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The Indian subcontinent is a southern region and peninsula of Asia, mostly situated on the
Indian Plate and projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.
Geologically, the Indian subcontinent is related to the land mass that rifted from Gondwana
and merged with the Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago.[2] Geographically, it is the
peninsular region in south-central Asia delineated by the Himalayas in the north, the Hindu
Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east.[3] Politically, the Indian subcontinent
includes all or part of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri
Lanka.[4][5][6]
Sometimes, the geographical term 'Indian subcontinent' is used interchangeably with 'South
Asia',[7] although that last term is used typically as a political term and is also used to include
Afghanistan.[8] Which countries should be included in either of these remains the subject of
debate.[9][10][11]
Contents
1 Name
2 Definition
o 2.1 Geology
o 2.2 Socio-cultural sphere
3 Past and future population
4 Land and water area
5 See also
6 References
Name
According to Oxford English Dictionary, the term "subcontinent" signifies a "subdivision of a
continent which has a distinct geographical, political, or cultural identity" and also a "large
land mass somewhat smaller than a continent". It is first attested in 1845 to refer to the North
and South Americas, before they were regarded as separate continents. Its use to refer to the
Indian subcontinent is seen from the early twentieth century. It was especially convenient for
referring to the region comprising both British India and the princely states under British
Paramountcy.[12][13]
The term Indian subcontinent also has a geological significance. Similar to various
continents, it was a part of the supercontinent of Gondwana. A series of tectonic splits caused
formation of various basins, each drifting in various directions. The geological region called
"Greater India" once included Madagascar, Seychelles, Antarctica and Austrolasia along with
the Indian subcontinent basin. As a geological term, Indian subcontinent has meant that
region formed from the collision of the Indian basin with Eurasia nearly 55 million years ago,
towards the end of Paleocene.[2][14]
The geographical region has historically simply been known as "India" (in antiquity referring
to the Indus Valley region, not the entire subcontinent). Other related terms are Greater India
and South Asia.[15][16] And the terms "Indian subcontinent" and "South Asia" are sometimes
used interchangeably.[7] There is no globally accepted definition on which countries are a part
of South Asia or the Indian subcontinent.[9][11][10] The less common term "South Asian
subcontinent" has seen occasional use since the 1970s.[17]
Definition
Orthographic projection of the Indian subcontinent
Geology
Geologically, the Indian subcontinent was first a part of so-called "Greater India",[14] a region
of Gondwana that drifted away from East Africa about 160 million years ago, around the
Middle Jurassic period.[2] The region experienced high volcanic activity and plate
subdivisions, creating Madagascar, Seychelles, Antarctica, Austrolasia and the Indian
subcontinent basin. The Indian subcontinent drifted northeastwards, colliding with the
Eurasian plate nearly 55 million years ago, towards the end of Paleocene. This geological
region largely includes Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri
Lanka.[2] The zone where the Eurasian and Indian subcontinent plates meet remains
geologically active, prone to major earthquakes.[18][19]
The English term "subcontinent" mainly continues to refer to the Indian subcontinent.[20][21]
Physiographically, it is a peninsular region in south-central Asia delineated by the Himalayas
in the north, the Hindu Kush in the west, and the Arakanese in the east.[3][22] It extends
southward into the Indian Ocean with the Arabian Sea to the southwest and the Bay of
Bengal to the southeast.[4][23] Most of this region rests on the Indian Plate and is isolated from
the rest of Asia by large mountain barriers.[24]
Using the more expansive definition – counting India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka,
Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives as the constituent countries – the Indian subcontinent covers
about 4.4 million km2 (1.7 million sq mi), which is 10% of the Asian continent or 3.3% of the
world's land surface area.[25][26] Overall, it accounts for about 45% of Asia's population and
over 25% of the world's population, and it is home to a vast array of peoples.[25][27][28]
Socio-cultural sphere
Historical transmission routes of Buddhism from India to Central Asia, East Asia and
Southeast Asia
The Indian subcontinent is a natural physical landmass in South Asia, geologically the dry-
land portion of the Indian Plate, which has been relatively isolated from the rest of Eurasia.[29]
Given the difficulty of passage through the Himalayas, the sociocultural, religious and
political interaction of the Indian subcontinent has largely been through the valleys of
Afghanistan in its northwest,[30] the valleys of Manipur in its east, and by maritime routes.[29]
More difficult but historically important interaction has also occurred through passages
pioneered by the Tibetans. These routes and interactions have led to the spread of Buddhism
out of the Indian subcontinent into other parts of Asia. And the Islamic expansion arrived into
the Indian subcontinent in two ways, through Afghanistan on land and to Indian coast
through the maritime routes on the Arabian Sea.[29]
Whether called the Indian subcontinent or South Asia, the definition of the geographical
extent of this region varies. Geopolitically, it had formed the whole territory of Greater
India.[15][16] In terms of modern geopolitical boundaries, the Indian subcontinent comprises
the Republic of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, besides, by convention, the
island nation of Sri Lanka and other islands of the Indian Ocean,[5] such as the
Maldives.[6][31][32] The term "Indian continent" is first introduced in the early 20th century,
when most of the territory was part of British India.[33]
The Hindu Kush, centered on eastern Afghanistan, is the boundary connecting the Indian
subcontinent with Central Asia to the northwest, and the Persian Plateau to the west. The
socio-religious history of Afghanistan are related to the Turkish-influenced Central Asia and
northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, now known as Pakistan.[34][35] Others state
Afghanistan being a part of Central Asia is not an accepted practice, and it is "clearly not part
of the Indian subcontinent".[9]
The list of countries by past and future population provides 1950, 2000 and 2050
population while the population for the year 2100 is taken from United Nations
projections[citation needed].
Area
Rank Country 1950 2000 2050 2100
(km2)
1 India 3,287,263 369,881,000 1,006,301,000 1,656,554,000 1,659,786,000
2 Pakistan 881,913 40,383,000 152,430,000 300,848,000 364,283,000
3 Bangladesh 147,570 45,646,000 132,151,000 201,249,000 169,541,000
4 Nepal 147,181 8,990,000 24,819,000 36,107,000 29,677,000
5 Sri Lanka 65,610 7,534,000 19,042,000 25,167,000 14,857,000
6 Bhutan 38,394 164,000 606,000 952,000 793,000
7 Maldives 298 80,000 300,000 445,000 438,000
Total 4,568,229 480,829,000 1,358,111,000 2,294,996,000 2,297,013,000
This list includes dependent territories within their sovereign states (including uninhabited
territories), but does not include claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone
(EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA) which includes land and internal waters.
See also
Geography of South Asia
References
1.
37.
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South Asia
Geology of Asia
Peninsulas of Asia
Regions of Asia
Geography of Asia
Geography of South Asia
Geology of India
Continents
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