2-p1,t4) = Cr(2t4-t3-t2) / 2d^2e

= 0.646159547

Uv(p2-p1,t4) = 0.040548954
= 4.05%

Ur(p2-p1,t4) = 1 - exp [-8/Fm(Nd) Tr]

= 0.897821678
= 89.78%

The overall consolidation degree for the second stage loading at t3 is

Uvr(p2-p1,t4) = 1 - (1-Uv)(1-Ur)
= 0.901964902
= 90.20%

The remaining excess pore water pressure induced by the second stage loading is
ut4(p2-p1) = u02(1-Uvr(p2,t4)
= 3.333193321 kPa

The remaining excess pore water pressure at t3 is

ut4(p2) = ut4(p1) + ut4(p2-p1)
= 4.325964686 kPa

The overall degree of consolidation is

Uvr(t4) = 1 - ut3(p2)/u01+u02
= 0.953534214
= 95.35%

The primary settlement at t4 is

St4 = Uvr(t4)Sc2
= 1.389164241 m

The remaining settlement after t4 is

Srm = Sc2 - St4
= 0.067694066 m

The time required to complete 99% consolidation is

tp = -Fm(Nd)ln(1-Ur)de^2 / 8Cr
= 32572611.27 s
= 1.032870728 year
In addition, traffic loading would induce settlement in the soft soil and the embankment
fill. Considering the embankment fill is well completed, the settlement in the embankment
fill is negligible. The settlement in the soft soil induced by the equivalent traffic loading of
74.1666667 kPa is

Str = Cch/1+e0 log σ'z0+Δσz+Δσtr/σ'z0 - σc2

= 3.292496172 log 4.102725367 -1.4568583
= 0.561680376 m

The secondary settlement in 100 years (assume no change in Cα after the staged

Ss = Cα h log (t/tp)
1 + e0

= 0.245022971 log 96.8175371

= 0.486604357 m

Therefore, the total postconstruction settlement is

Spc = Srm + Str + Ss
= 1.115978799 m

4
Fill height (m)

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Time (days)

Time (days)
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.2
Setlement (m)

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.2

Setlement (m)
-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2

-1.4

-1.6
Time (daysFill height (m)
0 0
70 3
158.1298 3
198.4006 5
365 5

Time (daysSettlement
0 0
70 -0.37184
158.1298 -0.81241
198.4006 -0.92547
365 -1.38916
 MATRIX RESULT OF ANALYSIS

Granular Column Deep Mixing Preloading + PVD Preloading + PVD Vaccum

Bearing Capacity 384.4752438857 kPa
Settlement 205.9907778 mm 629.3744422815 mm
ULT OF ANALYSIS

Preloading + PVD Vaccum Micro Pile Slab On Pile Dynamic Compaction